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Value Added Theory (also known as social strain theory) was first proposed by Neil
Smelser and is based on the assumption that certain conditions are needed for the
development of a social movement. Smelser saw social movements as side-effects of rapid
social change.
Smelser argued that six things were necessary and sufficient for collective behavior to
emerge, and that social movement evolves through those relevant stages:
Structural conduciveness - the structure of the society (e.g. spatial proximity) must
be such that certain protest actions become more likely. People must be aware of the
problem and have the opportunity to act.
Structural strain - there must be a strain on society, caused by factors related to the
structure of the current social system, such as inequality or injustice, and existing
power holders are unable (or unwilling) to address the problem (see also relative
deprivation).
Generalized belief - the problem should be clearly defined in a way that is agreed by
and understood by the participants. See also: framing.
Precipitating factors - events that become the proverbial spark igniting the flame, in
other words a political opportunity.
Mobilization for action - people need to have a network and organization allowing
them to take a collective action, see also resource mobilization
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Operation (failure) of social control - how the authorities react (or don't). High level
of social control by those in control of power (politicians, police) often makes it more
difficult for social movements to act.
The concept of value added was used earlier in economics, where it refers to the increasing
value of product in progressing stages of production.
Critics of this theory note that it is too focused on the structural-functional approach and
views all strains on society as disruptive.