| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | List of Biomaterial Fossil Papers (maintained) | ||||||||||
2 | Peer-reviewed journal articles on surviving endogenous biological material including tissue and DNA. | DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10126.61766 | researchgate.net/project/biomaterial-fossils-list-at-bflistrsrorg | bflist.rsr.org | |||||||
3 | Brian Thomas, Ph.D. paleobiochemistry (U. of Liverpool) | icr.org | icr.org/fresh-fossils | icr.org/brian_thomas | |||||||
4 | Bob Enyart, Real Science Radio | rsr.org | T. rex: | rsr.org/dino-soft-tissue | rsr.org/bob-enyart | ||||||
5 | Newly added papers & biomaterial dated 250M+ years in red. | ||||||||||
6 | # | Year | Description (gray cells for dinosaur remains) | Age | Authors, Publication, etc. | Link | Notes / Excerpts (papers do not qualify for this page if they report only soft tissue imprints or permineralization; they must document extant endogenous biological materal) | Vol (Issue), pp, DOI, etc. | Dinosaur papers: | ||
7 | 116 | 2021 | Parts of proteins in titanosaur eggshell | ~70MY | Dhiman et al. Protein fragments in late Cretaceous eggshell, Paleontology | onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pala.12565 | "...we provide incontrovertible evidence for the preservation of proteinaceous moieties in Maastrichtian dinosaur eggshell using pyrolysis-GC9GCTOFMS." | 7/13/2021:1-11 | dino | ||
8 | 115 | 2021 | Nerve fragments, sheath, from Triceratops bone | 65MY | Armitage, First Report of Triceratops Occipital Condyle Nerves, Microsc Today | cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-today/article/first-report-of-peripheral-nerves-in-bone-from-triceratops-horridus-occipital-condyle/AE0FA022206E67ED3B53A24A9071967D | "In this study we provide evidence of nerve fragments, characterized by a double helical wrapping of collagen fibers, from a Triceratops condyle collected at the Hell Creek Formation, MT." | 29(2):20-25 | dino | ||
9 | 114 | 2020 | Dino eggshell peptide bonds and chelating ligands | 200MY | Norell, Wiemann, et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2412-8 | "Hard eggshells preserve PFPs still-intact peptide bonds and contain abundant chelating ligands"; PFP, protein fossilization products, is a term Wiemann, Yang, & Norell introduced in 2018 | 583:406–410 | dino | ||
10 | 113 | 2020 | Hypacrosaurus cartilage; apparent chromosomes | 75MY | Bailleul, Schweitzer et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes, DNA, NS Rev | academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwz206/5762999 | "Isolated [hadrosaur] chondrocytes... positive response to two DNA assays"; "Collagen II is not produced by microbes"; In supplemental material: "chromosomes are very clear" | doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz206 | dino | ||
11 | 112 | 2020 | Triceratops blood clots, veins, valves, nerve fibers | 65MY | Armitage, Solliday, Dinosaur blood clots in vessel canals, Microscopy Today | cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-today/article/uv-autofluorescence-microscopy-of-dinosaur-bone-reveals-encapsulation-of-blood-clots-within-vessel-canals/8762E671960898DAC303973A5A2A93F6 | "dinosaur neurovascular bundles travel as a triad of veins, vessels, and nerve fibers, as in other vertebrates." Re: Schweitzer and heme, "free iron was unavailable, at least in these... bones" | 28(5):30-38 Sept 2020 | dino | ||
12 | 111 | 2019 | Permian marker plant's lignin biopolymers | ~255MY | Tewari et al. Biomarker signatures of Glossopteris plant. Palaeogeography PP | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218300890?via%3Dihub | 531, Part B | ||||
13 | 110 | 2019 | T. rex cortical bone blood vessel structures | 66MY | Boatman, Schweitzer et al. Tissue and protein preserved in T. rex, N Sci Rep | nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51680-1 | Full title: "Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex." Preemptive criticism: rsr.org/biomaterial-fossil-proposed-mechanisms | SR9:15675 | dino | ||
14 | 109 | 2019 | Precambrian chitin (from glucose) from fungi walls | ~950MY | Loron et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1217-0 | 10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 | ||||
15 | 108 | 2019 | Partially unracemized feather amino acids in amber | 99MY | McCoy, Collins et al. Amino acids from feathers in amber, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42938-9 | "Burmese amber sample shows less racemisation than the Baltic amber sample which is unexpected given that Burmese amber ~99 Ma is approximately twice as old as Baltic amber ~44 Ma" | 9(6420):1-8 | |||
16 | 107 | 2019 | Sugars from Cretaceous fungi in mudstones & coal | ~25-70MY | Marynoswki et al. Indicators of fungal metabolism, Int'l J of Coal Geology | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166516218304695 | "co-occurrence of trehalose, mannitol and arabitol in the sedimentary rocks... suggests their fungal origin, because these... are major compounds present in most modern fungi" | May 2019, pp 51-61 | |||
17 | 106 | 2019 | Lebanon's hagfish fossil with skin protein remnants | ~100MY | Miyashita, et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea, Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci | pnas.org/content/116/6/2146 | "The chemical mapping is consistent with the fact that a major component of hagfish slime is tightly coiled, mucin-coated α-keratin threads" | icr.org/article/ancient-fossil-still-has-hagfish-slime-residue | 10.1073/pnas.1814794116 | ||
18 | 105 | 2019 | Edmontosaur osteocytes, blood vessels, collagen | 66MY | Ullmann, Nellermoe et al. Patterns of cellular preservation Cretaceous Res. | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118304324?via%3Dihub | In vast Edmontosaurus bonebed, each specimen yields abundant osteocytes, blood vessels, and collagen; surprisingly, there's no correlation between burial depth nor spongy or dense bone. | 99:1-13 | dino | ||
19 | 104 | 2019 | Anchiornis (small dinosaur) feather keratin | 160MY | Pan, Schweitzer et al. Direct evidence of feather molecular evolution PNAS | pnas.org/content/early/2019/01/23/1815703116 | "Keratins have [enhanced] preservation potential over other nonbiomineralized tissues." This is presumed apparently because feathers are not normally saturated in hemoglobin. See rsr.org/ms. | 10.1073/pnas.1815703116 | dino | ||
20 | 103 | 2018 | Flexible portions of skin layers, red-brown liver trace | 180MY | Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Icthyosaur homeothermy and crypsis, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0775-x | "still-flexible remnants of the original scaleless skin... epidermal and dermal... cellular, sub-cellular biomolecular constituents... also possible internal organ trace... red-brown liver... in rib cage." | 564:359–365 | |||
21 | 102 | 2018 | Bacteriochlorophyll (still pink & biological) pigments | 1.1GY | Gueneli et al 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins, Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sciences | pnas.org/content/115/30/E6978 | Senior lead researcher Assoc Prof Jochen Brocks, Australian National University, "What we’ve found is the [so far] oldest biological colour." | theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/09/scientists-discover-worlds-oldest-colour-bright-pink-sahara | doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803866115 | ||
22 | 101 | 2018 | Bivalve organics in the late Cretaceous | 66MY | Myers et al. Cretaceous Pinna organic matrix & shell microstructure, Geology | pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/46/8/711/543297/exceptional-preservation-of-organic-matrix-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext | "interprismatic proteins are preserved with intact peptide bonds, and suggest an abundance of the amino acid glycine" | icr.org/article/more-exceptional-preservation-of-organic-material/ | 46 (8):711-714 | ||
23 | 100 | 2018 | Dickinsonia lipid biomarkers showing cholesteroids | 558MY | Bobrovskiy et al. Steroids establish Ediacaran Dickinsonia as animal, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6408/1246 | "lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils... Dickinsonia... produced cholesteroids..." But Google: Günter Bechly dickinsonia, for his rebuttal. | 361(6408):1246-1249 | |||
24 | 99 | 2018 | Starch (a polysaccharide) in a forest deposit | 280MY | Liu et al. Fossil starch reveals early plant–animal mutualism, Geology | pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/46/5/423/529024/280myold-fossil-starch-reveals-early-plantanimal | "ultrathin sections of the megaspores indicate that they may have been produced after the megaspores were fertilized" and "used to attract and reward animals... for megaspore dispersal" | 46(5):423-426 | |||
25 | 98 | 2017 | Sea turtle muscle protein, beta-keratin, pigment | 54MY | Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Juvenile sea turtle, Nature: Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13187-5 | 3-inch long turtle (as with entire list, no report that it was found coated in biological iron) | 7(13324):1-13 | |||
26 | 97 | 2017 | Bird preening (sebaceous) gland still containing oil | 48MY | O'Reilly et al. Uropygial gland lipids in 48MY-old bird, Proc. Royal Soc. B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1865/20171050 | icr.org/article/10401 | 284(1865) | |||
27 | 96 | 2017 | Dinosaur eggshell color by protoporphyrin/biliverdin | 66MY | Wiemann et al. Dinosaur egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs, PeerJ | peerj.com/articles/3706/ | "Preserved dinosaur egg color... pushes the current limits of the vertebrate molecular and associated soft tissue fossil record..." | PeerJ 5:e3706 | dino | ||
28 | 95 | 2017 | Ginkgo leaves "full of organic molecules" | 200MY | Vajda et al. Molecular signatures of leaves unexpected, Nature Eco & Evol | nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0224-5 | icr.org/article/fossil-plants-contain-original-molecules | s41559-017-0224-5 | |||
29 | 94 | 2017 | Melanin in nodosaurus dino (and other biologicals) | 112MY | Brown et al. Exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur, Current Biology | cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30808-4 | 27(16):2514-2521.e3 | dino | |||
30 | 93 | 2017 | Tick-related mammalian "red blood cells" | 20-45MY | Poinar, Tick erythrocytes reveal piroplasms, Journal of Medical Entomology | academic.oup.com/jme/article/3073510/Fossilized-Mammalian-Erythrocytes-Associated-With | 54(4):895-900 | ||||
31 | 92 | 2017 | Nothosaurus coracoid vessel, hydroxyproline | ~225MY | Surmik et al. Intraosseous fossilized middle Triassic soft tissue, Sci of Nature | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280877 | 104(3-4):25 | ||||
32 | 91 | 2017 | Reconfirmation of B. canadensis dinosaur collagen | 80MY | Schroeter, Schweitzer et al. Expansion of sequence, J of Proteome Research | pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00873 | 16(2):920-932 | dino | |||
33 | 90 | 2017 | Lufengosaurus rib collagen | 195MY | Lee et al. Collagen in an early Jurassic sauropod, Nature Communications | nature.com/articles/ncomms14220 | ncomms14220 | dino | |||
34 | 89 | 2016 | Proteinaceous amide groups in chert | 1.88GY | Alleon, Bernard et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga... organic..., Nature | nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms11977 | ncomms11977 | ||||
35 | 88 | 2016 | Early Triassic reptile blood vessels, etc. | 247MY | Surmik et al. Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile, PLoS ONE | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151143 | icr.org/article/organic-residue-247-million-years-old/ | pone.0151143 | |||
36 | 87 | 2016 | Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin now also has keratin | 130MY | Vinther et al. Camouflage in an Ornithischian dinosaur, Current Biology | cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(16)30706-0.pdf | news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/dinosaur-camouflage-fossil-find/ | 26:2456–2462 | dino | ||
37 | 86 | 2016 | Beta-keratin in oviraptor dinosaur claw | 75MY | Moyer, Schweitzer et al. The claw of nesting dinosaur, Proc Royal Society B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161997 | 283(1842):1-7 | dino | |||
38 | 85 | 2015 | Hadrosaur "blood vessels from Brachylophosaurus" | 80MY | Cleland, Schweitzer et al. Blood vessels characterization, J Proteome Res | pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00675 | The first paper to sometimes drop qualifier "like" as in "blood-vessel-like" and state clearly "dinosaur vessels", etc. | 14(12):5252-5262 | dino | ||
39 | 84 | 2015 | Dinosaur collagen and red blood cells | 75MY | Bertazzo, et al. Fibres and cellular structures..., Nature Communications | nature.com/ncomms/2015/150609/ncomms8352/full/ncomms8352.html | ncomms8352 | dino | |||
40 | 83 | 2015 | Dinosaur melanosomes and pigment | 150MY | Lindgren et al. Molecular composition of Jurassic feathers, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep13520 | srep13520 | dino | |||
41 | 82 | 2015 | A pterosaur's orange claw material | 150MY | Hone et al. A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue, PeerJ | peerj.com/articles/1191/ | "The claw sheathes seen here do seem to be genuinely preserved soft tissues given their clear colour and texture differences to the surrounding matrix." | PeerJ 3:e1191 | |||
42 | 81 | 2014 | Precambrian multicellular animals (metazoans) | 530MY | Moczydłowska et al. Biogeochemisty of Ediacaran Metozoa, J of Paleontology | cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/microstructure-and-biogeochemistry-of-the-organically-preserved-ediacaran-metazoan-sabellidites/2961F8F4A2E33EA7B8B6CE683896E277 | 88(2):224-239 | ||||
43 | 80 | 2014 | Bird, marine reptile, mosasaur, icthyosaur pigments | 55-190MY | Edwards et al. Pigments through time [survey], Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. | onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pcmr.12271 | "...so far the data show that original chemical retention may be more common than previously believed." | 27(5):684-685 | |||
44 | 79 | 2014 | Turtle, mosasaur, and icthyosaur eumelanin | 55-190MY | Lindren et al. Pigmentation... melanism in extinct marine reptiles, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v506/n7489/full/nature12899.html | 506(7489):484-488 | ||||
45 | 78 | 2014 | Gastropod egg capsule chitin | 200MY | Wysokowski et al. Chitin in 200-million-year-old egg capsules, Paleobiology | cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/identification-of-chitin-in-200millionyearold-gastropod-egg-capsules/425056844537EFF61EC3B68849653790 | What's an egg capsule? See Wikipedia for "Otheca" and shark cases at: | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes) | 40(4):529-540 | ||
46 | 77 | 2014 | Extinct aquatic bird Gansus feather melanosomes | ~125MY | Moyer, Schweitzer et al. Melanosomes or Microbes, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep04233 | "have refined the age of the Xiagou Formation lacustrine beds to the early Aptian stage" | srep04233 | |||
47 | 76 | 2013 | Triceratops osteocytes; soft sheets of fibrillar bone | 65MY | Armitage, Anderson, Soft sheets of horn fibrillar bone, Acta Histochemica | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128113000020 | Published in Italy (Acta Histochemica) | Hear interviews with the authors at: | rsr.org/triceratops | 115(6):603-608 | dino |
48 | 75 | 2013 | Vauxia sea sponge chitin | 505MY | Ehrlich et al. 505-million-year old chitin in Vauxia gracilenta, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep03497 | srep03497 | ||||
49 | 74 | 2013 | Lufengosaurus embryo bone protein | 190MY | Reisz, Embryology of early Jurassic dino with evidence of organic... Nature | nature.com/articles/nature11978 | nature.com/news/oldest-dinosaur-embryo-fossils-discovered-in-china-1.12779 | False: Earliest 'known' organic remains of a terrestrial vertebrate. See 1966 below. | 496(7444):210-214 | dino | |
50 | 73 | 2013 | Signature of blood in mosquito gut | 46MY | Greenwalt et al. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins. Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sci | pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/08/1310885110.abstract | smithsonianscience.org/2013/10/blood-molecules-preserved-for-millions-of-years-in-abdomen-of-fossil-mosquito/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pulsenews | 10-14-2013 | |||
51 | 72 | 2013 | Dino DNA & proteins actin, tubulin, PHEX, histone | 66-80MY | Schweitzer et al. Analyses of dino osteocytes support endogenous... Bone | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085295 | "All of our assays require at least 4 or more bases to generate reactivity... each capitalizing on different aspects of the chemistry of DNA... [show] identical patterns..." | 52(1):414-23 | dino | ||
52 | 71 | 2013 | Biological material in crinoids | 350MY | O'Malley et al. Taxon-specific organic molecules, Geology | geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/01/17/G33792.1.abstract | 41(3):347-350 | ||||
53 | 70 | 2012 | Cuttlefish ink sac | 160MY | Glass et al. Jurassic period eumelanin pigment, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences | pnas.org/content/109/26/10218.abstract?sid=b46190e9-09ce-4c52-ac78-de00da96d75b | web.archive.org/web/20120525074302/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120521-squid-cuttlefish-ink-sacs-fossils-melanin-science-simon/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+ng/News/News_Main+(National+Geographic+News+-+Main)&utm_content=Google+Reader | 109(26):10218-10223 | |||
54 | 69 | 2012 | Archaeopteryx black melanin organosulpher residue | 150MY | Carney et al. Color and nature of Archaeopteryx feather, Nature | nature.com/articles/ncomms1642 | "not due to precipitation of the inorganic mineral" | ncomms1642 | |||
55 | 68 | 2012 | Jurassic turtle osteocytes | 145MY | Cadena, Schweitzer, Osteocytes preservation from the Jurassic, Bone | thebonejournal.com/article/S8756-3282%2812%2900865-4/abstract?refuid=S8756-3282%2812%2901318-X&refissn=8756-3282 | 51(3):614-620 | ||||
56 | 67 | 2011 | Chitin arthropod (scorpion) and eurypterid proteins | 417MY | Cody et al. Molecular signature of Paleozoic chitin-protein complex, Geology | geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/39/3/255.abstract | 39(3):255-258 | ||||
57 | 66 | 2011 | Type 1 collagen in Cretaceous mosasaur humerus | ~70MY | Lindgren et al. Microspectroscopic evidence of bone proteins, PLoS ONE | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019445 | Its "4.68%±0.1 of modern 14C" attributed to contamination yet Nature 2017 on "Carbon fixation" finds cynobacteria get "virtually all" its carbon from the bone; not the atmosphere; rsr.org/14c | 6(4): e19445 | |||
58 | 65 | 2011 | Endogenous Mississaepia cuttlebone chitin sheets | 34MY | Weaver et al. Late Eocene cuttlefish B-chitin consistent organics, PLoS ONE | dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028195 | pone.0028195 | ||||
59 | 64 | 2011 | Lizard tail skin breakdown products | 50MY | Edwards et al. Tissue preservation in 50MY-old reptile skin, Proc Royal Soc B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/03/12/rspb.2011.0135.full | rspb.2011.0135 | ||||
60 | 63 | 2011 | Type l collagen in T. rex and hadrosaur dinosaurs | 68MY | San Antonio, et al, Dinosaur peptides... mech of protein survival, PLoS ONE | plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020381 | pone.0020381 | dino | |||
61 | 62 | 2011 | Bird feather pigment from Confuciusornis sanctus | 120MY | Wogelius et al. Biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in fossil record, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6049/1622 | 333(6049):1622-1626 | ||||
62 | 61 | 2010 | Stegosaurus plate keratin | ~150MY | Christiansen et al. Stegosaur impressions, Swiss Journal of Geosciences | researchgate.net/publication/226416413_Exceptional_stegosaur_integument_impressions_from_the_Upper_Jurassic_Morrison_Formation_of_Wyoming | 103(2):163-171 | dino | |||
63 | 60 | 2010 | Messel feather highly reflective nanostructure | 40MY | Vinther et al. Structural coloration in a fossil feather, Roy Soc Biology Letters | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817243/ | Published online Aug. 26, 2009. "The keratin... has degraded... the preserved layer of melanosomes is apparently highly reflective." | 6(1):128-131 | |||
64 | 59 | 2010 | Archaeopteryx feather shaft original chem remains | 150MY | Bergmann et al. Archaeopteryx feathers & bone chemistry, Proc Nat Acad Sci | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889062/?tool=pmcentrez | 107(20):9060-9065 | ||||
65 | 58 | 2010 | Sinosauropteryx compsognathid dino melanosomes | 125MY | Zhang et al. Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of dinos & birds, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/nature08740.html | 463:1075-1078 | dino | |||
66 | 57 | 2010 | Hadrosaur biomolecules, collagen & other proteins | 80MY | Peterson et al. Microbial biofilms [&] soft tissue in archosaurs, PLoS One | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013334 | "compelling evidence countering the argument that these structures are simply microbial biofilm." | pone.0013334 | dino | ||
67 | 56 | 2010 | Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin color | 125MY | Lingham-Soliar et al. Integument & color of a ceratopsian, Science of Nature | springerlink.com/content/3wnn717728x963n2/ | Published in Germany (Naturwissenschaften) | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1636/775.abstract | Psittacosaurus sample used in PRSB 275:775-780. | 97:479-486 | dino |
69 | 54 | 2010 | Mammal hair in amber | 100MY | Vullo et al. Mammalian hairs in early Cretaceous amber, Science of Nature | adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NW.....97..683V | 97(7):683-687 | ||||
70 | 53 | 2009 | Hadrosaur vessel proteins, sequenced collagen | 80MY | Schweitzer et al. Biomolecular... protein sequences of hadrosaur, Science | sciencemag.org/content/324/5927/626.abstract | 324(5927):626-631 | dino | |||
71 | 52 | 2009 | Hadrosaur skin cell structures/macromolecules | 66MY | Manning et al. Chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur, Proc. Royal Society B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1672/3429.full | Related: Hadrosaur their teeth were more advanced than today's grazers. | rsr.org/soft#teeth | 276:3429-3437 | dino | |
72 | 51 | 2009 | Salamander muscle, whole | 18MY | McNamara et al. Organic... fossil musculature with ultracellular detail, P RS B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1680/423.full | 277(1680):423-427 | ||||
73 | 50 | 2008 | Feather melanocytes | 100MY | Vinther et al. The color of fossil feathers, Royal Society Biology Letters | rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/5/522 | 4(5):522-525 | ||||
74 | 49 | 2008 | Psittacosaurus skin fibers | ~125MY | Lingham-Soliar, Psittacosaurus complex fibre architecture, Proc Royal Soc B | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596897/ | 275(1636):775-780 | dino | |||
75 | 48 | 2008 | T. rex amino acid sequences | 68MY | Schweitzer et al. Molecular methods examining..., Comptes Rendus Palevol | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068308000250 | researchgate.net/publication/222219084_Microscopic_chemical_and_molecular_methods_for_examining_fossil_preservation | 7(2-3):159-184 | dino | ||
76 | 47 | 2008 | Osteocyte (bone cells) | 5MY | Bell et al, Mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil, American Journal of Physics | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615594 | 137:449-456 | ||||
77 | 46 | 2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex collagen | 68MY | Schweitzer et al. T. rex soft tissue suggests the presence of protein, Science | sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/277.short | 316(5822):277-280 | dino | |||
78 | 45 | 2007 | Triceratops blood vessels, osteocytes | 66MY | Schweitzer, Horner et al. Cellular preservation from Cretaceous, Proc RS B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1607/183 | See Table 1 | 274(1607):183-197 | dino | ||
79 | 44 | 2007 | T. rex proteins sequenced | 68MY | Asara, Schweitzer et al. Mastodon & T. rex protein sequences, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/280 | 316(5822):280-285 | dino | |||
80 | 43 | 2007 | T. rex proteinaceous materials, sequenced collagen | 40-150MY | Smejkal, Schweitzer, Will tech. enable dino proteomics, Exp Rev Proteomics | tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14789450.4.6.695?scroll=top&needAccess=true | 4(6):695-699 | dino | |||
81 | 42 | 2006 | Frog bone marrow | 10MY | McNamara et al. Organic preservation of amphibian bone marrow, Geology | geology.gsapubs.org/content/34/8/641?ijkey=c5a35e6b7bf0fd6f515be330120599b4321e122e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha | In 2006 also, Schweitzer's Dangerous Discovery, dinosaurs smell like cadavers | discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/dinosaur-dna | 34(8):641-644 | ||
82 | 41 | 2005 | Sauropod egg shell ovalbumin protein | ~75MY | Schweitzer et al. Molecular preservation in dinosaur eggshells, P Roy Soc B | researchgate.net/publication/7853645_Molecular_preservation_in_Late_Cretaceous_sauropod_dinosaur_eggshells | 272(1565):775-784 | dino | |||
83 | 40 | 2005 | Avian bone collagen implying "molecular integrity" | ~75MY | Avci, Schweitzer et al. Bone collagen from late Cretaceous, Langmuir | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15807605 | "No appreciable differences in collagen pull-off properties were measured between fossil and extant bone samples under physiological conditions." | 21(8):3584-3590 | |||
84 | 39 | 2005 | Dinosaurian cellular and sub-cellular preservation | ~68MY | Wittmeyer, Schweitzer, Dino vessels and cells in fossils, J Vert. Paleontology | jstor.org/stable/4524499?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents | 25(3) 65th Ann. Mtg | dino | |||
85 | 38 | 2005 | T. rex vessels, cells, soft flexible connective tissue | 68MY | Schweitzer, Horner et al. T. rex soft-tissue vessels, cellular preserv., Science | sciencemag.org/content/307/5717/1952.abstract | 307(5717):1952-1955 | dino | |||
86 | 37 | 2004 | Isolated non-spore-forming bacteria living in amber | 120MY | Greenblatt et al. Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber, Microbial Ecology | digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bio_fac/355/ | 48(1):120-127 | ||||
87 | 36 | 2003 | Skin fibers | 130MY | E. Frey et al., Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, Geological Society Publication | catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/7809219 | No. 217 | ||||
88 | 35 | 2003 | Algal and bacterial organic molecules | 2.5GY | Brocks et al. Biological diversity in molecular fossils, Geoch Cosmochem Acta | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703703002096?via%3Dihub | 67(22):4321-4335 | ||||
89 | 34 | 2003 | Iguanodon dinosaur osteocalcin protein | 120MY | Embery et al. Iguanodon bone proteinaceous material, Connective Tissue R | tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03008200390152070 | See the full paper at: | researchgate.net/publication/10586201_Identification_of_Proteinaceous_Material_in_the_Bone_of_the_Dinosaur_Iguanodon | 44(1):41-46 | dino | |
90 | 33 | 2002 | Metasequoia cellulose (with no O18) | 34-56MY | Jahren, Sternberg, Oxygen isootopes in Arctic fossil wood, GSA Today | geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/12/1/pdf/i1052-5173-12-1-4.pdf | 1/2002:4-9 | ||||
91 | 32 | 2001 | Tyrannosaur rex collagen SEM scans | 65MY | Armitage, Mummified collagen fibers in fossil T. rex bone, CRS Quarterly | crsq.org/scanning-electron-microscope-study-mummified-collagen-fibers-fossil-tyrannosaurus-rex-bone | 38(2):61-66 | dino | |||
92 | 31 | 2000 | Live bacteria from halite [salt] deposit | 250MY | Vreeland et al. Isolation of halotolerant bacterium from salt crystal, Nature | nature.com/articles/35038060 | Relevant protocol paper: | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0020683#pone.0020683-Vreeland1 | 407:897-900 | ||
93 | 30 | 2000 | Non-collagen dinosaur proteinaceous extracts | 125MY | Embery et al. Non-collagenous proteins from dinosaur Iguanodon, Conn Tis R | tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/03008200009005293?journalCode=icts20 | "guanidinium chloride extractable protein [with the] levels of glycine, aspartate and serine tentatively suggest the presence of phosphoproteins." | 41(3):249-259 | dino | ||
94 | 29 | 1999 | Alvarezsaurus dinosaur β-keratin protein | ~100MY | Schweitzer et al. Beta-keratin immunological reactivity, J Exper. Zoology | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10440726 | 285(2):146-157 | dino | |||
95 | 28 | 1999 | Similar live bacteria strains from separate rock salts | 250MY | Stan-Lotter et al. Halococcus in Permo-Triassic salt deposits, Microbiology | mic.sgmjournals.org/content/145/12/3565 | 145:3565-3574 | ||||
96 | 27 | 1999 | Keratin in Madagascar bird | 65MY | Schweitzer et al. Immunoreactivity in Cretaceous bird, J. of Vert. Paleontology | tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011183 | 19(4):712-722 | ||||
97 | 26 | 1998 | Tarbosaurus (T. rex) blood vessels | 80MY | Pawlicki et al. Blood vessels and red blood cells in dinosaur, Annals Anatomy | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9488909 | Published in Germany (Anatomischer Anzeiger) | 180(1):73-77 | dino | ||
98 | 25 | 1997 | T. rex peptides and proteins; likely type 1 collagen | ~68MY | Schweitzer et al. Biomolecules in Cancellous Bone, J. of Vert. Paleontology | jstor.org/stable/4523811?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents | 17(2):349-359 | dino | |||
99 | 24 | 1997 | Fossil diatom chitin | 24MY | Stankiewicz et al. Preservation of chitin in 25-million-year-old fossils, Science | academia.edu/1557518/Preservation_of_chitin_in_25-million-year-old_fossils | See also: | science.sciencemag.org/content/276/5318/1473.11 | 276(5318):1541-1543 | ||
100 | 23 | 1997 | Heme in Tyrannosaurus rex bone | 67MY | Schweitzer et al. Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone, PNAS | pnas.org/content/94/12/6291.abstract | 94(12):6291-6296 | dino | |||
101 | 22 | 1995 | Live bacteria spores from a bee encased in amber | 25-40MY | Cano and Borucki, Revival of bacterial spores in Dominican amber, Science | sciencemag.org/content/268/5213/1060.abstract | Cano didn't clone but "revived" this bacteria, in 1991 | worldandischool.com/public/1996/january/school-resource14683.asp | 268(5213):1060-1064 | ||
102 | 21 | 1994 | Unaltered amino acids in amber insects | 130MY | Bada et al. Insect in amber racemization, Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703794901856 | 58(14):3131-3135 | ||||
103 | 20 | 1994 | Cretaceous DNA for mitoochondrial cytochrome b | 80MY | Wooodward et al. DNA sequence from Cretaceous bone fragments, Science | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973705 | Related paper: Half-life of DNA is 521 years | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/10/05/rspb.2012.1745 | DNA should degrade to single bases in < 7M years | 266(5188):1229-1232 | dino |
104 | 19 | 1993 | Chloroplast tree gene partly sequenced (346 pairs) | 35-40MY | Poinar et al. DNA from an extinct plant, Scientific Correspondence | nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6431/abs/363677a0.html | Dominican amber, extinct Hymenaea protera Poinar, 346-base-pair segment | Related paper: Half-life of papyrus DNA is 24 years | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11920366 | 363(6431):677 | |
105 | 18 | 1993 | Organic material in T. rex and theropod dinosaurs | 65MY+ | Ostrom et al. Trophic structure of Creataceous communities, Geology | geology.gsapubs.org/content/21/6/491.abstract | In 1993 also: Dino DNA: The Hunt and the Hype | science.sciencemag.org/content/261/5118/160 | 21(6):491-494 | dino | |
106 | 17 | 1992 | Termite nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences | 25-30MY | DeSalle et al. Oligo-miocene amber termite DNA sequences, Science | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1411508 | "mitochondrial [16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA)] and nuclear (18S rDNA) genes were amplified" | 257(5078):1933-1936 | |||
107 | 16 | 1992 | Osteocalcin in a seismosaur dinosaur bone | 150MY | Muyzer et al. Preservation of bone protein osteocalcin in dinosaurs, Geology | pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/20/10/871/205605/preservation-of-the-bone-protein-osteocalcin-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext | 20:871-874 | dino | |||
108 | 15 | 1991 | Seismosaurus [now, Diplodocus] vertebra proteins | 150MY | Gurley et al. Proteins in bone of Seismosaurus, Journal of Protein Chemistry | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2054066 | smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/whatever-happened-to-seismosaurus-78770907/ | Smithsonian's dino guy Brian Switek has been a ST denier: | rsr.org/STDs | 10(1):75-90 | dino |
109 | 14 | 1990 | Magnolia leaf chloroplast 820-base DNA sequence | 17-20MY | Golenberg et al. Chloroplast DNA sequence from Miocene Magnolia, Nature | nature.com/articles/344656a0 | This paper has been challenged. Please send info/insights you may have on it to Bob@rsr.org. Thank you! | 344(6267):656-658 | |||
110 | 13 | 1990 | Tyrannosaurus tooth hydroxyproline | ~80MY | Ostrom et al. High molecular weight material, Adv. in Organic Geochemistry | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/014663809090149T | Text available at: | s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40454295/Geochemical_characterization_of_high_mol20151128-16148-ir5hvj.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1522106676&Signature=5%2FsA23fXjRdyGVQVsE5W2bofOcQ%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DGeochemical_characterization_of_high_mol.pdf | 16(4-6):1139-1144 | dino | |
111 | 12 | 1987 | Seven hadrosaurs unfossilized bones | 80MY | Davies, Duck-billed dinosaurs from the north slope of Alaska, J of Paleont. | jstor.org/stable/1305145?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents | "preservation is remarkable. The bones... display little permineralization..." | 61(1):198-200 | dino | ||
112 | 11 | 1985 | Metabolic pathways of dinosaur bones | 80MY | Pawlicki, Metabolic pathways of dino bones Pt. 5, Folia Histochem Cytochem | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4065383 | Published in Poland (Folia Histochemica et Cytobiolgica) | See previous parts also, especially Parts 3 & 4. | 23(3):165-174 | dino | |
113 | 10 | 1976 | Dinosaur gelatins made from fossil proteins | ~100MY | Wyckoff et al. Pleistocene and dinosaur gelatins, Comp Biochem Physiology B | linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0305049176901796 | Hydroxyproline, for example, indicative of collagen, was found in dino bones from Utah, Wyoming, Monatana, and Alberta, Canada. | 55(1):95-97 | dino | ||
114 | 9 | 1976 | Repeating sequence of mollusk shell glycoproteins | 80MY | Weiner et al. Characterization of 80M-year-old mollusk shell proteins, PNAS | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC430682/ | "repeating amino acid sequence, found in contemporary mollusk shell proteins, was identified in the fossil glycoproteins." | 73(8):2541-2545 | |||
115 | 8 | 1974 | Dinosaur proteins and polysaccharides | 70MY | DeJong et al. Antigenic properties of macromolecules over 70 Myr, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v252/n5478/abs/252063a0.html | "IT has been known for some time that many fossils still contain remnants of organic macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides." | 252(5478):63–64 | dino | ||
116 | 7 | 1972 | Modern (advanced) proteins in many ancient fossils | ~145MY | Schopf, Fossil Proteins "Biochemistry of animal fossils" book review, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/178/4065/1086.2 | "the major conclusion is reached that 'analyses made of the oldest fossils thus far studied do not suggest that their proteins were chemically any simpler than those now being produced.'" | 178(4065):1086 | dino | ||
117 | 6 | 1972 | Jurassic collagen, evidence of various proteins | ~145MY | Wyckoff, The Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, Scientechnica | books.google.com/books?id=f-YKAQAAIAAJ&dq=-schopf+%22The+Biochemistry+of+Animal+Fossils%22+%22Ralph+W.+G.+Wyckoff%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=jurassic | NAS member: "Jurassic bones have retained as much protein as the younger Cretaceous." p. 81 | books.google.com/books?id=f-YKAQAAIAAJ&dq=-schopf+%22The+Biochemistry+of+Animal+Fossils%22+%22Ralph+W.+G.+Wyckoff%22&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%22proteins+were+chemically+any+simpler%22 | 152 pages | dino | |
118 | 5 | 1972 | Biological material in saltwater clam shell | ? | Crenshaw, M. A., Biomineralization Research Reports | books.google.com/books?id=DFTyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Biomineralization+research+reports%22&dq=%22Biomineralization+research+reports%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nyp_UfTGFubp2QWA7IHoCA&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ | Title: "The soluble matrix of Mercenaria mercenaria shell" | trove.nla.gov.au/work/11289249?versionId=13234046 | 6:6–11 | ||
119 | 4 | 1968 | Collagen from Megalosaurus dinosaur egg shell | 166MY | Voss-Foucart, Paleoproteins, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0010406X68909547 | 24(1):31-32 | dino | |||
120 | 3 | 1968 | Intact proteins from half of many bones | 150MY | Miller, Wyckoff, Proteins in Dinosaur Bones, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences | jstor.org/stable/58447?read-now=1&loggedin=true&seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents | "more or less intact proteins... can be recovered from... bones 150 MY old." | pnas.org/content/60/1/176.full.pdf | 60(1):176-178 | dino | |
121 | 2 | 1966 | Collagen & vessels in dinosaur bone | 200MY | Pawlicki et al. Cells, collagen fibrils and vessels in dinosaur bone, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v211/n5049/abs/211655a0.html | 211(5049):655-657 | dino | |||
122 | 1 | 1954 | Devonian alanine, glutamic, & glycine amino acids | 360MY | Abelson, Paleobiochemistry: Organic constituents of fossils, Carnegie Inst. | media.kgov.com/files/1954-carnegie-yearbook-abelson-devonian-fish.pdf | Amino acids for Devonian fish, Jurassic stegosaur, Cretaceous anatosaurus. Carnegie Institution of Washington full yearbook: | archive.org/details/yearbookcarne53195354carn | 1954:97-101 | dino | |
123 | Papers reporting dinosaur biomaterial: | 58 | |||||||||
124 | * Terminology: In the age of sequencing extant endogenous dinosaur proteins, etc., the term "soft tissue" should be used with more care to clarify whether the claim is for merely permineralized, or still biological, remains. Perhaps the best general terms to refer to dinosaur and other organisms that have such endogenous biomaterial is "biofossil" and "biomaterial fossil". Hear this terminology discussed on the radio and see an example of the confusion caused by the ambiguity, over at rsr.org. Consider also that a significant number of, but not all, biofossil specimens have enough molecular preservation to be characterized as having still-soft "tissue". | rsr.org/biomaterial-fossil-terminology | |||||||||
125 | |||||||||||
126 | |||||||||||
127 | |||||||||||
128 | |||||||||||
129 | * Papers Listed: We consider for inclusion in the above list research papers that document biomaterial from sediments alleged to be at least five million years old (double the textbook age of the Quaternary). Gray cells mark the 50% of above papers documenting survival of dinosaur biomaterial. We use red font for the alleged ages of the 12% of the above papers with endogenous material claimed to be at least a quarter of a billion years old. (We also temporarily use red font for the numbers, column A, for papers newly added so that return visitors can see additions at a glance. Note, the paper numbers change when older papers are added.) Bold red "age", 5% of the above publications as of August 2021, marks biomaterial claimed to have survived at least a half a billion years. | ||||||||||
130 | |||||||||||
131 | |||||||||||
132 | |||||||||||
133 | |||||||||||
134 | * Diagnostic Terms: Is a publication referring to extant biomaterial or only to permineralization of such features as feathers, skin, scales, tissue, and organs? Authors use terms such as the following to refer to biomaterial: endogenous, endogeneity, molecular, cellular, sub-cellular, proteinaceous, protein fragments, sequence, beta-keratin, tubulin, actin, tropomyosin, myosin, hemoglobin, (etc.), heme, osteocytes, pigment, melanosomes, spectral signature, peptide, biomolecules, biomarkers, biochemistry, paleobiochemistry, nucleic acid, DNA, amino acids, chirality, still-soft, biomaterial, biofossil, transparent, immunology, immunological, immunofluorescence, antibodies, antigenic, antigenicity, collagenase, and unfossilized. See RSR. | rsr.org/biofossils#diagnostic-terms | |||||||||
135 | |||||||||||
136 | |||||||||||
137 | |||||||||||
138 | |||||||||||
139 | * Bill Nye and Neil deGrasse Tyson: Both men recently claimed that creationism makes no predictions. But see two RSR dinosaur soft tissue predictions, already confirmed, at rsr.org/predictions#soft, by allegedly 530 million-year-old Precambrian biomaterial, by sost tissue found in 6 of 8 dino bones, etc. | rsr.org/predictions#soft | |||||||||
140 | |||||||||||
141 | |||||||||||
142 | * Corrections: Please email suggested additions, corrections, fill-in-the-blanks (cell D115), or clarifications to Bob@rsr.org. | ||||||||||
143 | * Apparently Discredited Claim: | Claimed as discredited, for example, in: | |||||||||
144 | 1993 | Sequenced weevil DNA | 130MY | Cano, et al, Amplification and sequencing of DNA, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v363/n6429/abs/363536a0.html | phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/16/scrappy-fossils-yield-possible-dinosaur-blood-cells/ | |||||
145 | |||||||||||
146 | * Contrary Papers (We are waiting, patiently, for retractions of these papers by the authors or journal editors) | ||||||||||
147 | 2008 Dino soft tissue intrerpreted as bacterial biofilms, PLoS One Kaye et al. | plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002808 | |||||||||
148 | 2011 DNA Dinos Metagenomics, J Vert. Paleontology (abstract only) Salzberg | kgov.com/files/docs/Salzberg-2011-JVP-Dino-Metagenomics.pdf | |||||||||
149 | 2017 A fossil protein chimera... cross-contamination, Proc B Soc Buckley et al. | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28566488 | |||||||||
150 | 2020 Dino eggshell contains (racemized) amino acids, Usual suspects, preprint | biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129999v1 | |||||||||
151 | |||||||||||
152 | * 30 Journals have published 58 original dinosaur biomaterial reports (as of August 2021, half of the above papers), so this is no isolated phenomenon. | ||||||||||
153 | 1 | Acta Histochemica (Italy) | T. rex: | ||||||||
154 | 2 | Advances in Organic Chemistry | Here's what's been discovered in dinos, etc: | ||||||||
155 | 3 | Annals of Anatomy (Germany) | In fossils from dinosaur-layer and "deeper", i.e. believed older, strata, researchers have discovered flexible and transparent blood vessels and cartilage, red blood cells, starch, many various proteins including beta-keratin, the microtubule building block tubulin, collagen, mollusk shell glycoprotein and dino eggshell peptides and chelating ligands, chitin, the cytoskeleton components actin, tropomyosin, and the related motor protein myosin, and hemoglobin, bone maintenance osteocyte cells, pigment including melanosomes, clearly-seen chromosome-like structures within cell nucleus, DNA-related histone proteins, and powerful evidence for DNA including positive results from multiple double-helix tests including IP and DAPI on fossils from various dinosaurs. | ||||||||
156 | 4 | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology | |||||||||
157 | 5 | Comptes Rendus Palevol (France) | |||||||||
158 | 6 | Connective Tissue Research | |||||||||
159 | 7 | Cretaceous Research | |||||||||
160 | 8 | Creation Research Society Quarterly | |||||||||
161 | 9 | Current Biology | |||||||||
162 | 10 | Expert Review of Proteomics | |||||||||
163 | 11 | Folia Histochem Cytobiol (Poland) | Dinosaur and dinosaur-layer creatures: | ||||||||
164 | 12 | Geology | The dinosaurs and other Mesozoic creatures that have yielded their biological material include multiple species of hadrosaur, titanosaur, [ostrich-like] ornithomimosaur, Nodosaur, mosasaur, [bird-like] Anchiornis huxleyi, Triceratops, Lufengosaur, Archaeopteryx, and T. rex. | ||||||||
165 | 13 | Journal of Experimental Zoology | |||||||||
166 | 14 | Journal of Paleontology | |||||||||
167 | 15 | Journal of Protein Chemistry | |||||||||
168 | 16 | Journal of Proteome Research | Dinosaur tissue reports are rare in the popular meda: | ||||||||
169 | 17 | Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | youtu.be/0-K7_H27Wq4 | See a rare example in the mainstream media in 3-min clip on ABC's 60 Minutes | |||||||
170 | 18 | Microscopy Today | <- journal most recently added to the list | ||||||||
171 | 19 | National Science Review | |||||||||
172 | 20 | Nature | |||||||||
173 | 21 | Nature Communications | Dinosaur biomaterial is becoming expected in the scientific literature | ||||||||
174 | 22 | Nature Scientific Reports | periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/td/article/view/8659539/22642 | Brazil's Portuguese language journal Terrae Didatica, 6/20 "[R]egarding the frequency of soft tissue findings... The prediction is that acquisition of new technologies will turn such findings as the norm and not the exception." | |||||||
175 | 23 | Paleontology | |||||||||
176 | 24 | PeerJ | |||||||||
177 | 25 | PLoS ONE | |||||||||
178 | 26 | Proc Royal Society B | We agree with Didatica but note that the use of existing technologies already makes such findings routine. New technologies, including those reducing the time and cost for such investigation, and those enabling molecular identification even while still in the field, will certainly increase the frequency of biofossil discoveries. (The latter, enabling in situ analysis, will of course introduce additional challenges.) | ||||||||
179 | 27 | Proc. of the Nat’l Acad. of Sciences | |||||||||
180 | 28 | Science | |||||||||
181 | 29 | Science of Nature (Germany) | |||||||||
182 | 30 | Swiss Journal of Geosciences | |||||||||
183 | |||||||||||
184 | |||||||||||
185 | Google Scholar 2020 (search terms & resulting numbers of papers): | scholar.google.com | |||||||||
186 | "exceptional preservation" fossil | 6,570 | scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=%22exceptional+preservation%22+fossil&btnG= | ||||||||
187 | "exceptionally well preserved" dinosaur | 1,780 | scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=%22exceptionally+well+preserved%22+dinosaur&btnG= | ||||||||
188 | "remarkable preservation" fossil | 1,510 | scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=%22remarkable+preservation%22+fossil&btnG= | ||||||||
189 | "remarkably preserved" fossil | 919 | scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=%22remarkably+preserved%22+fossil&btnG= | ||||||||
190 | "remarkably preserved" microfossils | 187 | scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C6&q=%22remarkably+preserved%22+microfossils&btnG= | ||||||||
191 | |||||||||||
192 | * Candidates: If you investigate any of these papers or have others to recommend, please send your thoughts to Bob@rsr.org. Thanks! | ||||||||||
193 | 2020 Phylogenetic and physiological signals in... biomolecules, Weimann, et al. | advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/28/eaba6883 | |||||||||
194 | 2020 Dino eggshell has (racemized) amino acids, Saitta, Vinther, Kaye, el al. | biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.02.129999v1 | |||||||||
195 | 2020 Autofluorescence of Dinosaur Bone Reveals Encapsulation of Blood Clots | cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-today/article/uv-autofluorescence-microscopy-of-dinosaur-bone-reveals-encapsulation-of-blood-clots-within-vessel-canals/8762E671960898DAC303973A5A2A93F6 | |||||||||
196 | 2019 Early Cretaceous bird preserving unlaid egg and probable medullary bone | nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09259-x | |||||||||
197 | 2019 Smithsonian report of NMNH's allegedly 14Mya still wood confier Pinophyta | smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/how-do-fossils-form-1-180972340/ | |||||||||
198 | 2017 Organic Matter in Fossils, Encyc of Geochemistry, Muscente, Czaja, et al. | link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39193-9_185-1 | |||||||||
199 | 2017 Exceptionally preserved fossil assemblages Gondwana Res Muscente et al | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X17302101?via%3Dihub | |||||||||
200 | 2016 Protein sequences bound to mineral surfaces persist into deep time | elifesciences.org/articles/17092 | |||||||||
201 | 2013 DNA preservation dissertation 34mya possible biomarkers Penn St. Richter | etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/21122 | |||||||||
202 | 2005 Ancient DNA comes of age, PLoS Biology | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15719062 | |||||||||
203 | 2004 Occurrence of ink in Paleozoic and Mesozoic coleoids (Cephadopoda) | researchgate.net/publication/286455546_Occurrence_of_ink_in_Paleozoic_and_Mesozoic_coleoids_Cephalopoda | |||||||||
204 | 2003 Chem Evidence for Lignification and Tracheids in Early Devonian Plants | journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/377113 | |||||||||
205 | 1998 Color banding in feathers of two dinosaurs from China, Nature | nature.com/articles/31635 | |||||||||
206 | 1996 Chermical characterization of Lower Devonian vascular plants | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0146638096001404 | |||||||||
207 | 1956 On the colour of an icthyosaur (possible presence of melanocytes) | tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00222935608655889 | |||||||||
208 | * Candidates in Amber and the amber itself for that matter | icr.org/article/scan-amber-trapped-spider-shows-recent | |||||||||
209 | 2011 Proteins from amber, Sample Preparation in Biological Mass Spectrometry | link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-0828-0_45 | |||||||||
210 | Former Candidate papers not promoted are listed at Row 50 of... | docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JJNcTdtMoPfhNXum6FZ6TQ_F6F4NZgXPM0m1acjMa9c/edit#gid=344002594 | |||||||||
211 | |||||||||||
212 | * Preliminary Reports: The scores of papers published since the year 2000 suggest that the scores of early papers published from 1954 to 1999 deserve more credibility than they were typically given. | ||||||||||
213 | |||||||||||
214 | 11/15/17 | Amino acids in Antarctica fossil forest | 280MY | Live Science | livescience.com/60944-ancient-fossil-forest-discovered-in-antarctica.html | ||||||
215 | 9/27/10 | Lobster shell | "millions" | Keighley News | keighleynews.co.uk/news/8409907.Fossil_find_rocks_museum___s_boffins/ | ||||||
216 | 8/10/09 | Live yeast in amber | 45MY | Wired Science | wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/17-08/ff_primordial_yeast?currentPage=all | ||||||
217 | 4/13/07 | charcoal in limestone cave preserves cellular details | 310MY | ScienceDaily and University of Illinois at Chicago | sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070412102430.htm | ||||||
218 | '93-'17 | Original dinosaur biological material | 65-150MY | Science, J Vert Pal, Proc R Soc, PLoS One, PNAS, Nature, Nat. Comm., etc. | DinosaurSoftTissue.com#research | ||||||
219 | |||||||||||
220 | See RSR's Other Lists: | ||||||||||
221 | List of List Shows | rsr.org/lists | |||||||||
222 | List of Living Fossils | docs.google.com/document/d/1ixDBEuNJxwlbKDBV-54fLRkLmZs8SyJ1k0mYF0LgxUQ/edit#heading=h.gjdgxs | |||||||||
223 | List of Not So Old Things | rsr.org/list | |||||||||
224 | List of Genomes that Just Don't Fit | rsr.org/genomes | |||||||||
225 | List of Ways Water Stops Abiogenesis (NASA answers RSR) | rsr.org/abiogenesis | |||||||||
226 | List of Problems with Eye Evolution | rsr.org/eyes | |||||||||
227 | List of Problems with Whale Evolution | rsr.org/whales | |||||||||
228 | List of Problems with 'The River Carved the Canyon' | rsr.org/not-the-river | |||||||||
229 | List of Problems with the Grand Canyon's Millions of Years | rsr.org/gc2 | |||||||||
230 | |||||||||||
231 | See ICR's original 2011 soft-tissue list that grew into the above, at: | docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1JJNcTdtMoPfhNXum6FZ6TQ_F6F4NZgXPM0m1acjMa9c/edit?usp=sharing | |||||||||
232 | (On row 50 of the same sheet see the discussion with an old-earth geophysicist.) | Dec 2018 - Feb 2019 | |||||||||
233 | And see Brian Taylor's 2019 "Toast" article at: | icr.org/article/11137 | |||||||||
234 | Want to save time? Use RSR's custom Google science search at: | rsr.org | |||||||||
235 | |||||||||||
236 | Find this at: | DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10126.61766 | bflist.rsr.org | researchgate.net/publication/324484996_Biomaterial_Fossils_List_to_2019_at_bflistrsrorg | |||||||
