| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | name | alternativename | primaryvalue | subcategory | category | type | highlight | metric_001 | searchterm | notes | link | firstsource | secondsource | thirdsource | ID | |||
2 | supplement | alternative name | evidence | condition | condition | type | one to watch? | popularity | search term | notes | notes long | source names | main study link | Cochrane systematic review link | other International review board or metastudy link(s) | individual studies link(s) | ID | |
3 | our score. 0 = harmful 1 = no evidence, 2 = slight, 3 = conflicting/moderate, 4 = promising , 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles).We searched for the supplement name plus condition | The search we used to get a Google hits figure | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | ||||||||||
4 | abatacept | 4 | osteoarthritis | musculoskeletal | hormone | 87,500 | abatacept osteoarthritis | Appears to reduce joint pain and improve function. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007277/MUSKEL_abatacept-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007277/MUSKEL_abatacept-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 1 | ||||||
5 | agnus castus | vitex | 5 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 160,000 | agnus castus PMS | Helps improve PMS symptoms. | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics; The European Menopause Journal, Archives of Women's Mental Health, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Electronic Physician | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-017-0791-0 | http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(09)00031-0/abstract?cc=y=, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004040000123 | 2 | ||||
6 | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid | digestion | plant / herb | 11,800,000 | aloe vera digestion | HARMFUL. Never eat. Ingestion can causes diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance and kidney disfunction. | Journal of Environmental Science and Health | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | 3 | ||||||
7 | aloe vera | 1 | burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 18,800,000 | aloe vera burns cuts | No high quality evidence to support aloe vera for treatment of wounds. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | 4 | ||||||
8 | aloe vera | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 27,800,000 | aloe vera diabetes | One study found diabetes patients with high blood levels of fat (dyslipidemia) benefited from one 300mg capsule every 12 hours for 2 months. | Planta Medica | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | 5 | ||||||
9 | andrographis | 1 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | 154,000 | andrographis respiratory infections | Slight evidence of reduced symptoms. | Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | 6 | ||||||
10 | antioxidants | 3 | infertility in men | sexual health, men, children | compound | 1,900,000 | antioxidants infertility | Evidence of anti-oxidants as treatment for male infertility is inconclusive. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | 7 | ||||||
11 | antioxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 7,330,000 | antioxidants mortality | Taking antixoxidants have no health benefits. In fact, beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E appear to increase the risk of death. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | 8 | ||||||
12 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 4 | anxiety & stress | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 1,130,000 | ashwagandha anxiety stress | A review of 5 human trials concludes Ashwagandha reduces anxiety & stress. The review calls for more trials. | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | 9 | ||||
13 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | erectile dysfunction | sexual health | plant / herb | 634,000 | ashwagandha erectile dysfunction | In a single pilot study on 46 men with low-sperm count, ashwagandha supplementation appeared to increase sperm count & volume. | Evidence-based complimentary & alternative medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | 10 | |||||
14 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 407,000 | ashwagandha rheumatoid arthritis | No solid evidence. | Indian Journal of Medical Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | 11 | |||||
15 | astaxanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | 261,000 | astaxanthin oxidative stress | No human trials yet. | Cochrane, PLoS One | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146438 | 12 | ||||||
16 | astragalus | 2 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 740,000 | astragalus immune system | Limited studies suggest a stengthening of the immune system. More evidence needed. | Block, Mead (2003) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | 13 | |||||
17 | astragalus | 3 | chronic kidney disease | general health | plant / herb | 354,000 | astragalus kidney disease | Low quality evidence for patients with chronic kidney disease when combined with conventional treatments. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | 14 | ||||||
18 | bee pollen | 1 | cancer | cancer | other | 3,730,000 | bee pollen cancer | No evidence | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | 15 | ||||||
19 | benfotiamine | fat-soluble thiamin | 3 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 311,000 | benfotiamine diabetes | A study of high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months showed no significant effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris_Mankovsky/publication/274180185_Benfotiamine_Commentary_and_update_on_recent_studies/links/55256a0b0cf24b822b40313b.pdf | 16 | ||||
20 | beta-carotene | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 5,410,000 | vitamin A beta-carotene cancer | There is no evidence that beta-carotene prevents cancer. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | 17 | ||||||
21 | beta glucans | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 280,000 | beta glucans cancer | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Most studies so far have been done in animals or test tubes, rather than on human subjects. Trials on human subjects are needed. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | 18 | ||||||
22 | beta glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections, respiratory | compound | OTW | 558,000 | beta glucans respiratory infection | Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15%. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | Molecular Nutrition and Food Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | 19 | |||||
23 | bitter melon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1,150,000 | bitter melon diabetes | Not enough evidence to support using bitter melon in diabetes treament. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 20 | ||||||
24 | black cohosh | 2 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 530,000 | black cohosh menopause | Insufficient evidence to claim that black cohosh improves menopause symptoms. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | 21 | ||||||
25 | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 151,000,000 | black tea cancer | Reviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk. | Nutrition and Cancer | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | 22 | ||||||
26 | borage seed oil | 4 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 93,300 | rheumatoid arthritis | Improves pain and function, and probably has no adverse effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 23 | ||||||
27 | borage seed oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
28 | bromelain | 3 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 571,000 | bromelain arthritis | Bromelain reduces arthritis symptoms. More research into dosage and side effects required. | Annals of Internal Medicine Common Knowledge | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | 24 | |||||
29 | butterbur | petasites hybridus | 2 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 59,700 | butterbur migraines | Butterbur extract may lower the frequency and severity of migraines. | Neurology | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | 25 | |||||
30 | caffeine | 5 | memory | cognition | compound | 34,200,000 | caffeine memory | Enhances consolidation of long term memories. Improves memory in young adults during their non-optimal time of day (mornings). | Borota et al 2014, Frontiers in Psychology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01764/full?utm_medium=google | 26 | ||||||
31 | caffeine | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 19,300,000 | caffeine skin cancer | Population studies shows women who consume more than three cups of coffee a day MAY have a lower cancer risk than people who drink less than one cup per month. | Song et al. 2012 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | 27 | |||||
32 | caffeine | 2 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 4,110,000 | caffeine dementia | Caffiene appears to slow cognitive decline and prevent Alzheimer's. But the results are not definitive. | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | 28 | ||||||
33 | calcium | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 101,000,000 | calcium blood pressure | High quality evidence has shown that extra calcium can slightly reduce blood pressure, especially in people younger than 35. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | 29 | ||||||
34 | calcium | 4 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 10,700,000 | calcium colorectal cancer | No evidence that calcium supplementation stops colorectal cancer itself, but it does inhibit potentially pre-cancerous colorectal polyps (adenomatous polyps) | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | 30 | ||||||
35 | calcium | 3 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 3,710,000 | calcium postmenopausal osteoporosis | Calcium supps might help to prevent fractures, although the results have been contradictory. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | 31 | ||||||
36 | calcium + vit. D | 5 | bone health | musculoskeletal | mineral | 43,900,000 | calcium vitamin d bone health | A review of 8 studies including 30,970 participants found that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduced total fracture risk by 15% and hip fracture risk by 30%. | Osteoporosis International | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | 32 | ||||||
37 | calcium + vit. D | 2 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 52,100,000 | calcium vitamin D cancer | There is no firm evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet#q3 | 33 | |||||
38 | cannabis | 4 | nausea | cancer | plant / herb | 703,000 | cannabis chemotherapy nausea | Promising evidence showing a reduction in nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The FDA has approved 2 synthetic cannabis drugs for treating chemo-related nausea. | Cochrane, NAP | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | https://www.nap.edu/read/24625/chapter/4#53 | 34 | |||||
39 | cannabis | 3 | glaucoma | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,490,000 | cannabis glaucoma | Definitely lowers eye pressure, but only temporarily (3-4hrs). Since Glaucoma is a long-term disease, a LOT of cannabis would be required to maintain low pressure levels. Also, cannabis might cause additional damage to the eye by restricting blood flow to the optic nerve. | American Glaucoma Society | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | 35 | ||||||
40 | cannabis | 5 | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | neurological | plant / herb | 22,700,000 | cannabis Multiple Sclerosis MS | 2 studies involving a total of 790 subjects showed positive results. Improved muscle spasms, pain, sleep quality, and mobility. Cannabis-based drug Sativex is approved for use in MS patients in 30 countries. | Journal of Ethnopharmacology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | 36 | ||||||
41 | cannabis | 4 | chronic pain | pain | plant / herb | 79,400,000 | cannabis pain | Several good quality trials have shown cannabinoids to be modestly effective in treating chronic pain. The harms and side-effects may outweigh the benefits though. Larger and longer trials needed. | British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/full | 37 | |||||
42 | capsaicin | 1 | non-allergic rhinitis | general health | plant / herb | 89,900 | capsaicin non allergic rhinitis | Capsaicin comes from chili peppers. Evidence has found that inhaling 4 micrograms at least 5 times a day can reduce inflammation, but the quality of the evidence is low. Who wants to inhale chilli? | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | 38 | ||||||
43 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging | general health | compound | 292,000 | carnosine anti aging | Promising results in mice and in cell studies, but no human trials yet. | Molecules in Focus | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | 39 | ||||||
44 | cat's claw | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 526,000 | cat's claw cancer | No human trials. | Anticancer Research | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | 40 | ||||||
45 | chamomile | 1 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 765,000 | chamomile bowel disorder | No high-quality human trials. | Der Pharma Chemica | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | 41 | ||||||
46 | chocolate, dark | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 26,800,000 | dark chocolate blood pressure | Chemicals known as flavanols, found in cocoa products, are thought to widen blood vessels and cause a minor drop in blood pressure. Further trials are needed to ascertain long-term efficacy. Does not apply to mllk chocolate. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | 42 | |||||
47 | chlorella | (algae) | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease | cardio | alga | 948,000 | chlorella blood pressure | Significantly decreases blood pressure, blood glucose, and some cholesterols. | Meta-analysis on 19 RCTs with 797 subjects indicated that Chlorella administration significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose whereas changes in triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were not statistically significant. | Clinical Nutrition | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | 43 | ||||
48 | chromium | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | OTW | 7,520,000 | chromium diabetes | Might lower blood glucose levels. It might also help with fat loss, which could benefit those with diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | 44 | |||||
49 | cinnamon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 24,200,000 | cinnamon diabetes | No more effective than placebo in controlling glucose levels. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | 45 | ||||||
50 | coconut oil | 3 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | coconut oil obesity | 30ml of coconut oil per day might help to reduce waist size, but possibly because the fat in coconut oil isn't as easily stored. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | 46 | ||||||
51 | coffee | 6 | heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | 134,000,000 | coffee heart disease | A metastudy found that the more coffee a person drinks, the lower their risk of cardiovascular disease. The optimum amount of coffee for this benefit was 3-5 per day. | Epidemiology and Prevention | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | 47 | ||||||
52 | coffee | 3 | mortality | general health | plant / herb | 54,600,000 | coffee mortality | A large statistical study of over 650,000 people found that coffee drinking reduced all cause mortality, whether it was instant, ground, or decaffeinated. | JAMA International Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | 48 | ||||||
53 | colostrinin | 1 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 8,280 | colostrinin alzheimer's disease | A few small human studies suggest possible effects on Alzheimers. | The Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | 49 | |||||
54 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 1,190,000 | CoQ10 diabetes | CoQ10 improves insulin secretion in those with type 2 diabetes. However, human trials have been tiny. | Biofactors | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | 50 | |||||
55 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 340,000 | CoQ10 migraine | Some tentative evidence on migraine sensitivity. But much more research needed. | Sage | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | 51 | |||||
56 | CoQ10 | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1,390,000 | coq10 blood pressure | Pooled data from two trials showed that CoQ10 did not affect blood pressure compared to placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | 52 | ||||||
57 | cranberry | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary, women | plant / herb | 880,000 | cranberry urinary tract infections | No statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | 53 | |||||
58 | creatine & CoQ10 | 3 | cognition | mental health | compound | 326,000 | creatine CoQ10 cognition | Creatine doesn't have a significant effect in those with normal brain function, but it can benefit those with impaired brain function when combined with CoQ10. | European Neurology | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | 54 | ||||||
59 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 3 | tonsillitis | infections | plant / herb | 338,000 | dandelion tonsillitis | Dandelion might have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. | Evidence-Based Health Care | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 55 | |||||
60 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 226,000 | devil's claw arthritis | Devil's Claw extract can reduce lower back pain by blocking the pathways that cause joint inflammation. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | 56 | ||||||
61 | DHEA | 3 | memory in young men | cognition, men | compound | OTW | 2,000,000 | DHEA memory | DHEA might improve memory in young men. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | 57 | |||||
62 | DHEA | 1 | ageing | general health | compound | 260,000 | DHEA ageing | DHEA has no beneficial impact on body composition, performance etc. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | 58 | ||||||
63 | dong quai | 0 | menopause in breast cancer patients | cancer, reproductive | plant / herb | 343,000 | dong quai menopause | HARMFUL. Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | Lau et al. 2005 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | 59 | |||||
64 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 743,000 | echinacea colds | Echinacea might have a slight impact on preventing and treating colds, but the results are statistically insignificant. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 60 | ||||||
65 | ecklonia cava seaweed | 3 | cholesterol, weight loss | weight control, cardio | alga | 62,600 | ecklonia cava cholesterol | There's evidence that seaweed supplements can combat several mechanisms behind the onset of cardiovascular disease. Ecklonia in particular has been shown to decrease cholesterol. | A review suggests there is evidence that diet supplementation with whole macroalgae or products of macroalgae origin can ameliorate several mechanisms underlying the onset and propagation of CVDs. One study of ecklonia cava in particular (80 subjects) concluded that ECE supplementation improved blood lipid profiles through decreasing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels which are known as major cardiovascular risk factors. More studies are needed to establish the long-term safety and effectiveness. | Marine Drugs | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | 61 | |||||
66 | eggshell membrane | 5 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | 148,000 | eggshell membrane arthritis | Egg shell membrane eases joints by increasing cell production and decreasing inflammation. 500mg a day gives rapid results. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | 62 | ||||||
67 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1,740,000 | elderberry flu | Eelderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. More rigorous studies needed. | Phytotherapy Research | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | 63 | ||||
68 | elk velvet antler | 1 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | animal product | 45,300 | elk velvet antler arthritis | No good quality evidence for elk velvet antler as a treatment for arthritis. | Claims made for velvet antler supplements do not appear to be based upon rigorous research from human trials. | The New Zealand Medical Journal | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | 64 | |||||
69 | evening primrose oil | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 692,000 | evening primrose oil PMS | Evening primrose oil is no more effective than placebo. | Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | 65 | ||||||
70 | evening primrose oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
71 | feverfew | 5 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 8,970,000 | fish oil omega 3 low sperm count | Feverfew reduces migraine frequency by just over half a migraine a month. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | 66 | ||||||
72 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cystic fibrosis | general health | compound | 9,790,000 | fish oil omega 3 cystic fibrosis | Evidence is poor. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | 67 | ||||||
73 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2,650,000 | fish oil omega 3 Alzheimer's | In the largest and longest study of its kind, researchers found that fish oil/omega 3 had no statistically significant impact on cognitive decline. | The Journal of the American Medical Association | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | 68 | ||||||
74 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | asthma | respiratory | compound | 3,950,000 | fish oil omega 3 asthma | Review of trials found that people with asthma changing their diets to include more fish oil DID NOT improve their asthma. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/16/5/861.short | 69 | |||||
75 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cancer symptoms | cancer | compound | 159,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 cancer symptoms | Fish oil can counter chemotherapy-related damage to white blood cells. | Lipids | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | 70 | ||||||
76 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 31,900,000 | fish oil omega 3 child intelligence | Fish oil supplementation has a very minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | 71 | ||||||
77 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 47,600,000 | fish oil omega 3 colorectal cancer | It is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer and is effective in its treatment. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3D | 72 | |||||
78 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Crohn's disease | digestion | compound | 31,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 Crohn's disease | No beneficial effect for those with Crohn's Disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | 73 | ||||||
79 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | low sperm count | reproductive | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | A small study of 211 men it was found that omega 3 supplementation significantly increased sperm count. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | 74 | ||||||
80 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | Probably no beneficial effect for those with type 2 diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 75 | ||||||
81 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer | compound | 1,610,000 | fish oil omega 3 prostate cancer | HAMRFUL? Recent studies have linked fish oil intake with increased prostate cancer risk. | Journal of the National Cancer Institutue. | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | 76 | ||||||
82 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | psychosis | mental health | compound | 440,000 | omega 3 fish oil psychosis | In one study, supplementation delayed the onset of psychosis in those on track to develop certain mental health conditions. | Nature Communications | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | 77 | ||||||
83 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | depression | mental health | compound | 6,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 depression | Low quality evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | 78 | ||||||
84 | fish oil / omega 3 (in pregnancy) | 5 | preterm birth | reproductive | compound | 212,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 preterm birth | A meta-analysis concluded that preterm birth & early preterm birth were reduced in women receiving omega-3. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | 79 | ||||||
85 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 1,320,000 | flax seeds breast cancer | Population studies indicate a slight possibility flaxeed could reduce breast cancer tumour growth. No controlled trials have been carried out. | Cancer Causes Control | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | 80 | ||||||
86 | folic acid | 5 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 1,780,000 | folic acid birth defects | Folic acid helps to prevent birth defects, but timing of supplementation is important. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | 81 | ||||||
87 | folic acid | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 19,000,000 | folic acid cancer | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. When combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk. | Cochrane | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | 82 | |||||
88 | GABA | 3 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 3,880,000 | gaba stress anxiety | Some suggestive evidence for effect on anxiety & stress. | Frontiers in Neuroscience | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3985106/ | 83 | ||||
89 | garlic | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 24,700,000 | garlic blood pressure | Garlic might reduce blood pressure, but further research is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | 84 | ||||||
90 | garlic | aged garlic extract | 2 | cancer treatment | cancer | vegetable | 19,300,000 | garlic cancer treatment | Due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer. More clinical trials necessary. | International Journal of Preventative Medicine | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | 85 | |||||
91 | garlic | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 8,080,000 | garlic cancer prevention | Garlic might prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. | National Cancer Institute | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 86 | ||||||
92 | garlic | 1 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 3,370,000 | garlic colds | Insufficient evidnce for effects on the common cold. | Cochrane: Garlic for the common cold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | 87 | ||||||
93 | ginger | 4 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | ginger nausea | Ginger prevents nausea and vomitting for some people in certain circumstances. | Annals of Oncology | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/10/2547/3896339 | 88 | |||||
94 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 428,000 | ginkgo biloba dementia | Insufficient clinical trial evidence for the use of ginkgo bilboa as a treatment for dementia. | University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | 89 | ||||||
95 | ginseng | 1 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 797,000 | ginseng cognitive function | No convincing evidence for ginseng enhancing cognition in healthy people, and only low quality evidence that it helps dementia patients. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | 90 | ||||||
96 | glucosamine | 3 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 4,830,000 | glucosamine arthritis | Studies using a specific brand of glucosamine (Rotta) found that patients' pain decreased. However, studies using other brands found no difference between glucosamine and placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | 91 | ||||||
97 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 1 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 1,850,000 | glutamine gastrointestinal disease | Insufficient evidence to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | 92 | |||||
98 | glutamine | 1 | mortality in preterm infants | general health | compound | 248,000 | glutamine preterm | No evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | 93 | ||||||
99 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,880,000 | goji berry eye health | Supplementation for 90 days appeared to show some improvements in eye-health for seniors. But more research is needed. | Optometry and Vision Science | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | 94 | |||||
100 | grape seed extract | 1 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 735,000 | grape seed extract wound healing | Some preliminary evidence | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/grape-seed-extract/ | http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/40015 | 95 | ||||||
101 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 25,800,000 | green tea cancer prevention | The evidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | 96 | ||||||
102 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 50,000,000 | green tea cholesterol | Might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 97 | ||||||
103 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 3 | blood pressure, cardiovascular disease | cardio | fruit | 18,400,000 | hawthorn heart | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term trials are needed. | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term randomized clinical trials are needed. | Cochrane; BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Phytotherapy Research | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-26 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.947 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6094 | 98 | |||
104 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 5 | chronic heart failure | cardio | fruit | 1,070,000 | hawthorn heart failure | Hawthorn improves heart function in those with chronic heart failure. | Randomized, controlled trials in patients with heart failure have demonstrated that hawthorn increases functional capacity, alleviates disabling symptoms, and improves health-related quality of life. It has a very favourable safety profile both as monotherapy and add-on therapy. | American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | 99 | ||||
105 | horsetail | Equisetum arvense, shavegrass, common horsetail, field horsetail, tsukushi | 2 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vegetable | 98,600 | horsetail osteoporosis | A small, old study showed horsetail improved bone density in menopausal women. | Contains silicon, a mineral needed for bone health. An old (1999) study of menopausal women treated with titrated dry horsetail extract for 40 or 80 days showed improved bone density above placebo. Improvements were enhanced when the women took horsetail in combination with calcium. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | 100 | |||||
106 | horse chestnut seed extract | 4 | CVI | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 104,000 | horse chestnut seed extract chronic venous insufficiency | Horse chestnut seed extract is effective in treating chronic venous insufficiency. However, further research is needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | 101 | |||||
107 | hyaluronic acid | 2 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 1,840,000 | hyaluronic acid arthritis | Injected hyaluronic acid might have a small effect in the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the trials are biased and the results questionable. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | 102 | ||||||
108 | iron | 4 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 185,000,000 | iron child development -anaemia | Iron supplementation in infants might benefit their psychomotor development, but not their mental or behavioural development. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | 103 | ||||||
109 | iron + folic acid | 4 | maternal and infant health | reproductive | compound | 3,320,000 | iron folic acid maternal infant | Reduces iron deficiency anaemia for pregnant women. The impact on babies is less clear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | 104 | ||||||
110 | kava | 2 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 964,000 | kava anxiety | Might have a small but significant effect on anxiety, but more information is required about the safety of long-term use. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | 105 | ||||||
111 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 271,000 | krill oil pms | Krill oil significantly reduced both emotional and physical PMS symptoms in one study. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | 106 | ||||||
112 | L-arginine | 1 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 19,600,000 | L arginine performance | One study found that L-arginine had a significant beneficial impact on exercise performance. However, the trial was tiny. | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | 107 | ||||||
113 | L-carnitine | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 2,900,000 | l carnitine diabetes | May alleviate pain in patients with diabetic nerve issues (neuropathy). | Diabetes Care | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | 108 | ||||||
114 | L-lysine | 1 | herpes | sexual health, infections | compound | 907,000 | L lysine herpes | No evidence that lysine has a preventative effect on cold sores. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | 109 | ||||||
115 | lavender | 2 | depression, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 31,900,000 | lavender depression | Suggestive evidence for reduced anxiety. No effect on depression. | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/lavender/ | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21438645 | 110 | ||||||
116 | lavender | 1 | sleep, relaxation, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 11,100,000 | lavender relaxation sleep | One small study found inhaling lavender before bed relieves sleepiness on waking in healthy adults, but the trial was tiny. | Perceptual and Motor Skills | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | 111 | ||||||
117 | leucine | 1 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 10,300,000 | leucine protein synthesis | One study found drinking leucine solution while exercising speeds up recovery, but the trial was tiny. | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | 112 | ||||||
118 | lingzhi + san miao san | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 17,800 | lingzhi san miao san arthritis | This combination of Chinese herbs may reduce pain, but does not provide any other significant benefits (e.g. antiinflammatory). | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | 113 | ||||||
119 | lutein | 1 | age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | eye & skin | compound | 5,390,000 | lutein eye health | Taking lutein alone (or combined with zeaxanthin) may have little or no effect on progression to late AMD and vision loss (low-certainty evidence). | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | 114 | ||||||
120 | lycopene | 2 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 720,000 | lycopene prostate cancer | Insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of lycopene in preventing prostate cancer. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | 115 | ||||||
121 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 49,300,000 | magnesium blood pressure | Low levels of magnesium in the diet are linked to high blood pressure and cholesterol. Magnesium treatment might be effective as a preventative. | International Journal of Cardiology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | 116 | ||||||
122 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1,240,000 | magnesium vitamin B6 child ADHD | Children with ADHD tend to have low magnesium and vitamin B6 levels. It's unclear whether supplementation reduces the symptoms of ADHD. | Magnes Restauracja | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | 117 | |||||
123 | melatonin | 2 | sleep disturbances | mental health | compound | 16,900,000 | melatonin sleep | Can help to regulate the body-clock and improve sleep. However, it does not affect all groups of people in the same way, and the evidence is low quality. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | 118 | ||||||
124 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis, diabetes | general health, infections | plant / herb | 2,040,000 | milk thistle liver disease | Might be beneficial in treating hepatitis and other liver diseases, and protecting the liver from the impact of diabetes. However, the trials were low quality. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | 119 | ||||||
125 | mistletoe | 3 | breast & neck cancers | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 1,080,000 | mistletoe supplement | Some preliminary evidence for improving quality of life in breast cancer patients. Evidence for other cancers is weak. More studies needed. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2/full | |||||||
126 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 2,160,000 | MSM arthritis | Associated with slight reduction in pain and improvement in function, but the results may not be clinically significant. | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | 120 | ||||||
127 | myo-inositol | in pregnancy | 4 | gestational diabetes | diabetes | compound | 52,600 | myo-inositol gestational diabetes | Potential benefit for reducing the incidence of gestational diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | 121 | |||||
128 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 1 | OCD, addiction | mental health | other | 291,000 | NAC OCD | Problems with glutamate function in the brain are thought to affect addiction and compulsive behaviour. NAC might improve glutamate function. | Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | 122 | ||||||
129 | nettle | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 410,000 | nettles prostate | Might be effective in treating urinary issues in men by reducing inflammation. But we could find no recent studies. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | 123 | ||||||
130 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 3,620,000 | vitamin B3 heart disease | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. Has long been thought an effective treatment for heart disease, but recent findings show that it does not help, and can have severe adverse effects. | The New England Journal of Medicine. | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | 124 | ||||||
131 | olive leaf extract | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 5,840,000 | olive leaf extract blood pressure cholesterol | One study found beneficial effects on vascular health, although the trial was small. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | 125 | ||||||
132 | omega 3 | 1 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2,360,000 | omega 3 child ADHD | Insufficient evidence to suggest omega 3 has any beneficial effect on children with ADHD. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | 126 | ||||||
133 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 1,360,000 | omega 3 ALA heart disease | Insufficient evidence to claim that omega 3 has any impact on heart health, either in healthy people or those with cardiovascular disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | 127 | ||||||
134 | omega 6 | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 64,300,000 | omega 6 cancer | One study found that omega 6 prevented tumours from growing, but this was a cell study, i.e. not tested on humans. | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | 128 | ||||||
135 | omega 6 | 1 | heart health | cardio | compound | 68,400,000 | omega 6 heart health | No benefit on heart health. | British Medical Journal | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | 129 | ||||||
136 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 35,100 | pau d'arco decongestant | HARMFUL. Highly toxic. If used at all, should be used with extreme caution. | Oncology Nursing Forum | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | 130 | ||||||
137 | peppermint oil | 5 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 1,080,000 | peppermint oil IBS | Relaxes muscles, which relieves IBS-related muscle spasms. Peppermint oil might be more effective than conventional anti-spasmodics and fibre treatment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | 131 | ||||||
138 | piracetam | 2 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 475,000 | piracetam memory | Evidence does not support the use of piracetam as a treatment for cognitive impairment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | 132 | ||||||
139 | potassium | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 56,000,000 | potassium blood pressure | Medication that prevents potassium loss has no significant impact on blood pressure at low doses. Trials at high doses are unavailable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | 133 | ||||||
140 | probiotics | 2 | candida | reproductive | other | 3,940,000 | probiotics candida | Very low quality evidence. High quality trials needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | 134 | ||||||
141 | probiotics | 3 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 8,880,000 | probiotics cholesterol blood pressure | Conflicting evidence and unclear results. | Internal Journal of Molecular Sciences | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | 135 | ||||||
142 | probiotics | 3 | IBS | digestion | other | 6,700,000 | probiotics IBS | A particular probiotic (B. infantis 35624) improves IBS symptoms such as pain, bloating, and bowel movement difficulty. Evidence for other types of probiotic is limited. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | 136 | ||||||
143 | probiotics | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | other | 1,190,000 | probiotics urinary tract infection | No significant evidence that probiotics are any more effective than placebo in treating UTIs. Quality of evidence is poor. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | 137 | ||||||
144 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhea | digestion | other | 1,420,000 | probiotics antibiotic diarrhea | Effective for preventing diarrhea associated with antibiotic use | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | 138 | ||||||
145 | reishi mushroom | G. lucidum | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant/herb | 601,000 | reishi mushroom cancer | Possible effect on recovery from chemotherapy. But studies were small and there were some quality concerns. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | 139 | |||||
146 | resveratrol | 2 | heart health | cardio | compound | OTW | 6,560,000 | resveratrol heart health | Resveratrol may have cardioprotective benefits, although scientists don't know quite how it works. | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | 140 | |||||
147 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 7,130,000 | resveratrol cancer | No human trials as yet. | Cancer Letters | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | 141 | |||||
148 | resveratrol | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 6,940,000 | resveratrol diabetes | Some preliminary evidence for relieving diabetes symptoms. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | 142 | ||||||
149 | rhodiola rosea L. | 2 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 258,000 | rhodiola rosea L fatigue | Rhodiola rosea L. is effective in treating fatigue. However, the quality of the trials conducted is questionable. | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | 143 | ||||||
150 | saffron | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 2,820,000 | saffron depression | Possible anti-depressant effect. But solid evidence is lacking. | Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytomedicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal of Integrative Medicine, Human Psychopharmacology | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496414601412 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2434/full | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716310217 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711317301447 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104005628 | 144 | |||||
151 | SAM-e | 1 | depression | mental health | compound | 313,000,000 | SAM-e depression | A review of eight studies showed no strong evidence of the effectiveness of SAM-e when taken on its own. More study needed. | Current Psychiatry Reports | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/786.html | 145 | |||||
152 | saw palmetto | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 2,150,000 | saw palmetto prostate | No evidence that it improves urinary-tract-related problems. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | 146 | |||||
153 | selenium | 1 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 19,400,000 | selenium cancer | Insufficient evidence that selenium lowers cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | 147 | ||||||
154 | silicic acid | 1 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 48,800 | silicic acid Alzheimer's | Silicic acid might help to prevent Alzheimer's Disease by decreasing the amount of aluminium in the body. We await more research. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | 148 | |||||
155 | slippery elm | 1 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 973,000 | slippery elm sore throat | No clinical evidence for sore throats. | Pediatrics in Review | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | 149 | ||||||
156 | spirulina | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 837,000 | spirulina blood pressure cholesterol | Very preliminary evidence shows Spirulina reducing blood pressure and lower lipids. | Journal of Medicinal Food | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | 150 | ||||||
157 | St John's wort | 4 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 1,500,000 | st john's wort depression | St John's Wort performs better than a placebo in improving depression symptoms, and not significantly different to antidepressants, which had more side-effects. | Cochrane, Systematic Reviews | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2 | 151 | |||||
158 | St John's wort | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 249,000 | st john's wort PMS | Daily treatment with St. John's wort had no effect on the emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. | CNS Drugs | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | 152 | ||||||
159 | taurine | 1 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1,860,000 | taurine weight loss | No human trials. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | 153 | ||||||
160 | TMG | trimethylglycine | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 182,000 | tmg metabolism | No significant effect on metabolism in humans. | Schwab 2002 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | 154 | |||||
161 | tryptophan | 3 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 233,000 | tryptophan 5-HTP depression | Tryptophan and 5-HTP might alleviate depression, but the studies conducted are unreliable, and the safety of the substances is questionable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | 155 | ||||||
162 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 2,790,000 | turmeric curcumin cancer | Might have anti-cancer effects, particularly on colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | 156 | ||||
163 | turmeric | curcumin | 3 | peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 857,000 | turmeric peptic ulcer colitis | May be an effective therapy for peptic ulcers and ulcerative colitis when combined with conventional medications. However, larger trials are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | 157 | ||||
164 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 10,700,000 | turmeric depression | May have benefits. However, it has poor bioavailability. 9-20 teaspoons daily would be required to get the desired effect. | Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytotherapy Research, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861016306752 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032714003620 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5025/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X14003265 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000/Chronic_Supplementation_of_Curcumin_Enhances_the.9.aspx | 158 | ||||
165 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | memory | cognition | plant / herb | 1,200,000 | turmeric curcumin memory | A high quality, long-term (18 months), but small study (40 subjects) found that 90mg of curcumin twice daily improved memory in adults without dementia. | American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | 159 | |||||
166 | L-tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory | cognition | compound | 49,700 | tyrosine alertness wakefulness memory | Evidence suggests that tyrosine intake slightly improves working memory and information processing in healthy adults under strain. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 160 | ||||||
167 | L-tyrosine | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 4,830,000 | tyrosine mental health | Tyrosine may help with mental health problems by maintaining neurotransmitters, which affect mood. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 161 | ||||||
168 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 2,310,000 | valerian anxiety | One study found no difference between valerian and placebo in the treatment of anxiety. Research using larger samples is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | 162 | ||||||
169 | valerian | 0 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 1,140,000 | valerian insomnia | HARMFUL? No significant differences between valerian and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. Valerian might have a number of adverse side effects. | Sleep Medicine Reviews | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | 163 | ||||||
170 | vitamin A | 4 | child mortality, diarrhea, measles | general health, infections | vitamin | 45,600,000 | vitamin A child death | Reduces overall risk of death and death due to diarrhoea by 12%. Vitamin A does not specifically reduce death due to measles, respiratory infections, or meningitis, but it can reduce new occurrences of diarrhoea and measles. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/9/09-068080/en/ | 164 | |||||
171 | vitamin A | retinold | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 635,000 | vitamin A retinol birth defects | HARMFUL. High doses (10,000 ID/per day) can cause birth defects in human and animal infants. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | 165 | |||||
172 | vitamin B | 2 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 16,200,000 | vitamin B Alzheimer's | Vitamin B treatment slows brain shrinkage and significantly reduces brain cell death. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | 166 | ||||||
173 | Vitamin B | 4 | schizophrenia | mental health | vitamin | 5,580,000 | vitamin B schizophrenia | A review of 18 studies found that vitamin B reduced psychiatric symptoms significantly more than in a control group. | Psychological Medicine | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | 167 | ||||||
174 | vitamin B2 | riboflavin | 2 | migraine | pain | vitamin | OTW | 683,000 | vitamin B2 migraine | May reduce the frequency of migraines. | Neurological Science | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | 168 | ||||
175 | vitamin B3 | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | vitamin | 3,160,000 | vitamin B3 skin cancer | May prevent skin cancer. | International Journal of Cancer, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, New England Journal of Medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197#t=article http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12328/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21299/full | 169 | |||||
176 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 94,200 | vitamin B8 panic ocd | Several small studies suggest anti-anxiety effects, but more research is needed. | Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | 170 | |||||
177 | vitamin B8 | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 860,000 | vitamin B8 depression | The evidence for vitamin B8 (also known as Inositol) as a treatment for depression is unclear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | 171 | ||||||
178 | vitamin C | 4 | colds | infections | vitamin | 9,430,000 | vitamin C colds | Vitamin C supplementation does not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population, although it can shorten their duration. For those under extreme physical stress (e.g. marathon runners) vitamin C appears to half the risk of developing a cold. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 172 | ||||||
179 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 166,000,000 | vitamin D cancer | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (25,871 participants over 5 years) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of invasive cancers. | PubMed, New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697 | 173 | ||||||
180 | vitamin D | 3 | asthma attacks | respiratory | vitamin | OTW | 37,100,000 | vitamin D asthma | Some protection against severe asthma attacks in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Further trials focusing on children and people who experience frequent severe asthma attacks are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | 174 | |||||
181 | vitamin D | 4 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 80,200,000 | vitamin D bone health | It appears that supplementation for those with vitamin D deficiency increases bone density and helps to prevent fractures. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689393 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997213000402 | 175 | ||||
182 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 27,500,000 | vitamin D depression mood | Low levels of vitamin D in the body are associated with depression, but whether or not vitamin D deficiency actually causes depression is uncertain. | British Journal of Psychology | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | 176 | ||||||
183 | vitamin D | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 154,000,000 | vitamin D diabetes | The association between vitamin D status and diabetes is unclear. | Annals of Internal Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | 177 | ||||||
184 | vitamin D | 3 | flu | infections | vitamin | 31,800,000 | vitamin d flu | In one trial, 10.8% of children taking vitamin D(3) contracted influenza, compared with 18.6% of children in the placebo group. It also reduced the number of flu-related asthma attacks. | Urashima et al. 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | 178 | ||||||
185 | vitamin D | 4 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 44,500,000 | vitamin D health mortality | A review suggests that vitamin D3 may reduce mortality, showing that about 150 participants need to be treated over five years for one additional life to be saved. It found some evidence that vitamin D3 seems to decrease mortality in elderly people not dependent on help or living in institutional care. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | http://ebm.bmj.com/content/13/2/47.full | 179 | |||||
186 | vitamin D | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 109,000,000 | vitamin D heart disease | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (over 83,000 participants) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of cardiovascular events. | JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2735646 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | 180 | ||||||
187 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 62,600,000 | vitamin E mortality | HARMFUL? High dosages might increase all-cause mortality. Small amounts can be beneficial, but the line between helpful and dangerous is unclear at this stage. | American College of Physicians | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | 181 | |||||
188 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 2 | Alzheimer's disease | neurological | vitamin | 29,000,000 | vitamin e Alzheimer | No to slight evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | 182 | |||||
189 | Vitamin K | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 65,600,000 | vitamin k heart disease | More evidence needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 183 | ||||||
190 | Vitamin K2 | 3 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | 1,470,000 | vitamin k2 prostate cancer | No conclusive evidence. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, OncoTarget | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | 184 | |||||
191 | vitamin K2 | 4 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 473,000 | vitamin K2 osteoporosis | Vitamin K2 has repeatedly been shown to improve bone strength, particularly in post-menopausal women. | Osteoporosis International | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | 185 | ||||||
192 | xylitol | 4 | middle ear infection | infections | plant / herb | 311,000 | xylitol ear infection | Was found to reduce middle ear infections in otherwise healthy children by 8% (from 30% to 22%). It was administered via chewing gum, lozenges or syrup. Other studies have had similar positive results. | Cochrane, Medicine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753897/ | 186 | |||||
193 | xylitol | 2 | teeth | general health | compound | 3,080,000 | xylitol teeth | Some evidence that xylitol in toothpaste might reduce tooth decay by 13% over 3 years. The studies have been of low quality, though. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | 187 | ||||||
194 | zinc | 4 | colds | infections, respiratory | mineral | 2,540,000 | zinc colds | Oral zinc formulations may shorten symptoms of common cold infections. However, large high-quality trials are needed. Side effects can be common. | CMAJ | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | 188 | ||||||
195 | zinc | 5 | pneumonia (children) | infections | mineral | 4,370,000 | zinc pneumonia | Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/zinc_pneumonia_children/en/ | 189 |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | name | alternativename | primaryvalue | subcategory | category | type | highlight | metric_001 | searchterm | notes | link | firstsource | secondsource | thirdsource | ID | |||
2 | supplement | alternative name | evidence | condition | condition | type | one to watch? | popularity | search term | notes | notes long | source names | main study link | Cochrane systematic review link | other International review board or metastudy link(s) | individual studies link(s) | ID | |
3 | our score. 0 = harmful 1 = no evidence, 2 = slight, 3 = conflicting/moderate, 4 = promising , 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles).We searched for the supplement name plus condition | The search we used to get a Google hits figure | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | ||||||||||
4 | abatacept | 4 | osteoarthritis | musculoskeletal | hormone | 87,500 | abatacept osteoarthritis | Appears to reduce joint pain and improve function. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007277.pub2/full | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007277.pub2/full | 1 | ||||||
5 | agnus castus | vitex | 5 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 160,000 | agnus castus PMS | Helps improve PMS symptoms. | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics; The European Menopause Journal, Archives of Women's Mental Health, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Electronic Physician | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-017-0791-0 | http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(09)00031-0/abstract?cc=y=, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004040000123 | 2 | ||||
6 | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid | digestion | plant / herb | 11,800,000 | aloe vera digestion | HARMFUL. Never eat. Ingestion can causes diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance and kidney disfunction. | Journal of Environmental Science and Health | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | 3 | ||||||
7 | aloe vera | 1 | burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 18,800,000 | aloe vera burns cuts | No high quality evidence to support aloe vera for treatment of wounds. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | 4 | ||||||
8 | aloe vera | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 27,800,000 | aloe vera diabetes | One study found diabetes patients with high blood levels of fat (dyslipidemia) benefited from one 300mg capsule every 12 hours for 2 months. | Planta Medica | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | 5 | ||||||
9 | andrographis | 1 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | 154,000 | andrographis respiratory infections | Slight evidence of reduced symptoms. | Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | 6 | ||||||
10 | antioxidants | 3 | infertility in men | sexual health, men, children | compound | 1,900,000 | antioxidants infertility | Evidence of anti-oxidants as treatment for male infertility is inconclusive. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | 7 | ||||||
11 | antioxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 7,330,000 | antioxidants mortality | Taking antixoxidants have no health benefits. In fact, beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E appear to increase the risk of death. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | 8 | ||||||
12 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 4 | anxiety & stress | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 1,130,000 | ashwagandha anxiety stress | A review of 5 human trials concludes Ashwagandha reduces anxiety & stress. The review calls for more trials. | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | 9 | ||||
13 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | erectile dysfunction | sexual health | plant / herb | 634,000 | ashwagandha erectile dysfunction | In a single pilot study on 46 men with low-sperm count, ashwagandha supplementation appeared to increase sperm count & volume. | Evidence-based complimentary & alternative medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | 10 | |||||
14 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 407,000 | ashwagandha rheumatoid arthritis | No solid evidence. | Indian Journal of Medical Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | 11 | |||||
15 | astaxanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | 261,000 | astaxanthin oxidative stress | No human trials yet. | Cochrane, PLoS One | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146438 | 12 | ||||||
16 | astragalus | 2 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 740,000 | astragalus immune system | Limited studies suggest a stengthening of the immune system. More evidence needed. | Block, Mead (2003) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | 13 | |||||
17 | astragalus | 3 | chronic kidney disease | general health | plant / herb | 354,000 | astragalus kidney disease | Low quality evidence for patients with chronic kidney disease when combined with conventional treatments. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | 14 | ||||||
18 | bee pollen | 1 | cancer | cancer | other | 3,730,000 | bee pollen cancer | No evidence | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | 15 | ||||||
19 | benfotiamine | fat-soluble thiamin | 3 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 311,000 | benfotiamine diabetes | A study of high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months showed no significant effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris_Mankovsky/publication/274180185_Benfotiamine_Commentary_and_update_on_recent_studies/links/55256a0b0cf24b822b40313b.pdf | 16 | ||||
20 | beta-carotene | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 5,410,000 | vitamin A beta-carotene cancer | There is no evidence that beta-carotene prevents cancer. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | 17 | ||||||
21 | beta glucans | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 280,000 | beta glucans cancer | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Most studies so far have been done in animals or test tubes, rather than on human subjects. Trials on human subjects are needed. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | 18 | ||||||
22 | beta glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections, respiratory | compound | OTW | 558,000 | beta glucans respiratory infection | Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15%. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | Molecular Nutrition and Food Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | 19 | |||||
23 | bitter melon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1,150,000 | bitter melon diabetes | Not enough evidence to support using bitter melon in diabetes treament. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 20 | ||||||
24 | black cohosh | 2 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 530,000 | black cohosh menopause | Insufficient evidence to claim that black cohosh improves menopause symptoms. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | 21 | ||||||
25 | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 151,000,000 | black tea cancer | Reviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk. | Nutrition and Cancer | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | 22 | ||||||
26 | borage seed oil | 4 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 93,300 | rheumatoid arthritis | Improves pain and function, and probably has no adverse effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 23 | ||||||
27 | borage seed oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
28 | bromelain | 3 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 571,000 | bromelain arthritis | Bromelain reduces arthritis symptoms. More research into dosage and side effects required. | Annals of Internal Medicine Common Knowledge | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | 24 | |||||
29 | butterbur | petasites hybridus | 2 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 59,700 | butterbur migraines | Butterbur extract may lower the frequency and severity of migraines. | Neurology | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | 25 | |||||
30 | caffeine | 5 | memory | cognition | compound | 34,200,000 | caffeine memory | Enhances consolidation of long term memories. Improves memory in young adults during their non-optimal time of day (mornings). | Borota et al 2014, Frontiers in Psychology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01764/full?utm_medium=google | 26 | ||||||
31 | caffeine | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 19,300,000 | caffeine skin cancer | Population studies shows women who consume more than three cups of coffee a day MAY have a lower cancer risk than people who drink less than one cup per month. | Song et al. 2012 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | 27 | |||||
32 | caffeine | 2 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 4,110,000 | caffeine dementia | Caffiene appears to slow cognitive decline and prevent Alzheimer's. But the results are not definitive. | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | 28 | ||||||
33 | calcium | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 101,000,000 | calcium blood pressure | High quality evidence has shown that extra calcium can slightly reduce blood pressure, especially in people younger than 35. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | 29 | ||||||
34 | calcium | 4 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 10,700,000 | calcium colorectal cancer | No evidence that calcium supplementation stops colorectal cancer itself, but it does inhibit potentially pre-cancerous colorectal polyps (adenomatous polyps) | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | 30 | ||||||
35 | calcium | 3 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 3,710,000 | calcium postmenopausal osteoporosis | Calcium supps might help to prevent fractures, although the results have been contradictory. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | 31 | ||||||
36 | calcium + vit. D | 5 | bone health | musculoskeletal | mineral | 43,900,000 | calcium vitamin d bone health | A review of 8 studies including 30,970 participants found that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduced total fracture risk by 15% and hip fracture risk by 30%. | Osteoporosis International | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | 32 | ||||||
37 | calcium + vit. D | 2 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 52,100,000 | calcium vitamin D cancer | There is no firm evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet#q3 | 33 | |||||
38 | cannabis | 4 | nausea | cancer | plant / herb | 703,000 | cannabis chemotherapy nausea | Promising evidence showing a reduction in nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The FDA has approved 2 synthetic cannabis drugs for treating chemo-related nausea. | Cochrane, NAP | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | https://www.nap.edu/read/24625/chapter/4#53 | 34 | |||||
39 | cannabis | 3 | glaucoma | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,490,000 | cannabis glaucoma | Definitely lowers eye pressure, but only temporarily (3-4hrs). Since Glaucoma is a long-term disease, a LOT of cannabis would be required to maintain low pressure levels. Also, cannabis might cause additional damage to the eye by restricting blood flow to the optic nerve. | American Glaucoma Society | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | 35 | ||||||
40 | cannabis | 5 | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | neurological | plant / herb | 22,700,000 | cannabis Multiple Sclerosis MS | 2 studies involving a total of 790 subjects showed positive results. Improved muscle spasms, pain, sleep quality, and mobility. Cannabis-based drug Sativex is approved for use in MS patients in 30 countries. | Journal of Ethnopharmacology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | 36 | ||||||
41 | cannabis | 4 | chronic pain | pain | plant / herb | 79,400,000 | cannabis pain | Several good quality trials have shown cannabinoids to be modestly effective in treating chronic pain. The harms and side-effects may outweigh the benefits though. Larger and longer trials needed. | British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/full | 37 | |||||
42 | capsaicin | 1 | non-allergic rhinitis | general health | plant / herb | 89,900 | capsaicin non allergic rhinitis | Capsaicin comes from chili peppers. Evidence has found that inhaling 4 micrograms at least 5 times a day can reduce inflammation, but the quality of the evidence is low. Who wants to inhale chilli? | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | 38 | ||||||
43 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging | general health | compound | 292,000 | carnosine anti aging | Promising results in mice and in cell studies, but no human trials yet. | Molecules in Focus | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | 39 | ||||||
44 | cat's claw | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 526,000 | cat's claw cancer | No human trials. | Anticancer Research | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | 40 | ||||||
45 | chamomile | 1 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 765,000 | chamomile bowel disorder | No high-quality human trials. | Der Pharma Chemica | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | 41 | ||||||
46 | chocolate, dark | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 26,800,000 | dark chocolate blood pressure | Chemicals known as flavanols, found in cocoa products, are thought to widen blood vessels and cause a minor drop in blood pressure. Further trials are needed to ascertain long-term efficacy. Does not apply to mllk chocolate. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | 42 | |||||
47 | chlorella | (algae) | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease | cardio | alga | 948,000 | chlorella blood pressure | Significantly decreases blood pressure, blood glucose, and some cholesterols. | Meta-analysis on 19 RCTs with 797 subjects indicated that Chlorella administration significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose whereas changes in triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were not statistically significant. | Clinical Nutrition | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | 43 | ||||
48 | chromium | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | OTW | 7,520,000 | chromium diabetes | Might lower blood glucose levels. It might also help with fat loss, which could benefit those with diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | 44 | |||||
49 | cinnamon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 24,200,000 | cinnamon diabetes | No more effective than placebo in controlling glucose levels. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | 45 | ||||||
50 | coconut oil | 3 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | coconut oil obesity | 30ml of coconut oil per day might help to reduce waist size, but possibly because the fat in coconut oil isn't as easily stored. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | 46 | ||||||
51 | coffee | 6 | heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | 134,000,000 | coffee heart disease | A metastudy found that the more coffee a person drinks, the lower their risk of cardiovascular disease. The optimum amount of coffee for this benefit was 3-5 per day. | Epidemiology and Prevention | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | 47 | ||||||
52 | coffee | 3 | mortality | general health | plant / herb | 54,600,000 | coffee mortality | A large statistical study of over 650,000 people found that coffee drinking reduced all cause mortality, whether it was instant, ground, or decaffeinated. | JAMA International Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | 48 | ||||||
53 | colostrinin | 1 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 8,280 | colostrinin alzheimer's disease | A few small human studies suggest possible effects on Alzheimers. | The Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | 49 | |||||
54 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 1,190,000 | CoQ10 diabetes | CoQ10 improves insulin secretion in those with type 2 diabetes. However, human trials have been tiny. | Biofactors | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | 50 | |||||
55 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 340,000 | CoQ10 migraine | Some tentative evidence on migraine sensitivity. But much more research needed. | Sage | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | 51 | |||||
56 | CoQ10 | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1,390,000 | coq10 blood pressure | Pooled data from two trials showed that CoQ10 did not affect blood pressure compared to placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | 52 | ||||||
57 | cranberry | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary, women | plant / herb | 880,000 | cranberry urinary tract infections | No statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | 53 | |||||
58 | creatine & CoQ10 | 3 | cognition | mental health | compound | 326,000 | creatine CoQ10 cognition | Creatine doesn't have a significant effect in those with normal brain function, but it can benefit those with impaired brain function when combined with CoQ10. | European Neurology | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | 54 | ||||||
59 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 3 | tonsillitis | infections | plant / herb | 338,000 | dandelion tonsillitis | Dandelion might have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. | Evidence-Based Health Care | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 55 | |||||
60 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 226,000 | devil's claw arthritis | Devil's Claw extract can reduce lower back pain by blocking the pathways that cause joint inflammation. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | 56 | ||||||
61 | DHEA | 3 | memory in young men | cognition, men | compound | OTW | 2,000,000 | DHEA memory | DHEA might improve memory in young men. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | 57 | |||||
62 | DHEA | 1 | ageing | general health | compound | 260,000 | DHEA ageing | DHEA has no beneficial impact on body composition, performance etc. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | 58 | ||||||
63 | dong quai | 0 | menopause in breast cancer patients | cancer, reproductive | plant / herb | 343,000 | dong quai menopause | HARMFUL. Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | Lau et al. 2005 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | 59 | |||||
64 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 743,000 | echinacea colds | Echinacea might have a slight impact on preventing and treating colds, but the results are statistically insignificant. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 60 | ||||||
65 | ecklonia cava seaweed | 3 | cholesterol, weight loss | weight control, cardio | alga | 62,600 | ecklonia cava cholesterol | There's evidence that seaweed supplements can combat several mechanisms behind the onset of cardiovascular disease. Ecklonia in particular has been shown to decrease cholesterol. | A review suggests there is evidence that diet supplementation with whole macroalgae or products of macroalgae origin can ameliorate several mechanisms underlying the onset and propagation of CVDs. One study of ecklonia cava in particular (80 subjects) concluded that ECE supplementation improved blood lipid profiles through decreasing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels which are known as major cardiovascular risk factors. More studies are needed to establish the long-term safety and effectiveness. | Marine Drugs | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | 61 | |||||
66 | eggshell membrane | 5 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | 148,000 | eggshell membrane arthritis | Egg shell membrane eases joints by increasing cell production and decreasing inflammation. 500mg a day gives rapid results. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | 62 | ||||||
67 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1,740,000 | elderberry flu | Eelderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. More rigorous studies needed. | Phytotherapy Research | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | 63 | ||||
68 | elk velvet antler | 1 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | animal product | 45,300 | elk velvet antler arthritis | No good quality evidence for elk velvet antler as a treatment for arthritis. | Claims made for velvet antler supplements do not appear to be based upon rigorous research from human trials. | The New Zealand Medical Journal | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | 64 | |||||
69 | evening primrose oil | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 692,000 | evening primrose oil PMS | Evening primrose oil is no more effective than placebo. | Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | 65 | ||||||
70 | evening primrose oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
71 | feverfew | 5 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 8,970,000 | fish oil omega 3 low sperm count | Feverfew reduces migraine frequency by just over half a migraine a month. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | 66 | ||||||
72 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cystic fibrosis | general health | compound | 9,790,000 | fish oil omega 3 cystic fibrosis | Evidence is poor. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | 67 | ||||||
73 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2,650,000 | fish oil omega 3 Alzheimer's | In the largest and longest study of its kind, researchers found that fish oil/omega 3 had no statistically significant impact on cognitive decline. | The Journal of the American Medical Association | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | 68 | ||||||
74 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | asthma | respiratory | compound | 3,950,000 | fish oil omega 3 asthma | Review of trials found that people with asthma changing their diets to include more fish oil DID NOT improve their asthma. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/16/5/861.short | 69 | |||||
75 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cancer symptoms | cancer | compound | 159,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 cancer symptoms | Fish oil can counter chemotherapy-related damage to white blood cells. | Lipids | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | 70 | ||||||
76 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 31,900,000 | fish oil omega 3 child intelligence | Fish oil supplementation has a very minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | 71 | ||||||
77 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 47,600,000 | fish oil omega 3 colorectal cancer | It is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer and is effective in its treatment. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3D | 72 | |||||
78 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Crohn's disease | digestion | compound | 31,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 Crohn's disease | No beneficial effect for those with Crohn's Disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | 73 | ||||||
79 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | low sperm count | reproductive | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | A small study of 211 men it was found that omega 3 supplementation significantly increased sperm count. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | 74 | ||||||
80 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | Probably no beneficial effect for those with type 2 diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 75 | ||||||
81 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer | compound | 1,610,000 | fish oil omega 3 prostate cancer | HAMRFUL? Recent studies have linked fish oil intake with increased prostate cancer risk. | Journal of the National Cancer Institutue. | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | 76 | ||||||
82 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | psychosis | mental health | compound | 440,000 | omega 3 fish oil psychosis | In one study, supplementation delayed the onset of psychosis in those on track to develop certain mental health conditions. | Nature Communications | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | 77 | ||||||
83 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | depression | mental health | compound | 6,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 depression | Low quality evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | 78 | ||||||
84 | fish oil / omega 3 (in pregnancy) | 5 | preterm birth | reproductive | compound | 212,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 preterm birth | A meta-analysis concluded that preterm birth & early preterm birth were reduced in women receiving omega-3. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | 79 | ||||||
85 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 1,320,000 | flax seeds breast cancer | Population studies indicate a slight possibility flaxeed could reduce breast cancer tumour growth. No controlled trials have been carried out. | Cancer Causes Control | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | 80 | ||||||
86 | folic acid | 5 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 1,780,000 | folic acid birth defects | Folic acid helps to prevent birth defects, but timing of supplementation is important. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | 81 | ||||||
87 | folic acid | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 19,000,000 | folic acid cancer | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. When combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk. | Cochrane | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | 82 | |||||
88 | GABA | 3 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 3,880,000 | gaba stress anxiety | Some suggestive evidence for effect on anxiety & stress. | Frontiers in Neuroscience | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3985106/ | 83 | ||||
89 | garlic | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 24,700,000 | garlic blood pressure | Garlic might reduce blood pressure, but further research is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | 84 | ||||||
90 | garlic | aged garlic extract | 2 | cancer treatment | cancer | vegetable | 19,300,000 | garlic cancer treatment | Due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer. More clinical trials necessary. | International Journal of Preventative Medicine | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | 85 | |||||
91 | garlic | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 8,080,000 | garlic cancer prevention | Garlic might prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. | National Cancer Institute | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 86 | ||||||
92 | garlic | 1 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 3,370,000 | garlic colds | Insufficient evidnce for effects on the common cold. | Cochrane: Garlic for the common cold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | 87 | ||||||
93 | ginger | 4 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | ginger nausea | Ginger prevents nausea and vomitting for some people in certain circumstances. | Annals of Oncology | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/10/2547/3896339 | 88 | |||||
94 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 428,000 | ginkgo biloba dementia | Insufficient clinical trial evidence for the use of ginkgo bilboa as a treatment for dementia. | University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | 89 | ||||||
95 | ginseng | 1 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 797,000 | ginseng cognitive function | No convincing evidence for ginseng enhancing cognition in healthy people, and only low quality evidence that it helps dementia patients. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | 90 | ||||||
96 | glucosamine | 3 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 4,830,000 | glucosamine arthritis | Studies using a specific brand of glucosamine (Rotta) found that patients' pain decreased. However, studies using other brands found no difference between glucosamine and placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | 91 | ||||||
97 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 1 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 1,850,000 | glutamine gastrointestinal disease | Insufficient evidence to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | 92 | |||||
98 | glutamine | 1 | mortality in preterm infants | general health | compound | 248,000 | glutamine preterm | No evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | 93 | ||||||
99 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,880,000 | goji berry eye health | Supplementation for 90 days appeared to show some improvements in eye-health for seniors. But more research is needed. | Optometry and Vision Science | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | 94 | |||||
100 | grape seed extract | 1 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 735,000 | grape seed extract wound healing | Some preliminary evidence | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/grape-seed-extract/ | http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/40015 | 95 | ||||||
101 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 25,800,000 | green tea cancer prevention | The evidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | 96 | ||||||
102 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 50,000,000 | green tea cholesterol | Might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 97 | ||||||
103 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 3 | blood pressure, cardiovascular disease | cardio | fruit | 18,400,000 | hawthorn heart | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term trials are needed. | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term randomized clinical trials are needed. | Cochrane; BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Phytotherapy Research | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-26 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.947 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6094 | 98 | |||
104 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 5 | chronic heart failure | cardio | fruit | 1,070,000 | hawthorn heart failure | Hawthorn improves heart function in those with chronic heart failure. | Randomized, controlled trials in patients with heart failure have demonstrated that hawthorn increases functional capacity, alleviates disabling symptoms, and improves health-related quality of life. It has a very favourable safety profile both as monotherapy and add-on therapy. | American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | 99 | ||||
105 | horsetail | Equisetum arvense, shavegrass, common horsetail, field horsetail, tsukushi | 2 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vegetable | 98,600 | horsetail osteoporosis | A small, old study showed horsetail improved bone density in menopausal women. | Contains silicon, a mineral needed for bone health. An old (1999) study of menopausal women treated with titrated dry horsetail extract for 40 or 80 days showed improved bone density above placebo. Improvements were enhanced when the women took horsetail in combination with calcium. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | 100 | |||||
106 | horse chestnut seed extract | 4 | CVI | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 104,000 | horse chestnut seed extract chronic venous insufficiency | Horse chestnut seed extract is effective in treating chronic venous insufficiency. However, further research is needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | 101 | |||||
107 | hyaluronic acid | 2 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 1,840,000 | hyaluronic acid arthritis | Injected hyaluronic acid might have a small effect in the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the trials are biased and the results questionable. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | 102 | ||||||
108 | iron | 4 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 185,000,000 | iron child development -anaemia | Iron supplementation in infants might benefit their psychomotor development, but not their mental or behavioural development. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | 103 | ||||||
109 | iron + folic acid | 4 | maternal and infant health | reproductive | compound | 3,320,000 | iron folic acid maternal infant | Reduces iron deficiency anaemia for pregnant women. The impact on babies is less clear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | 104 | ||||||
110 | kava | 2 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 964,000 | kava anxiety | Might have a small but significant effect on anxiety, but more information is required about the safety of long-term use. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | 105 | ||||||
111 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 271,000 | krill oil pms | Krill oil significantly reduced both emotional and physical PMS symptoms in one study. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | 106 | ||||||
112 | L-arginine | 1 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 19,600,000 | L arginine performance | One study found that L-arginine had a significant beneficial impact on exercise performance. However, the trial was tiny. | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | 107 | ||||||
113 | L-carnitine | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 2,900,000 | l carnitine diabetes | May alleviate pain in patients with diabetic nerve issues (neuropathy). | Diabetes Care | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | 108 | ||||||
114 | L-lysine | 1 | herpes | sexual health, infections | compound | 907,000 | L lysine herpes | No evidence that lysine has a preventative effect on cold sores. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | 109 | ||||||
115 | lavender | 2 | depression, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 31,900,000 | lavender depression | Suggestive evidence for reduced anxiety. No effect on depression. | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/lavender/ | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21438645 | 110 | ||||||
116 | lavender | 1 | sleep, relaxation, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 11,100,000 | lavender relaxation sleep | One small study found inhaling lavender before bed relieves sleepiness on waking in healthy adults, but the trial was tiny. | Perceptual and Motor Skills | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | 111 | ||||||
117 | leucine | 1 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 10,300,000 | leucine protein synthesis | One study found drinking leucine solution while exercising speeds up recovery, but the trial was tiny. | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | 112 | ||||||
118 | lingzhi + san miao san | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 17,800 | lingzhi san miao san arthritis | This combination of Chinese herbs may reduce pain, but does not provide any other significant benefits (e.g. antiinflammatory). | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | 113 | ||||||
119 | lutein | 1 | age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | eye & skin | compound | 5,390,000 | lutein eye health | Taking lutein alone (or combined with zeaxanthin) may have little or no effect on progression to late AMD and vision loss (low-certainty evidence). | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | 114 | ||||||
120 | lycopene | 2 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 720,000 | lycopene prostate cancer | Insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of lycopene in preventing prostate cancer. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | 115 | ||||||
121 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 49,300,000 | magnesium blood pressure | Low levels of magnesium in the diet are linked to high blood pressure and cholesterol. Magnesium treatment might be effective as a preventative. | International Journal of Cardiology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | 116 | ||||||
122 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1,240,000 | magnesium vitamin B6 child ADHD | Children with ADHD tend to have low magnesium and vitamin B6 levels. It's unclear whether supplementation reduces the symptoms of ADHD. | Magnes Restauracja | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | 117 | |||||
123 | melatonin | 2 | sleep disturbances | mental health | compound | 16,900,000 | melatonin sleep | Can help to regulate the body-clock and improve sleep. However, it does not affect all groups of people in the same way, and the evidence is low quality. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | 118 | ||||||
124 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis, diabetes | general health, infections | plant / herb | 2,040,000 | milk thistle liver disease | Might be beneficial in treating hepatitis and other liver diseases, and protecting the liver from the impact of diabetes. However, the trials were low quality. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | 119 | ||||||
125 | mistletoe | 3 | breast & neck cancers | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 1,080,000 | mistletoe supplement | Some preliminary evidence for improving quality of life in breast cancer patients. Evidence for other cancers is weak. More studies needed. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2/full | |||||||
126 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 2,160,000 | MSM arthritis | Associated with slight reduction in pain and improvement in function, but the results may not be clinically significant. | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | 120 | ||||||
127 | myo-inositol | in pregnancy | 4 | gestational diabetes | diabetes | compound | 52,600 | myo-inositol gestational diabetes | Potential benefit for reducing the incidence of gestational diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | 121 | |||||
128 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 1 | OCD, addiction | mental health | other | 291,000 | NAC OCD | Problems with glutamate function in the brain are thought to affect addiction and compulsive behaviour. NAC might improve glutamate function. | Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | 122 | ||||||
129 | nettle | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 410,000 | nettles prostate | Might be effective in treating urinary issues in men by reducing inflammation. But we could find no recent studies. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | 123 | ||||||
130 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 3,620,000 | vitamin B3 heart disease | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. Has long been thought an effective treatment for heart disease, but recent findings show that it does not help, and can have severe adverse effects. | The New England Journal of Medicine. | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | 124 | ||||||
131 | olive leaf extract | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 5,840,000 | olive leaf extract blood pressure cholesterol | One study found beneficial effects on vascular health, although the trial was small. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | 125 | ||||||
132 | omega 3 | 1 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2,360,000 | omega 3 child ADHD | Insufficient evidence to suggest omega 3 has any beneficial effect on children with ADHD. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | 126 | ||||||
133 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 1,360,000 | omega 3 ALA heart disease | Insufficient evidence to claim that omega 3 has any impact on heart health, either in healthy people or those with cardiovascular disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | 127 | ||||||
134 | omega 6 | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 64,300,000 | omega 6 cancer | One study found that omega 6 prevented tumours from growing, but this was a cell study, i.e. not tested on humans. | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | 128 | ||||||
135 | omega 6 | 1 | heart health | cardio | compound | 68,400,000 | omega 6 heart health | No benefit on heart health. | British Medical Journal | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | 129 | ||||||
136 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 35,100 | pau d'arco decongestant | HARMFUL. Highly toxic. If used at all, should be used with extreme caution. | Oncology Nursing Forum | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | 130 | ||||||
137 | peppermint oil | 5 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 1,080,000 | peppermint oil IBS | Relaxes muscles, which relieves IBS-related muscle spasms. Peppermint oil might be more effective than conventional anti-spasmodics and fibre treatment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | 131 | ||||||
138 | piracetam | 2 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 475,000 | piracetam memory | Evidence does not support the use of piracetam as a treatment for cognitive impairment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | 132 | ||||||
139 | potassium | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 56,000,000 | potassium blood pressure | Medication that prevents potassium loss has no significant impact on blood pressure at low doses. Trials at high doses are unavailable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | 133 | ||||||
140 | probiotics | 2 | candida | reproductive | other | 3,940,000 | probiotics candida | Very low quality evidence. High quality trials needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | 134 | ||||||
141 | probiotics | 3 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 8,880,000 | probiotics cholesterol blood pressure | Conflicting evidence and unclear results. | Internal Journal of Molecular Sciences | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | 135 | ||||||
142 | probiotics | 3 | IBS | digestion | other | 6,700,000 | probiotics IBS | A particular probiotic (B. infantis 35624) improves IBS symptoms such as pain, bloating, and bowel movement difficulty. Evidence for other types of probiotic is limited. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | 136 | ||||||
143 | probiotics | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | other | 1,190,000 | probiotics urinary tract infection | No significant evidence that probiotics are any more effective than placebo in treating UTIs. Quality of evidence is poor. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | 137 | ||||||
144 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhea | digestion | other | 1,420,000 | probiotics antibiotic diarrhea | Effective for preventing diarrhea associated with antibiotic use | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | 138 | ||||||
145 | reishi mushroom | G. lucidum | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant/herb | 601,000 | reishi mushroom cancer | Possible effect on recovery from chemotherapy. But studies were small and there were some quality concerns. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | 139 | |||||
146 | resveratrol | 2 | heart health | cardio | compound | OTW | 6,560,000 | resveratrol heart health | Resveratrol may have cardioprotective benefits, although scientists don't know quite how it works. | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | 140 | |||||
147 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 7,130,000 | resveratrol cancer | No human trials as yet. | Cancer Letters | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | 141 | |||||
148 | resveratrol | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 6,940,000 | resveratrol diabetes | Some preliminary evidence for relieving diabetes symptoms. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | 142 | ||||||
149 | rhodiola rosea L. | 2 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 258,000 | rhodiola rosea L fatigue | Rhodiola rosea L. is effective in treating fatigue. However, the quality of the trials conducted is questionable. | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | 143 | ||||||
150 | saffron | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 2,820,000 | saffron depression | Possible anti-depressant effect. But solid evidence is lacking. | Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytomedicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal of Integrative Medicine, Human Psychopharmacology | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496414601412 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2434/full | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716310217 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711317301447 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104005628 | 144 | |||||
151 | SAM-e | 1 | depression | mental health | compound | 313,000,000 | SAM-e depression | A review of eight studies showed no strong evidence of the effectiveness of SAM-e when taken on its own. More study needed. | Current Psychiatry Reports | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/786.html | 145 | |||||
152 | saw palmetto | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 2,150,000 | saw palmetto prostate | No evidence that it improves urinary-tract-related problems. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | 146 | |||||
153 | selenium | 1 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 19,400,000 | selenium cancer | Insufficient evidence that selenium lowers cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | 147 | ||||||
154 | silicic acid | 1 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 48,800 | silicic acid Alzheimer's | Silicic acid might help to prevent Alzheimer's Disease by decreasing the amount of aluminium in the body. We await more research. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | 148 | |||||
155 | slippery elm | 1 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 973,000 | slippery elm sore throat | No clinical evidence for sore throats. | Pediatrics in Review | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | 149 | ||||||
156 | spirulina | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 837,000 | spirulina blood pressure cholesterol | Very preliminary evidence shows Spirulina reducing blood pressure and lower lipids. | Journal of Medicinal Food | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | 150 | ||||||
157 | St John's wort | 4 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 1,500,000 | st john's wort depression | St John's Wort performs better than a placebo in improving depression symptoms, and not significantly different to antidepressants, which had more side-effects. | Cochrane, Systematic Reviews | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2 | 151 | |||||
158 | St John's wort | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 249,000 | st john's wort PMS | Daily treatment with St. John's wort had no effect on the emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. | CNS Drugs | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | 152 | ||||||
159 | taurine | 1 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1,860,000 | taurine weight loss | No human trials. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | 153 | ||||||
160 | TMG | trimethylglycine | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 182,000 | tmg metabolism | No significant effect on metabolism in humans. | Schwab 2002 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | 154 | |||||
161 | tryptophan | 3 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 233,000 | tryptophan 5-HTP depression | Tryptophan and 5-HTP might alleviate depression, but the studies conducted are unreliable, and the safety of the substances is questionable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | 155 | ||||||
162 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 2,790,000 | turmeric curcumin cancer | Might have anti-cancer effects, particularly on colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | 156 | ||||
163 | turmeric | curcumin | 3 | peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 857,000 | turmeric peptic ulcer colitis | May be an effective therapy for peptic ulcers and ulcerative colitis when combined with conventional medications. However, larger trials are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | 157 | ||||
164 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 10,700,000 | turmeric depression | May have benefits. However, it has poor bioavailability. 9-20 teaspoons daily would be required to get the desired effect. | Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytotherapy Research, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861016306752 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032714003620 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5025/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X14003265 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000/Chronic_Supplementation_of_Curcumin_Enhances_the.9.aspx | 158 | ||||
165 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | memory | cognition | plant / herb | 1,200,000 | turmeric curcumin memory | A high quality, long-term (18 months), but small study (40 subjects) found that 90mg of curcumin twice daily improved memory in adults without dementia. | American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | 159 | |||||
166 | L-tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory | cognition | compound | 49,700 | tyrosine alertness wakefulness memory | Evidence suggests that tyrosine intake slightly improves working memory and information processing in healthy adults under strain. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 160 | ||||||
167 | L-tyrosine | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 4,830,000 | tyrosine mental health | Tyrosine may help with mental health problems by maintaining neurotransmitters, which affect mood. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 161 | ||||||
168 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 2,310,000 | valerian anxiety | One study found no difference between valerian and placebo in the treatment of anxiety. Research using larger samples is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | 162 | ||||||
169 | valerian | 0 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 1,140,000 | valerian insomnia | HARMFUL? No significant differences between valerian and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. Valerian might have a number of adverse side effects. | Sleep Medicine Reviews | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | 163 | ||||||
170 | vitamin A | 4 | child mortality, diarrhea, measles | general health, infections | vitamin | 45,600,000 | vitamin A child death | Reduces overall risk of death and death due to diarrhoea by 12%. Vitamin A does not specifically reduce death due to measles, respiratory infections, or meningitis, but it can reduce new occurrences of diarrhoea and measles. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/9/09-068080/en/ | 164 | |||||
171 | vitamin A | retinold | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 635,000 | vitamin A retinol birth defects | HARMFUL. High doses (10,000 ID/per day) can cause birth defects in human and animal infants. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | 165 | |||||
172 | vitamin B | 2 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 16,200,000 | vitamin B Alzheimer's | Vitamin B treatment slows brain shrinkage and significantly reduces brain cell death. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | 166 | ||||||
173 | Vitamin B | 4 | schizophrenia | mental health | vitamin | 5,580,000 | vitamin B schizophrenia | A review of 18 studies found that vitamin B reduced psychiatric symptoms significantly more than in a control group. | Psychological Medicine | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | 167 | ||||||
174 | vitamin B2 | riboflavin | 2 | migraine | pain | vitamin | OTW | 683,000 | vitamin B2 migraine | May reduce the frequency of migraines. | Neurological Science | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | 168 | ||||
175 | vitamin B3 | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | vitamin | 3,160,000 | vitamin B3 skin cancer | May prevent skin cancer. | International Journal of Cancer, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, New England Journal of Medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197#t=article http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12328/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21299/full | 169 | |||||
176 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 94,200 | vitamin B8 panic ocd | Several small studies suggest anti-anxiety effects, but more research is needed. | Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | 170 | |||||
177 | vitamin B8 | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 860,000 | vitamin B8 depression | The evidence for vitamin B8 (also known as Inositol) as a treatment for depression is unclear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | 171 | ||||||
178 | vitamin C | 4 | colds | infections | vitamin | 9,430,000 | vitamin C colds | Vitamin C supplementation does not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population, although it can shorten their duration. For those under extreme physical stress (e.g. marathon runners) vitamin C appears to half the risk of developing a cold. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 172 | ||||||
179 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 166,000,000 | vitamin D cancer | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (25,871 participants over 5 years) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of invasive cancers. | PubMed, New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697 | 173 | ||||||
180 | vitamin D | 3 | asthma attacks | respiratory | vitamin | OTW | 37,100,000 | vitamin D asthma | Some protection against severe asthma attacks in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Further trials focusing on children and people who experience frequent severe asthma attacks are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | 174 | |||||
181 | vitamin D | 4 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 80,200,000 | vitamin D bone health | It appears that supplementation for those with vitamin D deficiency increases bone density and helps to prevent fractures. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689393 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997213000402 | 175 | ||||
182 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 27,500,000 | vitamin D depression mood | Low levels of vitamin D in the body are associated with depression, but whether or not vitamin D deficiency actually causes depression is uncertain. | British Journal of Psychology | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | 176 | ||||||
183 | vitamin D | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 154,000,000 | vitamin D diabetes | The association between vitamin D status and diabetes is unclear. | Annals of Internal Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | 177 | ||||||
184 | vitamin D | 3 | flu | infections | vitamin | 31,800,000 | vitamin d flu | In one trial, 10.8% of children taking vitamin D(3) contracted influenza, compared with 18.6% of children in the placebo group. It also reduced the number of flu-related asthma attacks. | Urashima et al. 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | 178 | ||||||
185 | vitamin D | 4 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 44,500,000 | vitamin D health mortality | A review suggests that vitamin D3 may reduce mortality, showing that about 150 participants need to be treated over five years for one additional life to be saved. It found some evidence that vitamin D3 seems to decrease mortality in elderly people not dependent on help or living in institutional care. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | http://ebm.bmj.com/content/13/2/47.full | 179 | |||||
186 | vitamin D | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 109,000,000 | vitamin D heart disease | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (over 83,000 participants) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of cardiovascular events. | JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2735646 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | 180 | ||||||
187 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 62,600,000 | vitamin E mortality | HARMFUL? High dosages might increase all-cause mortality. Small amounts can be beneficial, but the line between helpful and dangerous is unclear at this stage. | American College of Physicians | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | 181 | |||||
188 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 2 | Alzheimer's disease | neurological | vitamin | 29,000,000 | vitamin e Alzheimer | No to slight evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | 182 | |||||
189 | Vitamin K | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 65,600,000 | vitamin k heart disease | More evidence needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 183 | ||||||
190 | Vitamin K2 | 3 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | 1,470,000 | vitamin k2 prostate cancer | No conclusive evidence. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, OncoTarget | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | 184 | |||||
191 | vitamin K2 | 4 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 473,000 | vitamin K2 osteoporosis | Vitamin K2 has repeatedly been shown to improve bone strength, particularly in post-menopausal women. | Osteoporosis International | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | 185 | ||||||
192 | xylitol | 4 | middle ear infection | infections | plant / herb | 311,000 | xylitol ear infection | Was found to reduce middle ear infections in otherwise healthy children by 8% (from 30% to 22%). It was administered via chewing gum, lozenges or syrup. Other studies have had similar positive results. | Cochrane, Medicine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753897/ | 186 | |||||
193 | xylitol | 2 | teeth | general health | compound | 3,080,000 | xylitol teeth | Some evidence that xylitol in toothpaste might reduce tooth decay by 13% over 3 years. The studies have been of low quality, though. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | 187 | ||||||
194 | zinc | 4 | colds | infections, respiratory | mineral | 2,540,000 | zinc colds | Oral zinc formulations may shorten symptoms of common cold infections. However, large high-quality trials are needed. Side effects can be common. | CMAJ | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | 188 | ||||||
195 | zinc | 5 | pneumonia (children) | infections | mineral | 4,370,000 | zinc pneumonia | Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/zinc_pneumonia_children/en/ | 189 |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | supplement | alternative name | evidence | condition | condition | type | one to watch? | popularity | search term | notes | notes long | source names | main study link | Cochrane systematic review link | other International review board or metastudy link(s) | individual studies link(s) | ID | |
2 | our score. 0 = harmful 1 = no evidence, 2 = slight, 3 = conflicting/moderate, 4 = promising , 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles).We searched for the supplement name plus condition | The search we used to get a Google hits figure | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | ||||||||||
3 | abatacept | 4 | osteoarthritis | musculoskeletal | hormone | 87,500 | abatacept osteoarthritis | Appears to reduce joint pain and improve function. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007277/MUSKEL_abatacept-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007277/MUSKEL_abatacept-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 1 | ||||||
4 | agnus castus | vitex | 5 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 160,000 | agnus castus PMS | Helps improve PMS symptoms. | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics; The European Menopause Journal, Archives of Women's Mental Health, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Electronic Physician | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-017-0791-0 | http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(09)00031-0/abstract?cc=y=, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004040000123 | 2 | ||||
5 | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid | digestion | plant / herb | 11,800,000 | aloe vera digestion | HARMFUL. Never eat. Ingestion can causes diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance and kidney disfunction. | Journal of Environmental Science and Health | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | 3 | ||||||
6 | aloe vera | 1 | burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 18,800,000 | aloe vera burns cuts | No high quality evidence to support aloe vera for treatment of wounds. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | 4 | ||||||
7 | aloe vera | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 27,800,000 | aloe vera diabetes | One study found diabetes patients with high blood levels of fat (dyslipidemia) benefited from one 300mg capsule every 12 hours for 2 months. | Planta Medica | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | 5 | ||||||
8 | andrographis | 1 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | 154,000 | andrographis respiratory infections | Slight evidence of reduced symptoms. | Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | 6 | ||||||
9 | antioxidants | 3 | infertility in men | sexual health, men, children | compound | 1,900,000 | antioxidants infertility | Evidence of anti-oxidants as treatment for male infertility is inconclusive. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | 7 | ||||||
10 | antioxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 7,330,000 | antioxidants mortality | Taking antixoxidants have no health benefits. In fact, beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E appear to increase the risk of death. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | 8 | ||||||
11 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 4 | anxiety & stress | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 1,130,000 | ashwagandha anxiety stress | A review of 5 human trials concludes Ashwagandha reduces anxiety & stress. The review calls for more trials. | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | 9 | ||||
12 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | erectile dysfunction | sexual health | plant / herb | 634,000 | ashwagandha erectile dysfunction | In a single pilot study on 46 men with low-sperm count, ashwagandha supplementation appeared to increase sperm count & volume. | Evidence-based complimentary & alternative medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | 10 | |||||
13 | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 407,000 | ashwagandha rheumatoid arthritis | No solid evidence. | Indian Journal of Medical Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | 11 | |||||
14 | astaxanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | 261,000 | astaxanthin oxidative stress | No human trials yet. | Cochrane, PLoS One | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146438 | 12 | ||||||
15 | astragalus | 2 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 740,000 | astragalus immune system | Limited studies suggest a stengthening of the immune system. More evidence needed. | Block, Mead (2003) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | 13 | |||||
16 | astragalus | 3 | chronic kidney disease | general health | plant / herb | 354,000 | astragalus kidney disease | Low quality evidence for patients with chronic kidney disease when combined with conventional treatments. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | 14 | ||||||
17 | bee pollen | 1 | cancer | cancer | other | 3,730,000 | bee pollen cancer | No evidence | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | 15 | ||||||
18 | benfotiamine | fat-soluble thiamin | 3 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 311,000 | benfotiamine diabetes | A study of high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months showed no significant effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris_Mankovsky/publication/274180185_Benfotiamine_Commentary_and_update_on_recent_studies/links/55256a0b0cf24b822b40313b.pdf | 16 | ||||
19 | beta-carotene | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 5,410,000 | vitamin A beta-carotene cancer | There is no evidence that beta-carotene prevents cancer. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | 17 | ||||||
20 | beta glucans | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 280,000 | beta glucans cancer | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Most studies so far have been done in animals or test tubes, rather than on human subjects. Trials on human subjects are needed. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | 18 | ||||||
21 | beta glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections, respiratory | compound | OTW | 558,000 | beta glucans respiratory infection | Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15%. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | Molecular Nutrition and Food Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | 19 | |||||
22 | bitter melon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1,150,000 | bitter melon diabetes | Not enough evidence to support using bitter melon in diabetes treament. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 20 | ||||||
23 | black cohosh | 2 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 530,000 | black cohosh menopause | Insufficient evidence to claim that black cohosh improves menopause symptoms. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | 21 | ||||||
24 | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 151,000,000 | black tea cancer | Reviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk. | Nutrition and Cancer | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | 22 | ||||||
25 | borage seed oil | 4 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 93,300 | rheumatoid arthritis | Improves pain and function, and probably has no adverse effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 23 | ||||||
26 | borage seed oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
27 | bromelain | 3 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 571,000 | bromelain arthritis | Bromelain reduces arthritis symptoms. More research into dosage and side effects required. | Annals of Internal Medicine Common Knowledge | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | 24 | |||||
28 | butterbur | petasites hybridus | 2 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 59,700 | butterbur migraines | Butterbur extract may lower the frequency and severity of migraines. | Neurology | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | 25 | |||||
29 | caffeine | 5 | memory | cognition | compound | 34,200,000 | caffeine memory | Enhances consolidation of long term memories. Improves memory in young adults during their non-optimal time of day (mornings). | Borota et al 2014, Frontiers in Psychology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01764/full?utm_medium=google | 26 | ||||||
30 | caffeine | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 19,300,000 | caffeine skin cancer | Population studies shows women who consume more than three cups of coffee a day MAY have a lower cancer risk than people who drink less than one cup per month. | Song et al. 2012 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | 27 | |||||
31 | caffeine | 2 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 4,110,000 | caffeine dementia | Caffiene appears to slow cognitive decline and prevent Alzheimer's. But the results are not definitive. | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | 28 | ||||||
32 | calcium | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 101,000,000 | calcium blood pressure | High quality evidence has shown that extra calcium can slightly reduce blood pressure, especially in people younger than 35. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | 29 | ||||||
33 | calcium | 4 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 10,700,000 | calcium colorectal cancer | No evidence that calcium supplementation stops colorectal cancer itself, but it does inhibit potentially pre-cancerous colorectal polyps (adenomatous polyps) | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | 30 | ||||||
34 | calcium | 3 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 3,710,000 | calcium postmenopausal osteoporosis | Calcium supps might help to prevent fractures, although the results have been contradictory. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | 31 | ||||||
35 | calcium + vit. D | 5 | bone health | musculoskeletal | mineral | 43,900,000 | calcium vitamin d bone health | A review of 8 studies including 30,970 participants found that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduced total fracture risk by 15% and hip fracture risk by 30%. | Osteoporosis International | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | 32 | ||||||
36 | calcium + vit. D | 2 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 52,100,000 | calcium vitamin D cancer | There is no firm evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet#q3 | 33 | |||||
37 | cannabis | 4 | nausea | cancer | plant / herb | 703,000 | cannabis chemotherapy nausea | Promising evidence showing a reduction in nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The FDA has approved 2 synthetic cannabis drugs for treating chemo-related nausea. | Cochrane, NAP | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | https://www.nap.edu/read/24625/chapter/4#53 | 34 | |||||
38 | cannabis | 3 | glaucoma | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,490,000 | cannabis glaucoma | Definitely lowers eye pressure, but only temporarily (3-4hrs). Since Glaucoma is a long-term disease, a LOT of cannabis would be required to maintain low pressure levels. Also, cannabis might cause additional damage to the eye by restricting blood flow to the optic nerve. | American Glaucoma Society | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | 35 | ||||||
39 | cannabis | 5 | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | neurological | plant / herb | 22,700,000 | cannabis Multiple Sclerosis MS | 2 studies involving a total of 790 subjects showed positive results. Improved muscle spasms, pain, sleep quality, and mobility. Cannabis-based drug Sativex is approved for use in MS patients in 30 countries. | Journal of Ethnopharmacology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | 36 | ||||||
40 | cannabis | 4 | chronic pain | pain | plant / herb | 79,400,000 | cannabis pain | Several good quality trials have shown cannabinoids to be modestly effective in treating chronic pain. The harms and side-effects may outweigh the benefits though. Larger and longer trials needed. | British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/full | 37 | |||||
41 | capsaicin | 1 | non-allergic rhinitis | general health | plant / herb | 89,900 | capsaicin non allergic rhinitis | Capsaicin comes from chili peppers. Evidence has found that inhaling 4 micrograms at least 5 times a day can reduce inflammation, but the quality of the evidence is low. Who wants to inhale chilli? | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | 38 | ||||||
42 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging | general health | compound | 292,000 | carnosine anti aging | Promising results in mice and in cell studies, but no human trials yet. | Molecules in Focus | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | 39 | ||||||
43 | cat's claw | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 526,000 | cat's claw cancer | No human trials. | Anticancer Research | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | 40 | ||||||
44 | chamomile | 1 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 765,000 | chamomile bowel disorder | No high-quality human trials. | Der Pharma Chemica | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | 41 | ||||||
45 | chocolate, dark | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 26,800,000 | dark chocolate blood pressure | Chemicals known as flavanols, found in cocoa products, are thought to widen blood vessels and cause a minor drop in blood pressure. Further trials are needed to ascertain long-term efficacy. Does not apply to mllk chocolate. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | 42 | |||||
46 | chlorella | (algae) | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease | cardio | alga | 948,000 | chlorella blood pressure | Significantly decreases blood pressure, blood glucose, and some cholesterols. | Meta-analysis on 19 RCTs with 797 subjects indicated that Chlorella administration significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose whereas changes in triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were not statistically significant. | Clinical Nutrition | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | 43 | ||||
47 | chromium | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | OTW | 7,520,000 | chromium diabetes | Might lower blood glucose levels. It might also help with fat loss, which could benefit those with diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | 44 | |||||
48 | cinnamon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 24,200,000 | cinnamon diabetes | No more effective than placebo in controlling glucose levels. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | 45 | ||||||
49 | coconut oil | 3 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | coconut oil obesity | 30ml of coconut oil per day might help to reduce waist size, but possibly because the fat in coconut oil isn't as easily stored. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | 46 | ||||||
50 | coffee | 6 | heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | 134,000,000 | coffee heart disease | A metastudy found that the more coffee a person drinks, the lower their risk of cardiovascular disease. The optimum amount of coffee for this benefit was 3-5 per day. | Epidemiology and Prevention | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | 47 | ||||||
51 | coffee | 3 | mortality | general health | plant / herb | 54,600,000 | coffee mortality | A large statistical study of over 650,000 people found that coffee drinking reduced all cause mortality, whether it was instant, ground, or decaffeinated. | JAMA International Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | 48 | ||||||
52 | colostrinin | 1 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 8,280 | colostrinin alzheimer's disease | A few small human studies suggest possible effects on Alzheimers. | The Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | 49 | |||||
53 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 1,190,000 | CoQ10 diabetes | CoQ10 improves insulin secretion in those with type 2 diabetes. However, human trials have been tiny. | Biofactors | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | 50 | |||||
54 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 340,000 | CoQ10 migraine | Some tentative evidence on migraine sensitivity. But much more research needed. | Sage | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | 51 | |||||
55 | CoQ10 | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1,390,000 | coq10 blood pressure | Pooled data from two trials showed that CoQ10 did not affect blood pressure compared to placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | 52 | ||||||
56 | cranberry | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary, women | plant / herb | 880,000 | cranberry urinary tract infections | No statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | 53 | |||||
57 | creatine & CoQ10 | 3 | cognition | mental health | compound | 326,000 | creatine CoQ10 cognition | Creatine doesn't have a significant effect in those with normal brain function, but it can benefit those with impaired brain function when combined with CoQ10. | European Neurology | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | 54 | ||||||
58 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 3 | tonsillitis | infections | plant / herb | 338,000 | dandelion tonsillitis | Dandelion might have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. | Evidence-Based Health Care | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 55 | |||||
59 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 226,000 | devil's claw arthritis | Devil's Claw extract can reduce lower back pain by blocking the pathways that cause joint inflammation. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | 56 | ||||||
60 | DHEA | 3 | memory in young men | cognition, men | compound | OTW | 2,000,000 | DHEA memory | DHEA might improve memory in young men. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | 57 | |||||
61 | DHEA | 1 | ageing | general health | compound | 260,000 | DHEA ageing | DHEA has no beneficial impact on body composition, performance etc. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | 58 | ||||||
62 | dong quai | 0 | menopause in breast cancer patients | cancer, reproductive | plant / herb | 343,000 | dong quai menopause | HARMFUL. Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | Lau et al. 2005 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | 59 | |||||
63 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 743,000 | echinacea colds | Echinacea might have a slight impact on preventing and treating colds, but the results are statistically insignificant. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 60 | ||||||
64 | ecklonia cava seaweed | 3 | cholesterol, weight loss | weight control, cardio | alga | 62,600 | ecklonia cava cholesterol | There's evidence that seaweed supplements can combat several mechanisms behind the onset of cardiovascular disease. Ecklonia in particular has been shown to decrease cholesterol. | A review suggests there is evidence that diet supplementation with whole macroalgae or products of macroalgae origin can ameliorate several mechanisms underlying the onset and propagation of CVDs. One study of ecklonia cava in particular (80 subjects) concluded that ECE supplementation improved blood lipid profiles through decreasing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels which are known as major cardiovascular risk factors. More studies are needed to establish the long-term safety and effectiveness. | Marine Drugs | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | 61 | |||||
65 | eggshell membrane | 5 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | 148,000 | eggshell membrane arthritis | Egg shell membrane eases joints by increasing cell production and decreasing inflammation. 500mg a day gives rapid results. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | 62 | ||||||
66 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1,740,000 | elderberry flu | Eelderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. More rigorous studies needed. | Phytotherapy Research | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | 63 | ||||
67 | elk velvet antler | 1 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | animal product | 45,300 | elk velvet antler arthritis | No good quality evidence for elk velvet antler as a treatment for arthritis. | Claims made for velvet antler supplements do not appear to be based upon rigorous research from human trials. | The New Zealand Medical Journal | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | 64 | |||||
68 | evening primrose oil | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 692,000 | evening primrose oil PMS | Evening primrose oil is no more effective than placebo. | Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | 65 | ||||||
69 | evening primrose oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||
70 | feverfew | 5 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 8,970,000 | fish oil omega 3 low sperm count | Feverfew reduces migraine frequency by just over half a migraine a month. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | 66 | ||||||
71 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cystic fibrosis | general health | compound | 9,790,000 | fish oil omega 3 cystic fibrosis | Evidence is poor. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | 67 | ||||||
72 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2,650,000 | fish oil omega 3 Alzheimer's | In the largest and longest study of its kind, researchers found that fish oil/omega 3 had no statistically significant impact on cognitive decline. | The Journal of the American Medical Association | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | 68 | ||||||
73 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | asthma | respiratory | compound | 3,950,000 | fish oil omega 3 asthma | Review of trials found that people with asthma changing their diets to include more fish oil DID NOT improve their asthma. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/16/5/861.short | 69 | |||||
74 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cancer symptoms | cancer | compound | 159,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 cancer symptoms | Fish oil can counter chemotherapy-related damage to white blood cells. | Lipids | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | 70 | ||||||
75 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 31,900,000 | fish oil omega 3 child intelligence | Fish oil supplementation has a very minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | 71 | ||||||
76 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 47,600,000 | fish oil omega 3 colorectal cancer | It is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer and is effective in its treatment. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3D | 72 | |||||
77 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Crohn's disease | digestion | compound | 31,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 Crohn's disease | No beneficial effect for those with Crohn's Disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | 73 | ||||||
78 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | low sperm count | reproductive | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | A small study of 211 men it was found that omega 3 supplementation significantly increased sperm count. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | 74 | ||||||
79 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | Probably no beneficial effect for those with type 2 diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 75 | ||||||
80 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer | compound | 1,610,000 | fish oil omega 3 prostate cancer | HAMRFUL? Recent studies have linked fish oil intake with increased prostate cancer risk. | Journal of the National Cancer Institutue. | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | 76 | ||||||
81 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | psychosis | mental health | compound | 440,000 | omega 3 fish oil psychosis | In one study, supplementation delayed the onset of psychosis in those on track to develop certain mental health conditions. | Nature Communications | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | 77 | ||||||
82 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | depression | mental health | compound | 6,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 depression | Low quality evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | 78 | ||||||
83 | fish oil / omega 3 (in pregnancy) | 5 | preterm birth | reproductive | compound | 212,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 preterm birth | A meta-analysis concluded that preterm birth & early preterm birth were reduced in women receiving omega-3. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | 79 | ||||||
84 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 1,320,000 | flax seeds breast cancer | Population studies indicate a slight possibility flaxeed could reduce breast cancer tumour growth. No controlled trials have been carried out. | Cancer Causes Control | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | 80 | ||||||
85 | folic acid | 5 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 1,780,000 | folic acid birth defects | Folic acid helps to prevent birth defects, but timing of supplementation is important. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | 81 | ||||||
86 | folic acid | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 19,000,000 | folic acid cancer | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. When combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk. | Cochrane | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | 82 | |||||
87 | GABA | 3 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 3,880,000 | gaba stress anxiety | Some suggestive evidence for effect on anxiety & stress. | Frontiers in Neuroscience | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3985106/ | 83 | ||||
88 | garlic | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 24,700,000 | garlic blood pressure | Garlic might reduce blood pressure, but further research is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | 84 | ||||||
89 | garlic | aged garlic extract | 2 | cancer treatment | cancer | vegetable | 19,300,000 | garlic cancer treatment | Due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer. More clinical trials necessary. | International Journal of Preventative Medicine | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | 85 | |||||
90 | garlic | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 8,080,000 | garlic cancer prevention | Garlic might prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. | National Cancer Institute | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 86 | ||||||
91 | garlic | 1 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 3,370,000 | garlic colds | Insufficient evidnce for effects on the common cold. | Cochrane: Garlic for the common cold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | 87 | ||||||
92 | ginger | 4 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | ginger nausea | Ginger prevents nausea and vomitting for some people in certain circumstances. | Annals of Oncology | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/10/2547/3896339 | 88 | |||||
93 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 428,000 | ginkgo biloba dementia | Insufficient clinical trial evidence for the use of ginkgo bilboa as a treatment for dementia. | University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | 89 | ||||||
94 | ginseng | 1 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 797,000 | ginseng cognitive function | No convincing evidence for ginseng enhancing cognition in healthy people, and only low quality evidence that it helps dementia patients. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | 90 | ||||||
95 | glucosamine | 3 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 4,830,000 | glucosamine arthritis | Studies using a specific brand of glucosamine (Rotta) found that patients' pain decreased. However, studies using other brands found no difference between glucosamine and placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | 91 | ||||||
96 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 1 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 1,850,000 | glutamine gastrointestinal disease | Insufficient evidence to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | 92 | |||||
97 | glutamine | 1 | mortality in preterm infants | general health | compound | 248,000 | glutamine preterm | No evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | 93 | ||||||
98 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,880,000 | goji berry eye health | Supplementation for 90 days appeared to show some improvements in eye-health for seniors. But more research is needed. | Optometry and Vision Science | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | 94 | |||||
99 | grape seed extract | 1 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 735,000 | grape seed extract wound healing | Some preliminary evidence | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/grape-seed-extract/ | http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/40015 | 95 | ||||||
100 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 25,800,000 | green tea cancer prevention | The evidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | 96 | ||||||
101 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 50,000,000 | green tea cholesterol | Might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 97 | ||||||
102 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 3 | blood pressure, cardiovascular disease | cardio | fruit | 18,400,000 | hawthorn heart | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term trials are needed. | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term randomized clinical trials are needed. | Cochrane; BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Phytotherapy Research | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-26 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.947 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6094 | 98 | |||
103 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 5 | chronic heart failure | cardio | fruit | 1,070,000 | hawthorn heart failure | Hawthorn improves heart function in those with chronic heart failure. | Randomized, controlled trials in patients with heart failure have demonstrated that hawthorn increases functional capacity, alleviates disabling symptoms, and improves health-related quality of life. It has a very favourable safety profile both as monotherapy and add-on therapy. | American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | 99 | ||||
104 | horsetail | Equisetum arvense, shavegrass, common horsetail, field horsetail, tsukushi | 2 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vegetable | 98,600 | horsetail osteoporosis | A small, old study showed horsetail improved bone density in menopausal women. | Contains silicon, a mineral needed for bone health. An old (1999) study of menopausal women treated with titrated dry horsetail extract for 40 or 80 days showed improved bone density above placebo. Improvements were enhanced when the women took horsetail in combination with calcium. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | 100 | |||||
105 | horse chestnut seed extract | 4 | CVI | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 104,000 | horse chestnut seed extract chronic venous insufficiency | Horse chestnut seed extract is effective in treating chronic venous insufficiency. However, further research is needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | 101 | |||||
106 | hyaluronic acid | 2 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 1,840,000 | hyaluronic acid arthritis | Injected hyaluronic acid might have a small effect in the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the trials are biased and the results questionable. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | 102 | ||||||
107 | iron | 4 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 185,000,000 | iron child development -anaemia | Iron supplementation in infants might benefit their psychomotor development, but not their mental or behavioural development. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | 103 | ||||||
108 | iron + folic acid | 4 | maternal and infant health | reproductive | compound | 3,320,000 | iron folic acid maternal infant | Reduces iron deficiency anaemia for pregnant women. The impact on babies is less clear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | 104 | ||||||
109 | kava | 2 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 964,000 | kava anxiety | Might have a small but significant effect on anxiety, but more information is required about the safety of long-term use. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | 105 | ||||||
110 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 271,000 | krill oil pms | Krill oil significantly reduced both emotional and physical PMS symptoms in one study. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | 106 | ||||||
111 | L-arginine | 1 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 19,600,000 | L arginine performance | One study found that L-arginine had a significant beneficial impact on exercise performance. However, the trial was tiny. | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | 107 | ||||||
112 | L-carnitine | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 2,900,000 | l carnitine diabetes | May alleviate pain in patients with diabetic nerve issues (neuropathy). | Diabetes Care | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | 108 | ||||||
113 | L-lysine | 1 | herpes | sexual health, infections | compound | 907,000 | L lysine herpes | No evidence that lysine has a preventative effect on cold sores. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | 109 | ||||||
114 | lavender | 2 | depression, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 31,900,000 | lavender depression | Suggestive evidence for reduced anxiety. No effect on depression. | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/lavender/ | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21438645 | 110 | ||||||
115 | lavender | 1 | sleep, relaxation, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 11,100,000 | lavender relaxation sleep | One small study found inhaling lavender before bed relieves sleepiness on waking in healthy adults, but the trial was tiny. | Perceptual and Motor Skills | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | 111 | ||||||
116 | leucine | 1 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 10,300,000 | leucine protein synthesis | One study found drinking leucine solution while exercising speeds up recovery, but the trial was tiny. | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | 112 | ||||||
117 | lingzhi + san miao san | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 17,800 | lingzhi san miao san arthritis | This combination of Chinese herbs may reduce pain, but does not provide any other significant benefits (e.g. antiinflammatory). | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | 113 | ||||||
118 | lutein | 1 | age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | eye & skin | compound | 5,390,000 | lutein eye health | Taking lutein alone (or combined with zeaxanthin) may have little or no effect on progression to late AMD and vision loss (low-certainty evidence). | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | 114 | ||||||
119 | lycopene | 2 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 720,000 | lycopene prostate cancer | Insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of lycopene in preventing prostate cancer. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | 115 | ||||||
120 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 49,300,000 | magnesium blood pressure | Low levels of magnesium in the diet are linked to high blood pressure and cholesterol. Magnesium treatment might be effective as a preventative. | International Journal of Cardiology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | 116 | ||||||
121 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1,240,000 | magnesium vitamin B6 child ADHD | Children with ADHD tend to have low magnesium and vitamin B6 levels. It's unclear whether supplementation reduces the symptoms of ADHD. | Magnes Restauracja | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | 117 | |||||
122 | melatonin | 2 | sleep disturbances | mental health | compound | 16,900,000 | melatonin sleep | Can help to regulate the body-clock and improve sleep. However, it does not affect all groups of people in the same way, and the evidence is low quality. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | 118 | ||||||
123 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis, diabetes | general health, infections | plant / herb | 2,040,000 | milk thistle liver disease | Might be beneficial in treating hepatitis and other liver diseases, and protecting the liver from the impact of diabetes. However, the trials were low quality. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | 119 | ||||||
124 | mistletoe | 3 | breast & neck cancers | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 1,080,000 | mistletoe supplement | Some preliminary evidence for improving quality of life in breast cancer patients. Evidence for other cancers is weak. More studies needed. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2/full | |||||||
125 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 2,160,000 | MSM arthritis | Associated with slight reduction in pain and improvement in function, but the results may not be clinically significant. | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | 120 | ||||||
126 | myo-inositol | in pregnancy | 4 | gestational diabetes | diabetes | compound | 52,600 | myo-inositol gestational diabetes | Potential benefit for reducing the incidence of gestational diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | 121 | |||||
127 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 1 | OCD, addiction | mental health | other | 291,000 | NAC OCD | Problems with glutamate function in the brain are thought to affect addiction and compulsive behaviour. NAC might improve glutamate function. | Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | 122 | ||||||
128 | nettle | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 410,000 | nettles prostate | Might be effective in treating urinary issues in men by reducing inflammation. But we could find no recent studies. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | 123 | ||||||
129 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 3,620,000 | vitamin B3 heart disease | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. Has long been thought an effective treatment for heart disease, but recent findings show that it does not help, and can have severe adverse effects. | The New England Journal of Medicine. | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | 124 | ||||||
130 | olive leaf extract | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 5,840,000 | olive leaf extract blood pressure cholesterol | One study found beneficial effects on vascular health, although the trial was small. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | 125 | ||||||
131 | omega 3 | 1 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2,360,000 | omega 3 child ADHD | Insufficient evidence to suggest omega 3 has any beneficial effect on children with ADHD. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | 126 | ||||||
132 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 1,360,000 | omega 3 ALA heart disease | Insufficient evidence to claim that omega 3 has any impact on heart health, either in healthy people or those with cardiovascular disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | 127 | ||||||
133 | omega 6 | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 64,300,000 | omega 6 cancer | One study found that omega 6 prevented tumours from growing, but this was a cell study, i.e. not tested on humans. | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | 128 | ||||||
134 | omega 6 | 1 | heart health | cardio | compound | 68,400,000 | omega 6 heart health | No benefit on heart health. | British Medical Journal | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | 129 | ||||||
135 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 35,100 | pau d'arco decongestant | HARMFUL. Highly toxic. If used at all, should be used with extreme caution. | Oncology Nursing Forum | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | 130 | ||||||
136 | peppermint oil | 5 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 1,080,000 | peppermint oil IBS | Relaxes muscles, which relieves IBS-related muscle spasms. Peppermint oil might be more effective than conventional anti-spasmodics and fibre treatment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | 131 | ||||||
137 | piracetam | 2 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 475,000 | piracetam memory | Evidence does not support the use of piracetam as a treatment for cognitive impairment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | 132 | ||||||
138 | potassium | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 56,000,000 | potassium blood pressure | Medication that prevents potassium loss has no significant impact on blood pressure at low doses. Trials at high doses are unavailable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | 133 | ||||||
139 | probiotics | 2 | candida | reproductive | other | 3,940,000 | probiotics candida | Very low quality evidence. High quality trials needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | 134 | ||||||
140 | probiotics | 3 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 8,880,000 | probiotics cholesterol blood pressure | Conflicting evidence and unclear results. | Internal Journal of Molecular Sciences | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | 135 | ||||||
141 | probiotics | 3 | IBS | digestion | other | 6,700,000 | probiotics IBS | A particular probiotic (B. infantis 35624) improves IBS symptoms such as pain, bloating, and bowel movement difficulty. Evidence for other types of probiotic is limited. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | 136 | ||||||
142 | probiotics | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | other | 1,190,000 | probiotics urinary tract infection | No significant evidence that probiotics are any more effective than placebo in treating UTIs. Quality of evidence is poor. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | 137 | ||||||
143 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhea | digestion | other | 1,420,000 | probiotics antibiotic diarrhea | Effective for preventing diarrhea associated with antibiotic use | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | 138 | ||||||
144 | reishi mushroom | G. lucidum | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant/herb | 601,000 | reishi mushroom cancer | Possible effect on recovery from chemotherapy. But studies were small and there were some quality concerns. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | 139 | |||||
145 | resveratrol | 2 | heart health | cardio | compound | OTW | 6,560,000 | resveratrol heart health | Resveratrol may have cardioprotective benefits, although scientists don't know quite how it works. | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | 140 | |||||
146 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 7,130,000 | resveratrol cancer | No human trials as yet. | Cancer Letters | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | 141 | |||||
147 | resveratrol | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 6,940,000 | resveratrol diabetes | Some preliminary evidence for relieving diabetes symptoms. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | 142 | ||||||
148 | rhodiola rosea L. | 2 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 258,000 | rhodiola rosea L fatigue | Rhodiola rosea L. is effective in treating fatigue. However, the quality of the trials conducted is questionable. | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | 143 | ||||||
149 | saffron | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 2,820,000 | saffron depression | Possible anti-depressant effect. But solid evidence is lacking. | Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytomedicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal of Integrative Medicine, Human Psychopharmacology | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496414601412 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2434/full | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716310217 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711317301447 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104005628 | 144 | |||||
150 | SAM-e | 1 | depression | mental health | compound | 313,000,000 | SAM-e depression | A review of eight studies showed no strong evidence of the effectiveness of SAM-e when taken on its own. More study needed. | Current Psychiatry Reports | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/786.html | 145 | |||||
151 | saw palmetto | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 2,150,000 | saw palmetto prostate | No evidence that it improves urinary-tract-related problems. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | 146 | |||||
152 | selenium | 1 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 19,400,000 | selenium cancer | Insufficient evidence that selenium lowers cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | 147 | ||||||
153 | silicic acid | 1 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 48,800 | silicic acid Alzheimer's | Silicic acid might help to prevent Alzheimer's Disease by decreasing the amount of aluminium in the body. We await more research. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | 148 | |||||
154 | slippery elm | 1 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 973,000 | slippery elm sore throat | No clinical evidence for sore throats. | Pediatrics in Review | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | 149 | ||||||
155 | spirulina | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 837,000 | spirulina blood pressure cholesterol | Very preliminary evidence shows Spirulina reducing blood pressure and lower lipids. | Journal of Medicinal Food | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | 150 | ||||||
156 | St John's wort | 4 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 1,500,000 | st john's wort depression | St John's Wort performs better than a placebo in improving depression symptoms, and not significantly different to antidepressants, which had more side-effects. | Cochrane, Systematic Reviews | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2 | 151 | |||||
157 | St John's wort | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 249,000 | st john's wort PMS | Daily treatment with St. John's wort had no effect on the emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. | CNS Drugs | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | 152 | ||||||
158 | taurine | 1 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1,860,000 | taurine weight loss | No human trials. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | 153 | ||||||
159 | TMG | trimethylglycine | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 182,000 | tmg metabolism | No significant effect on metabolism in humans. | Schwab 2002 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | 154 | |||||
160 | tryptophan | 3 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 233,000 | tryptophan 5-HTP depression | Tryptophan and 5-HTP might alleviate depression, but the studies conducted are unreliable, and the safety of the substances is questionable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | 155 | ||||||
161 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 2,790,000 | turmeric curcumin cancer | Might have anti-cancer effects, particularly on colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | 156 | ||||
162 | turmeric | curcumin | 3 | peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 857,000 | turmeric peptic ulcer colitis | May be an effective therapy for peptic ulcers and ulcerative colitis when combined with conventional medications. However, larger trials are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | 157 | ||||
163 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 10,700,000 | turmeric depression | May have benefits. However, it has poor bioavailability. 9-20 teaspoons daily would be required to get the desired effect. | Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytotherapy Research, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861016306752 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032714003620 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5025/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X14003265 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000/Chronic_Supplementation_of_Curcumin_Enhances_the.9.aspx | 158 | ||||
164 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | memory | cognition | plant / herb | 1,200,000 | turmeric curcumin memory | A high quality, long-term (18 months), but small study (40 subjects) found that 90mg of curcumin twice daily improved memory in adults without dementia. | American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | 159 | |||||
165 | L-tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory | cognition | compound | 49,700 | tyrosine alertness wakefulness memory | Evidence suggests that tyrosine intake slightly improves working memory and information processing in healthy adults under strain. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 160 | ||||||
166 | L-tyrosine | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 4,830,000 | tyrosine mental health | Tyrosine may help with mental health problems by maintaining neurotransmitters, which affect mood. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 161 | ||||||
167 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 2,310,000 | valerian anxiety | One study found no difference between valerian and placebo in the treatment of anxiety. Research using larger samples is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | 162 | ||||||
168 | valerian | 0 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 1,140,000 | valerian insomnia | HARMFUL? No significant differences between valerian and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. Valerian might have a number of adverse side effects. | Sleep Medicine Reviews | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | 163 | ||||||
169 | vitamin A | 4 | child mortality, diarrhea, measles | general health, infections | vitamin | 45,600,000 | vitamin A child death | Reduces overall risk of death and death due to diarrhoea by 12%. Vitamin A does not specifically reduce death due to measles, respiratory infections, or meningitis, but it can reduce new occurrences of diarrhoea and measles. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/9/09-068080/en/ | 164 | |||||
170 | vitamin A | retinold | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 635,000 | vitamin A retinol birth defects | HARMFUL. High doses (10,000 ID/per day) can cause birth defects in human and animal infants. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | 165 | |||||
171 | vitamin B | 2 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 16,200,000 | vitamin B Alzheimer's | Vitamin B treatment slows brain shrinkage and significantly reduces brain cell death. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | 166 | ||||||
172 | Vitamin B | 4 | schizophrenia | mental health | vitamin | 5,580,000 | vitamin B schizophrenia | A review of 18 studies found that vitamin B reduced psychiatric symptoms significantly more than in a control group. | Psychological Medicine | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | 167 | ||||||
173 | vitamin B2 | riboflavin | 2 | migraine | pain | vitamin | OTW | 683,000 | vitamin B2 migraine | May reduce the frequency of migraines. | Neurological Science | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | 168 | ||||
174 | vitamin B3 | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | vitamin | 3,160,000 | vitamin B3 skin cancer | May prevent skin cancer. | International Journal of Cancer, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, New England Journal of Medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197#t=article http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12328/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21299/full | 169 | |||||
175 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 94,200 | vitamin B8 panic ocd | Several small studies suggest anti-anxiety effects, but more research is needed. | Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | 170 | |||||
176 | vitamin B8 | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 860,000 | vitamin B8 depression | The evidence for vitamin B8 (also known as Inositol) as a treatment for depression is unclear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | 171 | ||||||
177 | vitamin C | 4 | colds | infections | vitamin | 9,430,000 | vitamin C colds | Vitamin C supplementation does not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population, although it can shorten their duration. For those under extreme physical stress (e.g. marathon runners) vitamin C appears to half the risk of developing a cold. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 172 | ||||||
178 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 166,000,000 | vitamin D cancer | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (25,871 participants over 5 years) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of invasive cancers. | PubMed, New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697 | 173 | ||||||
179 | vitamin D | 3 | asthma attacks | respiratory | vitamin | OTW | 37,100,000 | vitamin D asthma | Some protection against severe asthma attacks in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Further trials focusing on children and people who experience frequent severe asthma attacks are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | 174 | |||||
180 | vitamin D | 4 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 80,200,000 | vitamin D bone health | It appears that supplementation for those with vitamin D deficiency increases bone density and helps to prevent fractures. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689393 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997213000402 | 175 | ||||
181 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 27,500,000 | vitamin D depression mood | Low levels of vitamin D in the body are associated with depression, but whether or not vitamin D deficiency actually causes depression is uncertain. | British Journal of Psychology | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | 176 | ||||||
182 | vitamin D | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 154,000,000 | vitamin D diabetes | The association between vitamin D status and diabetes is unclear. | Annals of Internal Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | 177 | ||||||
183 | vitamin D | 3 | flu | infections | vitamin | 31,800,000 | vitamin d flu | In one trial, 10.8% of children taking vitamin D(3) contracted influenza, compared with 18.6% of children in the placebo group. It also reduced the number of flu-related asthma attacks. | Urashima et al. 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | 178 | ||||||
184 | vitamin D | 4 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 44,500,000 | vitamin D health mortality | A review suggests that vitamin D3 may reduce mortality, showing that about 150 participants need to be treated over five years for one additional life to be saved. It found some evidence that vitamin D3 seems to decrease mortality in elderly people not dependent on help or living in institutional care. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | http://ebm.bmj.com/content/13/2/47.full | 179 | |||||
185 | vitamin D | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 109,000,000 | vitamin D heart disease | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (over 83,000 participants) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of cardiovascular events. | JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2735646 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | 180 | ||||||
186 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 62,600,000 | vitamin E mortality | HARMFUL? High dosages might increase all-cause mortality. Small amounts can be beneficial, but the line between helpful and dangerous is unclear at this stage. | American College of Physicians | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | 181 | |||||
187 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 2 | Alzheimer's disease | neurological | vitamin | 29,000,000 | vitamin e Alzheimer | No to slight evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | 182 | |||||
188 | Vitamin K | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 65,600,000 | vitamin k heart disease | More evidence needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 183 | ||||||
189 | Vitamin K2 | 3 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | 1,470,000 | vitamin k2 prostate cancer | No conclusive evidence. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, OncoTarget | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | 184 | |||||
190 | vitamin K2 | 4 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 473,000 | vitamin K2 osteoporosis | Vitamin K2 has repeatedly been shown to improve bone strength, particularly in post-menopausal women. | Osteoporosis International | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | 185 | ||||||
191 | xylitol | 4 | middle ear infection | infections | plant / herb | 311,000 | xylitol ear infection | Was found to reduce middle ear infections in otherwise healthy children by 8% (from 30% to 22%). It was administered via chewing gum, lozenges or syrup. Other studies have had similar positive results. | Cochrane, Medicine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753897/ | 186 | |||||
192 | xylitol | 2 | teeth | general health | compound | 3,080,000 | xylitol teeth | Some evidence that xylitol in toothpaste might reduce tooth decay by 13% over 3 years. The studies have been of low quality, though. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | 187 | ||||||
193 | zinc | 4 | colds | infections, respiratory | mineral | 2,540,000 | zinc colds | Oral zinc formulations may shorten symptoms of common cold infections. However, large high-quality trials are needed. Side effects can be common. | CMAJ | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | 188 | ||||||
194 | zinc | 5 | pneumonia (children) | infections | mineral | 4,370,000 | zinc pneumonia | Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/zinc_pneumonia_children/en/ | 189 |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | supplement | alternative name | evidence | condition | condition | type | one to watch? | popularity | search term | notes | notes long | source names | main study link | Cochrane systematic review link | other International review board or metastudy link(s) | individual studies link(s) | ID | |||
2 | our score. 0 = harmful 1 = no evidence, 2 = slight, 3 = conflicting/moderate, 4 = promising , 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles).We searched for the supplement name plus condition | The search we used to get a Google hits figure | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | ||||||||||||
3 | abatacept | 4 | osteoarthritis | musculoskeletal | hormone | 87,500 | abatacept osteoarthritis | Appears to reduce joint pain and improve function. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007277.pub2/full | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007277.pub2/full | 1 | ||||||||
4 | * | agnus castus | vitex | 5 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 160,000 | agnus castus PMS | Helps improve PMS symptoms. | Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics; The European Menopause Journal, Archives of Women's Mental Health, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Electronic Physician | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937817303198 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308513/ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-017-0791-0 | http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122(09)00031-0/abstract?cc=y=, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s004040000123 | 2 | |||||
5 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/aloe-vera/?show_conditions=true | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid | digestion | plant / herb | 11,800,000 | aloe vera digestion | HARMFUL. Never eat. Ingestion can causes diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance and kidney disfunction. | Journal of Environmental Science and Health | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10590500600614303#.VcDwRZNVhBc | 3 | ||||||
6 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/aloe-vera/?show_conditions=true | aloe vera | 1 | burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 18,800,000 | aloe vera burns cuts | No high quality evidence to support aloe vera for treatment of wounds. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | https://www.cochrane.org/CD008762/WOUNDS_aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | 4 | ||||||
7 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/aloe-vera/?show_conditions=true | aloe vera | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 27,800,000 | aloe vera diabetes | One study found diabetes patients with high blood levels of fat (dyslipidemia) benefited from one 300mg capsule every 12 hours for 2 months. | Planta Medica | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | http://www.omni.org.il/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/Research1.Antihyperglycemic.pdf | 5 | ||||||
8 | same | andrographis | 1 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | 154,000 | andrographis respiratory infections | Slight evidence of reduced symptoms. | Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0030666512002149 | 6 | |||||||
9 | * | antioxidants | 3 | infertility in men | sexual health, men, children | compound | 1,900,000 | antioxidants infertility | Evidence of anti-oxidants as treatment for male infertility is inconclusive. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007411.pub3/abstract | 7 | |||||||
10 | * | antioxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 7,330,000 | antioxidants mortality | Taking antixoxidants have no health benefits. In fact, beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E appear to increase the risk of death. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | 8 | |||||||
11 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/ashwagandha/?show_conditions=true | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 4 | anxiety & stress | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 1,130,000 | ashwagandha anxiety stress | A review of 5 human trials concludes Ashwagandha reduces anxiety & stress. The review calls for more trials. | The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177 | 9 | ||||
12 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/ashwagandha/?show_conditions=true | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | erectile dysfunction | sexual health | plant / herb | 634,000 | ashwagandha erectile dysfunction | In a single pilot study on 46 men with low-sperm count, ashwagandha supplementation appeared to increase sperm count & volume. | Evidence-based complimentary & alternative medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00977963/frame.html | 10 | |||||
13 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/ashwagandha/?show_conditions=true | ashwagandha | withania somnifera | 2 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 407,000 | ashwagandha rheumatoid arthritis | No solid evidence. | Indian Journal of Medical Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/011/CN-01197011/frame.html | 11 | |||||
14 | same | https://examine.com/supplements/astaxanthin/?show_conditions=true | astaxanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | 261,000 | astaxanthin oxidative stress | No human trials yet. | Cochrane, PLoS One | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/581/CN-00909581/frame.html https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146438 | 12 | ||||||
15 | same | https://examine.com/supplements/astragalus/?show_conditions=true | astragalus | 2 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 740,000 | astragalus immune system | Limited studies suggest a stengthening of the immune system. More evidence needed. | Block, Mead (2003) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | 13 | |||||
16 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/astragalus/?show_conditions=true | astragalus | 3 | chronic kidney disease | general health | plant / herb | 354,000 | astragalus kidney disease | Low quality evidence for patients with chronic kidney disease when combined with conventional treatments. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008369.pub2/abstract | 14 | ||||||
17 | * | bee pollen | 1 | cancer | cancer | other | 3,730,000 | bee pollen cancer | No evidence | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | 15 | |||||||
18 | lower | https://examine.com/supplements/benfotiamine/?show_conditions=true | benfotiamine | fat-soluble vitamin B1 | 3 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 311,000 | benfotiamine diabetes | A study of high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months showed no significant effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009403/RENAL_vitamin-b-and-its-derivatives-for-diabetic-kidney-disease | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Boris_Mankovsky/publication/274180185_Benfotiamine_Commentary_and_update_on_recent_studies/links/55256a0b0cf24b822b40313b.pdf | 16 | ||||
19 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/beta-carotene/ | beta-carotene | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 5,410,000 | vitamin A beta-carotene cancer | There is no evidence that beta-carotene prevents cancer. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | 17 | ||||||
20 | * | beta glucans | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 280,000 | beta glucans cancer | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Most studies so far have been done in animals or test tubes, rather than on human subjects. Trials on human subjects are needed. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/252171/ | 18 | |||||||
21 | * | beta glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections, respiratory | compound | OTW | 558,000 | beta glucans respiratory infection | Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15%. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | Molecular Nutrition and Food Research | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mnfr.201300338/full | 19 | ||||||
22 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/beta-glucans/?show_conditions=true | beta glucans | small effect size | diabetes | |||||||||||||||
23 | same | bitter melon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1,150,000 | bitter melon diabetes | Not enough evidence to support using bitter melon in diabetes treament. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007845/ENDOC_momordica-charantia-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 20 | |||||||
24 | lower - suggestive? | https://examine.com/supplements/black-cohosh/?show_conditions=true | black cohosh | 2 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 530,000 | black cohosh menopause | Insufficient evidence to claim that black cohosh improves menopause symptoms. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007244/MENSTR_black-cohosh-cimicifuga-spp.-for-menopausal-symptoms | 21 | ||||||
25 | same | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 151,000,000 | black tea cancer | Reviews have found no association between black tea and ovarian or breast cancer risk. | Nutrition and Cancer | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01635581.2014.936947#.Va-yTBNVhBc | 22 | |||||||
26 | * | borage seed oil | 4 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 93,300 | rheumatoid arthritis | Improves pain and function, and probably has no adverse effects. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002948/MUSKEL_herbal-therapy-for-rheumatoid-arthritis | 23 | |||||||
27 | * | borage seed oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | |||||||||
28 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/bromelain/?show_conditions=true | bromelain | extracted from pineapples, reduced to 1 | 1 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 571,000 | bromelain arthritis | Bromelain reduces arthritis symptoms. More research into dosage and side effects required. | Annals of Internal Medicine Common Knowledge | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://commons.pacificu.edu/pa/475/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | 24 | ||||
29 | * | https://examine.com/supplements/butterbur/ | butterbur | petasites hybridus, liver toxicity risk! | 2 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 59,700 | butterbur migraines | Butterbur extract may lower the frequency and severity of migraines. | Neurology | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.short | 25 | |||||
30 | caffeine | 5 | memory | cognition | compound | 34,200,000 | caffeine memory | Enhances consolidation of long term memories. Improves memory in young adults during their non-optimal time of day (mornings). | Borota et al 2014, Frontiers in Psychology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01764/full?utm_medium=google | 26 | ||||||||
31 | caffeine | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 19,300,000 | caffeine skin cancer | Population studies shows women who consume more than three cups of coffee a day MAY have a lower cancer risk than people who drink less than one cup per month. | Song et al. 2012 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | 27 | |||||||
32 | caffeine | 2 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 4,110,000 | caffeine dementia | Caffiene appears to slow cognitive decline and prevent Alzheimer's. But the results are not definitive. | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | 28 | ||||||||
33 | calcium | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 101,000,000 | calcium blood pressure | High quality evidence has shown that extra calcium can slightly reduce blood pressure, especially in people younger than 35. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010037/HTN_extra-calcium-to-prevent-high-blood-pressure | 29 | ||||||||
34 | calcium | 4 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 10,700,000 | calcium colorectal cancer | No evidence that calcium supplementation stops colorectal cancer itself, but it does inhibit potentially pre-cancerous colorectal polyps (adenomatous polyps) | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003548/COLOCA_daily-intake-of-1-gr-dietary-calcium-may-have-moderate-protective-effect-on-development-of-colorectal-adenomatous-polyps | 30 | ||||||||
35 | calcium | 3 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 3,710,000 | calcium postmenopausal osteoporosis | Calcium supps might help to prevent fractures, although the results have been contradictory. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | 31 | ||||||||
36 | calcium + vit. D | 5 | bone health | musculoskeletal | mineral | 43,900,000 | calcium vitamin d bone health | A review of 8 studies including 30,970 participants found that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation reduced total fracture risk by 15% and hip fracture risk by 30%. | Osteoporosis International | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5 | 32 | ||||||||
37 | calcium + vit. D | 2 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 52,100,000 | calcium vitamin D cancer | There is no firm evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation decreases cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2/abstract | http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/vitamin-d-fact-sheet#q3 | 33 | |||||||
38 | cannabis | 4 | nausea | cancer | plant / herb | 703,000 | cannabis chemotherapy nausea | Promising evidence showing a reduction in nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. The FDA has approved 2 synthetic cannabis drugs for treating chemo-related nausea. | Cochrane, NAP | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009464/GYNAECA_cannabis-based-medicine-nausea-and-vomiting-people-treated-chemotherapy-cancer | https://www.nap.edu/read/24625/chapter/4#53 | 34 | |||||||
39 | cannabis | 3 | glaucoma | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,490,000 | cannabis glaucoma | Definitely lowers eye pressure, but only temporarily (3-4hrs). Since Glaucoma is a long-term disease, a LOT of cannabis would be required to maintain low pressure levels. Also, cannabis might cause additional damage to the eye by restricting blood flow to the optic nerve. | American Glaucoma Society | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | https://community.americanglaucomasociety.net/about/statements | 35 | ||||||||
40 | cannabis | 5 | Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | neurological | plant / herb | 22,700,000 | cannabis Multiple Sclerosis MS | 2 studies involving a total of 790 subjects showed positive results. Improved muscle spasms, pain, sleep quality, and mobility. Cannabis-based drug Sativex is approved for use in MS patients in 30 countries. | Journal of Ethnopharmacology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874106000821 | 36 | ||||||||
41 | cannabis | 4 | chronic pain | pain | plant / herb | 79,400,000 | cannabis pain | Several good quality trials have shown cannabinoids to be modestly effective in treating chronic pain. The harms and side-effects may outweigh the benefits though. Larger and longer trials needed. | British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=cannabis&highlightAbstract=cannabi | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x/full | 37 | |||||||
42 | capsaicin | 1 | non-allergic rhinitis | general health | plant / herb | 89,900 | capsaicin non allergic rhinitis | Capsaicin comes from chili peppers. Evidence has found that inhaling 4 micrograms at least 5 times a day can reduce inflammation, but the quality of the evidence is low. Who wants to inhale chilli? | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010591/ENT_capsaicin-non-allergic-rhinitis | 38 | ||||||||
43 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging | general health | compound | 292,000 | carnosine anti aging | Promising results in mice and in cell studies, but no human trials yet. | Molecules in Focus | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357272598000600 | 39 | ||||||||
44 | cat's claw | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 526,000 | cat's claw cancer | No human trials. | Anticancer Research | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/11724307 | 40 | ||||||||
45 | chamomile | 1 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 765,000 | chamomile bowel disorder | No high-quality human trials. | Der Pharma Chemica | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | https://www.derpharmachemica.com/abstract/chamomile-efficacy-in-patients-of-the-irritable-bowel-syndrome-6898.html | 41 | ||||||||
46 | chocolate, dark | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 26,800,000 | dark chocolate blood pressure | Chemicals known as flavanols, found in cocoa products, are thought to widen blood vessels and cause a minor drop in blood pressure. Further trials are needed to ascertain long-term efficacy. Does not apply to mllk chocolate. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub2/abstract | 42 | |||||||
47 | chlorella | (algae) | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol, cardiovascular disease | cardio | alga | 948,000 | chlorella blood pressure | Significantly decreases blood pressure, blood glucose, and some cholesterols. | Meta-analysis on 19 RCTs with 797 subjects indicated that Chlorella administration significantly decreased the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose whereas changes in triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index were not statistically significant. | Clinical Nutrition | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | https://www.clinicalnutritionjournal.com/article/S0261-5614(17)31351-1/fulltext | 43 | ||||||
48 | chromium | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | OTW | 7,520,000 | chromium diabetes | Might lower blood glucose levels. It might also help with fat loss, which could benefit those with diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010063/ENDOC_chromium_picolinate_supplementation_for_overweight_or_obese_people | 44 | |||||||
49 | cinnamon | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 24,200,000 | cinnamon diabetes | No more effective than placebo in controlling glucose levels. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007170/ENDOC_cinnamon-for-diabetes-mellitus | 45 | ||||||||
50 | coconut oil | 3 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | coconut oil obesity | 30ml of coconut oil per day might help to reduce waist size, but possibly because the fat in coconut oil isn't as easily stored. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | 46 | ||||||||
51 | coffee | 6 | heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | 134,000,000 | coffee heart disease | A metastudy found that the more coffee a person drinks, the lower their risk of cardiovascular disease. The optimum amount of coffee for this benefit was 3-5 per day. | Epidemiology and Prevention | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/6/643.long | 47 | ||||||||
52 | coffee | 3 | mortality | general health | plant / herb | 54,600,000 | coffee mortality | A large statistical study of over 650,000 people found that coffee drinking reduced all cause mortality, whether it was instant, ground, or decaffeinated. | JAMA International Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2686145 | 48 | ||||||||
53 | colostrinin | 1 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 8,280 | colostrinin alzheimer's disease | A few small human studies suggest possible effects on Alzheimers. | The Journal of Nutritional Health and Aging | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | 49 | |||||||
54 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 1,190,000 | CoQ10 diabetes | CoQ10 improves insulin secretion in those with type 2 diabetes. However, human trials have been tiny. | Biofactors | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.1038/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | 50 | |||||||
55 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 340,000 | CoQ10 migraine | Some tentative evidence on migraine sensitivity. But much more research needed. | Sage | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/8/897.short | 51 | |||||||
56 | CoQ10 | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1,390,000 | coq10 blood pressure | Pooled data from two trials showed that CoQ10 did not affect blood pressure compared to placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007435/HTN_coenzyme-q10-high-blood-pressure | 52 | ||||||||
57 | cranberry | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary, women | plant / herb | 880,000 | cranberry urinary tract infections | No statistically significant evidence that cranberry juice or supplements prevent UTIs. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001321/RENAL_cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | 53 | |||||||
58 | creatine & CoQ10 | 3 | cognition | mental health | compound | 326,000 | creatine CoQ10 cognition | Creatine doesn't have a significant effect in those with normal brain function, but it can benefit those with impaired brain function when combined with CoQ10. | European Neurology | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/377676 | 54 | ||||||||
59 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 3 | tonsillitis | infections | plant / herb | 338,000 | dandelion tonsillitis | Dandelion might have antimicrobial properties, which could help with throat infections. | Evidence-Based Health Care | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 55 | |||||||
60 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 226,000 | devil's claw arthritis | Devil's Claw extract can reduce lower back pain by blocking the pathways that cause joint inflammation. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/abstract | 56 | ||||||||
61 | DHEA | 3 | memory in young men | cognition, men | compound | OTW | 2,000,000 | DHEA memory | DHEA might improve memory in young men. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006221/DEMENTIA_no-current-evidence-for-an-improvement-in-memory-or-other-aspects-of-cognitive-function-of-non-demented-older-people-following-dhea-supplements | 57 | |||||||
62 | DHEA | 1 | ageing | general health | compound | 260,000 | DHEA ageing | DHEA has no beneficial impact on body composition, performance etc. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | 58 | ||||||||
63 | dong quai | 0 | menopause in breast cancer patients | cancer, reproductive | plant / herb | 343,000 | dong quai menopause | HARMFUL. Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | Lau et al. 2005 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | 59 | |||||||
64 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 743,000 | echinacea colds | Echinacea might have a slight impact on preventing and treating colds, but the results are statistically insignificant. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000530/ARI_echinacea-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 60 | ||||||||
65 | ecklonia cava seaweed | 3 | cholesterol, weight loss | weight control, cardio | alga | 62,600 | ecklonia cava cholesterol | There's evidence that seaweed supplements can combat several mechanisms behind the onset of cardiovascular disease. Ecklonia in particular has been shown to decrease cholesterol. | A review suggests there is evidence that diet supplementation with whole macroalgae or products of macroalgae origin can ameliorate several mechanisms underlying the onset and propagation of CVDs. One study of ecklonia cava in particular (80 subjects) concluded that ECE supplementation improved blood lipid profiles through decreasing total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels which are known as major cardiovascular risk factors. More studies are needed to establish the long-term safety and effectiveness. | Marine Drugs | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/13/11/6838/htm | 61 | |||||||
66 | eggshell membrane | 5 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | 148,000 | eggshell membrane arthritis | Egg shell membrane eases joints by increasing cell production and decreasing inflammation. 500mg a day gives rapid results. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/993/CN-00718993/frame.html | 62 | ||||||||
67 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1,740,000 | elderberry flu | Eelderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. More rigorous studies needed. | Phytotherapy Research | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | http://www.actahort.org/books/1061/1061_12.htm | 63 | ||||||
68 | elk velvet antler | 1 | rheumatoid arthritis | musculoskeletal | animal product | 45,300 | elk velvet antler arthritis | No good quality evidence for elk velvet antler as a treatment for arthritis. | Claims made for velvet antler supplements do not appear to be based upon rigorous research from human trials. | The New Zealand Medical Journal | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | http://majsivi.wdfiles.com/local--files/2012:1214/Gilbey2012.pdf | 64 | |||||||
69 | evening primrose oil | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 692,000 | evening primrose oil PMS | Evening primrose oil is no more effective than placebo. | Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.Vcnzd5NVhBc | 65 | ||||||||
70 | evening primrose oil | 1 | eczema | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,420,000 | evening primrose oil eczema | A review of 27 studies found no evidence of efficacy. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD004416/SKIN_oral-evening-primrose-oil-and-borage-oil-eczema | ||||||||||
71 | feverfew | 5 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 8,970,000 | fish oil omega 3 low sperm count | Feverfew reduces migraine frequency by just over half a migraine a month. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002286/SYMPT_feverfew-for-preventing-migraine | 66 | ||||||||
72 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cystic fibrosis | general health | compound | 9,790,000 | fish oil omega 3 cystic fibrosis | Evidence is poor. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002201/CF_use-omega-3-supplements-people-cystic-fibrosis | 67 | ||||||||
73 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2,650,000 | fish oil omega 3 Alzheimer's | In the largest and longest study of its kind, researchers found that fish oil/omega 3 had no statistically significant impact on cognitive decline. | The Journal of the American Medical Association | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2429713 | 68 | ||||||||
74 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | asthma | respiratory | compound | 3,950,000 | fish oil omega 3 asthma | Review of trials found that people with asthma changing their diets to include more fish oil DID NOT improve their asthma. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001283/abstract | http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/16/5/861.short | 69 | |||||||
75 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cancer symptoms | cancer | compound | 159,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 cancer symptoms | Fish oil can counter chemotherapy-related damage to white blood cells. | Lipids | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11745-011-3643-0#page-2 | 70 | ||||||||
76 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 31,900,000 | fish oil omega 3 child intelligence | Fish oil supplementation has a very minor positive impact on some measures of learning and performance. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | 71 | ||||||||
77 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 47,600,000 | fish oil omega 3 colorectal cancer | It is thought that omega 3 reduces the risk of colorectal cancer and is effective in its treatment. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373878/ | http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2011/04/13/gut.2010.233718.full.pdf+html?hwshib2=authn%3A1439389225%3A20150811%253Aa4d0ff88-5170-49d2-91d9-7d94a4d81dd6%3A0%3A0%3A0%3Aa7F3BE99QRz8a3GQ7Dlevw%3D%3D | 72 | |||||||
78 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Crohn's disease | digestion | compound | 31,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 Crohn's disease | No beneficial effect for those with Crohn's Disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | 73 | ||||||||
79 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | low sperm count | reproductive | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | A small study of 211 men it was found that omega 3 supplementation significantly increased sperm count. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/203/CN-00780203/frame.html | 74 | ||||||||
80 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 15,200,000 | fish oil omega 3 diabetes | Probably no beneficial effect for those with type 2 diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003205/ENDOC_omega-3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-for-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 75 | ||||||||
81 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer | compound | 1,610,000 | fish oil omega 3 prostate cancer | HAMRFUL? Recent studies have linked fish oil intake with increased prostate cancer risk. | Journal of the National Cancer Institutue. | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/07/09/jnci.djt174.abstract | 76 | ||||||||
82 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | psychosis | mental health | compound | 440,000 | omega 3 fish oil psychosis | In one study, supplementation delayed the onset of psychosis in those on track to develop certain mental health conditions. | Nature Communications | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2015/150811/ncomms8934/full/ncomms8934.html | 77 | ||||||||
83 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | depression | mental health | compound | 6,800,000 | fish oil omega 3 depression | Low quality evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004692/DEPRESSN_omega-3-fatty-acids-depression-adults | 78 | ||||||||
84 | fish oil / omega 3 (in pregnancy) | 5 | preterm birth | reproductive | compound | 212,000,000 | fish oil omega 3 preterm birth | A meta-analysis concluded that preterm birth & early preterm birth were reduced in women receiving omega-3. | Cochrane | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | https://www.cochrane.org/CD003402/PREG_omega-3-fatty-acid-addition-during-pregnancy | 79 | ||||||||
85 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 1,320,000 | flax seeds breast cancer | Population studies indicate a slight possibility flaxeed could reduce breast cancer tumour growth. No controlled trials have been carried out. | Cancer Causes Control | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7#page-2 | 80 | ||||||||
86 | folic acid | 5 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 1,780,000 | folic acid birth defects | Folic acid helps to prevent birth defects, but timing of supplementation is important. | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2/full | 81 | ||||||||
87 | folic acid | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 19,000,000 | folic acid cancer | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. When combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk. | Cochrane | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | 82 | |||||||
88 | GABA | 3 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 3,880,000 | gaba stress anxiety | Some suggestive evidence for effect on anxiety & stress. | Frontiers in Neuroscience | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7527439/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29168225 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3985106/ | 83 | ||||||
89 | garlic | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 24,700,000 | garlic blood pressure | Garlic might reduce blood pressure, but further research is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007653/HTN_garlic-for-hypertension | 84 | ||||||||
90 | garlic | aged garlic extract | 2 | cancer treatment | cancer | vegetable | 19,300,000 | garlic cancer treatment | Due to anticancer properties of aged garlic, its consumption along with healthy diet may have beneficial effects on cancer. More clinical trials necessary. | International Journal of Preventative Medicine | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6212616/ | 85 | |||||||
91 | garlic | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 8,080,000 | garlic cancer prevention | Garlic might prevent certain cancers, but there is a lack of clinical trial evidence. The WHO recommends consuming at least one clove a day for general health benefits. | National Cancer Institute | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 86 | ||||||||
92 | garlic | 1 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 3,370,000 | garlic colds | Insufficient evidnce for effects on the common cold. | Cochrane: Garlic for the common cold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cgarlic%7Ccold | 87 | ||||||||
93 | ginger | 4 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 10,100,000 | ginger nausea | Ginger prevents nausea and vomitting for some people in certain circumstances. | Annals of Oncology | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3995184/ | https://academic.oup.com/annonc/article/28/10/2547/3896339 | 88 | |||||||
94 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 428,000 | ginkgo biloba dementia | Insufficient clinical trial evidence for the use of ginkgo bilboa as a treatment for dementia. | University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | 89 | ||||||||
95 | ginseng | 1 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 797,000 | ginseng cognitive function | No convincing evidence for ginseng enhancing cognition in healthy people, and only low quality evidence that it helps dementia patients. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007769/DEMENTIA_no-convincing-evidence-of-a-cognitive-enhancing-effect-of-panax-ginseng. | 90 | ||||||||
96 | glucosamine | 3 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 4,830,000 | glucosamine arthritis | Studies using a specific brand of glucosamine (Rotta) found that patients' pain decreased. However, studies using other brands found no difference between glucosamine and placebo. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002946/MUSKEL_glucosamine-for-osteoarthritis | 91 | ||||||||
97 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 1 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 1,850,000 | glutamine gastrointestinal disease | Insufficient evidence to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005947.pub4/full?highlightAbstract=disease%7Cinfants%7Cglutamin%7Cgastrointestin%7Cyoung%7Cfor%7Csupplementation%7Cwithdrawn%7Cdiseas%7Cglutamine%7Cinfant%7Cgastrointestinal%7Cwith%7Csever%7Cfour%7Csupplement%7Csevere | 92 | |||||||
98 | glutamine | 1 | mortality in preterm infants | general health | compound | 248,000 | glutamine preterm | No evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | http://www.cochrane.org/CD001457/NEONATAL_glutamine-supplementation-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-preterm-infants | 93 | ||||||||
99 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | eye & skin | plant / herb | 1,880,000 | goji berry eye health | Supplementation for 90 days appeared to show some improvements in eye-health for seniors. But more research is needed. | Optometry and Vision Science | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/Abstract/2011/02000/Goji_Berry_Effects_on_Macular_Characteristics_and.12.aspx | 94 | |||||||
100 | grape seed extract | 1 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 735,000 | grape seed extract wound healing | Some preliminary evidence | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/grape-seed-extract/ | http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/gjhs/article/view/40015 | 95 | ||||||||
101 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 25,800,000 | green tea cancer prevention | The evidence is conflicting. However, drinking 3-5 cups a day might have general health benefits. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | 96 | ||||||||
102 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 50,000,000 | green tea cholesterol | Might help to reduce total cholesterol levels, but trials were small and exposed to bias. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD009934/VASC_green-and-black-tea-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 97 | ||||||||
103 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 3 | blood pressure, cardiovascular disease | cardio | fruit | 18,400,000 | hawthorn heart | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term trials are needed. | Mixed results, with some studies showing no effect and others suggesting positive benefits. Larger, longer-term randomized clinical trials are needed. | Cochrane; BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Phytotherapy Research | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005312.pub2/abstract | https://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-12-26 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.947 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.6094 | 98 | |||||
104 | hawthorn | crataegus spp. | 5 | chronic heart failure | cardio | fruit | 1,070,000 | hawthorn heart failure | Hawthorn improves heart function in those with chronic heart failure. | Randomized, controlled trials in patients with heart failure have demonstrated that hawthorn increases functional capacity, alleviates disabling symptoms, and improves health-related quality of life. It has a very favourable safety profile both as monotherapy and add-on therapy. | American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40256-017-0249-9 | 99 | ||||||
105 | horsetail | Equisetum arvense, shavegrass, common horsetail, field horsetail, tsukushi | 2 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vegetable | 98,600 | horsetail osteoporosis | A small, old study showed horsetail improved bone density in menopausal women. | Contains silicon, a mineral needed for bone health. An old (1999) study of menopausal women treated with titrated dry horsetail extract for 40 or 80 days showed improved bone density above placebo. Improvements were enhanced when the women took horsetail in combination with calcium. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/095/CN-00415095/frame.html | 100 | |||||||
106 | horse chestnut seed extract | 4 | CVI | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 104,000 | horse chestnut seed extract chronic venous insufficiency | Horse chestnut seed extract is effective in treating chronic venous insufficiency. However, further research is needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003230/PVD_horse-chestnut-seed-extract-for-long-term-or-chronic-venous-insufficiency | 101 | |||||||
107 | hyaluronic acid | 2 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 1,840,000 | hyaluronic acid arthritis | Injected hyaluronic acid might have a small effect in the treatment of osteoarthritis. However, the trials are biased and the results questionable. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | 102 | ||||||||
108 | iron | 4 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 185,000,000 | iron child development -anaemia | Iron supplementation in infants might benefit their psychomotor development, but not their mental or behavioural development. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | 103 | ||||||||
109 | iron + folic acid | 4 | maternal and infant health | reproductive | compound | 3,320,000 | iron folic acid maternal infant | Reduces iron deficiency anaemia for pregnant women. The impact on babies is less clear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004736/PREG_effects-and-safety-preventive-oral-iron-or-iron-folic-acid-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy | 104 | ||||||||
110 | kava | 2 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 964,000 | kava anxiety | Might have a small but significant effect on anxiety, but more information is required about the safety of long-term use. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003383/DEPRESSN_kava-extract-for-treating-anxiety | 105 | ||||||||
111 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 271,000 | krill oil pms | Krill oil significantly reduced both emotional and physical PMS symptoms in one study. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | 106 | ||||||||
112 | L-arginine | 1 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 19,600,000 | L arginine performance | One study found that L-arginine had a significant beneficial impact on exercise performance. However, the trial was tiny. | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | 107 | ||||||||
113 | L-carnitine | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 2,900,000 | l carnitine diabetes | May alleviate pain in patients with diabetic nerve issues (neuropathy). | Diabetes Care | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/28/1/89.short | 108 | ||||||||
114 | L-lysine | 1 | herpes | sexual health, infections | compound | 907,000 | L lysine herpes | No evidence that lysine has a preventative effect on cold sores. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010095/SKIN_measures-preventing-cold-sores | 109 | ||||||||
115 | lavender | 2 | depression, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 31,900,000 | lavender depression | Suggestive evidence for reduced anxiety. No effect on depression. | Examine.com | https://examine.com/supplements/lavender/ | http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/21438645 | 110 | ||||||||
116 | lavender | 1 | sleep, relaxation, anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 11,100,000 | lavender relaxation sleep | One small study found inhaling lavender before bed relieves sleepiness on waking in healthy adults, but the trial was tiny. | Perceptual and Motor Skills | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | http://www.amsciepub.com/doi/abs/10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122 | 111 | ||||||||
117 | leucine | 1 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 10,300,000 | leucine protein synthesis | One study found drinking leucine solution while exercising speeds up recovery, but the trial was tiny. | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | 112 | ||||||||
118 | lingzhi + san miao san | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 17,800 | lingzhi san miao san arthritis | This combination of Chinese herbs may reduce pain, but does not provide any other significant benefits (e.g. antiinflammatory). | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | 113 | ||||||||
119 | lutein | 1 | age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | eye & skin | compound | 5,390,000 | lutein eye health | Taking lutein alone (or combined with zeaxanthin) may have little or no effect on progression to late AMD and vision loss (low-certainty evidence). | Cochrane | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000254.pub4/abstract | 114 | ||||||||
120 | lycopene | 2 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 720,000 | lycopene prostate cancer | Insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of lycopene in preventing prostate cancer. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008007/PROSTATE_lycopene-for-the-prevention-of-prostate-cancer | 115 | ||||||||
121 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 49,300,000 | magnesium blood pressure | Low levels of magnesium in the diet are linked to high blood pressure and cholesterol. Magnesium treatment might be effective as a preventative. | International Journal of Cardiology | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016752731501270X | 116 | ||||||||
122 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1,240,000 | magnesium vitamin B6 child ADHD | Children with ADHD tend to have low magnesium and vitamin B6 levels. It's unclear whether supplementation reduces the symptoms of ADHD. | Magnes Restauracja | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928358 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | 117 | |||||||
123 | melatonin | 2 | sleep disturbances | mental health | compound | 16,900,000 | melatonin sleep | Can help to regulate the body-clock and improve sleep. However, it does not affect all groups of people in the same way, and the evidence is low quality. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009776.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=sleep%7Cwithdrawn%7Cmelatonin | 118 | ||||||||
124 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis, diabetes | general health, infections | plant / herb | 2,040,000 | milk thistle liver disease | Might be beneficial in treating hepatitis and other liver diseases, and protecting the liver from the impact of diabetes. However, the trials were low quality. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003620/LIVER_no-evidence-supporting-or-refuting-milk-thistle-for-alcoholic-andor-hepatitis-b-or-c-virus-liver-diseases | 119 | ||||||||
125 | mistletoe | 3 | breast & neck cancers | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 1,080,000 | mistletoe supplement | Some preliminary evidence for improving quality of life in breast cancer patients. Evidence for other cancers is weak. More studies needed. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003297.pub2/full | |||||||||
126 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 2,160,000 | MSM arthritis | Associated with slight reduction in pain and improvement in function, but the results may not be clinically significant. | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/11/50/ | 120 | ||||||||
127 | myo-inositol | in pregnancy | 4 | gestational diabetes | diabetes | compound | 52,600 | myo-inositol gestational diabetes | Potential benefit for reducing the incidence of gestational diabetes. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011507/PREG_taking-myo-inositol-dietary-supplement-during-pregnancy-prevent-development-gestational-diabetes | 121 | |||||||
128 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 1 | OCD, addiction | mental health | other | 291,000 | NAC OCD | Problems with glutamate function in the brain are thought to affect addiction and compulsive behaviour. NAC might improve glutamate function. | Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4423164/ | 122 | ||||||||
129 | nettle | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 410,000 | nettles prostate | Might be effective in treating urinary issues in men by reducing inflammation. But we could find no recent studies. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | 123 | ||||||||
130 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 3,620,000 | vitamin B3 heart disease | POTENTIALLY HARMFUL. Has long been thought an effective treatment for heart disease, but recent findings show that it does not help, and can have severe adverse effects. | The New England Journal of Medicine. | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300955 | 124 | ||||||||
131 | olive leaf extract | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 5,840,000 | olive leaf extract blood pressure cholesterol | One study found beneficial effects on vascular health, although the trial was small. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9860730&fileId=S0007114515001269 | 125 | ||||||||
132 | omega 3 | 1 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2,360,000 | omega 3 child ADHD | Insufficient evidence to suggest omega 3 has any beneficial effect on children with ADHD. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007986/BEHAV_polyunsaturated-fatty-acids-pufa-supplements-for-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-in-children-and-adolescents | 126 | ||||||||
133 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 1,360,000 | omega 3 ALA heart disease | Insufficient evidence to claim that omega 3 has any impact on heart health, either in healthy people or those with cardiovascular disease. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003177/VASC_there-is-not-enough-evidence-to-say-that-people-should-stop-taking-rich-sources-of-omega-3-fats-but-further-high-quality-trials-are-needed-to-confirm-the-previously-suggested-protective-effect-of-omega-3-fats-for-those-at-increased-cardiovas | 127 | ||||||||
134 | omega 6 | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 64,300,000 | omega 6 cancer | One study found that omega 6 prevented tumours from growing, but this was a cell study, i.e. not tested on humans. | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | 128 | ||||||||
135 | omega 6 | 1 | heart health | cardio | compound | 68,400,000 | omega 6 heart health | No benefit on heart health. | British Medical Journal | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8707 | 129 | ||||||||
136 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 35,100 | pau d'arco decongestant | HARMFUL. Highly toxic. If used at all, should be used with extreme caution. | Oncology Nursing Forum | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/582a/65c49c737111cc5416303877d4c5c0c5a093.pdf | 130 | ||||||||
137 | peppermint oil | 5 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 1,080,000 | peppermint oil IBS | Relaxes muscles, which relieves IBS-related muscle spasms. Peppermint oil might be more effective than conventional anti-spasmodics and fibre treatment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003460.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cib%7Cibs%7Cpeppermint | 131 | ||||||||
138 | piracetam | 2 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 475,000 | piracetam memory | Evidence does not support the use of piracetam as a treatment for cognitive impairment. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001011/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cpiracetam | 132 | ||||||||
139 | potassium | 1 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 56,000,000 | potassium blood pressure | Medication that prevents potassium loss has no significant impact on blood pressure at low doses. Trials at high doses are unavailable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008167/HTN_the-blood-pressure-lowering-effect-of-enac-blockers-is-not-known | 133 | ||||||||
140 | probiotics | 2 | candida | reproductive | other | 3,940,000 | probiotics candida | Very low quality evidence. High quality trials needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010496/STI_probiotics-vulvovaginal-candidiasis-non-pregnant-women | 134 | ||||||||
141 | probiotics | 3 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 8,880,000 | probiotics cholesterol blood pressure | Conflicting evidence and unclear results. | Internal Journal of Molecular Sciences | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/11/6/2499/htm | 135 | ||||||||
142 | probiotics | 3 | IBS | digestion | other | 6,700,000 | probiotics IBS | A particular probiotic (B. infantis 35624) improves IBS symptoms such as pain, bloating, and bowel movement difficulty. Evidence for other types of probiotic is limited. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | 136 | ||||||||
143 | probiotics | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | other | 1,190,000 | probiotics urinary tract infection | No significant evidence that probiotics are any more effective than placebo in treating UTIs. Quality of evidence is poor. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008772/RENAL_probiotics-preventing-urinary-tract-infections-adults-and-children | 137 | ||||||||
144 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhea | digestion | other | 1,420,000 | probiotics antibiotic diarrhea | Effective for preventing diarrhea associated with antibiotic use | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006095/IBD_use-probiotics-prevent-clostridium-difficile-diarrhea-associated-antibiotic-use | 138 | ||||||||
145 | reishi mushroom | G. lucidum | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant/herb | 601,000 | reishi mushroom cancer | Possible effect on recovery from chemotherapy. But studies were small and there were some quality concerns. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007731/GYNAECA_g-lucidum-reishi-mushroom-cancer-treatment | 139 | |||||||
146 | resveratrol | 2 | heart health | cardio | compound | OTW | 6,560,000 | resveratrol heart health | Resveratrol may have cardioprotective benefits, although scientists don't know quite how it works. | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | 140 | |||||||
147 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer | cancer | compound | 7,130,000 | resveratrol cancer | No human trials as yet. | Cancer Letters | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12205/abstract?userIsAuthenticated=false&deniedAccessCustomisedMessage= | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | 141 | |||||||
148 | resveratrol | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | compound | 6,940,000 | resveratrol diabetes | Some preliminary evidence for relieving diabetes symptoms. | British Journal of Nutrition | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385509 | 142 | ||||||||
149 | rhodiola rosea L. | 2 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 258,000 | rhodiola rosea L fatigue | Rhodiola rosea L. is effective in treating fatigue. However, the quality of the trials conducted is questionable. | Complementary and Alternative Medicine | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/12/70 | 143 | ||||||||
150 | saffron | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 2,820,000 | saffron depression | Possible anti-depressant effect. But solid evidence is lacking. | Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytomedicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Journal of Integrative Medicine, Human Psychopharmacology | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032717315884 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095496414601412 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2434/full | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032716310217 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944711317301447 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874104005628 | 144 | |||||||
151 | SAM-e | 1 | depression | mental health | compound | 313,000,000 | SAM-e depression | A review of eight studies showed no strong evidence of the effectiveness of SAM-e when taken on its own. More study needed. | Current Psychiatry Reports | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011286.pub2/full?highlightAbstract=withdrawn%7Cdepress%7Cdepression%7Ce%7Csam | https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/786.html | 145 | |||||||
152 | saw palmetto | 1 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 2,150,000 | saw palmetto prostate | No evidence that it improves urinary-tract-related problems. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001423.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=saw%7Cwithdrawn%7Cpalmett%7Cpalmetto | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | 146 | |||||||
153 | selenium | 1 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 19,400,000 | selenium cancer | Insufficient evidence that selenium lowers cancer risk. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005195/GYNAECA_selenium-for-preventing-cancer | 147 | ||||||||
154 | silicic acid | 1 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 48,800 | silicic acid Alzheimer's | Silicic acid might help to prevent Alzheimer's Disease by decreasing the amount of aluminium in the body. We await more research. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | 148 | |||||||
155 | slippery elm | 1 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 973,000 | slippery elm sore throat | No clinical evidence for sore throats. | Pediatrics in Review | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathi_Kemper2/publication/274637505_herbs_in_pediatric_and_adolescent_medicine-_gardiner-_peds_in_review_2000/links/55242e490cf2b123c51736e8.pdf | 149 | ||||||||
156 | spirulina | 1 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 837,000 | spirulina blood pressure cholesterol | Very preliminary evidence shows Spirulina reducing blood pressure and lower lipids. | Journal of Medicinal Food | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298191 | 150 | ||||||||
157 | St John's wort | 4 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 1,500,000 | st john's wort depression | St John's Wort performs better than a placebo in improving depression symptoms, and not significantly different to antidepressants, which had more side-effects. | Cochrane, Systematic Reviews | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://www.cochrane.org/CD000448/DEPRESSN_st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-016-0325-2 | 151 | |||||||
158 | St John's wort | 1 | PMS | reproductive, women | plant / herb | 249,000 | st john's wort PMS | Daily treatment with St. John's wort had no effect on the emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. | CNS Drugs | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/0167482X.2010.538102#.VcoSgJNVhBc | 152 | ||||||||
159 | taurine | 1 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1,860,000 | taurine weight loss | No human trials. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221507 | 153 | ||||||||
160 | TMG | trimethylglycine | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 182,000 | tmg metabolism | No significant effect on metabolism in humans. | Schwab 2002 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | 154 | |||||||
161 | tryptophan | 3 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 233,000 | tryptophan 5-HTP depression | Tryptophan and 5-HTP might alleviate depression, but the studies conducted are unreliable, and the safety of the substances is questionable. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD003198/DEPRESSN_tryptophan-and-5-hydroxytryptophan-for-depression | 155 | ||||||||
162 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 2,790,000 | turmeric curcumin cancer | Might have anti-cancer effects, particularly on colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | 156 | ||||||
163 | turmeric | curcumin | 3 | peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 857,000 | turmeric peptic ulcer colitis | May be an effective therapy for peptic ulcers and ulcerative colitis when combined with conventional medications. However, larger trials are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008424/IBD_curcumin-for-maintenance-of-remission-in-ulcerative-colitis | 157 | ||||||
164 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | depression | mental health | plant/herb | 10,700,000 | turmeric depression | May have benefits. However, it has poor bioavailability. 9-20 teaspoons daily would be required to get the desired effect. | Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Journal of Affective Disorders, Phytotherapy Research, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5524/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525861016306752 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032714003620 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.5025/full http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0924977X14003265 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000 http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2015/08000/Chronic_Supplementation_of_Curcumin_Enhances_the.9.aspx | 158 | ||||||
165 | turmeric | curcumin | 2 | memory | cognition | plant / herb | 1,200,000 | turmeric curcumin memory | A high quality, long-term (18 months), but small study (40 subjects) found that 90mg of curcumin twice daily improved memory in adults without dementia. | American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748117305110 | 159 | |||||||
166 | L-tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory | cognition | compound | 49,700 | tyrosine alertness wakefulness memory | Evidence suggests that tyrosine intake slightly improves working memory and information processing in healthy adults under strain. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 160 | ||||||||
167 | L-tyrosine | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 4,830,000 | tyrosine mental health | Tyrosine may help with mental health problems by maintaining neurotransmitters, which affect mood. | Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behaviour | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091305715000945 | 161 | ||||||||
168 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | 2,310,000 | valerian anxiety | One study found no difference between valerian and placebo in the treatment of anxiety. Research using larger samples is required. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004515/DEPRESSN_valerian-for-anxiety-disorders | 162 | ||||||||
169 | valerian | 0 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 1,140,000 | valerian insomnia | HARMFUL? No significant differences between valerian and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. Valerian might have a number of adverse side effects. | Sleep Medicine Reviews | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079214001476 | 163 | ||||||||
170 | vitamin A | 4 | child mortality, diarrhea, measles | general health, infections | vitamin | 45,600,000 | vitamin A child death | Reduces overall risk of death and death due to diarrhoea by 12%. Vitamin A does not specifically reduce death due to measles, respiratory infections, or meningitis, but it can reduce new occurrences of diarrhoea and measles. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.cochrane.org/CD008524/BEHAV_vitamin-supplementation-preventing-disease-and-death-children-aged-six-months-five-years | http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/9/09-068080/en/ | 164 | |||||||
171 | vitamin A | retinold | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 635,000 | vitamin A retinol birth defects | HARMFUL. High doses (10,000 ID/per day) can cause birth defects in human and animal infants. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | 165 | |||||||
172 | vitamin B | 2 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 16,200,000 | vitamin B Alzheimer's | Vitamin B treatment slows brain shrinkage and significantly reduces brain cell death. | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | http://www.pnas.org/content/110/23/9523.short | 166 | ||||||||
173 | Vitamin B | 4 | schizophrenia | mental health | vitamin | 5,580,000 | vitamin B schizophrenia | A review of 18 studies found that vitamin B reduced psychiatric symptoms significantly more than in a control group. | Psychological Medicine | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/div-classtitlethe-effects-of-vitamin-and-mineral-supplementation-on-symptoms-of-schizophrenia-a-systematic-review-and-meta-analysisdiv/3CFE6C3B0FED2ED04B9968AD2660EA08 | 167 | ||||||||
174 | vitamin B2 | riboflavin | 2 | migraine | pain | vitamin | OTW | 683,000 | vitamin B2 migraine | May reduce the frequency of migraines. | Neurological Science | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10072-014-1755-z#page-1 | 168 | ||||||
175 | vitamin B3 | 2 | skin cancer | cancer | vitamin | 3,160,000 | vitamin B3 skin cancer | May prevent skin cancer. | International Journal of Cancer, Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, New England Journal of Medicine | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ijc.30630/full | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506197#t=article http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpp.12328/full http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21299/full | 169 | |||||||
176 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 94,200 | vitamin B8 panic ocd | Several small studies suggest anti-anxiety effects, but more research is needed. | Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | http://journals.lww.com/psychopharmacology/Abstract/2001/06000/Double_Blind,_Controlled,_Crossover_Trial_of.14.aspx | 170 | |||||||
177 | vitamin B8 | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 860,000 | vitamin B8 depression | The evidence for vitamin B8 (also known as Inositol) as a treatment for depression is unclear. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | http://www.cochrane.org/CD004049/DEPRESSN_inositol-for-depression | 171 | ||||||||
178 | vitamin C | 4 | colds | infections | vitamin | 9,430,000 | vitamin C colds | Vitamin C supplementation does not reduce the incidence of colds in the general population, although it can shorten their duration. For those under extreme physical stress (e.g. marathon runners) vitamin C appears to half the risk of developing a cold. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | http://www.cochrane.org/CD000980/ARI_vitamin-c-for-preventing-and-treating-the-common-cold | 172 | ||||||||
179 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 166,000,000 | vitamin D cancer | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (25,871 participants over 5 years) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of invasive cancers. | PubMed, New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697 | 173 | ||||||||
180 | vitamin D | 3 | asthma attacks | respiratory | vitamin | OTW | 37,100,000 | vitamin D asthma | Some protection against severe asthma attacks in adults with mild to moderate asthma. Further trials focusing on children and people who experience frequent severe asthma attacks are needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011511/AIRWAYS_vitamin-d-prevent-asthma-attacks | 174 | |||||||
181 | vitamin D | 4 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 80,200,000 | vitamin D bone health | It appears that supplementation for those with vitamin D deficiency increases bone density and helps to prevent fractures. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.cochrane.org/CD006944/MUSKEL_vitamin-d-for-improving-bone-density-in-children | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689393 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997213000402 | 175 | ||||||
182 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 27,500,000 | vitamin D depression mood | Low levels of vitamin D in the body are associated with depression, but whether or not vitamin D deficiency actually causes depression is uncertain. | British Journal of Psychology | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/202/2/100.short | 176 | ||||||||
183 | vitamin D | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 154,000,000 | vitamin D diabetes | The association between vitamin D status and diabetes is unclear. | Annals of Internal Medicine | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | 177 | ||||||||
184 | vitamin D | 3 | flu | infections | vitamin | 31,800,000 | vitamin d flu | In one trial, 10.8% of children taking vitamin D(3) contracted influenza, compared with 18.6% of children in the placebo group. It also reduced the number of flu-related asthma attacks. | Urashima et al. 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | 178 | ||||||||
185 | vitamin D | 4 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 44,500,000 | vitamin D health mortality | A review suggests that vitamin D3 may reduce mortality, showing that about 150 participants need to be treated over five years for one additional life to be saved. It found some evidence that vitamin D3 seems to decrease mortality in elderly people not dependent on help or living in institutional care. | Cochrane | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007470.pub3/full?highlightAbstract=mortality%7Cwithdrawn%7Cd%7Cvitamin%7Cmortal | http://ebm.bmj.com/content/13/2/47.full | 179 | |||||||
186 | vitamin D | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 109,000,000 | vitamin D heart disease | One of the largest & most rigorous trials ever conducted (over 83,000 participants) found that vitamin D supplementation did not result in lower incidence of cardiovascular events. | JAMA, New England Journal of Medicine | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/article-abstract/2735646 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | 180 | ||||||||
187 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 62,600,000 | vitamin E mortality | HARMFUL? High dosages might increase all-cause mortality. Small amounts can be beneficial, but the line between helpful and dangerous is unclear at this stage. | American College of Physicians | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=718049 | 181 | |||||||
188 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 2 | Alzheimer's disease | neurological | vitamin | 29,000,000 | vitamin e Alzheimer | No to slight evidence. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | http://www.cochrane.org/CD002854/DEMENTIA_use-vitamin-e-treatment-mild-cognitive-impairment-and-alzheimers-disease-ad | 182 | |||||||
189 | Vitamin K | 1 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | vitamin | 65,600,000 | vitamin k heart disease | More evidence needed. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | http://www.cochrane.org/CD011148/VASC_vitamin-k-supplementation-prevent-cardiovascular-disease | 183 | ||||||||
190 | Vitamin K2 | 3 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | 1,470,000 | vitamin k2 prostate cancer | No conclusive evidence. | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, OncoTarget | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5593683/ | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | 184 | |||||||
191 | vitamin K2 | 4 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 473,000 | vitamin K2 osteoporosis | Vitamin K2 has repeatedly been shown to improve bone strength, particularly in post-menopausal women. | Osteoporosis International | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9#page-1 | 185 | ||||||||
192 | xylitol | 4 | middle ear infection | infections | plant / herb | 311,000 | xylitol ear infection | Was found to reduce middle ear infections in otherwise healthy children by 8% (from 30% to 22%). It was administered via chewing gum, lozenges or syrup. Other studies have had similar positive results. | Cochrane, Medicine | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | http://www.cochrane.org/CD007095/ARI_xylitol-sugar-supplement-preventing-middle-ear-infection-children-12-years-age | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753897/ | 186 | |||||||
193 | xylitol | 2 | teeth | general health | compound | 3,080,000 | xylitol teeth | Some evidence that xylitol in toothpaste might reduce tooth decay by 13% over 3 years. The studies have been of low quality, though. | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | http://www.cochrane.org/CD010743/ORAL_can-xylitol-used-in-products-like-sweets-candy-chewing-gum-and-toothpaste-help-prevent-tooth-decay-in-children-and-adults | 187 | ||||||||
194 | zinc | 4 | colds | infections, respiratory | mineral | 2,540,000 | zinc colds | Oral zinc formulations may shorten symptoms of common cold infections. However, large high-quality trials are needed. Side effects can be common. | CMAJ | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | http://www.cmaj.ca/content/184/10/E551.short | 188 | ||||||||
195 | zinc | 5 | pneumonia (children) | infections | mineral | 4,370,000 | zinc pneumonia | Zinc supplementation in children is associated with a reduction in the incidence and prevalence of pneumonia. | Cochrane, WHO | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.cochrane.org/CD005978/ARI_zinc-supplementation-prevention-pneumonia-children-aged-two-59-months | http://www.who.int/elena/titles/bbc/zinc_pneumonia_children/en/ | 189 |
| A | |
|---|---|
1 | |
2 | Coffee Drinking Linked to Lower Mortality Risk, New Study Finds |
3 | https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/01/well/eat/coffee-study-lower-dying-risk.html?referringSource=articleShare |
| A | B | C | D | E | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | supplement | condition | change | change notes | date |
2 | CoQ10 | blood pressure | downgraded | Downgraded from 3 to 1 | Apr 2019 |
3 | Vitamin K | cardiovascular disease | downgraded | Downgraded from 3 to 1. | Apr 2019 |
4 | fish oil / omega 3 | depression | downgraded | Downgraded from 3 to 2 | Apr 2019 |
5 | vitamin E | Alzheimer's disease | downgraded | Downgraded from 3 to 2. | Apr 2019 |
6 | SAMe | depression | downgraded | Downgraded from 4 to 1. | Apr 2019 |
7 | Zinc | colds | downgraded | Downgraded from 5 to 4. | Apr 2019 |
8 | St John’s Wort | depression | downgraded | Downgraded from 6 to 4. | Apr 2019 |
9 | Vitamin K2 | heart disease | downgraded | Downgraded from a 4 to a 1. | Apr 2019 |
10 | fish oil / omega 3 (in pregnancy) | preterm birth | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
11 | myo-inositol (in pregnancy) gestational diabetes | gestational diabetes | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
12 | Probiotics | vulvovaginal candida | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
13 | reishi mushroom | cancer | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
14 | Saffron | depression | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
15 | turmeric (curcumin) | depression | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
16 | vitamin A | child mortality | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
17 | vitamin B3 | skin cancer | new entry | New entry. | May 2019 |
18 | vitamin D | asthma attacks | new entry | New entry. | May 2019 |
19 | Zinc | pneumonia (children) | new entry | New entry. | Apr 2019 |
20 | Calcium plus vit D | bone health | consolidated | Separate entries - were previously combined. | Apr 2019 |
21 | elderberry | flu | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
22 | fish oil / omega 3 | asthma | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
23 | fish oil / omega 3 | cardiovascular disease | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
24 | glutamine | glutamine | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
25 | K2 | prostate cancer | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
26 | lutein | age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
27 | probiotics | antibiotic-associated diarrhea | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
28 | vitamin D | cancer | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
29 | Vitamin D | general mortality | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
30 | Xylitol | middle ear infection | score unchanged | Updated notes & sources. Score unchanged. | Apr 2019 |
31 | garlic | cancer treatment | upgraded | Upgraded from 1 to 2. | Apr 2019 |
32 | Wholegrains | diabetes | upgraded | Upgraded from 1 to 6. | Apr 2019 |
33 | Agnus Castus | PMS | upgraded | Upgraded from 4 to 6. | Apr 2019 |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | name | alternativename | primaryvalue | subcategory | category | type | highlight | metric_001 | metric_002 | metric_003 | metric_004 | notes | exclude | firstsource | secondsource | thirdsource | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | supplement | alternative name | EVIDENCE | condition | HEALTH CONDITION | TYPE | one to watch | POPULAR INTEREST | NO OF STUDIES WE EXAMINED | SCIENTIFIC INTEREST | UNUSED | notes | Exclude | Cochrane systematic review | Other International review board or metastudy | Link to main individual study | main study source | no. of studies in Cochrane metastudy | no. of studies in metastudy | year(s) of metastudy | No. of individual studies / reviews | N positive studies / trials | % positive studies / trials | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | |||||
3 | our score. 0 = no evidence, 1,2 = slight, 3 = conflicting , 4 = promising, 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles) - "supplement name + health" | Number of citations on Google Scholar (2000-2012) - "supplement name + health" | % improvement in trials. | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | Show this item in the viz? | (i.e, those that are not systematic or other reviews). | N trials showing benefit in areas tested (p<.05). 0.5 = significant results in some areas but not others | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | açaà berry | 0 | plant / herb | 22.7 | 3690 | PubMed | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | aloe vera | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 21.4 | 12400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091 | PubMed | http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/731244 | "Ten studies were located. They suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be a useful adjunct for lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as for reducing blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Topical application of aloe vera is not an effective preventative for radiation-induced injuries. It might be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. Whether it promotes wound healing is unclear. There are major caveats associated with all of these statements. CONCLUSION: Even though there are some promising results, clinical effectiveness of oral or topical aloe vera is not sufficiently defined at present." Vogler and Ernst (1999). 'Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness.' Br. J. Gen. Pract. 49/447, 823-28. PMID: 10885091. | ^ Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245–248. | ^ Nassiff HA, Fajardo F, Velez F. (1993) Effecto del aloe sobre la hiperlipidemia en pacientes refractarios a la dieta. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr 9:43–51 | 5000 angina patients adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe vera' to their diet had reduced total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increased HDL Agarwal 1985 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid, burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 21.4 | 16800 | There is currently an absence of high quality clinical trial evidence to support the use of Aloe vera as treatment for wounds. | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD008762/aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | Cochrane Review | 7 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | andro-graphis | 2 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 0.644 | 3630 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748896 | Meta-analysis of 3 trials (433 patients) found Andrographis paniculata extract alone or in combination with Acanthopanax senticosus was more effective than placebo & may be an effective treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection. Poolsup et al (2004). PMID: 14748896. | Andrographis paniculata (N.) extract SHA-10 fixed combination, Kan Jang, shows a positive effect in 95 individuals in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections and also relieves the inflammatory symptoms of sinusitis and the drug was well tolerated. Gabrielian 2002 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | anti-oxidants | 4 | infertility in men | sex, men, children | compound | 28 | 305000 | http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/systematic-review-effect-oral-antioxidants/20378409.html | Reproductive Biomedicine Online | "A systematic review of randomized studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, folate, carnitine and carotenoids) on sperm quality and pregnancy rate in infertile men. Seventeen randomized trials, including a total of 1,665 men, were identified, which differed in the populations studied and type, dosage and duration of antioxidants used. 14 of the 17 (82%) trials showed an improvement in either sperm quality or pregnancy rate after antioxidant therapy. Ten trials examined pregnancy rate and six showed a significant improvement after antioxidant therapy. The use of oral antioxidants in infertile men could improve sperm quality and pregnancy rates." Ross et al (2010). 'A systematic review of the effect of oral antioxidants on male infertility.' Reprod Biomed Online 20. PMID: 20378409. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | anti-oxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 1.03 | 12100 | beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death, not lower it | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/297/8/842.full.pdf | Cochrane Review | 78 | 2012 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153272 | "We did not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements have beneficial effects on mortality. Even more, beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death. Further randomized trials are needed to establish the effects of vitamin C and selenium." Bjelakovic et al (2007). 'Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'. JAMA 297/8, 842-57. | "Randomised primary and secondary intervention trials have failed to show any consistent benefit from the use of antioxidant supplements on cardiovascular disease or cancer risk, with some trials even suggesting possible harm in certain subgroups. " Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (2004). "A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'". Public Health Nutr 7 (3): 407–22. | "To date, [...] the published results of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of supplements containing antioxidant nutrients have not provided clear evidence of a beneficial effect." Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S (2004). "The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals". Arch Intern Med 164 (21): 2335–42. | |||||||||||||||||||||
10 | aspartic acid | 0 | compound | 2.34 | 98900 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | asta-xanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | OTW | 1.65 | 8060 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656058 | PubMed | "There have been at least eight clinical studies conducted in over 180 humans using astaxanthin to assess its safety, bioavailability and clinical aspects relevant to oxidative stress, inflammation or the cardiovascular system. There have been no adverse outcomes reported. Studies have demonstrated reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and improved blood rheology." Fassett and Coombes (2009). PMID: 19656058. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727382?dopt=Abstract | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | astragalus | 0.5 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 0.385 | 19900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | Block, Mead (2003) | Astragalus is the least-studied agent. There are some preclinical trials that show intriguing immune activity. The herbs discussed appear to have satisfactory safety profiles. Cancer patients may wish to use these botanicals to inhibit tumor growth or to boost resistance to infections. However, passive immunotherapy with herbs, with no mechanism to expose tumor antigens, is unlikely to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth. Although the margin of safety for these herbs is large, more research is needed to demonstrate the clear value of using herbs to improve resistance to infections. Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Sep;2(3):247-67. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | B vitamins | 0.5 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 7.62 | 26400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854539 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216507 | "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial of high-dose folate, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) supplementation in 409 (of 601 screened) individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease. RESULTS: A total of 340 participants (202 in active treatment group and 138 in placebo group) completed the trial while taking study medication. Although the vitamin supplement regimen was effective in reducing homocysteine levels, it had no beneficial effect on the primary cognitive measure, rate of change in ADAS-cog score during 18 months, or on any secondary measures. A higher quantity of adverse events involving depression was observed in the group treated with vitamin supplements. CONCLUSION: This regimen of high-dose B vitamin supplements does not slow cognitive decline in individuals with mild to moderate AD." Aisen et al (2008). PMID: 18854539. | "INTRODUCTION: Whether homocysteine lowering by B vitamins can reduce cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia patients is unclear. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 140 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia were randomly assigned to take 1 mg of methylcobalamin and 5 mg of folic acid, or placebo once daily for 24 months. The primary outcome was Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS). CONCLUSION: Homocysteine lowering in dementia patients did not significantly reduce global cognitive decline." | "Male and female patients aged >50 years with mild to moderate AD and normal folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations were enrolled. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients (45 men, 44 women; all Taiwanese; mean age 75 years) were enrolled and randomized. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of patients with mild to moderate AD in Taiwan, a multivitamin supplement containing vitamins B(6) and B(12) and folic acid for 26 weeks decreased homocysteine concentrations. No statistically significant beneficial effects on cognition or ADL function were found between multivitamin and placebo at 26 weeks." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042476 | "METHODS AND FINDINGS: Single-center, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose folic acid, vitamins B(6) and B(12) in 271 individuals (of 646 screened) over 70 y old with mild cognitive impairment. RESULTS: A total of 168 participants (85 in active treatment group; 83 receiving placebo) completed the MRI section of the trial. The mean rate of brain atrophy per year was 0.76% in the active treatment group and 1.08% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The accelerated rate of brain atrophy in elderly with mild cognitive impairment can be slowed by treatment with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins. Sixteen percent of those over 70 y old have mild cognitive impairment and half of these develop Alzheimer's disease. Since accelerated brain atrophy is a characteristic of subjects with mild cognitive impairment who convert to Alzheimer's disease, trials are needed to see if the same treatment will delay the development of Alzheimer's disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20838622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | bee pollen | 0.5 | weight loss, cancer | general health, cancer | other | 3.77 | 4160 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | Current information regarding the adverse effects of bee pollen is not very robust, therefore potential damage should be kept in mind before ingesting nutritional supplements in which it is contained. This report serves as an important reminder to the public as well as healthcare providers of the potential of renal failure related to nutritional supplements http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438524 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | benfotiamine (fat-soluble thiamin) | 0.5 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 0.44 | 1030 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446172 | Fraser et al. 2012 | Fifty-nine patients completed the study. Marked increases in whole-blood concentrations of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate were found in the benfotiamine group (both P < 0.001 vs. placebo). However, no significant differences in changes in peripheral nerve function or soluble inflammatory biomarkers were observed between the groups. Our findings suggest that high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months has no significant effects upon peripheral nerve function or soluble markers of inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 May;35(5):1095-7. Epub 2012 Mar 23. | Compared to placebo, benfotiamine did not result in significant reductions in plasma or urinary AGEs or plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation. Benfotiamine for 12 weeks did not significantly affect intermediate pathways of hyperglycemia-induced vascular complications. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40427. Epub 2012 Jul 6. | A statistically significant (p = 0.0287) improvement in the neuropathy score was observed in the group given active drug when compared to the placebo-treated controls. There was no statistically significant change observed in the tuning fork test. The most pronounced effect on complaints was a decrease in pain (p = 0.0414). More patients in the benfotiamine-treated group than in the placebo group considered their clinical condition to have improved (p = 0.052). No side effects attributable to benfotiamine were observed. The differences between the groups cannot be attributed to a change in metabolic parameters since there were no significant alterations in the HbA1 levels and blood sugar profiles. The body mass index of the two groups did not differ. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Feb;43(2):71-7. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | beta-glucans | 0 | cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 0.484 | 3280 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515245 | PubMed | "So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified beta-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of beta-glucans or beta-glucans containing compounds." Chan et al (2009). PMID: 19515245. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | beta-glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections | compound | OTW | 0.484 | 2 | 3280 | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15% in a double-blind trial. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-013-0492-z/fulltext.html | Auinger et al 2013 | Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides. These glucose polymers are constituents of the cell wall of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The healing and immunostimulating properties of mushrooms have been known for thousands of years in the Eastern countries. These mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides that mostly belong to group of beta-glucans. These substances increase host immune defense by activating complement system, enhancing macrophages and natural killer cell function. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895634 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | bitter melon | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1.3 | 2890 | PubMed | No human studies | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | bitter orange | 0 | plant / herb | 0.953 | 2970 | No human studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | black cohosh | 1 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 3.09 | 5800 | http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09513590400020922 | An isopropanolic aqueous extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (40 mg/day) was found to be a valid alternative to low-dose transdermal estradiol in the management of climacteric complaints in 64 postmenopausal women who cannot be treated with or who refuse conventional strategies. Nappi et al (2005). | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | black tea | 2 | stress | mental health | plant / herb | 1.54 | 14700 | http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.html | "Based on early research, black tea may reduce stress and help patients feel more relaxed. More research is needed to confirm these findings. It should be noted that high doses of caffeine have been linked to anxiety." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 0.711 | 5800 | http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.html | MedlinePlus | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538852 | "Several studies have explored a possible association between regular consumption of black tea and rates of cancer in populations. This research has yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefits, and others reporting no effects. Laboratory and animal studies report that components of tea, such as polyphenols, have antioxidant properties and effects against tumors. However, effects in humans remain unclear, and these components may be more common in green tea rather than in black tea. Some animal and laboratory research suggests that components of black tea may be carcinogenic, although effects in humans are not clear. Overall, the relationship of black tea consumption and human cancer remains undetermined." | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | borage seed oil | 1.5 | rheumatism | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 0.372 | 620 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8214997?dopt=Abstract | 1.4 g/d GLA in borage seed oil reduced the number of tender joints by 36% for 37 rheumatism patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week trial. Leventhal et al (1993). PMID: 8214997. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | boron | 1 | menopause | women | mineral | 6.03 | 119000 | X | deadlink | Neilsen FH, Hunt CE, Mullen LM & Hunt JR: Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASED J 1987;1:394-397 | not properly understood yet - "Boron". PDRhealth. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | bromelain | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 3.98 | 5900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | "All previous trials, which have been uncontrolled or comparative studies, indicate its potential use for the treatment of osteoarthritis. [...] The data available at present indicate the need for trials to establish the efficacy and optimum dosage for bromelain and the need for adequate prospective adverse event monitoring in such chronic conditions as osteoarthritis." Brien et al (2004). 'Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.' Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 1/3, 251–57. PMID 15841258. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | butterbur | Petasites hybridus | 4 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 0.408 | 5 | 3600 | Butterbur extract may be effective at preventing migraines and appears to be safe. 75 mg twice daily is more effective than 50 mg twice daily. | http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21626#ref11 | NYU Langone Medical Center | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987643 | 1) 2006 review of 2 RCTs: The extract at higher dose (150 mg) showed a greater decreased frequency of migraine attacks and a greater number of responders (improvement>50%) after treatment over 3-4 months than the extract at lower dose (100 mg) and placebo. | 2) RCT, double blind, 245 migraine patients. 75 mg dose was more effective than placebo and well tolerated as a preventive therapy for migraine. 50 mg dose not significantly more effective than placebo. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15623680 | 3) RCT, double blind, 60 participants: The frequency of migraine attacks decreased by a maximum of 60% compared to the baseline. Results significant. Well tolerated. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020030 | 4) no abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410544 | 5) The patented special butterbur root extract is safe for the treatment in humans. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12864764 | http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21626 | |||||||||||||||||||
27 | caffeine | 1 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | 10.7 | 74200 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | Song et al. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | caffeine | 3 | memory | mental health | compound | OTW | 10.7 | 3 | 74200 | Appears to enhance consolidation of long term memories. In one study, subjects who took 200mg caffeine after seeing a series of images were better at identifying similar images 24 hours later. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | Borota et al 2014 | 1) We used post-study caffeine administration to test its effect on memory consolidation using a behavioral discrimination task. Caffeine enhanced performance 24 h after administration according to an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve; this effect was specific to consolidation and not retrieval. We conclude that caffeine enhanced consolidation of long-term memories in humans. | 2) In mice, caffeine and the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist SCH 58261 facilitated memory retention when administered immediately after training, but not when administered 180 min later. The dose response was a bell-shaped curve.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10525758 | 3) Caffeine displays clearer and more robust beneficial effects on memory performance when memory is perturbed by stressful or noxious stimuli either in human or animal studies. Thus, caffeine restores memory performance in sleep-deprived or aged human individuals, a finding replicated in rodent animal models. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182043 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | calcium | 3.5 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 44.5 | 2010000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412990 | "Results of recent clinical trials indicate that calcium supplementation does not significantly reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women. However, evidence from the same studies suggests that beneficial effects on fracture risk may be seen in women who are adherent to therapy. Postmenopausal women should continue calcium supplementation to reduce osteoporosis risk." Spangler et al (2011). 'Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.' Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm, 68/4, 309-18. PMID: 21289325. | "Ca supplements appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in women late post menopause (>5 years post menopause), particularly in those with low habitual Ca intake (<400 mg/d). In women early post menopause (<5 years post menopause) who are not vitamin D deficient, Ca supplementation has little effect on bone mineral density. However, supplementation with vitamin D and Ca has been shown to reduce fracture rates in the institutionalised elderly, but there remains controversy as to whether supplementation is effective in reducing fracture in free-living populations." Lanham-New (2008). PMID: 18412990. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | calcium | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 9.91 | 2010000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887161 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073017 | "We randomly assigned 930 subjects (mean age, 61 years; 72 percent men) with a recent history of colorectal adenomas to receive either calcium carbonate (3 g [1200 mg of elemental calcium] daily) or placebo, with follow-up colonoscopies one and four years after the qualifying examination. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation is associated with a significant - though moderate - reduction in the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas." Baron et al (1999). 'Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group', N. Engl. J. Med. 340/2, 101–7. PMID: 9887161. | "We randomly assigned 665 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas to three treatment groups, in a parallel design: calcium gluconolactate and carbonate (2 g elemental calcium daily), fibre (3.5 g ispaghula husk), or placebo. Participants had colonoscopy after 3 years of follow-up. The primary endpoint was adenoma recurrence. [...] Calcium supplementation was associated with a modest but not significant reduction in the risk of adenoma recurrence." Bonithon-Kopp et al (2000). 'Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial', European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group". Lancet 356/9238, 1300–06. PMID 11073017. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | calcium + vit. D | 4 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 4.11 | 379000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533208 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697. | "METHODS: We prospectively evaluated total calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to breast cancer incidence among 10,578 premenopausal and 20,909 postmenopausal women 45 years or older who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline in the Women's Health Study. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that higher intakes of calcium and vitamin D may be associated with a lower risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer. The likely apparent protection in premenopausal women may be more pronounced for more aggressive breast tumors." Lin et al (2007). 'Intakes of calcium and vitamin d and breast cancer risk in women.' Arch. Intern. Med. 167/10, 1050–59. PMID 17533208. | "This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was fracture incidence, and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence. The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4 degrees N. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1400-1500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone (Ca-only), supplemental calcium plus 1100 IU vitamin D3/d (Ca + D), or placebo. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Lappe et al (2007). 'Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85/6, 1586–91. PMID 17556697. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | capsaicin | 0 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 3.08 | 27100 | X | no human trials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging, cataracts | general health | compound | 1.17 | 6240 | cochrane review forthcoming: http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD009493/n-acetylcarnosine-nac-drops-for-age-related-cataract | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487926 | Babizhayev et al. 2009 | The authors present evidence, about why only a certain kind of NAC is safe, and why only certain formulas designed by IVP for drug discovery are efficacious in the prevention and treatment of senile cataract for long-term use. Overall cumulated studies demonstrate that the designed by IVP new vision-saving drug NAC eye drops help the aging eye to recover by improving its clarity, glare sensitivity, color perception and overall vision. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:31-50. Epub 2009 May 14. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | cat's claw | 0 | cancer, viruses, immune system | cancer, infections | plant / herb | 1.07 | 1220 | PubMed | no human supplementation trials | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | chamomile | 0 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 2.25 | 3950 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | chang shan (halofuginone) | 0 | autoimmune | general health | plant / herb | 0.024 | 1160 | no human supplementation trials | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | chasteberry | 0 | plant / herb | 0.425 | 713 | X | no evidence | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | chocolate, dark | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 14.3 | 11200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584271 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910929 | "RESULTS: Fifteen trial arms of 13 assessed studies met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that dark chocolate is superior to placebo in reducing systolic hypertension or diastolic prehypertension." Ried et al (2010). 'Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis.' BMC Med. 8/39. PMID: 20584271. | "10 randomized controlled trials comprising 297 individuals were included in the analysis. [...] The meta-analysis confirms the BP-lowering capacity of flavanol-rich cocoa products in a larger set of trials than previously reported. However, significant statistical heterogeneity across studies could be found, and questions such as the most appropriate dose and the long-term side effect profile warrant further investigation before cocoa products can be recommended as a treatment option in hypertension." Desch et al (2010). 'Effect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis.' Am. J. Hypertens. 23/1 97-103. PMID: 19910929. | "CONCLUSION: Current randomized dietary studies indicate that consumption of foods rich in cocoa may reduce blood pressure, while tea intake appears to have no effect." Taubert et al (2007). 'Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.' Arch. Int. Med. 167/7, 626-34. PMID: 17420419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420419 | "Collectively, our data demonstrate that the human ingestion of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin is, at least in part, causally linked to the reported vascular effects observed after the consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa. -)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans." Schroeter et al (2006). '(-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans.' PNAS 23/4, 1024-09. PMID: 16418281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | chromium | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | 2.75 | 25500 | http://www.ajcn.org/content/76/1/148.full | "Conclusions: Data from RCTs show no effect of chromium on glucose or insulin concentrations in nondiabetic subjects. The data for persons with diabetes are inconclusive. RCTs in well-characterized, at-risk populations are necessary to determine the effects of chromium on glucose, insulin, and Hb A1c." Althius et al (2002). 'Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis.' American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76/1, 148-55. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | chrondroitin | 0 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 7.24 | 33100 | X | no evidence | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | cinnamon | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 35.3 | 4100 | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/1/41.long | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14633804 | "We found two prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trials and one prospective, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy of cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes; a total of 164 patients were involved in these trials. Two of the studies reported modest improvements in lowering blood glucose levels with cinnamon supplementation in small patient samples. One trial showed no significant difference between cinnamon and placebo in lowering blood glucose levels. Overall, cinnamon was well tolerated. These data suggest that cinnamon has a possible modest effect in lowering plasma glucose levels in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. However, clinicians are strongly urged to refrain from recommending cinnamon supplementation in place of the proven standard of care, which includes lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic agents, and insulin therapy." Pham et al (2007). 'Cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.' Pharmacotherapy 27/4, 595-59. PMID: 17381386. | "The results of this study [60 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 30 men, 30 women] demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases." Khan et al (2003). 'Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 26/12, 3215–38. PMID 14633804. | "Whilst definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the use of cinnamon as an antidiabetic therapy, it does possess antihyperglycaemic properties and potential to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. Further research is required to confirm a possible correlation between baseline FBG and blood glucose reduction and to assess the potential to reduce pathogenic diabetic complications with cinnamon supplementation." Kirkham et al (2009). 'The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.' Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11/12, 1100-13. PMID: 19930003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930003. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381386 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | coconut oil | 4 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 15.5 | 27900 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608053 | This study of 40 women aged 20-40 tested the effect of daily coconut oil vs soy bean oil, while following a balanced diet and exercising. "Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial, whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged. At [1 week before intervention] there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups, whereas at [1 week after intervention] group C [coconut group] presented a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL:HDL ratio. Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2, but only group C exhibited a reduction in [waist circumference]. Group S [soy bean oil] presented an increase in total cholesterol, LDL and LDL:HDL ratio, whilst HDL diminished. Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity." Assunçao et al (2009). 'Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity.' Lipids 44/7, 593-601. PMID: 19437058. | "This controlled crossover study compared the effects of a high fat diet, a low fat diet, both based on coconut oil, and a diet with a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA on diurnal postprandial levels of some hemostatic variables (n = 11) and fasting levels of Lp(a) (n = 25). In conclusion, our results indicate that a coconut oil-based diet lowers postprandial t-PA antigen concentration, and this may favorably affect the fibrinolytic system and the Lp(a) concentration compared with the HUFA-diet. The proportions of dietary saturated fatty acids more than the percentage of saturated fat energy seem to have a beneficial influence on Lp(a) levels." Müller et al (2003). PMID: 14608053. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437058 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | coffee | 3 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 5.83 | 13 | 14500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21432699 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | collagen | 0 | compound | 0.0745 | 18 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | colostrinin | 4 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 0.0127 | 4 | 203 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | Szaniszlo et al. 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12388930 | The results we obtained showed that Colostrinin induced slight but statistically significant improvement or stabilization of the health status of the patients in the trial. The adverse reactions observed, if any, were remarkably mild, including anxiety, logorrhea, and insomnia, and subsided spontaneously within a short period of time (3-4 days). Med Sci Monit. 2002 Oct;8(10):PI93-6. | Beneficial effects of PRP/Colostrinin were shown for the first time in double-blind placebo-controlled trials and long-term open-label studies. The results were confirmed in multicenter clinical trials. A very important property of PRP/Colostrinin is the prevention of Abeta aggregation and the disruption of already existing aggregates. The same properties were expressed by one of PRP's components, a nonapeptide (NP). Moreover, PRP modulates neurite outgrowth, suppresses uncontrolled activation of cells, reduces 4-HNE-mediated cellular damage, and modulates expression in cellular redox regulation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Its biological response modifying activity can play an important role in its use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2010 Jun;7(4):323-33. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | copper | 0 | mineral | 99 | 1680000 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1.98 | 6210 | http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v21/n4/full/1002138a.html | Human Hypertension | "We conclude that coenzyme Q10 has the potential in hypertensive patients to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg without significant side effects." Rosenfeldt et al (2007). 'Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials Coenzyme Q10 and hypertension.' Journal of Human Hypertension 21, 297-306. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 2 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 1.47 | 6940 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728298 | PubMed | In a study of 42 patients, CoQ10 was superior to placebo for attack-frequency, headache-days and days-with-nausea in the third treatment month and well tolerated. Sándor et al (2005). PMID: 15728298. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | heart disease | cardio | enzyme | 13.6 | 4370 | http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html | American Family Physician | "The evidence is too inconsistent to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 in symptomatic treatment of congestive heart failure." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10.' Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 0.784 | 833 | http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html | American Family Physician | "Data are insufficient to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 for improved glycemic control in diabetes mellitus." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10'. Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | cranberry products | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | plant / herb | 8.74 | 8290 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001321/cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | Cochrane Review | http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/943.htm | "This review identified 10 studies (1049 participants) comparing cranberry products with placebo, juice or water. There was some evidence to show that cranberries (juice and capsules) can prevent recurrent infections in women. However, the evidence for elderly men and women was less clear, and there is evidence that is not effective in people who need catheterisation. Many people in the trials stopped drinking the juice, suggesting it may not be a popular intervention. In addition it is not clear how long cranberry juice needs to be taken to be effective or what the required dose might be." Jepson and Craig (2008). 'Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD001321. | "The Panel concludes that the evidence provided is not sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of Ocean Spray cranberry products® and the reduction of the risk of UTI in women by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract." | "Nine trials of cranberry products met the inclusion criteria. In four good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic UTIs in 12 months compared with placebo/control. Five trials were not included in the meta-analyses due to the lack of appropriate data. However, only one reported a significant result. Side effects were common, and losses to followup/withdrawals in several of the trials were high (> 40%). There is some evidence from four good quality RCTs that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12-month period, particularly in women with recurrent UTIs. It is uncertain whether it is effective in other susceptible groups." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | creatine | 4 | cognition | mental health | compound | 13.8 | 135000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691485/?tool=pubmed | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773644 | "We tested the hypothesis that oral creatine supplementation (5 g d(-1) for six weeks) would enhance intelligence test scores and working memory performance in 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Creatine supplementation had a significant positive effect on both working memory (backward digit span) and intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices), both tasks that require speed of processing." Rae et al (2003). 'Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves cognitive performance; a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial.' Proc. Biol. Sci. 270/1529, 2147-50. | "This study used a new form of creatine--creatine ethyl ester--to investigate whether supplementation would improve performance in five cognitive tasks, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Creatine dosing led to an improvement over the placebo condition on several measures. Although creatine seems to facilitate cognition on some tasks, these results require replication using objective measures of compliance." Ling et al (2009). PMID: 19773644. | "The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on the cognitive performance of elderly people. [...] Results showed a significant effect of creatine supplementation on all tasks except backward number recall. It was concluded that creatine supplementation aids cognition in the elderly." McMorris et al (2007). PMID: 17828627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828627 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 1 | tonsilitis | infections | plant / herb | 47.5 | 20800 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 1 | 2012 | 0 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 0.491 | 982 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669250 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212570 | The results of an open clinical study in 75 patients suggest that this Devil's claw extract has a clinically beneficial effect in the treatment of arthrosis of the hip or knee. Wegener and Lüpke (2003). 'Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.).' Phytotherapy Res. 17/10, 1165-72. PMID: 14669250. | "Fourteen studies were identified: eight observational studies; 2 comparator trials (1 open, the other randomized to assess clinical effectiveness); and 4 double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy. Many of the published trials lacked certain important methodological quality criteria. However, the data from the higher quality studies suggest that Devil's Claw appeared effective in the reduction of the main clinical symptom of pain. The assessment of safety is limited by the small populations generally evaluated in the clinical studies. From the current data, Devil's Claw appears to be associated with minor risk (relative to NSAIDs), but further long-term assessment is required." Brien et al (2006). 'Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety.' J. Altern. Complem. Med. 12/10, 981-93. PMID: 17212570. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | DHEA | 1 | memory in young men | mental health, men | compound | OTW | 3.24 | 15000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231168 | PubMed | "METHODS: Twenty-four healthy young men were treated with a 7-day course of oral DHEA (150 mg b.d.) or placebo in a double blind, random, crossover and balanced order design. CONCLUSIONS: DHEA treatment improved memory recollection and mood and decreased trough cortisol levels. These findings are distinctive, being the first to show such beneficial effects of DHEA on memory in healthy young men." Alhaj et al (2006). PMID: 16231168. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | DHEA | 0 | ageing | general health | compound | 2.31 | 8980 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | PubMed | "METHODS: We performed a 2-year, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study involving 87 elderly men with low levels of the sulfated form of DHEA and bioavailable testosterone and 57 elderly women with low levels of sulfated DHEA. CONCLUSIONS: Neither DHEA nor low-dose testosterone replacement in elderly people has physiologically relevant beneficial effects on body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, or quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254371 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)." Nair et al (2006). PMID: 17050889. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | dong quai | 0.5 | menopause, breast cancer | women | plant / herb | 1.61 | 2810 | Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | Lau et al. 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 8.86 | 15700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437427 | Cochrane Review | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597571 | "Sixteen trials including a total of 22 comparisons of an Echinacea preparation and a control group (19 with placebo, 2 with no treatment, 1 with another herbal preparation) met the inclusion criteria. All trials except one were described as double-blind. The majority had reasonable to good methodological quality. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Echinacea preparations tested in clinical trials differ greatly. There is some evidence that preparations based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea might be effective for the early treatment of colds in adults but results are not fully consistent. Beneficial effects of other Echinacea preparations, and for preventative purposes might exist but have not been shown in independently replicated, rigorous randomized trials" Linde et al (2006). 'Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000530. PMID: 16437427. | A meta-analysis of 14 studies found "Echinacea decreased the odds of developing the common cold by 58% and the duration of a cold by 1.4 days. Similarly, significant reductions were maintained in subgroup analyses limited to Echinaguard/Echinacin use, concomitant supplement use, method of cold exposure, Jadad scores less than 3, or use of a fixed-effects model. Published evidence supports echinacea's benefit in decreasing the incidence and duration of the common cold." Shah et al (2007). Lancet Infect. Dis. 7/7, 473-80. PMID: 17597571. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | egg shell membrane | 4 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | OTW | 0.012 | 119 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697588/ | Ruff et al. (2009) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340512 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | elderberry | 1 | lipid and antioxidant status | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 1.06 | 1230 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749743 | PubMed | "DESIGN: Study A: The randomized, placebo-controlled trial for studying the effect of anthocyanes on lipid and antioxidant status, 34 subjects took capsules with 400 mg spray-dried powder containing 10% anthocyanes t.i.d. equivalent to 5 ml elderberry juice for 2 weeks. A subgroup of 14 subjects continued for an additional week to test for resistance to oxidation of LDL. Study B: To investigate the short-term effects on serum lipid concentrations, six subjects took a single dose of 50 ml of elderberry juice (equivalent to 10 capsules) along with a high-fat breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: Elderberry spray-dried extract at a low dose exerts a minor effect on serum lipids and antioxidative capacity. Higher, but nutritionally relevant doses might significantly reduce postprandial serum lipids." Murkovic et al (2004). 'Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58/2, 244-49. PMID: 14749743. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1.91 | 1050 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080016 | "Several in vitro studies together with two exploratory studies in humans and one open study in chimpanzees indicate that the aqueous elderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. These promising effects of elderberry fruit preparations from experimental and clinical studies should be backed by more rigorous studies before these preparations are recommended in the prevention of diseases and in treatment schedules." Vlachojannis et al (2010). PMID: 19548290. | "Sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway. Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo. Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | evening primrose oil | 0 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 3.82 | 7080 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721802 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2201888 | "A systematic literature search of clinical trials of evening primrose oil (EPO) for the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was carried out with a view to performing a meta-analysis. Only seven placebo-controlled trials were found but only in five trials was randomization clearly indicated. Inconsistent scoring and response criteria made statistical pooling and hence a rigorous meta-analysis inappropriate. The two most well-controlled studies failed to show any beneficial effects for EPO, although because the trials were relatively small modest effects cannot be excluded. Nonetheless, on current evidence EPO is of little value in the management of premenstrual syndrome." Budeiri et al (1996). PMID: 8721802. | "The therapeutic effectiveness of evening primrose oil (Efamol, Vita-Glow) in the relief of 10 symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as well as menstrual symptoms was studied in 38 women. The prospective trial was randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled and was crossed-over after three cycles. Although the results showed an improvement in symptoms of PMS during the trial, no significant differences in the scoring between the active and placebo groups were found over six cycles. No "carry-over" effect of active medication was observed; the beneficial effect on all symptoms (psychological, fluid retention, breast) was rapid, the scores decreasing in the first cycle but increasing slightly at the change-over period after the third cycle, irrespective of whether the active or placebo medication was next given. These findings indicate that the improvement experienced by these women with moderate PMS was solely a placebo effect." | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | fenugreek | 0 | cancer prevention, diabetes | cancer, diabetes | plant / herb | 4.22 | 9420 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | feverfew | 2 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 1.4 | 5290 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14973986 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232154 | "MAIN RESULTS: Five trials (343 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Results from these trials were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew is efficacious for preventing migraine. Only mild and transient adverse events were reported in the included trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from randomised, double-blind trials to suggest an effect of feverfew over and above placebo for preventing migraine. It appears from the data reviewed that feverfew presents no major safety problems." Pittler and Ernst (2004). 'Feverfew for preventing migraine.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD002286. PMID: 14973986. | The efficacy and tolerability of a CO(2)-extract of feverfew (MIG-99, 6.25 mg t.i.d.) for migraine prevention were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, parallel-group study. MIG-99 was found effective and shows a favourable benefit-risk ratio. Diener et al (2005). 'Efficacy and safety of 6.25 mg t.i.d. feverfew CO2-extract (MIG-99) in migraine prevention--a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study.' Cephalagia 25/11, 1031-41. PMID: 16232154. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | compound | 0.306 | 5480 | Early studies suggested taking fish oil might lower heart disease risk. More recent, larger studies suggest it doesn't, actually. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub2/abstract | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205409 | New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/dec23_2/a2931 | Of the 12,513 patients enrolled, 6244 were randomly assigned to n−3 fatty acids and 6269 to placebo. With a median of 5 years of follow-up, the primary end point occurred in 1478 of 12,505 patients included in the analysis (11.8%), of whom 733 of 6239 (11.7%) had received n−3 fatty acids and 745 of 6266 (11.9%) had received placebo (adjusted hazard ratio with n−3 fatty acids, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.08; P=0.58). The same null results were observed for all the secondary end points. In a large general-practice cohort of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, daily treatment with n−3 fatty acids did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205409 | Daily supplementation with 1 g of n–3 fatty acids did not reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203859#t=abstract | "We identified 11 studies that included a total of 39,044 patients. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths, sudden cardiac death, all-cause mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular events. The mortality benefit was largely due to the studies which enrolled high risk patients, while the reduction in nonfatal cardiovascular events was noted in the moderate risk patients (secondary prevention only). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids should be considered in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events." Marik and Varon (2009). 'Omega-3 dietary supplements and the risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review.' Clin. Cardiology 32/7, 365-72. PMID: 19609891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609891 | "Data synthesis: 12 studies totalling 32,779 patients met the inclusion criteria. The dose-response relation for DHA and EPA on reduction in deaths from cardiac causes was not significant. Conclusions: Fish oil supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in deaths from cardiac causes but had no effect on arrhythmias or all cause mortality. Evidence to recommend an optimal formulation of EPA or DHA to reduce these outcomes is insufficient. Fish oils are a heterogeneous product, and the optimal formulations for DHA and EPA remain unclear." León et al (2008). 'Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review.' BMJ 2008. | "Results: Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. The trial results were inconsistent. The pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events in participants taking additional omega 3 fats. The few studies at low risk of bias were more consistent, but they showed no effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. When data from the subgroup of studies of long chain omega 3 fats were analysed separately, total mortality and cardiovascular events were not clearly reduced. Conclusion: Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or cancer." Hooper et al (2006). 'Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review.' BMJ. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/332/7544/752?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=hooper&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/2006&tdate=3/31/2010&resourcetype=HWCIT | "There is not enough evidence to say that people should stop taking rich sources of omega 3 fats, but further high quality trials are needed to confirm the previously suggested protective effect of omega 3 fats for those at increased cardiovascular risk". Hooper et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003177/frame.html | "The authors concluded that the overall evidence suggests that increasing consumption of omega-3 fatty acids as DHA/EPA from fish or fish oil, but not ALA , significantly reduces the rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac and sudden death, and possibly stroke. They also observed from their overall analyses of the relevant published literature that evidence for beneficial effects of fish oil is much stronger in secondary settings (i.e., in those with a previous history of cardiovascular disease), as compared to those in primary-prevention settings (populations with no history of cardiovascular disease)". Wang et al (2006). 'n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84/1, 5-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676. PMID: 16825676. | "In the present review, the authors outline results from the three large controlled trials on 32,000 participants overall who were randomized to received either placebo (control) supplementation or supplements providing DHA+EPA. These trials showed overall reductions in cardiovascular events of 19-45 % which the current authors considered to be the most compelling evidence for the cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids." Lee et al (2008). 'Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection', Mayo Clin. Proc. 83/3, 324-32. PMID: 18316000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316000 | "CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with MI, but may have adverse effects in angina patients." Zhao, Y.-T., Q. Chen, et al. (2009). 'Prevention of sudden cardiac death with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.' Annals of Medicine 99999/1, 1-10. PMID: 19148838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19148838. | "Fish oil preparations and/or intake of oily fish are recommended as primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Large, ongoing trials will further elucidate the presumed favorable effects of EPA/DHA in heart failure and diabetes. This review provides a summary of the physiological mechanisms of the action of EPA and DHA and highlights the epidemiological evidence for a reduction in cardiac events and mortality." Pauwels and Kostkiewicz (2008). 'Fatty acid facts, Part III: Cardiovascular disease, or, a fish diet is not fishy.' Drug News Perspect. 21/10, 552/61. PMID: 19221636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221636 | ||||||||||||||||
66 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 15.6 | 32800 | http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/166/2/181 | American Journal of Epidemiology | http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kwm197v1 | From abstract: "Fatty acid effects on colorectal cancer risk were examined in a national prospective case-control study in Scotland (1999–2006), including 1,455 incident cases and 1,455 matched controls. [...] Significant dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated with increased consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids." From full text: "the highest total fish consumers showed a 24% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer as compared to those with the lowest intakes of fish (the lower quartile). With respect to oily fish consumption, those consuming at the highest quartile (upper 25% of the population) exhibited an approximate 34% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer relative to those in the lowest quartile (lower 25% of the population) for oily fish consumption." Theodoratou et al (2007). 'Dietary Fatty Acids and Colorectal cancer: A Case-Control Study', Am. J. Epidem. 166/2, 181-95. | "The authors conducted an extensive review (meta-analysis) of 14 studies combined where the frequency of fish consumption in population studies was correlated with the incidence of colorectal cancer. The compilation of these 14 cohort studies indicated that the pooled relative risks for colorectal cancer was 12% lower (relative risk of 0.88) for the highest as compared to the lowest fish consumption category. The pooled relative risks were 22% lower for women and 6% lower for men." Geelen et al (2007). 'Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies', Am. J. Epidem. 166/10, 1116-25. | "Mortality data for breast and colorectal cancer in 24 European countries were correlated with current fish and fish oil consumption and with consumption 10 and 23 years previously. In males there was an inverse correlation between colorectal cancer mortality and current intake of fish, a weaker correlation with fish consumption 10 years earlier and none with consumption 23 years earlier. The data were not statistically significant in females. There was no correlation at all between breast cancer mortality and fish or fish oil consumption at any time. It is concluded that fish consumption is associated with protection against the later promotional stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, but not with the early initiation stages." Caygill and Hill (1995). 'Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality', Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 4/4. http://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/Abstract/1995/08000/Fish,_n_3_fatty_acids_and_human_colorectal_and.8.aspx | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | fish oil / omega 3 | 4 | cancer symptoms | cancer, pain, digestion | compound | 8.47 | 28500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408522 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506181 | "We performed a systematic review of the literature in order to issue recommendations on the clinical use of n-3 FA in the cancer setting. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria; eight were of high quality. Our findings suggest that administration of n-3 FA (EPA and DHA) in doses of at least 1.5 g/day for a prolonged period of time to patients with advanced cancer is associated with an improvement in clinical, biological and QoL parameters." Colomer et al (2007). 'N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature.' Br. J. Nutr. 97/5, 823-31. PMID: 17408522. | "PURPOSE: To determine whether high doses of fish oil, administered over 2 weeks, improve symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and decreased weight and appetite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to fish oil capsules or placebo. CONCLUSION: Fish oil did not significantly influence appetite, tiredness, nausea, well-being, caloric intake, nutritional status, or function after 2 weeks compared with placebo in patients with advanced cancer and loss of both weight and appetite." Bruera et al (2003). 'Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' J. Clin. Oncol. 21/1, 129-34. PMID: 12506181. | "Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil can help in the management of persistent chronic inflammatory states, but treatment's compliance is generally poor. We exclusively evaluated 12 patients for compliance. After 6 wk of treatment, patients receiving fish oil + placebo or fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly more appetite, less fatigue, and lower C-reactive protein (C-RP) values than their respective baselines values. Additionally, patients in the fish oil + celecoxib group also improved their body weight and muscle strength compared to baseline values. Comparing both groups, patients receiving fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly lower C-RP levels, higher muscle strength and body weight than patients receiving fish oil + placebo." Cerchietti et al (2007). 'Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer.' Nutr. Cancer 59/1, 14-20. PMID: 17927497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927497 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3.5 | depression, mental illness | mental health | compound | 1.56 | 5340 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533861/ | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20925595 | "While far from robust, there is enough epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in certain cases of depression." Logan (2004). 'Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional.' Lipids Health Dis. 3, 25. PMCID: PMC533861. | "Results. Ten articles - three longitudinal cohort studies, five randomized controlled trials and two pilot trials- that met selection criteria were reviewed. Six found no association, two found mixed results, and two found a positive association between omega-3 PUFAs and reduced incidence of maternal perinatal depression. Some of the larger studies and those that found a positive effect were more likely to be using higher doses, close to 2 g of docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)+ eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and began the supplementation earlier in pregnancy. Conclusions. Future RCTs to investigate the role of PUFA supplementation and risk for maternal perinatal depression should begin supplementation early in pregnancy and use a dosage closer to 2 g of DHA + EPA." Wojcicki and Heyman (2011). PMID: 20925595. | "Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between omega-3 deficits and mood disorders. As for treatment, there is convincing evidence that add-on omega-3 fatty acids to standard antidepressant pharmacotherapy results in improved mood. There is no evidence that fatty acid monotherapy has a mood-elevating effect, with a possible exception for childhood depression." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034351 | "The aim of the current study was to provide an updated meta-analysis of all double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials examining the effect of omega3 LC-PUFA supplementation in which depressive symptoms were a reported outcome. The study also aimed to specifically test the differential effectiveness of EPA versus DHA through meta-regression and subgroup analyses. [...] Two hundred forty-one studies were identified, of which 28 met the above inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the subsequent meta-analysis. [...] The current meta-analysis provides evidence that EPA may be more efficacious than DHA in treating depression. However, owing to the identified limitations of the included studies, larger, well-designed, randomized controlled trials of sufficient duration are needed to confirm these findings." Martins (2009). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439549 | "From full text: ""There is growing evidence that suboptimal intakes of n-3 PUFA may be associated with psychopathology over the lifespan and include highly prevalent disorders that present a growing public health concern. Most clinical trials have been conducted with major depressive illness in adulthood and in childhood disorders; there are growing numbers of interventions with cognitive decline in older adulthood. Although the causes of these mental health problems are complex and multifactorial, even from a nutritional perspective alone, dietary and lifestyle factors including n-3 PUFA present modifiable risk factors that can be accessed relatively easily by individuals. However, findings of clinical trials have been inconsistent and in many cases inconclusive; methodological differences between studies need to be critically evaluated before drawing conclusions about the efficacy or otherwise of n-3 PUFA in alleviating symptoms"" Sinn et al (2010). 'Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan.' Nutrients 2/2,128-70. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/2/128/pdf | "Epidemiological studies indicate an association between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients. Five of six double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. [...] . The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia. [...] However, as the clinical research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed." Peet and Stokes (2005). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15907142. | "Some positive benefits were found for depressive symptoms " http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005169.html | |||||||||||||||||||||
69 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 8.89 | 21900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509593 | "This study investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation in 450 children aged 8-10 years old from a mainstream school population, using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants were supplemented with either active supplements (containing docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or a placebo for 16 weeks. Despite the wide range of cognitive and behavioural outcome measures employed, only three significant differences between groups were found after 16 weeks, one of which was in favour of the placebo condition. Exploring the associations between changes in fatty acid levels and changes in test and questionnaire scores also produced equivocal results." Kirby et al (2010). PMID: 20171055. | "METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery. A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study, and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth. All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age, and 262 complied with the request. As part of the protocol, 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) at 4 years of age. Of the 135 invited children, 90 came for assessment. Six children did not complete the examination. RESULTS: Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil (n = 48) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken corn oil. The children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy. In a multiple regression model, maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age. CONCLUSION: Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children." Helland et al (2003). PMID: 12509593. | "METHODS: The mothers took 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil from week 18 of pregnancy until 3 months after delivery. Their children were tested with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children at 7 years of age. RESULTS: We did not find any significant differences in scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children test at 7 years of age between children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil (n = 82) or corn oil (n = 61). We observed, however, that maternal plasma phospholipid concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy were correlated to sequential processing at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that maternal concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy might be of importance for later cognitive function, such as sequential processing, although we observed no significant effect of n-3 fatty acid intervention on global IQs." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676533 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2.83 | 6760 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030655 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573585 | "One hundred seventy-four patients fulfilled the trial. At baseline, mean values for the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, MMSE [Mini Mental State Examination], and cognitive portion of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale in the 2 randomized groups were similar. At 6 months, the decline in cognitive functions as assessed by the latter 2 scales did not differ between the groups. However, in a subgroup (n = 32) with very mild cognitive dysfunction, a significant reduction in MMSE decline rate was observed in the omega-3 fatty acid-treated group compared with the placebo group. A similar arrest in decline rate was observed between 6 and 12 months in this placebo subgroup when receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: Administration of omega-3 fatty acid in patients with mild to moderate AD did not delay the rate of cognitive decline [...]. However, positive effects were observed in a small group of patients with very mild AD." Freund-Levy et al (2006). PMID: 17030655. | In a double-blinded placebo-controlled study of 23 participants, "There was no significant difference in the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) change during follow-up in these two groups. However, the omega-3 fatty acids group showed significant improvement in ADAS-cog compared to the placebo group in participants with mild cognitive impairment, which was not observed in those with Alzheimer's disease." Chiu et al (2008). PMID: 18573585. | "There is no evidence that dietary or supplemental omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) reduces the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in healthy elderly persons without pre-existing dementia". http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005379.html | In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 295 participants with AD, using DHA only, "Supplementation with DHA compared with placebo did not slow the rate of cognitive and functional decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045096 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | Crohn's disease, asthma, diabetes | digestion, diabetes, general health | compound | 14.8 | 35600 | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003205.html | "Omega 3 fatty acids are safe but probably ineffective for maintenance of remission in CD. The existing data do not support routine maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease with omega 3 fatty acids." Turner et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD006320. | "No significant change in or total or HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin or body weight was observed." | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 3.21 | 6690 | http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/11/10/3828.abstract | Clinical Cancer Research | Examination of effects of dietary flaxseed on tumor biological markers and urinary lignan excretion in 32 postmenopausal patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, showed that it has the potential to reduce tumor growth. Thompson et al (2005). 'Dietary Flaxseed Alters Tumor Biological Markers in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer', Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3828. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | folic acid | 3 | certain birth defects | children | vitamin | 10.5 | 108000 | when combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | Cochrane Review | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7619926 | Plain language summary: "This review confirms that folic acid supplementation prevents the first and second time occurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects) and shows there is not enough evidence to determine if folic acid prevents other birth defects. Information about the safety of other current and alternative supplementation schemes and any possible effects on other outcomes for mothers and babies is also lacking. This review of five trials, involving 6105 women (1949 with a history of a pregnancy affected by a NTD and 4156 with no history of NTDs), shows the protective effect of daily folic acid supplementation in doses ranging from 0.36 mg (360 µg) to 4 mg (4000 µg) a day, with and without other vitamins and minerals, before conception and up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, for preventing the recurrence of these diseases. There were insufficient data to evaluate the effects on other outcomes such as cleft lip and palate. More research is needed on different types of supplementation programmes and the use of different types of supplements (such as 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate -5-MTHF), particularly in countries where folic acid fortification of staple foods like wheat or maize flour is not mandatory and where the prevalence of NTDs is still high." De-Regil LM, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Dowswell T, Peña-Rosas JP. Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD007950. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2. | With a case-control study, we investigated whether periconceptional intake of supplemental or dietary folate reduced the risk of having a neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancy. Mothers of 549 (88% of eligible) cases and 540 (88%) controls were interviewed in person about vitamin supplements used in either the 3 months before or the 3 months after conception and also about usual diet in the 3 months before conception. Women with any use of a folic acid-containing vitamin in the 3 months before conception had a lower risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. Any level of use in the first 3 months after conception resulted in a lowered risk as well. Reduced risks were less marked for Hispanics and were not observed among women who graduated from college. Modest reduced risks were noted among non-vitamin users whose estimated daily dietary intake of folate was more than 0.227 mg. We observed decreasing risk with increasing folate intake from combined dietary sources and vitamin supplements. A reduction in NTD risk associated with folate intake is consistent with other studies; however, the reduced risk may be particular to subsets of the population, primarily non-Hispanic women and women whose education does not exceed high school. Shaw et al (1995). 'Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects'. Epidemiology 6/3, 219–26. PMID 7619926. | Mulinare et al (1988). 'Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 260/21, 3141–45. PMID 3184392. | ilunsky et al (1989). 'Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 262/20, 2847–52. PMID 2478730. | Treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B12 was associated with increased cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease in Norway, where there is no folic acid fortification of foods. JAMA. 2009;302(19):2119-2126. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | GABA | 2 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 8.2 | 184000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971751 | PubMed | In two studies of 13 and 8 subjects respectively, "The effect of orally administrated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on relaxation and immunity during stress has been investigated in humans. In conclusion, GABA could work effectively as a natural relaxant and its effects could be seen within 1 hour of its administration to induce relaxation and diminish anxiety. Moreover, GABA administration could enhance immunity under stress conditions." Abdou et al (2006). PMID: 16971751. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | garlic | 6 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 13.1 | 34600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554422 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594781 | "RESULTS: Eleven of 25 studies included in the systematic review were suitable for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of all studies showed a mean decrease for SBP in the garlic group compared to placebo. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between blood pressure at the start of the intervention and the level of blood pressure reduction. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that garlic preparations are superior to placebo in reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension." Ried et al (2008). PMID: 18554422. | "DESIGN: A double-blind parallel randomised placebo-controlled trial involving 50 patients whose routine clinical records in general practice documented treated but uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our trial suggests that aged garlic extract is superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure similarly to current first line medications in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | garlic | 0.5 | cancer treatment | cancer | plant / herb | 5.29 | 20800 | http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/3/816S | In a randomized double-blind trial, administration of aged garlic extract to 50 patients with advanced cancer of the digestive system improved natural-killer cell activity, but caused no improvement in quality of life. Ishikawa et al (2006). 'Aged Garlic Extract Prevents a Decline of NK Cell Number and Activity in Patients with Advanced Cancer', J. Nutr. 136, 816-20S. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | garlic | 2 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 5.29 | 20800 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | garlic | 2 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 5.29 | 1 | 20800 | There is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3/abstract | Cochrane review: Garlic for the common cold | 1 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
79 | ginger | 3 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 78.2 | 68600 | http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/alternat/AT128.html | PubMed | http://www.mat.or.th/journal/files/Vol90_No.9_1703_5990.pdf | "We have performed a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials for or against the efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting. Six studies met all inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Three on postoperative nausea and vomiting were identified and two of these suggested that ginger was superior to placebo and equally effective as metoclopramide. The pooled absolute risk reduction for the incidence of postoperative nausea, however, indicated a non-significant difference between the ginger and placebo groups for ginger 1 g taken before operation. One study was found for each of the following conditions: seasickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea. These studies collectively favoured ginger over placebo. [...] In summary, we found that ginger is a promising anti-emetic herbal remedy, but the clinical data to date are insufficient to draw firm conclusions. Further rigorous studies are needed to establish whether ginger is efficacious for clinical nausea and vomiting." Ernst and Pittler (2000). 'Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.' British Journal of Anaesthesia 84/3, 367-67. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/84/3/367.pdf; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793599 | "Conclusion: From the presented data, ginger is as effective as dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and has fewer side effects." | "CONCLUSIONS: Ginger provides no additional benefit for reduction of the prevalence or severity of acute or delayed CINV (chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting) when given with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and/or aprepitant." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005687 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 8.04 | 21500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | "CONCLUSION: Compared with placebo, the use of G. biloba, 120 mg twice daily, did not result in less cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or with mild cognitive impairment." Snitz et al (2009). PMID: 20040554. | The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] He 2005 | A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German] Cieza 2003 | A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning. Santos 2003 | Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition [Article in German] Haase 1996 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | ginseng | 2 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 24.1 | 35000 | http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/357 | Panax ginseng improved performance and subjective feelings of mental fatigue during sustained mental activity in 30 healthy young adults and this effect may be related to the acute gluco-regulatory properties of the extract. Reay et al (2005). 'Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity'. J. Psychopharmacol. 19/4, 357-65. | In a double-blind study cognitive & mood effects of 75 mg of extract of guarana (12% caffeine), 200 mg of Panax ginseng (G115), & their combination (75 mg/200 mg), were assessed in 28 healthy volunteers which showed that both ginseng & ginseng/guarana combination enhanced speed of memory task. Kennedy 2004 | Right cerebral blood flow, TCD and CT improved in 96% of 202 patients given Nao Li Shen (ginseng, gastrodia tuber, chuanxiong rhizome and red sage root) Lu 1997 | Antibody titre after flu vaccination was increased from 171 to 272 and number of flu cases dropped from 42 to 15 in the group taking 100 mg Ginsana for 12 weeks in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation of 227 people Scaglione 1996 | Exercise work load and maximal oxygen consumption were increased by ginseng in a double-blind, crossover study with 50 men taking, for 6 weeks, a preparation of ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements Pieralisi 1991 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | glucos-amine | 1 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 12.1 | 50700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847017 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903416 | "OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of glucosamine, chondroitin, or the two in combination on joint pain and on radiological progression of disease in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Results: 10 trials in 3803 patients were included. Conclusions: Compared with placebo, glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination do not reduce joint pain or have an impact on narrowing of joint space. Health authorities and health insurers should not cover the costs of these preparations, and new prescriptions to patients who have not received treatment should be discouraged." Wandel et al (2010). PMID: 20847017. | "CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence that glucosamine sulphate shows some clinical effectiveness in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. No trial data came from the UK and caution should be exercised in generalising the findings to the UK health-care setting. Cost-effectiveness was not conclusively demonstrated. There was evidence to support the potential clinical impact of glucosamine sulphate. The value of information analysis identified three research priorities: QoL, structural outcomes and knee arthroplasty. The biological mechanism of glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin remains uncertain and, in particular, the proposal that the active substance may be sulphate should be explored further." | "Design, Setting, and Participants: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at Oslo University Hospital Outpatient Clinic, Oslo, Norway, with 250 patients older than 25 years of age with chronic low back pain (LBP) (>6 months) and degenerative lumbar osteoarthritis (OA). Conclusions: Among patients with chronic LBP and degenerative lumbar OA, 6-month treatment with oral glucosamine compared with placebo did not result in reduced pain-related disability after the 6-month intervention and after 1-year follow-up." http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/1/45?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Effect+of+Glucosamine+on+Pain-Related+Disability+in+Patients+With+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain+and+Degenerative+Lumbar+Osteoarthritis:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | "Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (CS), alone or in combination, as well as celecoxib and placebo on progressive loss of joint space width (JSW) in patients with knee OA. Conclusion: At 2 years, no treatment achieved a predefined threshold of clinically important difference in JSW loss as compared with placebo. However, knees with K/L grade 2 radiographic OA appeared to have the greatest potential for modification by these treatments." http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121425887/abstract | "Pain: The high quality studies showed that pain improved about the same whether people took glucosamine or fake pills. If all of the studies are examined (including low quality and old studies), then glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 7 points on a 0 to 100 scale. Pain may improve by 10 more points with glucosamine than with fake pills. Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 6 points on a 0 to 20 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine rated their pain 3 points lower than people who did not take glucosamine. Function: The high quality studies show that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills when measured by one type of scale, but improved the same amount as fake pills when measured by another scale. Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a function score of 22 points on a 0 to 68 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine had their ability to function improve by 2 points compared to people who did not take glucosamine." http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002946.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 0.691 | 58500 | at present, data are only available from two small trials and these are insufficient to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD005947/glutamine-supplementation-for-young-infants-with-severe-gastrointestinal-disease | 2 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | morbidity and mortality in preterm infants | children | compound | 0.518 | 25900 | these trials did not find strong evidence that glutamine supplementation affected the risk of death, serious infection or bowel disease, or longer term development | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001457/glutamine-supplementation-to-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-in-preterm-infants | 11 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | general health | plant / herb | 7.06 | 2110 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604618 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234 | "Epidemiological studies provide some evidence that an increased consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin with the diet is associated with a lowered risk for age-related macular degeneration, a disease with increasing incidence in the elderly." Stahl (2005). PMID: 15604618. | "The aim of this study, which was a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, human intervention trial of parallel design, was to provide data on how fasting plasma zeaxanthin concentration changes as a result of dietary supplementation with whole wolfberries. [...] After supplementation, plasma zeaxanthin increased 2.5-fold. [...] This human supplementation trial shows that zeaxanthin in whole wolfberries is bioavailable and that intake of a modest daily amount markedly increases fasting plasma zeaxanthin levels. These new data will support further study of dietary strategies to maintain macular pigment density." Cheng et al (2005). PMID: 15705234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | grape seed extract | 0 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 3.21 | 5410 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546280 | PubMed | "PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six eligible research volunteers with moderate or marked breast induration at a mean 10.8 years since radiotherapy for early breast cancer were randomised to active drug (n = 44) or placebo (n = 22). All patients were given grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) 100 mg three times a day orally, or corresponding placebo capsules, for 6 months. RESULTS: At 12 months post-randomisation, there was no significant difference between treatment and control groups in terms of external assessments of tissue hardness, breast appearance or patient self-assessments of breast hardness, pain or tenderness. CONCLUSIONS: The study failed to show efficacy of orally-administered GSPE in patients with breast induration following radiotherapy for breast cancer." Brooker et al (2006). PMID: 16546280. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | grapefruit seed extract | 0 | antibiotic, antifungal | infections | plant / herb | 1.1 | 1010 | PubMed | no human trials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 11.7 | 40200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897173 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824094 | "Consumption of green tea was associated with lower serum concentration of total cholesterol in [13,916] Japanese healthy workers age 40-69 years; however, green tea consumption was unrelated to serum HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides." Tokunaga et al (2002). 'Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan.' Ann. Epidemiol. 12/3 157-65. PMID: 11897173. | A study of 240 subjects on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg) or placebo. After 12 weeks, the total cholesterol and LDL in the tea extract group had significantly lowered and HDL had significantly increased. There were no changes in the placebo group. "CONCLUSION: The theaflavin-enriched green tea extract we studied is an effective adjunct to a low-saturated-fat diet to reduce LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic adults and is well tolerated." Maron et al (2003). 'Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial.' Arch. Int. Med. 163/12, 1448-53. PMID: 12824094. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 6.07 | 18700 | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | Cochrane review | Plain language summary: "Fifty-one studies with more than 1.6 million participants, mainly of observational nature were included in this systematic review. Studies looked for an association between green tea consumption and cancer of the digestive tract, gynecological cancer including breast cancer, urological cancer including prostate cancer, lung cancer and cancer of the oral cavity. The majority of included studies were of medium to high methodological quality. The evidence that the consumption of green tea might reduce the risk of cancer was conflicting. This means, that drinking green tea remains unproven in cancer prevention, but appears to be safe at moderate, regular and habitual use." Boehm et al (2009). 'Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | horse chestnut seed extract | 2 | chronic venous insufficiency | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 0.347 | 341 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437450 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247403 | "OBJECTIVES: To review the efficacy and safety of oral horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) versus placebo, or reference therapy, for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of HCSE for chronic venous insufficiency. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented implies that HCSE is an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for CVI. However, several caveats exist and more rigorous RCTs are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment option." Pittler and Ernst (2006). PMID: 16437450. | "A number of clinical trials have shown that horse- chestnut seed extract may be beneficial to patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency. However, inadequate randomization, short duration and use of different end-points in these trials makes it difficult to conclude regarding effectiveness and safety, especially in long-term use. Horse- chestnut seed extract appears to be a short-term treatment option in patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency, but more rigorous trials are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | hyaluronic acid | 1 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 7.16 | 42600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | PubMed | In a review of 22 trials, it was found that "Intra-articular hyaluronic acid has a small effect when compared with an intra-articular placebo. The presence of publication bias suggests even this effect may be overestimated. Compared with lower-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, the highest-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid may be more efficacious in treating knee OA, but heterogeneity of these studies limits definitive conclusions." Lo et al (2003). PMID: 14679274. | COCHRANE LINK FOR HYALURONIC ACID INJECTIONS: http://www.thekneedoc.co.uk/docs/Cochrane_HA_2006.pdf | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170770?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=11 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | iodine | 1.5 | general health | general health | other | 18.9 | 510000 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590348 | PubMed | "Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to the consequences for neurological damage during fetal development as well as during lactation. The safety of therapeutic doses of iodine above the established safe upper limit of 1 mg is evident in the lack of toxicity in the Japanese population that consumes 25 times the median intake of iodine consumption in the United States. Japan's population suffers no demonstrable increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism. Studies using 3.0- to 6.0-mg doses to effectively treat fibrocystic breast disease may reveal an important role for iodine in maintaining normal breast tissue architecture and function. Iodine may also have important antioxidant functions in breast tissue and other tissues that concentrate iodine via the sodium iodide symporter." Patrick (2008). 'Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations.' Altern Med. Rev. 13/2, 116–27. PMID 18590348. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | iron | 2 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 5.53 | 544000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | PubMed | "Our objective was to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women and in nonanemic healthy children aged <3 y on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children. [...] Limited available evidence suggests that iron supplementation in infants may positively influence children's psychomotor development, whereas it does not seem to alter their mental development or behavior." Szajewska et al (2010). 'Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91/6, 1684-90. PMID: 20410098. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | isoflavones | 0 | compound | 2.81 | 22200 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
95 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 2.69 | 1 | 922 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | PubMed | In a study of 70 subjects with PMS, it was found that "Neptune Krill Oil can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is shown to be significantly more effective for the complete management of premenstrual symptoms compared to omega-3 fish oil." Sampalis et al (2003). "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea". Alternative Medicine Review 8/2, 171–79. PMID 12777162. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/8/2/171.pdf. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | krill oil | 1 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | other | 2.69 | 1 | 922 | One study showed 300mg a day appeared to reduce inflammation and soothe arthritis symptoms after 7 days. More studies needed. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353582 | Deutsch 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | L-arginine | 1.5 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 6.23 | 116000 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399536 | "In a double-blind, crossover study, nine healthy males (aged 19-38 years) consumed a 500 mL beverage containing 6 g of L-arginine (ARG) or a placebo beverage (PLA), and completed a series of 'step' moderate-intensity and severe-intensity exercise bouts 1 h post-ingestion. In conclusion, similar to the effects of increased dietary nitrate intake, elevating NO bioavailability through dietary L-arginine supplementation reduced the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and blunted the VO2 slow component and extended the time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise." Bailey et al (2010). 'Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance.' Journal of Applied Physiology. | "Twelve trained college-aged men performed 2 trials of exercise separated by at least 1 week. At 4 hours before, and 30 minutes before exercise, a serving of an arginine α-ketoglutarate supplementation (AAKG) supplement or placebo was administered. Resting BP was assessed pre-exercise after 16 minutes of seated rest, and 5 and 10 minutes postexercise. Three sets each of chin-ups, reverse chin-ups, and push-ups were performed to exhaustion with 3 minutes of rest between each set. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests. The AAKG supplementation did not improve muscle endurance or significantly affect the BP response to anaerobic work. Subjects performed fewer total chin-ups and total trial repetitions in the supplement trial. Subjects executed fewer reverse chin-ups during set 2 after receiving the supplement as compared to the placebo. Because AAKG supplementation may hinder muscular endurance, the use of these supplements before resistance training should be questioned." Greer and Jones (2011). PMID: 21399536. | "OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of l-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG) in trained adult men. METHODS: Subjects participated in two studies that employed a randomized, double-blind, controlled design. In study 1, 10 healthy men (30-50 y old) fasted for 8 h and then ingested 4 g of time-released or non-timed-released AAKG. In study 2, which was placebo controlled, 35 resistance-trained adult men (30-50 y old) were randomly assigned to ingest 4 g of AAKG (three times a day, i.e., 12 g daily, n = 20) or placebo (n = 15). CONCLUSION: AAKG supplementation appeared to be safe and well tolerated, and positively influenced 1RM bench press and Wingate peak power performance. AAKG did not influence body composition or aerobic capacity." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928472 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | L-carnitine | 1.5 | diabetes, impotence | diabetes, sex | compound | 8.99 | 17500 | http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/77 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12568837 | In a study of 15 type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls, "L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects. In diabetics, glucose, taken up by the tissues, appears to be promptly utilized as fuel since glucose oxidation is increased during L-carnitine administration." Mingrone et al (1999). "L-Carnitine Improves Glucose Disposal in Type 2 Diabetic Patients". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18 (1): 77–82. PMID 10067662. | In a study of 86 patients, "L-carnitine therapy was effective in increasing semen quality, especially in groups with lower baseline levels. However, these results need to be confirmed by larger clinical trials and in vitro studies." Lenzi et al (2003). 'Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial.'. Fertility and Sterility, 79/2, 292-300. PMID 12569937. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | L-lysine | 2 | herpes | sex, infections | compound | OTW | 3.05 | 97300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6435961 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3115841 | "In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of forty-one patients we found that oral ingestion of 1,248 mg a day of L-Lysine monohydrochloride shows evidence of decreasing the recurrence rate of herpes simplex attacks in nonimmunocompromised hosts. A dose of 624 mg a day was not effective. L-Lysine may also be capable of decreasing the severity of symptoms associated with recurrences. Neither dosage showed any evidence of shortening the healing time compared to placebo." McCune et al (1984).'Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex infections with L-lysine monohydrochloride.' Cutis. 34/4, 366-73. PMID: 6435961. | "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of oral L-lysine monohydrochloride for the prevention and treatment of recurrent herpes simplex (HSV) infection was conducted. The treatment group was given L-Lysine monohydrochloride tablets (1,000 mg L-lysine per dose) 3 times a day for 6 months. [...] L-Lysine appears to be an effective agent for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection." Griffith et al (1987). PMID: 3115841. | "Lysine appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. 45 patients with frequently recurring herpes infection were given 312-1,200 mg of lysine daily in single or multiple doses. The clinical results demonstrated a beneficial effect from supplementary lysine in accelerating recovery from herpes simplex infection and suppressing recurrence." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/640102 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | lavender | 2 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 5.73 | 24100 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551734 | PubMed | A 4-week double-blind, randomized trial with 45 adult outpatients shows the combination of imipramine and lavandula tincture was more effective than imipramine alone in the management of mild to moderate depression. "The main overall finding from this study is that lavandula tincture may be of therapeutic benefit in the management of mild to moderate depression as adjuvant therapy. A large-scale trial is justified." Akhondzadeh et al (2003). PMID: 12551734. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
101 | lavender | 0 | sleep, relaxation | mental health | plant / herb | 19.7 | 33600 | no studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
102 | leucine | 3 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 4.52 | 3 | 224000 | 33% | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | Leucine-enriched essential amino acid ingestion, in combination with resistance exercise in some cases, may be a useful intervention to promote mTOR signalling and protein synthesis in an effort to counteract a variety of muscle wasting conditions (e.g. sarcopenia, cachexia, AIDS, inactivity/bed rest, sepsis, kidney failure, and trauma). Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 May;11(3):222-6. | Skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is regulated by a number of dietary factors, to include essential amino acids (EAAs). Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, has been identified as a stimulator of MPS in many cell culture and animal studies. However, whether supplemental leucine exerts a unique stimulatory effect, as compared to other EAAs, on muscle anabolism in humans has not been clearly demonstrated. A recent study found no improvement in resting MPS in adults who consumed a 10 g EAA supplement providing added leucine (3.5 g leucine) when compared to a control 10 g EAA supplement (1.8 g leucine). These findings suggest that added leucine is unnecessary for the stimulation of MPS when sufficient EAAs are provided; however, the study of supplemental leucine during conditions such as endurance exercise, caloric deprivation, and ageing may be warranted. Nutr Rev. 2011 Sep;69(9):550-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00420.x. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
103 | licorice root | 3 | dyspepsia | digestion | plant / herb | 1.6 | 4140 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505331 | PubMed | In 60 patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation STW-5 and its modified dispense STW-5-S, both of which contains licorice root, tested improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo. [Article in German]. Madisch (2001). PMID: 11505331. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
104 | lignans | 0 | compound | 1.48 | 16300 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
105 | lingzhi + san miao san | 1 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 1.61 | 2700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873089 | "To examine the efficacy of popular Chinese herbs used in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combination of Ganoderma lucidum and San Miao San (SMS), with purported diverse health benefits including antioxidant properties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We randomly assigned 32 patients with active RA, despite disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, to TCM and 33 to placebo in addition to their current medications for 24 weeks. [...] CONCLUSION: G lucidum and San Miao San may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA, and were generally safe and well tolerated. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated." Li et al (2007). 'Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial.' Arthritis Rheum 57/7, 1143-50. PMID: 17907228. | "Lingzhi and San-Miao-San capsules might exert a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Xi et al (2006). 'Immunomodulatory effects of lingzhi and san-miao-san supplementation on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.' Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 28/2, 197-200. PMID: 16873089. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
106 | lutein | 1 | eye health | general health | compound | 6.1 | 23600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431456 | PubMd | Among patients with patients with inherited retinal degeneration, "there was no change in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study." Aleman et al. (2001). 'Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome.' Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42/8, 1873-81. PMID: 11431456. | # ^ Richer, S., ARMD--pilot (case series) environmental intervention data. J Am Optom Assoc, 1999. 70(1): p. 24-36. PubMed | Berendschot, T.T., et al., Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Oct. 41(11): 3322-6; PubMed Free text | # ^ Duncan, J.L., et al., Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res, 2002. 74(3): p. 371-81. PubMed | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
107 | lycopene | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 4.73 | 24800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434593 | PubMed | "We evaluated the association between intake of lycopene and specific tomato products and prostate cancer risk [...]. A total of 1,338 cases of prostate cancer were identified among 29,361 men during an average of 4.2 years of follow-up. [...] This large study does not support the hypothesis that greater lycopene/tomato product consumption protects from prostate cancer. Evidence for protective associations in subjects with a family history of prostate cancer requires further corroboration." Kirsh et al (2006). 'A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer.' 15/1, 92-98. PMID: 16434593. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
108 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 10.7 | 10800 | http://ncp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/142 | Nutrition in Clinical Practice | "Magnesium plays a role in a number of chronic, disease-related conditions. [...] A major role for magnesium is in the regulation of blood pressure. While data are not entirely consistent, it does appear that an inverse relationship between magnesium intake and blood pressure is strongest for magnesium obtained from food rather than that obtained via supplements. Hypertension associated with preeclampsia appears to be alleviated when magnesium is administered; in addition, women with adequate intakes of magnesium are less likely to be affected by preeclampsia than those with an inadequate intake." Champagne (2008). 'Magnesium in Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, and Other Conditions: A Review.' Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23/2, 142-51. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
109 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1.78 | 7410 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579066 | Among 40 children with ADHD, in almost all cases "Mg-B6 regimen for at least two months significantly modified the clinical symptoms of the disease: namely, hyperactivity and hyperemotivity/aggressiveness were reduced, school attention was improved. In parallel, the Mg-B6 regimen led to a significant increase in Erc-Mg values. When the Mg-B6 treatment was stopped, clinical symptoms of the disease reappeared in few weeks together with a decrease in Erc-Mg values." Mousain-Bosc et al (2006). 'Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.' Magnes Res. 19/1, 46-52. PMID: 16846100. | Among 31 children with ADHD, aged 6-12, "It was established that the administration of MAGNE-B6 led to improvements in the behavior, decreased the level of anxiety and aggression, improved both large- and small-scale mobility, decreased the level of synkinesis, increased the characteristics of attention, corrected the magnesium homeostasis, and favored normalization of the blood electrolytes." Nogovitsina and Levitina (2006). PMID: 16579066. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
110 | melatonin | 4 | insomnia in the elderly | mental health | compound | 3.1 | 14800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036082 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150476/?tool=pubmed | " The effects of 3-weeks prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg (PR-melatonin) versus placebo treatment were assessed in a multi-center randomized placebo-controlled study in 170 primary insomnia outpatients aged > or =55 years. Improvements in quality of sleep (QOS) the night before and morning alertness (BFW) were assessed using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire and changes in sleep quality (QON) reported on five categorical unit scales. Rebound insomnia and withdrawal effects following discontinuation were also evaluated. PR-melatonin significantly improved QOS, QON and BFW compared with placebo. The improvements in QOS and BFW were strongly correlated suggesting a beneficial treatment effect on the restorative value of sleep. These results were confirmed in a subgroup of patients with a greater symptom severity. There was no evidence of rebound insomnia or withdrawal effects following treatment discontinuation. The incidence of adverse events was low and most side-effects were judged to be of minor severity. PR-melatonin is the first drug shown to significantly improve quality of sleep and morning alertness in primary insomnia patients aged 55 years and older-suggesting more restorative sleep, and without withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation." | In a 6-12 month open-label study of 244 adults with insomnia, taking prolonged-release melatonin (PRM) significantly improved sleep quality and moderately improved daytime mood. It also passed safety tests. The best results were seen among older adults (55+). "RESULTS: Of the 244 patients, 36 dropped out, 112 completed 6 months of treatment, and the other 96 completed 12 months of treatment. The mean number of nights by which patients reported sleep quality as "good" or "very good" was significantly higher during PRM than before treatment. There was no evidence of tolerance to PRM. Discontinuation of PRM was not associated with rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms; on the contrary, residual benefit was observed. PRM was well tolerated, and there was no suppression of endogenous melatonin production. CONCLUSION: Results support the efficacy and safety of PRM in primary insomnia patients aged 20-80 throughout 6-12 months of continuous therapy. PRM discontinuation even after 12 months was not associated with adverse events, withdrawal symptoms, or suppression of endogenous melatonin production." | Adult outpatients (791, aged 18-80 years) with primary insomnia, were treated with placebo (2 weeks) and then randomized, double-blind to 3 weeks with prolonged-release melatonin PRM or placebo nightly. PRM patients continued whereas placebo completers were re-randomized 1:1 to PRM or placebo for 26 weeks with 2 weeks of single-blind placebo run-out. Main outcome measures were sleep latency derived from a sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Quality of Life (World Health Organzaton-5) Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) and adverse effects and vital signs recorded at each visit. RESULTS: On the primary efficacy variable, sleep latency, the effects of PRM (3 weeks) in patients with low endogenous melatonin regardless of age did not differ from the placebo, whereas PRM significantly reduced sleep latency compared to the placebo in elderly patients regardless of melatonin levels. The effects on sleep latency and additional sleep and daytime parameters that improved with PRM were maintained or enhanced over the 6-month period with no signs of tolerance. Most adverse events were mild in severity with no clinically relevant differences between PRM and placebo for any safety outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate short- and long-term efficacy and safety of PRM in elderly insomnia patients. Low melatonin production regardless of age is not useful in predicting responses to melatonin therapy in insomnia. The age cut-off for response warrants further investigation. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712869 | "In 6 double blind, randomised crossover trials, a total number of 95 patients (mean ages: 65-79 yrs) were treated. [...] There is sufficient evidence that low doses of melatonin improve initial sleep quality in selected elderly insomniacs. However, larger randomized controlled trials, with less strict inclusion criteria are necessary to yield evidence of effectiveness (i.e. clinical and subjective relevance) in geriatric patients who suffer from insomnia, before wide-spread use can be advocated." Olde Rikkert and Rigaud (2001). 'Melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia. A systematic review.' Z. Gerontol. Geriat. 34/6, 491-97. PMID: 11828891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11828891 | In a study of 30 insomniacs over 50 years old, "the physiologic melatonin dose (0.3 mg) restored sleep efficiency, acting principally in the midthird of the night; it also elevated plasma melatonin levels to normal." Control subjects were unaffected by melatonin. Zhdanova et al (2001). PMID: 11600532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600532 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9485533 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584739 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630367 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679 | |||||||||||||||||||
111 | methionine | 0 | compound | 6.36 | 293000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
112 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis | infections | plant / herb | 1.09 | 2900 | http://journals.lww.com/jcge/Abstract/2008/09000/Silybin_Treatment_is_Associated_With_Reduction_in.13.aspx | Testing of a standardized silybin and soy phosphatidylcholine complex serum marker of iron status on 37 patients with chronic hepatitis C and Batts-Ludwig fibrosis stage II, III, or IV was associated with reduced body iron stores, especially among patients with advanced fibrosis stage. Bares et al (2008). | Legalon showd benefit in a double-blind trial with 180 hepatitis patients for 40 days Tanasescu 1988 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
113 | milk thistle | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 0.655 | 2700 | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168827897802553 | 600 mg/d silymarin decreased fasting blood glucose levels, mean daily blood glucose levels, daily glucosuria and HbA1c levels after 4 months in a trial with 60 insulin-treated diabetics with alcoholic cirrhosis. Velussi et al (1997). 'Long-term (23 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients.' J. Hepat. 26/4, 871-79. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
114 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 0.955 | 1240 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309928 | PubMed | Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14(3):286–94. PMID 16309928 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
115 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 4 | mental health, addiction | mental health | other | OTW | 0.127 | 106 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534556 | Berk et al. 2008 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436195 | "A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of individuals (n = 75) with bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase treated with NAC (1 g twice daily) adjunctive to usual medication over 24 weeks, with a 4-week washout. [...] NAC appears a safe and effective augmentation strategy for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder." Berk et al (2008). 'N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder--a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.' Biol. Psychiatry 64/6, 468-75. PMID: 18534556. | "One hundred forty people with chronic schizophrenia on maintenance antipsychotic medication were randomized; 84 completed treatment. [...] These data suggest that adjunctive NAC has potential as a safe and moderately effective augmentation strategy for chronic schizophrenia." Berk et al (2008). PMID: 18436195. | Thirty-three subjects (31 male subjects, 2 female subjects; aged 3.2-10.7 years) were randomized in the study. Follow-up data was available on 14 subjects in the NAC group and 15 in the placebo group. Oral NAC was well tolerated with limited side effects. Compared with placebo, NAC resulted in significant improvements on ABC irritability subscale (F = 6.80; p < .001; d = .96). Data from this pilot investigation support the potential usefulness of NAC for treating irritability in children with autistic disorder. Large randomized controlled investigations are warranted. Hardan et al. (2012) Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jun 1;71(11):956-61. Epub 2012 Feb 18. | In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 15 participants received N-acetylcysteine or placebo during a 3-day hospitalization. Participants were crossed over to receive the opposite condition on a second, identical 3-day stay occurring 4 days later. During each hospital stay, participants completed a cue-reactivity procedure that involved collecting psychophysical and subjective data in response to slides depicting cocaine and cocaine use. The inhibition of cocaine cue reactivity is consistent with existing preclinical data and supports the use of N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for cocaine dependence. LaRowe et al. (2007) Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;164(7):1115-7. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||
116 | N-acetylcarnosine (topical application) | 1 | cataracts | general health | other | 0.709 | 31100 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001824 | PubMed | Babizhayev et al. (2002). "Efficacy of N-acetylcarnosine in the treatment of cataracts". Drugs R D 3 (2): 87–103. | Babizhayev MA (Oct 2008). "Ocular drug metabolism of the bioactivating antioxidant N-acetylcarnosine for vision in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery". Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34 (10): 1071–89. doi:10.1080/03639040801958413. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
117 | Na-R-ALA | 0 | insulin control | general health | compound | 0.043 | 6 | no research | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
118 | nettles | 4 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | OTW | 5.02 | 24200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18038253 | Therapy with Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) for symptomatic relief of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in 620 patients showed beneficial effects. Safarinejad (2005). 'Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.' J. Herb. Pharmacother. 5/4, 1-11. PMID: 16635963. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
119 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 5 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 12.1 | 45900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20208032 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915658 | "CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of seven trials of secondary prevention [5,137 patients], niacin was associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events and possible small but non-significant decreases in coronary and cardiovascular mortality." Duggal et al (2010). 'Effect of niacin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.' J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 15/2, 158-66. PMID: 20208032. | "Niacin has been studied in 6 major clinical trials with cardiovascular endpoints. The Coronary Drug Project (CDP) was the largest of these trials and the only one to use niacin monotherapy affecting cardiovascular outcomes: recurrent myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events were significantly decreased. After long-term (15 years) follow-up, total mortality was also found to be decreased. The other 5 trials used varying combinations of niacin with other pharmacologic agents, examining coronary and total mortality, coronary events, and angiographic progression/regression. Significant benefit was found in all trials except for one in patients with normal cholesterol levels at entry. Thus, the use of niacin to prevent or treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is based on strong and consistent evidence from clinical trials." Guyton (1998). 'Effect of niacin on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.' Am. J. Cardiol. 82/12A,18U-23U. PMID: 9915658. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
120 | noni | 1 | plant / herb | 9.3 | 9680 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1211/jpp.59.12.0001/abstract | 2007 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 | olive leaf extract | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 1.76 | 1030 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036583 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729245 | "A double-blind, randomized, parallel and active-controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect as well as the tolerability of Olive leaf extract in comparison with Captopril in patients with stage-1 hypertension. Additionally, this study also investigated the hypolipidemic effects of Olive leaf extract in such patients. After 8 weeks of treatment, both groups experienced a significant reduction of SBP as well as DBP from baseline; while such reductions were not significantly different between groups. A significant reduction of triglyceride level was observed in Olive group, but not in Captopril group. In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1 hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg twice daily." Susalit et al (2011). 'Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril.' Phytomedicine 18/4, 251-58. PMID: 21036583. | "The olive leaf extract EFLA943, having antihypertensive actions in rats, was tested as a food supplement in an open study including 40 borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins. After 8 weeks, mean blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline in controls and the low-dose group, but had significantly decreased for the high dose group. Cholesterol levels decreased for all treatments with significant dose-dependent within-pair differences for LDL-cholesterol. Concluding, the study confirmed the antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering action of EFLA943 in humans." Perrinjacquet-Moccetti (2008). 'Food supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins.' Phytotherapy Res. 22/9, 1239-42. PMID: 18729245. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
122 | omega 3 | 2 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2.73 | 4170 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435458 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448859 | Among 132 Australian children "Significant medium to strong positive treatment effects were found on parent ratings of core ADHD symptoms, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, on the Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) in both PUFA treatment groups compared with the placebo group. [...] CONCLUSION: These results add to preliminary findings that ADHD-related problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity might respond to treatment with PUFAs and that improvements may continue with supplementation extending to 30 weeks." Sinn and Bryan (2007). PMID: 17435458. | Among 75 children aged 8-18, "A subgroup of children and adolescents with ADHD, characterized by inattention and associated neurodevelopmental disorders, treated with omega 3/6 fatty acids for 6 months responded with meaningful reduction of ADHD symptoms." Johnson et al (2009). 'Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents.' J. Atten. Disord. PMID 18448859. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
123 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 0.945 | 7380 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15890766?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664246 | "OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dietary supplementation with alpha linolenic acid (ALA) can modify established and emerging cardiovascular risk markers. RESULTS: 14 studies with minimum treatment duration of four weeks were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Although ALA supplementation may cause small decreases in fibrinogen concentrations and fasting plasma glucose, most cardiovascular risk markers do not appear to be affected. Further trials are needed, but dietary supplementation with ALA to reduce cardiovascular disease cannot be recommended." Wendland et al (2006). PMID: 15890766. | From full text: "Singh et al. compared the effects of feeding ALA-rich mustard seed oil, fish oil, and a non-oil placebo to 360 patients hospitalized for suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI). They found that both oil supplements reduced CVD outcomes, including total cardiac events and non-fatal infarctions, but only the effects of the fish oil reached statistical significance. Further, fish oil but not mustard seed oil reduced the number of total cardiac deaths reported. Natvig et al. randomly assigned 13,578 healthy subjects to receive 10 ml flaxseed oil (5.5 g ALA) or 10 ml sunflower seed oil (0.14 g ALA) daily for a year and observed no significant cardiovascular benefit of ALA supplementation. Conversely, several studies assessing the effects of ALA intakes of between 1.8 and 6.3 g/d reported significant reductions or trends toward reduced numbers of CVD events. The validity of some trials mentioned here has been questioned by reviewers, citing multiple methodological issues such as inadequate randomization concealment, the use of a non-oil placebo, and even calculation errors in the published results. Accordingly, assertions cannot be confidently made regarding the potential of ALA to have cardioprotective effects, despite some intriguing study findings." | "Although clinical benefits have not been seen consistently in all studies, most prospective observational studies suggest that ALA intake reduces the incidence of CHD, and two randomized trials have demonstrated that a dietary pattern that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts or legumes, and ALA-rich foods substantially reduces the recurrence of CHD events. Additional observational and clinical studies will help establish the effects of ALA on CHD risk and determine whether such effects vary based on gender, duration of intake, background dietary intake of seafood, or other factors. Presently, the weight of the evidence favors recommendations for modest dietary consumption of ALA (2 to 3 g per day) for the primary and secondary prevention of CHD." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15945135 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | omega 6 | 4 | heart health | cardio | compound | 1.82 | 16600 | http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627 | American Heart Association | "After extensive evaluation of the combined data from numerous randomized trials, case-control and cohort studies, and long-term animal feeding experiments, the present advisory indicated that the consumption of 5-10% of energy from omega-6 PUFA (mainly as LA) appears to significantly reduce the risk of CHD [Conorary Heart Disease] relative to lower intakes." Harris et al (2009). 'Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease.' Circulation 119/6, 902. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 | omega 6 | 0 | cancer | cancer | compound | 2.86 | 17000 | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | No human studies. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
126 | omega 9 | 0 | compound | 0.813 | 2470 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | palm oil | 0 | plant / herb | 10.1 | 37400 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | pancreatin | 0 | enzyme | 0.856 | 9610 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 | papain | 0 | enzyme | 2.09 | 37700 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 0.971 | 1000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
131 | peppermint oil | 4 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 2.1 | 8410 | http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/nov13_2/a2313 | British Medical Journal | "Four trials compared peppermint oil with placebo in 392 patients. [...] Fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil were all more effective than placebo in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome." Ford et al (2008). 'Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.' BMJ 337. | # Cappello, G.; et al. (2007). "Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial". Digestive and Liver Disease 39 (6): 530–536. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.02.006. | # ^ Bandolier Journal: Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
132 | phenyl-alanine | 0 | compound | 5.23 | 158000 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
133 | piracetam | 1.5 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 0.559 | 4260 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001011/evidence-for-the-efficacy-of-piracetam-for-dementia-or-cognitive-impairment-is-inadequate-for-clinical-use-but-sufficient-to-justify-further-research | 24 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
134 | poly-phenols | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 5.23 | 61000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15640497 | PubMed | "Data obtained to date suggest beneficial effects of both flavonoids and lignans on cardiovascular diseases but not on cancer, with the possible exception of lung cancer." Arts and Holman (2005). PMID: 15640497. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
135 | potassium | 0 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 12.2 | 770000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
136 | prebiotics | 0 | other | 1.87 | 18300 | X | no studies yet | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
137 | probiotics | 3 | IBS (B. infantis 35624 and B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086) | digestion | other | 3.32 | 21600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | PubMed | http://www.postgradmed.org/doi/10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984 | "Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 showed significant improvement in the composite score for abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating/distention, and/or bowel movement difficulty compared with placebo in two appropriately designed studies. No other probiotic showed significant improvement in IBS symptoms in an appropriately designed study. CONCLUSIONS: B. infantis 35624 has shown efficacy for improvement of IBS symptoms. Most RCTs about the utility of probiotics in IBS have not used an appropriate study design and do not adequately report adverse events. Therefore, there is inadequate data to comment on the efficacy of other probiotics." Brenner et al (2009). PMID: 19277023. | "Objective: This preliminary controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 on IBS symptoms. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 44 subjects who received either placebo or B coagulans GBI-30, 6086 once a day for 8 weeks. Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that the patented B coagulans GBI-30, 6086 probiotic may be a safe and effective option for the relief of abdominal pain and bloating for patients with IBS. Larger, extended trials are needed to verify these results." | "B. infantis 35624 is a probiotic that specifically relieves many of the symptoms of IBS. At a dosage level of 1 x 10(8) cfu, it can be delivered by a capsule making it stable, convenient to administer, and amenable to widespread use. The lack of benefits observed with the other dosage levels of the probiotic highlight the need for clinical data in the final dosage form and dose of probiotic before these products should be used in practice." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863564 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
138 | probiotics | 3 | diarrhoea, gastrointenstinal and respiratory infections | digestion, infections | other | 3.83 | 13900 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107143 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148529 | "The lack of consistency among studies focusing on 1 specific infection, in study design, applied probiotic strains, outcome parameters, and study population, along with the still limited number of studies, preclude clear and definite conclusions on the efficacy of probiotics and illustrate the need for better-aligned study designs and methodology. Exceptions were the management of infectious diarrhea in infants and traveler's diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Sufficient consistent data exist for these applications to conclude that certain probiotics, under certain conditions, and in certain target populations, are beneficial in reducing the risk of infection. In addition, some evidence exists, although conclusions are premature, for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection and possible reduction of treatment side effects. Certain probiotics may also reduce the risk of various symptoms of respiratory tract infections in adults and children, including ear, nose, and throat infections, although data are currently far too limited to distill any clinical recommendations in this area. Positive but also negative results have been obtained in prevention of infectious complications in surgical and critically ill patients." Wolvers et al (2010). 'Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: prevention and management of infections by probiotics.' J. Nutr. 140/3, 698S-712S. PMID: 20107143. | "RECENT FINDINGS: Recent clinical studies have shown that probiotics can protect young children from diarrhoeal illness, including antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. They may also protect neonates from necrotizing enterocolitis. In adults, they can help prevent or reduce the severity of diarrhoeal illness, and ameliorate side-effects for those undergoing antibiotic therapy for infection. Researchers are looking at combining probiotics with prebiotics to enhance anti-inflammatory effects and restore colonization resistance of the commensal flora. New technologies are elucidating complex effects on gene expression in the gut, the probiotic, and bacterial pathogens. Recombinant strains capable of binding bacterial toxins are being developed as novel therapeutics against gastrointestinal infection. SUMMARY: Considering the clinical trial evidence of therapeutic benefit, probiotics are an underused treatment modality for prevention and amelioration of diarrhoeal illness. Better understanding of strain-specific effects, dosing regimens and any contraindications should help resolve this." | "Several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on H pylori infection. Although some studies reported improvement in H pylori eradication, others failed to confirm this. Controlled trials support the use of Lactobacillus GG and S boulardii for the prevention of AAD, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of S boulardii as adjunctive therapy for RCDAD. Several placebo-controlled trials showed a reduction in the severity and duration of acute diarrhea in children with use of Lactobacillus GG. Studies of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea yielded conflicting results, and their routine use cannot be recommended in this setting. Preliminary evidence suggests a potential role for reducing secondary pancreatic infections, although conclusive evidence is not available at this time. Additional clinical trials are indicated to define the role of probiotics further before wide-spread use can be recommended." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880070 | "Thirteen clinical trials have been published. In six (180 patients), a probiotic was used alone; five of these had an encouraging result-in three there were significantly reduced breath test readings and in two others some patients were cleared of infection. In seven further trials (682 patients), probiotics were added to a therapeutic regimen of antibiotics, resulting in an increased cure rate in two studies, and reduced side-effects in four. Trials in which fermented milk products or whole cultures of lactobacilli were used tended to show better results than when the probiotic was taken in the form of bacteria alone. Not all the studies were randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled, and some involved only small numbers of patients. The results suggest that probiotics may have a place as adjunctive treatment in H. pylori infections and possibly in prophylaxis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522098 | "PARTICIPANTS: 571 healthy children aged 1-6 years Intervention: Milk with or without Lactobacillus GG. RESULTS: Children in the Lactobacillus group had fewer days of absence from day care because of illness. There was also a relative reduction of 17% in the number of children suffering from respiratory infections with complications and lower respiratory tract infections and a 19% relative reduction in antibiotic treatments for respiratory infection in the Lactobacillus group. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus GG may reduce respiratory infections and their severity among children in day care. The effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG were modest but consistently in the same direction." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387176 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhoea related to antibiotic use | digestion, infections | other | 3.83 | 63 | 13900 | Associated with 42% lower risk of diarrhoea caused by antibiotics. Lactobacillus strains mostly used in trials. More research needed to see which strains most effective. | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505 | Hempel et al 2012 | 2012 | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
140 | probiotics | 1 | athletic performance | general health | other | 1.28 | 3860 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618005 | PubMed | "A systematic review of the medical literature failed to identify any studies that directly investigated the potential ergogenic effects of probiotics on athletic performance. Two published articles suggest that probiotics may enhance the immune responses of fatigued athletes. In summary, although scientific evidence for an ergogenic effect of probiotics is lacking, probiotics may provide athletes with secondary health benefits that could positively affect athletic performance through enhanced recovery from fatigue, improved immune function, and maintenance of healthy gastrointestinal tract function." Nichols (2007). 'Probiotics and athletic performance: A systematic review', Current Sports Medicine Reports (Current Medicine Group LLC) 6/4, 269–73. PMID: 17618005. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
141 | probiotics | 0 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 0.825 | 12100 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
142 | quercetin | 1 | athletic performance | general health | compound | 3.68 | 42000 | http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/2010/02000/Quercetin_s_Influence_on_Exercise_Performance_and.15.aspx | "Conclusions: In summary, 1000 mg·d−1 Q versus P for 2 wk by untrained males was associated with a small but significant improvement in 12-min treadmill time trial performance and modest but insignificant increases in the relative copy number of mitochondrial DNA and messenger RNA levels of four genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis." Nieman et al (2010). | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
143 | red yeast rice | 3 | cholesterol, heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 2.2 | 1760 | X | http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(08)00353-6/abstract | American Journal of Cardiology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975018 | "This multicenter study was conducted to determine the effects of Xuezhikang (XZK), a partially purified extract of red yeast rice, on lipoprotein and CV end points in Chinese patients who experienced a previous myocardial infarction. Nearly 5,000 of these patients with average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at baseline were randomly assigned either to placebo or to XZK daily for an average of 4.5 years. In conclusion, long-term therapy with XZK significantly decreased the recurrence of coronary events and the occurrence of new CV events and deaths, improved lipoprotein regulation, and was safe and well tolerated." Zongliang et al (2008). 'Effect of Xuezhikang, an Extract From Red Yeast Chinese Rice, on Coronary Events in a Chinese Population With Previous Myocardial Infarction.' Am. J. Cardiol. 101/12, 1689-93. | "BACKGROUND: Red yeast rice (RYR) is a widely available dietary supplement used by millions of patients as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia. It contains 14 active compounds called monacolins that inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Although studies have suggested that some formulations of RYR may be effective and safe for lipid lowering, monacolin levels are not standardized among marketed products and are generally not published on labels. We evaluated monacolin levels in 12 commercial RYR formulations and tested for citrinin, a mycotoxin that is nephrotoxic in animals. CONCLUSIONS: We found striking variability in monacolin content in 12 proprietary RYR products and the presence of citrinin in one-third of the formulations tested. Although RYR may have potential as an alternative lipid-lowering agent, our findings suggest the need for improved standardization of RYR products and product labeling. Until this occurs, physicians should be cautious in recommending RYR to their patients for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease." | "PATIENTS: 62 patients with dyslipidemia and history of discontinuation of statin therapy due to myalgias. INTERVENTION: Patients were assigned by random allocation software to receive red yeast rice, 1800 mg (31 patients), or placebo (31 patients) twice daily for 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: Red yeast rice and therapeutic lifestyle change decrease LDL cholesterol level without increasing CPK or pain levels and may be a treatment option for dyslipidemic patients who cannot tolerate statin therapy." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528562 | "Red colored rice, i.e., red rice has been utilized for centuries as food and medicine in Asia. Due to its method of preparation, red rice may contain statins. Products containing it are currently marketed for lowering of blood cholesterol in Western countries. Since at least some red rice preparations contain about 5 to 10 mg of lovastatin in the daily dose recommended on the package, these preparations may lower blood cholesterol levels, and exhibit similar drawbacks and interactions as the statin drugs." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20597312 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
144 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer, diabetes, heart health, metabolism | cancer, diabetes, cardio | compound | OTW | 6.9 | 35100 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623546 | Non-flavonoid polyphenol found in grapes and red wine. Many reported health benefits - lots of in vitro and animal (preclinical) studies. But human randomised controlled trials lacking. Lots of potential, little confirmation in humans. Therefore, there are many issues that should be addressed to avoid an apparent endless loop in resveratrol research. The so-called 'Resveratrol Paradox', i.e., low bioavailability but high bioactivity, is a conundrum not yet solved in which the final responsible actor (if any) for the exerted effects has not yet been unequivocally identified. It is becoming evident that resveratrol exerts cardioprotective benefits through the improvement of inflammatory markers, atherogenic profile, glucose metabolism and endothelial function. However, safety concerns remain unsolved regarding chronic consumption of high RES doses, specially in medicated people. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(34):6064-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | "Currently, numerous preclinical findings suggest resveratrol as a promising nature’s arsenal for cancer prevention and treatment. A remarkable progress in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-cancer properties of resveratrol has been achieved in the past decade. As a potential anti-cancer agent, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit or retard the growth of various cancer cells in culture and implanted tumors in vivo." Kundu et al (2008). 'Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of resveratrol: Mechanistic perspectives', Cancer Letters 269/2, 243-61. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "Our analysis of published data strengthen support that resveratrol displays novel roles in various cellular processes, and help to establish an expanded molecular framework for cancer prevention by resveratrol in vivo." Hsieh and Wu (2010). 'Resveratrol: Biological and pharmaceutical properties as anticancer molecule', Biofactors 36/5, 360-69. PMID: 20623546. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "Currently, a number of preclinical findings from our lab and elsewhere suggest resveratrol to be a promising natural weapon in the war against cancer. Remarkable progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of resveratrol has been achieved. [...] [R]esveratrol holds tremendous potential as an efficient anticancer drug of the future." Shukla and Singh (2011). 'Resveratrol and cellular mechanisms of cancer prevention', Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1215, 1-8. PMID: 21261635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261635. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "It appears that resveratrol and proanthocyanidins, especially resveratrol, present in grapes and wines play a crucial role in cardioprotective abilities of grapes and wines." Bertelli et al (2009). http://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/Abstract/2009/12000/Grapes,_Wines,_Resveratrol,_and_Heart_Health.2.aspx | "Data from the literature indicate that resveratrol is a compound exerting numerous beneficial effects in organisms. These data indicate that resveratrol may be useful in preventing and treating diabetes." NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261639 | "It is well established that resveratrol exerts beneficial effects in rodents fed a high-calorie diet. In some studies, resveratrol was reported to reduce body weight and adiposity in obese animals. The accumulating evidence also indicates the benefits of resveratrol in diabetes and diabetic complications. It is known that resveratrol affects insulin secretion and blood insulin concentration. In animals with hyperinsulinemia, resveratrol was found to reduce blood insulin. Moreover, numerous data indicate that in diabetic rats, resveratrol is able to reduce hyperglycemia. The mechanism of resveratrol's action is complex and is demonstrated to involve both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects. These data point to the potential possibility of use of resveratrol in preventing and/or treating both obesity and diabetes." NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303945 | Here, we treated 11 healthy, obese men with placebo and 150 mg/day resveratrol (resVida) in a randomized double-blind crossover study for 30 days. Resveratrol significantly reduced sleeping and resting metabolic rate. In muscle, resveratrol activated AMPK, increased SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein levels, increased citrate synthase activity without change in mitochondrial content, and improved muscle mitochondrial respiration on a fatty acid-derived substrate. Furthermore, resveratrol elevated intramyocellular lipid levels and decreased intrahepatic lipid content, circulating glucose, triglycerides, alanine-aminotransferase, and inflammation markers. Systolic blood pressure dropped and HOMA index improved after resveratrol. In the postprandial state, adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma fatty acid and glycerol decreased. In conclusion, we demonstrate that 30 days of resveratrol supplementation induces metabolic changes in obese humans, mimicking the effects of calorie restriction. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311100386X | A leading researcher on the beneficial properties of resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of red grapes, has been found guilty of 145 counts of fabrication and falsification of data, an investigation has found. http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e406?ga=w_ga_mpopular | http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2013/10/31/jbc.M113.466490 | http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131%2812%2900143-X | |||||||||||||||
145 | rhodiola rosea L. | 4 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 0.263 | 600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016404 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081987 | In this study of 60 subjects (30 treatment, 30 placebo), aged 20-55 years, suffering from stress-related fatigue, 576mg of SHR-5 Rhodiola Rosea L. was superior to placebo. "It is concluded that repeated administration of R. ROSEA extract SHR-5 exerts an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental performance, particularly the ability to concentrate, and decreases cortisol response to awakening stress in burnout patients with fatigue syndrome." Olsson et al (2009). 'A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue.' Planta Med. 75/2, 105-12. PMID: 19016404. | "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment with a standardized extract SHR/5 of rhizome Rhodiola rosea L, (RRE) on fatigue during night duty among a group of 56 young, healthy physicians. These results suggest that RRE can reduce general fatigue under certain stressful conditions." Darbinyan et al (2000). PMID: 11081987. | "A number of clinical trials demonstrate that repeated administration of R. rosea extract SHR-5 exerts an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental performance (particularly the ability to concentrate in healthy subjects), and reduces burnout in patients with fatigue syndrome. Encouraging results exist for the use of Rhodiola in mild to moderate depression, and generalized anxiety. In conclusion, Rhodiola rosea has robust traditional and pharmacological evidence of use in fatigue, and emerging evidence supporting cognition and mood." Panossian et al (2010). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378318 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
146 | rosehip | 0 | plant / herb | 2.45 | 3040 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
147 | royal jelly | 0 | general health | general health | other | 5.76 | 4800 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
148 | SAM-e | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 0.168 | 8900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19944301 | Mischoulon, 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK36942/ | Of the five products reviewed in this article (L-methylfolate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine [SAM-e], omega-3 fatty acids, L-tryptophan, and inositol), only omega-3 fatty acids and SAM-e have sufficient supporting evidence for their efficacy to warrant safe use. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2012 Jun;50(6):13-6. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20120508-06. Epub 2012 May 18. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
149 | SAM-e | 0 | liver disease | general health | compound | 0.168 | 8900 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD002235/no-evidence-to-support-or-refute-s-adenosyl-l-methionine-for-alcoholic-liver-diseases | 9 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | saw palmetto | 0 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 5.57 | 14500 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001423/serenoa-repens-for-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | Cochrane Review | 32 | 2012 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467543 | "Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate, can lead to obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). [...] 5222 subjects from 30 randomized trials lasting from 4 to 60 weeks were assessed. [...] Serenoa repens was not more effective than placebo for treatment of urinary symptoms consistent with BPH." Tacklind et al (2009). CD001423. PMID: 19370565. | 225 men aged 49+ with moderate-to-severe symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated with 160mg saw palmetto extract or placebo twice daily. "There was no significant difference between the saw palmetto and placebo groups in the change in AUASI scores, maximal urinary flow rate, prostate size, residual volume after voiding, quality of life, or serum prostate-specific antigen levels during the one-year study. The incidence of side effects was similar in the two groups." Bent et al (2006). PMID: 16467543. | "Extract of fruit from the saw palmetto tree is thought to improve urinary symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Saw palmetto extract is popular, but there is little evidence that it works, despite a series of more than two dozen increasingly rigorous trials and at least two meta-analyses. Reasoning that the lack of effect might be the result of inadequate dosing in previous trials, researchers designed a trial that tested double, then triple, the standard dose against an identical looking placebo in 369 men with lower urinary tract symptoms typical of benign prostatic hypertrophy. The extract had no effect at any dose, at any time, or for any subgroup. Symptom scores fell slightly in both groups during the 72 week trial. Men given palmetto extract started on the standard dose in a single capsule, added a second capsule at week 24, and a third at week 48. Even the highest dose had no impact on quality of life, nocturia, or any other secondary outcome." JAMA 2011;306:1344-51 reported in BMJ. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||
151 | selenium | 1.5 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 7.57 | 153000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568891 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12433704. | "It is not clear yet whether Se deficiency itself is a cancer risk factor or whether it helps an already present cancer to progress. [...] Despite the fact that some positive results were obtained with Se supplementation, it is necessary to verify these findings in more controlled experimental models including clinical studies. At the present time, data related to Se supplementation are not convincing enough as to allow general recommendation for using Se as an effective agent for chemoprevention of cancer." Novotny et al (2010). 'Selenium as a chemoprotective anti-cancer agent: reality or wishful thinking?' Neoplasma 57/5, 383-91. PMID: 20568891. | "The current reanalysis indicates that selenium supplementation did not significantly decrease lung cancer incidence in the full population, but a significant decrease among individuals with low baseline selenium concentrations was observed." Reid et al (2002). 'Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: an update of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial', Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11/11, 1285-91. PMID: 12433704. | "A total of 1312 patients (mean age, 63 years; range, 18-80 years) with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were randomized from 1983 through 1991. [...] Selenium treatment did not protect against development of basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. However, results from secondary end-point analyses support the hypothesis that supplemental selenium may reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, carcinomas of several sites. These effects of selenium require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding selenium supplementation can be made." Clark et al (1996). 'Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial', JAMA 276/74, 1957-63. PMID: 8971064. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8971064 | "A total of 974 men with a history of either a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma were randomized to either a daily supplement of 200 microg of selenium or a placebo. Patients were treated for a mean of 4.5 years and followed for a mean of 6.5 years. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Although selenium shows no protective effects against the primary endpoint of squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, the selenium-treated group had substantial reductions in the incidence of prostate cancer, and total cancer incidence and mortality that demand further evaluation in well-controlled prevention trials." Clark et al (1998). 'Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial.' J. Urol. 81/5, 730-34. PMID: 9634050. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634050. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
152 | silicic acid | 0 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 0.209 | 21200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | PubMed | "Based upon the premise that urinary aluminium is the best non-invasive estimate of body burden of aluminium patients with Alzheimer's disease were asked to drink 1.5 L of a silicic acid-rich mineral water each day for five days and, by comparison of their urinary excretion of aluminium pre-and post this simple procedure, the influence upon their body burden of aluminium was determined. Drinking the mineral water increased significantly their urinary excretion of silicic acid and concomitantly reduced significantly their urinary excretion of aluminium. The reduction in urinary aluminium supported the future longer-term use of silicic acid as non-invasive therapy for reducing the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease." Exley et al (2006). PMID: 16988476. | Not a study of silicic acid supplementation on Alzheimer's itself, but suggests a potential treatment mechanism. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
153 | slippery elm | 0 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 1.36 | 3350 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
154 | spirulina | 2 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 10.2 | 14100 | http://www.lipidworld.com/content/6/1/33 | "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima orally supplied (4.5 g/day, for 6 weeks) to a sample of 36 subjects (16 men and 20 women, with ages between 18–65 years) on serum lipids, glucose, aminotransferases and on blood pressure. The volunteers did not modify their dietary habits or lifestyle during the whole experimental period. [...] The Spirulina maxima showed a hypolipemic effect, especially on the TAG and the LDL-C concentrations but indirectly on TC and HDL-C values. It also reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure." Torres-Duran et al (2007). 'Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: A preliminary report.' Lipids in Health and Disease. 6, 33. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | St John's wort | 3 | depression, PMS | mental health, women | plant / herb | 6.55 | 13900 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD000448/st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm | NCCAM | 29 | 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608 | Meta-analysis suggests not effective for major depression; possibly effective for minor: "Studies suggest that St. John's wort is of minimal benefit in treating major depression. A study cofunded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) found that St. John's wort was no more effective than placebo in treating major depression of moderate severity. There is some scientific evidence that St. John's wort is useful for milder forms of depression. [...] Scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of St. John's wort for depression is inconsistent. An analysis of the results of 37 clinical trials concluded that St. John's wort may have only minimal beneficial effects on major depression. However, the analysis also found that St. John's wort may benefit people with minor depression; these benefits may be similar to those from standard antidepressants. Overall, St. John's wort appeared to produce fewer side effects than some standard antidepressants." | Meta-analysis suggests superior to placebo for major depression and similarly effective to standard antidepressants: "A total of 29 trials (5489 patients) including 18 comparisons with placebo and 17 comparisons with synthetic standard antidepressants met the inclusion criteria. [...] The available evidence suggests that the hypericum extracts tested in the included trials a) are superior to placebo in patients with major depression; b) are similarly effective as standard antidepressants; c) and have fewer side effects than standard antidepressants. The association of country of origin and precision with effects sizes complicates the interpretation." Linde et al, 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608 | No better than placebo for minor depression: 73 patients with minor depression completed a trial of SJW vs citalopram (standard medication) vs placebo. There were no significant differences between groups - all 3 groups improved (suggesting a strong placebo effect). Rapaport, M.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Howland, R., Dording, C., Schettler, P.J., and Mischoulon, D. The treatment of minor depression with St. John's Wort or citalopram: Failure to show benefit over placebo. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45:931-941, 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632064 | No better than placebo for major depression: In a study of 340 patients with major depression, St. John's Wort was tested against placebo and sertraline (standard medication). Neither the SJW nor sertraline groups significantly different to the placebo group. JAMA 2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939866 | As effective as established medication for major depression: In the treatment of moderate to severe major depression in 251 adult outpatients, hypericum extract WS 5570 was at least as effective as paroxetine and was better tolerated. Szegedi et al (2005). 'Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine.' BMJ 330/7490. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/330/7490/503 NB not placebo-controlled. | Superior to placebo for PMS: The efficacy of St. John's wort (SJW) extract as a treatment for premenstrual symptoms was investigated as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, with two parallel treatment groups which showed that there was a trend for SJW to be superior to placebo.. Hicks 2004 | Superior to placebo for minor depression: "Hypericum perforatum extract WS® 5570 at doses of 600 mg/day (once daily) and 1200 mg/day (600 mg twice daily) were found to be safe and more effective than placebo, with comparable efficacy of the WS® 5570 groups for the treatment of mild to moderate major depression." Kasper et al (2006). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/4/14 | ||||||||||||||||||
156 | probiotics: suguki | Japanese pickle | 1 | flu | infections | other | OTW | 0.02 | 1 | 48 | A probiotic strain (Lactobacillus brevis) isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle called ‘Suguki’ might provide a future flu treatment. A recent study showed mice given the probiotics for 2 weeks before being given flu lost less weight and showed less severe flu symptoms than the placebo group. But the immune-boosting effect may or may not be seen in humans. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactobacillus+brevis+influenza | Waki et al 2014 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactobacillus+brevis+influenza | 1) A probiotic strain, Lactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290), isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle ‘Suguki’, administed orally for 14 days protected against symptoms of influenza virus infection in mice. Mice lost less weight. Not known whether the same immune-boosting effect will be seen in humans. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
157 | sunlight | 3 | kidney cancer in men | cancer, men | other | OTW | 0.563 | 849 | x | http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123313834/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | Cancer Journal | "METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study of 1097 patients with RCC (cases) and 1476 controls was conducted in 4 Central and Eastern European countries. Demographic and occupational information was collected to examine the association between occupational UV exposure and RCC risk. RESULTS: A significant reduction (24%-38%) in the risk of RCC was observed with increasing occupational UV exposure among men who participated in the study. No association between UV exposure and RCC risk was observed among women who participated. When the analyses were stratified by latitude as another estimate of sunlight intensity, a stronger reduction (71%-73%) in the risk of RCC was observed between UV exposure and cancer risk among men who resided at the highest latitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggested that, among men, there is an inverse association between occupational UV exposure and the risk of RCC. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these results." Karami et al (2010). 'Occupational sunlight exposure and risk of renal cell carcinoma.' Cancer 116/8, 2001-10. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
158 | taurine | 1.5 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1.17 | 6010 | http://www.springerlink.com/content/4gnpvkgpg7ff7qc4/ | Among 30 overweight or obese college students, 3g of taurine per day for 7 weeks decreased blood triacylglycerol, atherogenic index (bad cholesterol) and body weight significantly. "These results suggest that taurine produces a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and may have an important role in cardiovascular disease prevention in overweight or obese subjects." Zhang et al (2004). 'Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects.' Amino Acids 26/3,267-71. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
159 | taurine | 0.5 | bipolar disorder and alcholism | mental health | compound | 0.199 | 4300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329472 | Tolliver et al. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | TMG (trimethylglycine) | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 0.225 | 1280 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | Schwab 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | trypsin | 0 | compound | 3.63 | 305000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
162 | tryptophan and 5-HTP | 1 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 6.45 | 224000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767422 | PubMed | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003198.html | "MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty eight healthy volunteers were randomised to receive 14 days double-blind intervention with TRP (1 g 3x a day) or placebo. [...] CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that TRP supplementation in women induces a positive bias in the processing of emotional material that is reminiscent of the actions of serotonergic antidepressants. This highlights a key role for serotonin in emotional processing and lends support to the use of TRP as a nutritional supplement in people with mild depression or for prevention in those at risk. Future studies are needed to clarify the effect of tryptophan on these measures in men." Murphy et al (2006). PMID: 16767422. | "A large number of studies appear to address the research questions, but few are of sufficient quality to be reliable. Available evidence does suggest these substances are better than placebo at alleviating depression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-HTP and tryptophan before their widespread use can be recommended. The possible association between these substances and the potentially fatal Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome has not been elucidated. Because alternative antidepressants exist which have been proven to be effective and safe the clinical usefulness of 5-HTP and tryptophan is limited at present." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
163 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 17.5 | 17000 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | PubMed | "In vitro and in vivo research [into curcumin] has shown various activities, such as anti-inflammatory, cytokines release, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, enhancing of the apoptotic process, and anti-angiogenic properties. Curcumin has also been shown to be a mediator of chemo-resistance and radio-resistance. The anti-cancer effect has been seen in a few clinical trials, mainly as a native chemoprevention agent in colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. Our clinical experience with curcumin, along with the anti-metabolite gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma, produced an objective response in less than 10% of patients, with a minor effect on survival. However, the safety of this combination was proved. The preclinical data lead to various, but still scarce, clinical studies (some on-going) that demonstrated the possible efficacy of this treatment as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent." Bar-Sela et al (2010). 'Curcumin as an anti-cancer agent: review of the gap between basic and clinical applications.' Curr. Med. Chem. 17/3, 190-97. PMID: 20214562. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
164 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | peptic ulcer | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 0.893 | 5030 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438867 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11485087 | "Helicobacter pylori infection of the lining of the stomach induces an array of inflammatory cytokine production leading to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. We concluded that curcumin alone may have limited anti-bactericidal effect on H. pylori, and on the production of inflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, other studies have reported that patients treated with curcumin had relieved symptoms. Further investigation should be carried out as the use of curcumin in combination with therapeutic regimens may be beneficial as an alternative treatment." Koosirirat et al (2010). PMID: 20438867. | Oral dose of 2 capsules (300 mg) of turmeric 5 times daily given to 45 patients with peptic ulcer symptoms resulted into the absence of ulcers in 48% (12 cases) after 4 weeks and 76% (Nineteen cases) after 12 weeks of treatment. Prucksunand 2001 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory, depression | mental health | compound | 9.15 | 851000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794222 | PubMed | "The behavioral effects of tyrosine were examined during an episode of continuous nighttime work involving one night's sleep loss. [...] Tyrosine administration was associated with a significant amelioration of the usual performance decline on a psychomotor task and a significant reduction in lapse probability on a high-event-rate vigilance task. The improvements lasted on the order of 3 h. The results of this study also suggest that tyrosine is a relatively benign treatment at this dose. After further testing with other doses and timing of administration, tyrosine may prove useful in counteracting performance decrements during episodes of sustained work coupled with sleep loss." Neri et al (1995). "The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 66/4, 313–19. PMID 7794222. | Magill RA, Waters WF, Bray GA, Volaufova J, Smith SR, Lieberman HR, McNevin N, Ryan DH (2003). "Effects of tyrosine, phentermine, caffeine D-amphetamine, and placebo on cognitive and motor performance deficits during sleep deprivation". Nutritional Neuroscience 6 (4): 237–46. PMID 12887140 | Hao S, Avraham Y, Bonne O, Berry EM (2001). "Separation-induced body weight loss, impairment in alternation behavior, and autonomic tone: effects of tyrosine". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68 (2): 273–81. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00448-2. PMID 11267632. | Deijen JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, Cloin PA, Langefeld JJ (1999). "Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course". Brain Res. Bull. 48 (2): 203–9. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00163-4. PMID 10230711 | Mahoney CR, Castellani J, Kramer FM, Young A, Lieberman HR (2007). "Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold exposure". Physiology and Behavior IN PRESS: 575. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.003. PMID 17585971. | Significant associations were observed between biochemical markers indicating poorer dietary control and increasing depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescents with early and continuously treated PKU, although symptoms of depression remained within the normal range. An association between depressive symptoms and poorer EF was also demonstrated. Further research is needed to establish whether the depressive symptoms observed in this young population represent an emerging (subclinical) risk for major depressive disorder as they age. Gene. 2012 Aug 10;504(2):288-91. Epub 2012 May 15. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | ubiquinol | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | OTW | 1.52 | 9190 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19096107 | "We identified seven patients with advanced CHF (mean EF 22%) with sub-therapeutic plasma CoQ10 levels on an average dose of 450 mg of ubiquinone daily (150-600 mg/day). All seven of these patients were changed to an average of 580 mg/day of ubiquinol (450-900 mg/day) with follow-up plasma CoQ10 levels, clinical status, and EF measurements by echocardiography. Mean plasma CoQ10 levels increased [,] mean EF improved from 22% up to 39% and clinical improvement has been remarkable with NYHA class improving from a mean of IV to a mean of II. Ubiquinol has dramatically improved absorption in patients with severe heart failure and the improvement in plasma CoQ10 levels is correlated with both clinical improvement and improvement in measurement of left ventricular function." Langsjoen and Langsjoen (2008). PMID: 19096107. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
167 | uva ursi | 0 | plant / herb | 1.02 | 3000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
168 | valerian | 3 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 3.25 | 4730 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145239 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517355 | "A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of valerian for improving sleep quality is presented. An extensive literature search identified 16 eligible studies examining a total of 1093 patients. Most studies had significant methodologic problems, and the valerian doses, preparations, and length of treatment varied considerably. A dichotomous outcome of sleep quality (improved or not) was reported by 6 studies and showed a statistically significant benefit, but there was evidence of publication bias in this summary measure. The available evidence suggests that valerian might improve sleep quality without producing side effects. Future studies should assess a range of doses of standardized preparations of valerian and include standard measures of sleep quality and safety." Bent et al (2006). 'Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis.' Am. J. Med. 119/12, 1005-12. | "A comprehensive search of studies investigating valerian was conducted. [...]. Most studies found no significant differences between valerian and placebo either in healthy individuals or in persons with general sleep disturbance or insomnia. None of the most recent studies, which were also the most methodologically rigorous, found significant effects of valerian on sleep. Overall, the evidence, while supporting that valerian is a safe herb associated with only rare adverse events, does not support the clinical efficacy of valerian as a sleep aid for insomnia." Taibi et al (2007). 'A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: safe but not effective.' Sleep Med. Rev 11/3, 209-30. | In a study of 405 participants, 18 to 75 years old, valerian had modest beneficial effects on insomnia compared to placebo. Oxman et al (2007). PMID: 17940604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940604 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 5.79 | 9270 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054208 | "Since only one small study is currently available, there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of valerian compared with placebo or diazepam for anxiety disorders. RCTs involving larger samples and comparing valerian with placebo or other interventions used to treat of anxiety disorders, such as antidepressants, are needed." Miyasaka et al (2006). 'Valerian for anxiety disorders. ' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 18/4. PMID: 17054208. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
170 | vanadium | 0 | mineral | 3.71 | 45500 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
171 | vitamin A: beta-carotene | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 1.41 | 19400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18429004 | "Six randomized clinical trials examining the efficacy of beta-carotene supplements and 25 prospective observational studies assessing the associations between carotenoids and lung cancer were analyzed by using random-effects meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: beta-Carotene supplementation is not associated with a decrease in the risk of developing lung cancer. Findings from prospective cohort studies suggest inverse associations between carotenoids and lung cancer; however, the decreases in risk are generally small and not statistically significant. These inverse associations may be the result of carotenoid measurements' function as a marker of a healthier lifestyle (higher fruit and vegetable consumption) or of residual confounding by smoking". Gallicchio et al (2008). 'Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88/2, 372-83. PMID: 18689373. | "RESULTS: Four studies contributing 109,394 subjects were available for analysis. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose beta-carotene supplementation appears to increase the risk of lung cancer among current smokers. Although beta-carotene was prevalent in multivitamins, high-dose beta-carotene was observed among multivitamin formulas sold to promote visual health." Tanvetyanon and Bepler (2008). 'Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands.' Cancer 113/1, 150-57. PMID: 18429004. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
172 | vitamin A: retinol | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 2.91 | 30300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243460 | "It is well known that vitamin A is essential for normal reproduction and development. Although doses of 10,000 IU/d or less of preformed vitamin A (retinyl esters and retinol) are considered safe, doses > 10,000 IU/d as supplements have been reported to cause malformations in a single epidemiologic study. Because no study reports adverse effects of 10,000 IU/d preformed vitamin A supplements and this dose is more than the Recommended Dietary Allowance for pregnant women (2670 IU or 800 RE/d), we recommend that women living in industrialized countries or who otherwise have nutritionally adequate diets may not need to ingest more than the Recommended Dietary Allowance of preformed vitamin A as supplements." Miller et al (1998). PMID: 9431575. | "BACKGROUND: vitamin A is widely used in cosmetic preparations. Given that oral vitamin A and its metabolites present a potential reproductive risk, the present study investigated the effect of topical vitamin A on human endogenous plasma levels of vitamin A and its metabolites. METHODS: Two groups of 14 female volunteers of child-bearing age were kept on a vitamin A-poor diet and treated topically for 21 days with creams containing 0.30% retinol or 0.55% retinyl palmitate on approximately 3000 cm2 of their body surface area, amounting to a total of approximately 30,000 IU vitamin A/subject/day. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that human topical exposure to retinol- or retinyl ester-containing cosmetic creams at 30,000 IU/day and maximal use concentrations do not affect plasma levels of retinol, retinyl esters or RAs, whereas single oral doses at 10,000 IU or 30,000 IU produce significant increases in plasma retinyl esters and RAs." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
173 | vitamin B1 | 0 | vitamin | 3.84 | 16300 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
174 | vitamin B12 | 4 | cankersores | infections | vitamin | OTW | 3 | 13200 | 74.1% | http://www.jabfm.org/content/22/1/9.abstract | Volkov et al. 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
175 | vitamin B2 | 1 | migraine | pain | vitamin | 2.39 | 2760 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257686 | PubMed | "Patients received 400 mg riboflavin capsules per day. [...] Headache frequency was significantly reduced from 4 days/month at baseline to 2 days/month after 3 and 6 months. The use of abortive drugs decreased from 7 units/month to 4.5 units/month after 3 and 6 months of treatment. In contrast, headache hours and headache intensity did not change significantly. We could demonstrate a significant reduction of headache frequency following riboflavin treatment. In addition, the number of abortive anti-migraine tablets was reduced. In line with previous studies our findings show that riboflavin is a safe and well-tolerated alternative in migraine prophylaxis." Boehnke et al (2004). 'High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre' 11/7,475-77. NB not double-blinded. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
176 | vitamin B5 | 0 | cholesterol, arthritis | cardio, musculoskeletal | vitamin | 0.0286 | 120 | no human studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
177 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder, depression | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 0.127 | 341 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780431 | PubMed | In a study of 13 patients, the authors concluded that "inositol [vitamin B8] is effective in depression, panic, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, a spectrum of disorders responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Fux et al (1996). 'Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.' American Journal of Psychiatry 153/9, 1219–21. PMID 8780431. | In a study of 20 patients with panic disorder comparing inositol with fluvoxamine, "in the first month, inositol reduced the number of panic attacks per week by 4.0 compared with a reduction of 2.4 with fluvoxamine. [...] Continuing reports of inositol's efficacy in the treatment of depression, panic disorder, and OCD should stimulate replication studies." Palatnik et al (2001). "Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21/3, 335–39. PMID 11386498. | In a study of 21 patients, the authors concluded that "inositol's efficacy, the absence of significant side effects, and the fact that inositol is a natural component of the human diet make it a potentially attractive therapeutic for panic disorder." Benjamin et al (2005). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7793450 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
178 | vitamin C | 2 | colds | infections | vitamin | 65.2 | 291000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636648 | PubMed | "The failure of vitamin C supplementation to reduce the incidence of colds in the normal population indicates that routine mega-dose prophylaxis is not rationally justified for community use. But evidence suggests that it could be justified in people exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise or cold environments." Douglas et al (2007). 'Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000980. PMID: 17636648. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
179 | vitamin D | 3 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 20.4 | 248000 | Low blood concentrations strongly associated with illness (cardivascular, infectious, mood disorders and other diseases). But vitamin D supplements don't improve health, except in elderly people (mainly women), where 20 μg per day slightly reduces deaths from all causes. Low vitamin D levels seem to be a marker, rather than a cause, of disease. | http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(13)70165-7/abstract | Autier et al 2014 | Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis, making it difficult for childbirth. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. Essentially, every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers, and infectious diseases. Therefore, sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health. Holick, J Investig Med. 2011 Aug;59(6):872-80. doi: 10.231/JIM.0b013e318214ea2d. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415774 | "Question: what is the effect of vitamin D supplementation on all-cause mortality? 17 RCTs and 1 quasi-RCT (n = 57 311, age range 33–106 y) met the inclusion criteria. Mean daily dose of vitamin D (adjusted for trial size) was 528 IU. Mean follow-up (adjusted for study size) was 5.7 years. Quality assessment of individual trials was not reported. MAIN RESULTS: Meta–analysis of all trials showed that use of vitamin D supplements decreased the risk for all-cause mortality. Meta-analysis of the 9 trials with sufficient power showed similar results. CONCLUSION: vitamin D supplementation reduces all-cause mortality in adults and older individuals." Autier (2008). 'Review: vitamin D supplementation decreases all-cause mortality in adults and older people', Evid. Based Med.,13/47. | "Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis, making it difficult for childbirth. vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. Essentially, every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers, and infectious diseases. Therefore, sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health." | "Epidemiologic evidence and prospective studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of many chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, deadly cancers, type II diabetes and infectious diseases. It is estimated that children need at least 400-1000 IU of vitamin D a day while teenagers and adults need at least 2000 IU of vitamin D a day to satisfy their body's vitamin D requirement. It is estimated that 1 billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient or insufficient. Correcting and preventing this deficiency could have an enormous impact on reducing health costs worldwide." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20795941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
180 | vitamin D | 2 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 8.68 | 248000 | A recent review of 23 studies including over 4000 participants (mostly women) showed taking vitamin D3 or D2 without calcium has little or no effect on bone mineral density in older adults. | http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61647-5/abstract | Reid et al 2014 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088161 | Review of 167 studies of vitamin D and bone health. "We found inconsistent evidence of an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and bone mineral content in infants and fair evidence of an association with bone mineral content or density in older children and older adults. The evidence of an association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and some clinical outcomes (fractures, performance measures) in postmenopausal women and older men was inconsistent, and the evidence of an association with falls was fair. We found good evidence of a positive effect of consuming vitamin D-fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. The evidence for a benefit of vitamin D on falls and fractures varied. We found fair evidence that adults tolerated vitamin D at doses above current dietary reference intake levels, but we had no data on the association between long-term harms and higher doses of vitamin D." Cranney et al (2008). 'Summary of evidence-based review on vitamin D efficacy and safety in relation to bone health.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88/2, 513S-19S. PMID: 18689393. | "The results highlight the need for additional high quality studies in infants, children, premenopausal women, and diverse racial or ethnic groups. There was fair evidence from studies of an association between circulating 25(OH)D concentrations with some bone health outcomes (established rickets, PTH, falls, BMD). However, the evidence for an association was inconsistent for other outcomes (e.g., BMC in infants and fractures in adults). It was difficult to define specific thresholds of circulating 25(OH)D for optimal bone health due to the imprecision of different 25(OH)D assays. Standard reference preparations are needed so that serum 25(OH)D can be accurately and reliably measured, and validated. In most trials, the effects of vitamin D and calcium could not be separated. Vitamin D(3) (>700 IU/day) with calcium supplementation compared to placebo has a small beneficial effect on BMD, and reduces the risk of fractures and falls although benefit may be confined to specific subgroups. Vitamin D intake above current dietary reference intakes was not reported to be associated with an increased risk of adverse events. However, most trials of higher doses of vitamin D were not adequately designed to assess long-term harms." | "Based on double-blind randomized control trials (RCTs), eight for falls (n = 2426) and 12 for non-vertebral fractures (n = 42,279), there was a significant dose-response relationship between higher-dose and higher achieved 25(OH)D and greater fall and fracture prevention. Optimal benefits were observed at the highest dose tested to date for 700 to 1000 IU vitamin D per day or mean 25(OH)D between 75 and 110 nmol/l (30-44 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that mean serum 25(OH)D levels of about 75 to 110 nmol/l provide optimal benefits for all investigated endpoints without increasing health risks. These levels can be best obtained with oral doses in the range of 1,800 to 4,000 IU vitamin D per day; further work is needed, including subject and environment factors, to better define the doses that will achieve optimal blood levels in the large majority of the population." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957164 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
181 | vitamin D | 2 | flu | infections | vitamin | 15.3 | 606000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | Urashima et al. 2010 | Vitamin D deficiency predisposes children to respiratory infections. Ultraviolet radiation (either from artificial sources or from sunlight) reduces the incidence of viral respiratory infections, as does cod liver oil (which contains vitamin D). An interventional study showed that vitamin D reduces the incidence of respiratory infections in children. We conclude that vitamin D, or lack of it, may be Hope-Simpson's ‘seasonal stimulus’. Epidemiology and Infection / Volume 134 / Issue 06 / December 2006, pp 1129-1140 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
182 | vitamin D | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 37.5 | 572000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=PMC3173027 | Bertone-Johnson et al. 2011 | Vitamin D is an essential nutrient proven to be important for bone health. It has other physiological functions, and there are plausible reasons for investigating vitamin D in depressive disorders. Some cross-sectional clinical and epidemiologic studies, but not all studies, have found that low levels of vitamin D are significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms or with a depression diagnosis. However, cross-sectional studies cannot establish causality, and the methodology of these studies has been criticized. Due to the poor quality of the treatment studies, the effectiveness of vitamin D for depression cannot be adequately assessed. Current evidence does not definitively demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency is a cause of or risk for developing depression or that vitamin D is an effective therapy for depression. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2011 Feb;49(2):15-8. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20110111-02. Epub 2011 Jan 21. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
183 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | OTW | 9.36 | 31800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697. | "Unfortunately, very limited data are available to indicate whether or not giving vitamin D supplements reduces the risk of cancer. In view of the substantial preclinical and epidemiologic data supporting the potential role of vitamin D in cancer, careful studies to evaluate the impact of vitamin D replacement on the frequency of cancer and the impact of an appropriate dose and schedule of calcitriol or other active vitamin D analogue on the treatment of established cancer are indicated." Trump et al (2010). 'Vitamin D: considerations in the continued development as an agent for cancer prevention and therapy.' Cancer 16/1, 1-9. PMID: 20164683. | "Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to determine the efficacy of calcium alone and calcium plus vitamin D in reducing incident cancer risk of all types. Design: This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4°N. Conclusions: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Lappe et al (2007). 'Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85/6, 1586–91. PMID 17556697. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
184 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 3.94 | 229000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554952 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19187703 | 2,117 women aged 70+, some with Seasonal Affective Disorder were randomised to receive calcium and vitamin D supplementation or no supplementation. "CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing elderly women with 800 IU of vitamin D daily did not lead to an improvement in mental health scores." Dumville et al (2006). 'Can vitamin D supplementation prevent winter-time blues? A randomised trial among older women.' J. Nutr. Health. Aging 10/2, 151-53. PMID: 16554952. | "Vitamin D, a multipurpose steroid hormone vital to health, has been increasingly implicated in the pathology of cognition and mental illness. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent among older adults, and several studies suggest an association between hypovitaminosis D and basic and executive cognitive functions, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Although additional studies are needed to examine the impact of supplementation on cognition and mood disorders, given the known health benefits of vitamin D, we recommend greater supplementation in older adults." | "Some cross-sectional clinical and epidemiologic studies, but not all studies, have found that low levels of vitamin D are significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms or with a depression diagnosis. However, cross-sectional studies cannot establish causality, and the methodology of these studies has been criticized. Current evidence does not definitively demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency is a cause of or risk for developing depression or that vitamin D is an effective therapy for depression." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261225 | "Much is still unknown concerning how vitamin D relates to mood. The few epidemiological studies of vitamin D and depression have produced inconsistent results and generally have had substantial methodological limitations. Recent findings from a randomized trial suggest that high doses of supplemental vitamin D may improve mild depressive symptoms, but at this time, it is premature to conclude that vitamin D status is related to the occurrence of depression. Additional prospective studies of this relationship are essential." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674344 | "OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] levels and depression in overweight and obese subjects and to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and randomized double blind controlled trial of 20,000 or 40,000 IU vitamin D per week versus placebo for 1 year. SETTING: A total of 441 subjects (body mass index 28-47 kg m(-2), 159 men and 282 women, aged 21-70 years). CONCLUSIONS: It appears to be a relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and symptoms of depression. Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate these symptoms indicating a possible causal relationship." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793245 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
185 | vitamin D | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 5.76 | 12800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816120 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21147944 | "Observational studies strongly associate vitamin D deficiency with a variety of cardiovascular diseases beyond defects in bone and calcium metabolism. vitamin D has multiple mechanisms that potentially may affect cardiovascular health. [...] To date however, studies evaluating vitamin D supplementation are few and have not consistently shown benefit. It is possible that the lack of benefit in these studies may have arisen from suboptimal levels of vitamin D supplementation or other unknown factors. Nevertheless, the growing body of observational data and consistent findings of relatively high rates of low vitamin D serum levels warrant further well-designed studies to investigate the relation between vitamin D and cardiovascular health." Reddy Vanga et al (2010). PMID: 20816120. | "Although vitamin D supplementation appears to be a promising intervention for reducing risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, existing evidence on its benefits and risks is limited and inconclusive. Recruitment is now under way for the vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), the first large-scale randomized clinical trial of these nutritional agents for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease." | "Observational data suggest that low vitamin D levels are common in patients with heart failure and are associated with worse exercise capacity and natriuretic peptide levels. Little interventional data are currently available, but evidence to date does not support vitamin D supplementation, even in patients with low vitamin D levels. Further studies are needed to establish whether larger doses of vitamin D given over a longer period of time can reduce symptoms, hospitalization, and mortality in heart failure." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328082 | "Although a growing body of evidence suggests that nutritional vitamin D supplementation and potentially even treatment with synthetic analogues of vitamin D may be cardioprotective, relatively few studies have examined either of these compounds in a randomized, controlled fashion. Studies examining the benefit of vitamin D supplementation are now beginning, but future studies considering calcitriol and analogue therapy also seem warranted." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298577 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
186 | vitamin D | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 9.43 | 32300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150805 | "DATA SYNTHESIS: 13 observational studies (14 cohorts) and 18 trials were eligible. Three of 6 analyses (from 4 different cohorts) reported a lower incident diabetes risk in the highest versus the lowest vitamin D status groups. Eight trials found no effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemia or incident diabetes. Four trials found no effect of supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. CONCLUSION: The association between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic outcomes is uncertain. Trials showed no clinically significant effect of vitamin D supplementation at the dosages given." Pittas et al (2010). PMID: 20194237. | "SUMMARY: The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and plausible molecular mechanisms linking this to diabetes and cardiovascular risk suggest treatment of vitamin D deficiency to prevent and/or treat diabetes is a promising field to explore." Baz-Hecht and Goldfine (2010). PMID: 20150805. | "We performed a systematic review of the current literature on vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders using the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases in September 2009. We identified 28 studies that met our inclusion criteria, including 99,745 participants. We found that the highest levels of serum 25OHD were associated with a 43% reduction in cardiometabolic disorders. High levels of vitamin D among middle-age and elderly populations are associated with a substantial decrease in cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. If the relationship proves to be causal, interventions targeting vitamin D deficiency in adult populations could potentially slow the current epidemics of cardiometabolic disorders." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031348 | "Evidence from trials with vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation suggests that combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in populations at high risk (i.e. glucose intolerance). The available evidence is limited because most observational studies are cross-sectional and did not adjust for important confounders, whereas intervention studies were short in duration, included few subjects, used a variety of formulations of vitamin D and calcium, or did post hoc analyses. CONCLUSIONS: vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17389701 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
187 | vitamin E | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 2.72 | 102000 | http://med.over.net/javne_datoteke/novice/datoteke/13081-JAMA-antioxidants.pdf | American Medical Association | "We did not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements have beneficial effects on mortality. Even more, beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death. Further randomized trials are needed to establish the effects of vitamin C and selenium." Bjelakovic et al (2007). 'Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'. JAMA 297/8, 842-57. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
188 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 3 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 2.72 | 2 | 10200 | Long term daily supplementation might slow the symptoms of cognitive decline associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, but the evidence is mixed. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152215 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 | Cochrane review 2012 | 3 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 | 1) Among 561 patients with mild to moderate AD, 2000 IU/d of alpha tocopherol per day over 2.3 years compared with placebo resulted in slower functional decline. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 Accompanying Guardian article: Patients taking the supplements saw their caregiver time reduced by about two hours a day. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/31/alzheimers-patients-decline-vitamin-e-supplements | 2) Cochrane Review: Only three studies met the inclusion criteria: two in an AD population and one in an mild cognitive impairment population. In the first of the AD studies (Sano 1996) the authors reported some benefit from vitamin E (2000 IU/day) with fewer participants reaching an end point of death, institutionalisation, change to a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of three, or loss of two basic activities of daily living within two years. In the other 2 studies, no effect. No convincing evidence that vitamin E is of benefit in the treatment of AD or MCI. Future trials assessing vitamin E treatment in AD should not be restricted to alpha-tocopherol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152215 | ||||||||||||||||||||
189 | vitamin K2 | 4 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | OTW | 0.344 | 2070 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850029 | Journal of Nutrition | http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/11/3100.full.pdf | "Two cohorts examined the effects of vitamin K2 intake on the incidence of CHD; both found significant associations where higher vitamin K2 intake was associated with fewer CHD events. Few studies have examined the effects of vitamin K intake on clinical outcomes relevant to cardio-metabolic disorders. None of the studies used biomarkers. Currently there is no evidence for an effect of vitamin K1, but results for vitamin K2 look promising. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings." Rees et al (2010). 'Is vitamin K consumption associated with cardio-metabolic disorders? A systematic review.' Maturitas 67/2, 121-28. PMID: 20850029. | "The analysis included 4,807 subjects with dietary data and no history of myocardial infarction at baseline (1990 –1993) who were followed until January 1, 2000. The risk of incident CHD, all-cause mortality, and aortic atherosclerosis was studied in tertiles of energy-adjusted vitamin K intake after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, smoking, diabetes, education, and dietary factors. The relative risk (RR) of CHD mortality was reduced in the mid and upper tertiles of dietary menaquinone compared to the lower tertile. Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality and severe aortic calcification. These findings suggest that an adequate intake of menaquinone could be important for CHD prevention." Geleijnse et al (2004). 'Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study.' J. Nutr. 134, 3100-05. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
190 | vitamin K2 | 3 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 0.277 | 4370 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10227010 | Maturitas | http://www.springerlink.com/content/v4288732927n2072/ | This study investigated the effect of vitamin K2 treatment on spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in 72 postmenopausal women, compared with vitamin D3. "Conclusions: vitamin K2 therapy may be a useful method for preventing postmenopausal spinal bone mineral loss. In addition, the therapy should be started early in postmenopausal period." Iwamoto et al (1999). 'A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy.' Maturitas 31/2, 161-64. PMID: 10227010. | "Methods: BMD of the total hip was measured in 2,575 women and 1,886 men, 47-50 and 71-75 years. Conclusions: Although we observed an increased risk of low BMD with low intake of vitamin K1 and a weak positive association between BMD and vitamin K2 intake among women, this study does not support dietary intake of vitamins K1 or K2 as major determinants of BMD. Future studies should investigate possible associations between intake of vitamin K1, K2 and fracture risk." | "We assessed the possibility of an association between habitual natto intake and bone mineral density (BMD) and BMD change over time in healthy Japanese women. The BMD was measured at the spine, hip, and forearm in 944 women (20–79 y old) at baseline and at a follow-up conducted 3 y later. Natto intake may help prevent postmenopausal bone loss through the effects of menaquinone 7 or bioavailable isoflavones, which are more abundant in natto than in other soybean products." http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/5/1323.full | "Methods: Three hundred thirty-four healthy women between 50 and 60 years, 1–5 years after menopause, were recruited to a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups, one receiving 360 µg MK-7 in the form of Natto capsules and the other the same amount of identical-looking placebo capsules containing olive oil. Conclusion: MK-7 taken as Natto over 1 year reduced serum levels of ucOC but did not influence bone loss rates in early menopausal women." http://www.springerlink.com/content/f227685211041064/ | "This article covers clinical evidences of the positive effect of vitamin K2 on osteoporosis. The activity of vitamin K2 involves both an increase in the bone-building process and decrease in the bone-loss process. Article covers effect of vitamin K2 on bone homeostasis and its safety in children, hepatic and renal impairment. vitamin K2 should be considered for prevention and treatment in those conditions known to contribute to osteoporosis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114195 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
191 | Vitamin K2 | 1 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | OTW | 0.252 | 2850 | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Design: Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of total and advanced prostate cancer in relation to intakes of phylloquinone and menaquinones [Vitamin K2] were calculated in 11,319 men by means of Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total menaquinone intake. The association was stronger for advanced prostate cancer. Menaquinones from dairy products had a stronger inverse association with advanced prostate cancer than did menaquinones from meat. Conclusions: Our results suggest an inverse association between the intake of menaquinones, but not that of phylloquinone, and prostate cancer. Further studies of dietary vitamin K and prostate cancer are warranted." Nimptsch et al (2008). 'Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87/4, 985-92. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
192 | wheat-grass | 0 | plant / herb | 2.9 | 6490 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
193 | wholegrains | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 25.4 | 190000 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD006061/whole-grain-foods-for-the-prevention-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 12 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
194 | xylitol | 1 | teeth | general health | compound | 3.14 | 18300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153702 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521385 | "It is concluded that chewing sugar-free gum 3 or more times daily for prolonged periods of time may reduce caries incidence irrespective of the type of sugar alcohol used. Sucking xylitol-containing candies or tablets may have a similar effect as chewing xylitol chewing gum. Clinical trials suggest greater caries reductions from chewing gums sweetened with xylitol than from gums sweetened with sorbitol. However, the superiority of xylitol was not confirmed in 2 out of 4 clinical trials comparing the caries-preventive effect of xylitol- with sorbitol-sweetened gums. The caries-preventive effects of polyol-containing gums and candies seem to be based on stimulation of the salivary flow, although an antimicrobial effect cannot be excluded. There is no evidence for a caries-therapeutic effect of xylitol." Van Loveren (2004). PMID: 15153702. | "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The evidence is strong enough to support the regular use of xylitol-sweetened gum as a way to prevent caries, and it can be promoted as a public-health preventive measure. Chewing xylitol-sweetened gum, especially for patients who like chewing gum, can be fitted readily into a regimen that includes frequent fluoride exposure, good oral hygiene and regular dental appointments." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
195 | zinc | 5 | colds | infections | mineral | 1.85 | 10100 | http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/details/file/1017735/CD001364.html | Cochrane Library | http://www.annals.org/content/133/4/245.1 | "This review identified 15 randomized controlled trials, enrolling 1360 participants of all age groups, comparing zinc with placebo (no zinc). We found that zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. People taking zinc are also less likely to have persistence of their cold symptoms beyond seven days of treatment. Zinc supplementation for at least five months reduces incidence, school absenteeism and prescription of antibiotics for children with the common cold. People taking zinc lozenges (not syrup or tablet form) are more likely to experience adverse events, including bad taste and nausea. More research is needed to address these variabilities and determine the optimal duration of treatment as well as the dosage and formulations of zinc that will produce clinical benefits without increasing adverse effects, before making a general recommendation for zinc in treatment of the common cold." Singh and Das (2011). 'Zinc for the common cold.' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2. CD001364. | "Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients: 50 ambulatory volunteers recruited within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold. Intervention: Participants took one lozenge containing 12.8 mg of zinc acetate or placebo every 2 to 3 hours while awake as long as they had cold symptoms. Results: Forty-eight participants completed the study (25 in the zinc group and 23 in the placebo group). Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 vs. 6.3 days), and nasal discharge (4.1 vs. 5.8 days) and decreased total severity scores for all symptoms. Conclusion: Administration of zinc lozenges was associated with reduced duration and severity of cold symptoms, especially cough." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | ||
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1 | name | alternativename | primaryvalue | subcategory | category | type | highlight | metric_001 | metric_002 | metric_003 | metric_004 | notes | exclude | firstsource | secondsource | thirdsource | ||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | supplement | alternative name | EVIDENCE | condition | HEALTH CONDITION | TYPE | one to watch | POPULAR INTEREST | NO OF STUDIES WE EXAMINED | SCIENTIFIC INTEREST | UNUSED | notes | Exclude | Cochrane systematic review | Other International review board or metastudy | Link to main individual study | main study source | no. of studies in Cochrane metastudy | no. of studies in metastudy | year(s) of metastudy | No. of individual studies / reviews | N positive studies / trials | % positive studies / trials | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | Link to individual study | |||||
3 | our score. 0 = no evidence, 1,2 = slight, 3 = conflicting , 4 = promising, 5 = good, 6 = strong | Health condition or claim made for supplement (appears in bubble) | the type of condition (appears in filter panel) | what type of substance is this? (appears in filter panel) | few studies / trials but positive potential. 2 trials or fewer, at least 1 with positive result. | google hits (used to scale the bubbles) - "supplement name + health" | Number of citations on Google Scholar (2000-2012) - "supplement name + health" | % improvement in trials. | Comments by Cochrane or other review/guidelines or our notes on the evidence. | Show this item in the viz? | (i.e, those that are not systematic or other reviews). | N trials showing benefit in areas tested (p<.05). 0.5 = significant results in some areas but not others | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | beta-glucans | 0 | cancer | cancer | compound | OTW | 0.484 | 3280 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515245 | PubMed | "So far, no good quality clinical trial data is available on assessing the effectiveness of purified beta-glucans among cancer patients. Future effort should direct at performing well-designed clinical trials to verify the actual clinical efficacy of beta-glucans or beta-glucans containing compounds." Chan et al (2009). PMID: 19515245. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | silicic acid | 0 | Alzheimer's | mental health | compound | OTW | 0.209 | 21200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988476 | PubMed | "Based upon the premise that urinary aluminium is the best non-invasive estimate of body burden of aluminium patients with Alzheimer's disease were asked to drink 1.5 L of a silicic acid-rich mineral water each day for five days and, by comparison of their urinary excretion of aluminium pre-and post this simple procedure, the influence upon their body burden of aluminium was determined. Drinking the mineral water increased significantly their urinary excretion of silicic acid and concomitantly reduced significantly their urinary excretion of aluminium. The reduction in urinary aluminium supported the future longer-term use of silicic acid as non-invasive therapy for reducing the body burden of aluminium in Alzheimer's disease." Exley et al (2006). PMID: 16988476. | Not a study of silicic acid supplementation on Alzheimer's itself, but suggests a potential treatment mechanism. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | astragalus | 0.5 | dna damage, immune system | general health | plant / herb | OTW | 0.385 | 19900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15035888 | Block, Mead (2003) | Astragalus is the least-studied agent. There are some preclinical trials that show intriguing immune activity. The herbs discussed appear to have satisfactory safety profiles. Cancer patients may wish to use these botanicals to inhibit tumor growth or to boost resistance to infections. However, passive immunotherapy with herbs, with no mechanism to expose tumor antigens, is unlikely to be effective in inhibiting tumor growth. Although the margin of safety for these herbs is large, more research is needed to demonstrate the clear value of using herbs to improve resistance to infections. Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Sep;2(3):247-67. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | 17.5 | 17000 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214562 | PubMed | "In vitro and in vivo research [into curcumin] has shown various activities, such as anti-inflammatory, cytokines release, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, enhancing of the apoptotic process, and anti-angiogenic properties. Curcumin has also been shown to be a mediator of chemo-resistance and radio-resistance. The anti-cancer effect has been seen in a few clinical trials, mainly as a native chemoprevention agent in colon and pancreatic cancer, cervical neoplasia and Barrets metaplasia. Our clinical experience with curcumin, along with the anti-metabolite gemcitabine in the treatment of patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma, produced an objective response in less than 10% of patients, with a minor effect on survival. However, the safety of this combination was proved. The preclinical data lead to various, but still scarce, clinical studies (some on-going) that demonstrated the possible efficacy of this treatment as a chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agent." Bar-Sela et al (2010). 'Curcumin as an anti-cancer agent: review of the gap between basic and clinical applications.' Curr. Med. Chem. 17/3, 190-97. PMID: 20214562. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | OTW | 9.36 | 31800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164683 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697. | "Unfortunately, very limited data are available to indicate whether or not giving vitamin D supplements reduces the risk of cancer. In view of the substantial preclinical and epidemiologic data supporting the potential role of vitamin D in cancer, careful studies to evaluate the impact of vitamin D replacement on the frequency of cancer and the impact of an appropriate dose and schedule of calcitriol or other active vitamin D analogue on the treatment of established cancer are indicated." Trump et al (2010). 'Vitamin D: considerations in the continued development as an agent for cancer prevention and therapy.' Cancer 16/1, 1-9. PMID: 20164683. | "Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to determine the efficacy of calcium alone and calcium plus vitamin D in reducing incident cancer risk of all types. Design: This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4°N. Conclusions: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Lappe et al (2007). 'Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85/6, 1586–91. PMID 17556697. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer, diabetes, heart health, metabolism | cancer, diabetes, cardio | compound | OTW | 6.9 | 35100 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | http://www.cancerletters.info/article/S0304-3835(08)00252-8/abstract | Tomé-Carneiro et al 2013 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20623546 | Non-flavonoid polyphenol found in grapes and red wine. Many reported health benefits - lots of in vitro and animal (preclinical) studies. But human randomised controlled trials lacking. Lots of potential, little confirmation in humans. Therefore, there are many issues that should be addressed to avoid an apparent endless loop in resveratrol research. The so-called 'Resveratrol Paradox', i.e., low bioavailability but high bioactivity, is a conundrum not yet solved in which the final responsible actor (if any) for the exerted effects has not yet been unequivocally identified. It is becoming evident that resveratrol exerts cardioprotective benefits through the improvement of inflammatory markers, atherogenic profile, glucose metabolism and endothelial function. However, safety concerns remain unsolved regarding chronic consumption of high RES doses, specially in medicated people. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(34):6064-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23448440 | "Currently, numerous preclinical findings suggest resveratrol as a promising nature’s arsenal for cancer prevention and treatment. A remarkable progress in dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-cancer properties of resveratrol has been achieved in the past decade. As a potential anti-cancer agent, resveratrol has been shown to inhibit or retard the growth of various cancer cells in culture and implanted tumors in vivo." Kundu et al (2008). 'Cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of resveratrol: Mechanistic perspectives', Cancer Letters 269/2, 243-61. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "Our analysis of published data strengthen support that resveratrol displays novel roles in various cellular processes, and help to establish an expanded molecular framework for cancer prevention by resveratrol in vivo." Hsieh and Wu (2010). 'Resveratrol: Biological and pharmaceutical properties as anticancer molecule', Biofactors 36/5, 360-69. PMID: 20623546. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "Currently, a number of preclinical findings from our lab and elsewhere suggest resveratrol to be a promising natural weapon in the war against cancer. Remarkable progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of resveratrol has been achieved. [...] [R]esveratrol holds tremendous potential as an efficient anticancer drug of the future." Shukla and Singh (2011). 'Resveratrol and cellular mechanisms of cancer prevention', Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1215, 1-8. PMID: 21261635. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261635. NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. | "It appears that resveratrol and proanthocyanidins, especially resveratrol, present in grapes and wines play a crucial role in cardioprotective abilities of grapes and wines." Bertelli et al (2009). http://journals.lww.com/cardiovascularpharm/Abstract/2009/12000/Grapes,_Wines,_Resveratrol,_and_Heart_Health.2.aspx | "Data from the literature indicate that resveratrol is a compound exerting numerous beneficial effects in organisms. These data indicate that resveratrol may be useful in preventing and treating diabetes." NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261639 | "It is well established that resveratrol exerts beneficial effects in rodents fed a high-calorie diet. In some studies, resveratrol was reported to reduce body weight and adiposity in obese animals. The accumulating evidence also indicates the benefits of resveratrol in diabetes and diabetic complications. It is known that resveratrol affects insulin secretion and blood insulin concentration. In animals with hyperinsulinemia, resveratrol was found to reduce blood insulin. Moreover, numerous data indicate that in diabetic rats, resveratrol is able to reduce hyperglycemia. The mechanism of resveratrol's action is complex and is demonstrated to involve both insulin-dependent and insulin-independent effects. These data point to the potential possibility of use of resveratrol in preventing and/or treating both obesity and diabetes." NB not a human supplementation trial - for info only. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20303945 | Here, we treated 11 healthy, obese men with placebo and 150 mg/day resveratrol (resVida) in a randomized double-blind crossover study for 30 days. Resveratrol significantly reduced sleeping and resting metabolic rate. In muscle, resveratrol activated AMPK, increased SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein levels, increased citrate synthase activity without change in mitochondrial content, and improved muscle mitochondrial respiration on a fatty acid-derived substrate. Furthermore, resveratrol elevated intramyocellular lipid levels and decreased intrahepatic lipid content, circulating glucose, triglycerides, alanine-aminotransferase, and inflammation markers. Systolic blood pressure dropped and HOMA index improved after resveratrol. In the postprandial state, adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma fatty acid and glycerol decreased. In conclusion, we demonstrate that 30 days of resveratrol supplementation induces metabolic changes in obese humans, mimicking the effects of calorie restriction. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S155041311100386X | A leading researcher on the beneficial properties of resveratrol, a compound found in the skin of red grapes, has been found guilty of 145 counts of fabrication and falsification of data, an investigation has found. http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e406?ga=w_ga_mpopular | http://www.jbc.org/content/early/2013/10/31/jbc.M113.466490 | http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/abstract/S1550-4131%2812%2900143-X | |||||||||||||||
10 | Vitamin K2 | 1 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | vitamin | OTW | 0.252 | 2850 | http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/4/985 | American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | Design: Multivariate-adjusted relative risks of total and advanced prostate cancer in relation to intakes of phylloquinone and menaquinones [Vitamin K2] were calculated in 11,319 men by means of Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: We observed a nonsignificant inverse association between total prostate cancer and total menaquinone intake. The association was stronger for advanced prostate cancer. Menaquinones from dairy products had a stronger inverse association with advanced prostate cancer than did menaquinones from meat. Conclusions: Our results suggest an inverse association between the intake of menaquinones, but not that of phylloquinone, and prostate cancer. Further studies of dietary vitamin K and prostate cancer are warranted." Nimptsch et al (2008). 'Dietary intake of vitamin K and risk of prostate cancer in the Heidelberg cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87/4, 985-92. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | ubiquinol | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | OTW | 1.52 | 9190 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19096107 | "We identified seven patients with advanced CHF (mean EF 22%) with sub-therapeutic plasma CoQ10 levels on an average dose of 450 mg of ubiquinone daily (150-600 mg/day). All seven of these patients were changed to an average of 580 mg/day of ubiquinol (450-900 mg/day) with follow-up plasma CoQ10 levels, clinical status, and EF measurements by echocardiography. Mean plasma CoQ10 levels increased [,] mean EF improved from 22% up to 39% and clinical improvement has been remarkable with NYHA class improving from a mean of IV to a mean of II. Ubiquinol has dramatically improved absorption in patients with severe heart failure and the improvement in plasma CoQ10 levels is correlated with both clinical improvement and improvement in measurement of left ventricular function." Langsjoen and Langsjoen (2008). PMID: 19096107. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | elderberry | 1 | lipid and antioxidant status | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 1.06 | 1230 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749743 | PubMed | "DESIGN: Study A: The randomized, placebo-controlled trial for studying the effect of anthocyanes on lipid and antioxidant status, 34 subjects took capsules with 400 mg spray-dried powder containing 10% anthocyanes t.i.d. equivalent to 5 ml elderberry juice for 2 weeks. A subgroup of 14 subjects continued for an additional week to test for resistance to oxidation of LDL. Study B: To investigate the short-term effects on serum lipid concentrations, six subjects took a single dose of 50 ml of elderberry juice (equivalent to 10 capsules) along with a high-fat breakfast. CONCLUSIONS: Elderberry spray-dried extract at a low dose exerts a minor effect on serum lipids and antioxidative capacity. Higher, but nutritionally relevant doses might significantly reduce postprandial serum lipids." Murkovic et al (2004). 'Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58/2, 244-49. PMID: 14749743. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | peptic ulcer | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | 0.893 | 5030 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438867 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11485087 | "Helicobacter pylori infection of the lining of the stomach induces an array of inflammatory cytokine production leading to gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. We concluded that curcumin alone may have limited anti-bactericidal effect on H. pylori, and on the production of inflammatory cytokines. Nevertheless, other studies have reported that patients treated with curcumin had relieved symptoms. Further investigation should be carried out as the use of curcumin in combination with therapeutic regimens may be beneficial as an alternative treatment." Koosirirat et al (2010). PMID: 20438867. | Oral dose of 2 capsules (300 mg) of turmeric 5 times daily given to 45 patients with peptic ulcer symptoms resulted into the absence of ulcers in 48% (12 cases) after 4 weeks and 76% (Nineteen cases) after 12 weeks of treatment. Prucksunand 2001 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | asta-xanthin | 1 | oxidative stress | general health | compound | OTW | 1.65 | 8060 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656058 | PubMed | "There have been at least eight clinical studies conducted in over 180 humans using astaxanthin to assess its safety, bioavailability and clinical aspects relevant to oxidative stress, inflammation or the cardiovascular system. There have been no adverse outcomes reported. Studies have demonstrated reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and improved blood rheology." Fassett and Coombes (2009). PMID: 19656058. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12727382?dopt=Abstract | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | probiotics: suguki | Japanese pickle | 1 | flu | infections | other | OTW | 0.02 | 1 | 48 | A probiotic strain (Lactobacillus brevis) isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle called ‘Suguki’ might provide a future flu treatment. A recent study showed mice given the probiotics for 2 weeks before being given flu lost less weight and showed less severe flu symptoms than the placebo group. But the immune-boosting effect may or may not be seen in humans. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactobacillus+brevis+influenza | Waki et al 2014 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lactobacillus+brevis+influenza | 1) A probiotic strain, Lactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290), isolated from a traditional Japanese pickle ‘Suguki’, administed orally for 14 days protected against symptoms of influenza virus infection in mice. Mice lost less weight. Not known whether the same immune-boosting effect will be seen in humans. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | elderberry | 1 | flu | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 1.91 | 1050 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19548290 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15080016 | "Several in vitro studies together with two exploratory studies in humans and one open study in chimpanzees indicate that the aqueous elderberry extract Sambucol may be useful for the treatment of viral influenza infections. These promising effects of elderberry fruit preparations from experimental and clinical studies should be backed by more rigorous studies before these preparations are recommended in the prevention of diseases and in treatment schedules." Vlachojannis et al (2010). PMID: 19548290. | "Sixty patients (aged 18-54 years) suffering from influenza-like symptoms for 48 h or less were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study during the influenza season of 1999-2000 in Norway. Patients received 15 ml of elderberry or placebo syrup four times a day for 5 days, and recorded their symptoms using a visual analogue scale. Symptoms were relieved on average 4 days earlier and use of rescue medication was significantly less in those receiving elderberry extract compared with placebo. Elderberry extract seems to offer an efficient, safe and cost-effective treatment for influenza. These findings need to be confirmed in a larger study." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | valerian | 1 | anxiety | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | 5.79 | 9270 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17054208 | "Since only one small study is currently available, there is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions about the efficacy or safety of valerian compared with placebo or diazepam for anxiety disorders. RCTs involving larger samples and comparing valerian with placebo or other interventions used to treat of anxiety disorders, such as antidepressants, are needed." Miyasaka et al (2006). 'Valerian for anxiety disorders. ' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 18/4. PMID: 17054208. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | DHEA | 1 | memory in young men | mental health, men | compound | OTW | 3.24 | 15000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16231168 | PubMed | "METHODS: Twenty-four healthy young men were treated with a 7-day course of oral DHEA (150 mg b.d.) or placebo in a double blind, random, crossover and balanced order design. CONCLUSIONS: DHEA treatment improved memory recollection and mood and decreased trough cortisol levels. These findings are distinctive, being the first to show such beneficial effects of DHEA on memory in healthy young men." Alhaj et al (2006). PMID: 16231168. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | horse chestnut seed extract | 2 | chronic venous insufficiency | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 0.347 | 341 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437450 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19247403 | "OBJECTIVES: To review the efficacy and safety of oral horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) versus placebo, or reference therapy, for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of HCSE for chronic venous insufficiency. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The evidence presented implies that HCSE is an efficacious and safe short-term treatment for CVI. However, several caveats exist and more rigorous RCTs are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment option." Pittler and Ernst (2006). PMID: 16437450. | "A number of clinical trials have shown that horse- chestnut seed extract may be beneficial to patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency. However, inadequate randomization, short duration and use of different end-points in these trials makes it difficult to conclude regarding effectiveness and safety, especially in long-term use. Horse- chestnut seed extract appears to be a short-term treatment option in patients with mild to moderate chronic venous insufficiency, but more rigorous trials are required to confirm the efficacy of this treatment." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | beta-glucans | 2 | colds, immune system | infections | compound | OTW | 0.484 | 2 | 3280 | Compounds found in brewers' yeast and mushrooms. Reduced number of colds by 25% and severity of symptoms by 15% in a double-blind trial. Might increase the body's ability to fend off infections. | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-013-0492-z/fulltext.html | Auinger et al 2013 | Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides. These glucose polymers are constituents of the cell wall of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The healing and immunostimulating properties of mushrooms have been known for thousands of years in the Eastern countries. These mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides that mostly belong to group of beta-glucans. These substances increase host immune defense by activating complement system, enhancing macrophages and natural killer cell function. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895634 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | andro-graphis | 2 | respiratory tract infections | infections | plant / herb | OTW | 0.644 | 3630 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14748896 | Meta-analysis of 3 trials (433 patients) found Andrographis paniculata extract alone or in combination with Acanthopanax senticosus was more effective than placebo & may be an effective treatment of uncomplicated acute upper respiratory tract infection. Poolsup et al (2004). PMID: 14748896. | Andrographis paniculata (N.) extract SHA-10 fixed combination, Kan Jang, shows a positive effect in 95 individuals in the treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections and also relieves the inflammatory symptoms of sinusitis and the drug was well tolerated. Gabrielian 2002 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | L-lysine | 2 | herpes | sex, infections | compound | OTW | 3.05 | 97300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6435961 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3115841 | "In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of forty-one patients we found that oral ingestion of 1,248 mg a day of L-Lysine monohydrochloride shows evidence of decreasing the recurrence rate of herpes simplex attacks in nonimmunocompromised hosts. A dose of 624 mg a day was not effective. L-Lysine may also be capable of decreasing the severity of symptoms associated with recurrences. Neither dosage showed any evidence of shortening the healing time compared to placebo." McCune et al (1984).'Treatment of recurrent herpes simplex infections with L-lysine monohydrochloride.' Cutis. 34/4, 366-73. PMID: 6435961. | "A double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial of oral L-lysine monohydrochloride for the prevention and treatment of recurrent herpes simplex (HSV) infection was conducted. The treatment group was given L-Lysine monohydrochloride tablets (1,000 mg L-lysine per dose) 3 times a day for 6 months. [...] L-Lysine appears to be an effective agent for reduction of occurrence, severity and healing time for recurrent HSV infection." Griffith et al (1987). PMID: 3115841. | "Lysine appears to suppress the clinical manifestations of herpesvirus infection. 45 patients with frequently recurring herpes infection were given 312-1,200 mg of lysine daily in single or multiple doses. The clinical results demonstrated a beneficial effect from supplementary lysine in accelerating recovery from herpes simplex infection and suppressing recurrence." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/640102 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | sunlight | 3 | kidney cancer in men | cancer, men | other | OTW | 0.563 | 849 | x | http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123313834/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | Cancer Journal | "METHODS: A hospital-based, case-control study of 1097 patients with RCC (cases) and 1476 controls was conducted in 4 Central and Eastern European countries. Demographic and occupational information was collected to examine the association between occupational UV exposure and RCC risk. RESULTS: A significant reduction (24%-38%) in the risk of RCC was observed with increasing occupational UV exposure among men who participated in the study. No association between UV exposure and RCC risk was observed among women who participated. When the analyses were stratified by latitude as another estimate of sunlight intensity, a stronger reduction (71%-73%) in the risk of RCC was observed between UV exposure and cancer risk among men who resided at the highest latitudes. CONCLUSIONS: The current results suggested that, among men, there is an inverse association between occupational UV exposure and the risk of RCC. Replication studies are warranted to confirm these results." Karami et al (2010). 'Occupational sunlight exposure and risk of renal cell carcinoma.' Cancer 116/8, 2001-10. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | red yeast rice | 3 | cholesterol, heart disease | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | 2.2 | 1760 | X | http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(08)00353-6/abstract | American Journal of Cardiology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20975018 | "This multicenter study was conducted to determine the effects of Xuezhikang (XZK), a partially purified extract of red yeast rice, on lipoprotein and CV end points in Chinese patients who experienced a previous myocardial infarction. Nearly 5,000 of these patients with average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at baseline were randomly assigned either to placebo or to XZK daily for an average of 4.5 years. In conclusion, long-term therapy with XZK significantly decreased the recurrence of coronary events and the occurrence of new CV events and deaths, improved lipoprotein regulation, and was safe and well tolerated." Zongliang et al (2008). 'Effect of Xuezhikang, an Extract From Red Yeast Chinese Rice, on Coronary Events in a Chinese Population With Previous Myocardial Infarction.' Am. J. Cardiol. 101/12, 1689-93. | "BACKGROUND: Red yeast rice (RYR) is a widely available dietary supplement used by millions of patients as an alternative therapy for hyperlipidemia. It contains 14 active compounds called monacolins that inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis. Although studies have suggested that some formulations of RYR may be effective and safe for lipid lowering, monacolin levels are not standardized among marketed products and are generally not published on labels. We evaluated monacolin levels in 12 commercial RYR formulations and tested for citrinin, a mycotoxin that is nephrotoxic in animals. CONCLUSIONS: We found striking variability in monacolin content in 12 proprietary RYR products and the presence of citrinin in one-third of the formulations tested. Although RYR may have potential as an alternative lipid-lowering agent, our findings suggest the need for improved standardization of RYR products and product labeling. Until this occurs, physicians should be cautious in recommending RYR to their patients for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease." | "PATIENTS: 62 patients with dyslipidemia and history of discontinuation of statin therapy due to myalgias. INTERVENTION: Patients were assigned by random allocation software to receive red yeast rice, 1800 mg (31 patients), or placebo (31 patients) twice daily for 24 weeks. CONCLUSION: Red yeast rice and therapeutic lifestyle change decrease LDL cholesterol level without increasing CPK or pain levels and may be a treatment option for dyslipidemic patients who cannot tolerate statin therapy." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528562 | "Red colored rice, i.e., red rice has been utilized for centuries as food and medicine in Asia. Due to its method of preparation, red rice may contain statins. Products containing it are currently marketed for lowering of blood cholesterol in Western countries. Since at least some red rice preparations contain about 5 to 10 mg of lovastatin in the daily dose recommended on the package, these preparations may lower blood cholesterol levels, and exhibit similar drawbacks and interactions as the statin drugs." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20597312 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | caffeine | 3 | memory | mental health | compound | OTW | 10.7 | 3 | 74200 | Appears to enhance consolidation of long term memories. In one study, subjects who took 200mg caffeine after seeing a series of images were better at identifying similar images 24 hours later. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24413697 | Borota et al 2014 | 1) We used post-study caffeine administration to test its effect on memory consolidation using a behavioral discrimination task. Caffeine enhanced performance 24 h after administration according to an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve; this effect was specific to consolidation and not retrieval. We conclude that caffeine enhanced consolidation of long-term memories in humans. | 2) In mice, caffeine and the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist SCH 58261 facilitated memory retention when administered immediately after training, but not when administered 180 min later. The dose response was a bell-shaped curve.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10525758 | 3) Caffeine displays clearer and more robust beneficial effects on memory performance when memory is perturbed by stressful or noxious stimuli either in human or animal studies. Thus, caffeine restores memory performance in sleep-deprived or aged human individuals, a finding replicated in rodent animal models. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182043 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | vitamin B8 | 3 | OCD, panic disorder, depression | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 0.127 | 341 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780431 | PubMed | In a study of 13 patients, the authors concluded that "inositol [vitamin B8] is effective in depression, panic, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, a spectrum of disorders responsive to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Fux et al (1996). 'Inositol treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.' American Journal of Psychiatry 153/9, 1219–21. PMID 8780431. | In a study of 20 patients with panic disorder comparing inositol with fluvoxamine, "in the first month, inositol reduced the number of panic attacks per week by 4.0 compared with a reduction of 2.4 with fluvoxamine. [...] Continuing reports of inositol's efficacy in the treatment of depression, panic disorder, and OCD should stimulate replication studies." Palatnik et al (2001). "Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21/3, 335–39. PMID 11386498. | In a study of 21 patients, the authors concluded that "inositol's efficacy, the absence of significant side effects, and the fact that inositol is a natural component of the human diet make it a potentially attractive therapeutic for panic disorder." Benjamin et al (2005). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7793450 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 3 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | vitamin | OTW | 2.72 | 2 | 10200 | Long term daily supplementation might slow the symptoms of cognitive decline associated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, but the evidence is mixed. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152215 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 | Cochrane review 2012 | 3 | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 | 1) Among 561 patients with mild to moderate AD, 2000 IU/d of alpha tocopherol per day over 2.3 years compared with placebo resulted in slower functional decline. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1810379 Accompanying Guardian article: Patients taking the supplements saw their caregiver time reduced by about two hours a day. http://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/dec/31/alzheimers-patients-decline-vitamin-e-supplements | 2) Cochrane Review: Only three studies met the inclusion criteria: two in an AD population and one in an mild cognitive impairment population. In the first of the AD studies (Sano 1996) the authors reported some benefit from vitamin E (2000 IU/day) with fewer participants reaching an end point of death, institutionalisation, change to a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of three, or loss of two basic activities of daily living within two years. In the other 2 studies, no effect. No convincing evidence that vitamin E is of benefit in the treatment of AD or MCI. Future trials assessing vitamin E treatment in AD should not be restricted to alpha-tocopherol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23152215 | ||||||||||||||||||||
28 | vitamin K2 | 4 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | OTW | 0.344 | 2070 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850029 | Journal of Nutrition | http://jn.nutrition.org/content/134/11/3100.full.pdf | "Two cohorts examined the effects of vitamin K2 intake on the incidence of CHD; both found significant associations where higher vitamin K2 intake was associated with fewer CHD events. Few studies have examined the effects of vitamin K intake on clinical outcomes relevant to cardio-metabolic disorders. None of the studies used biomarkers. Currently there is no evidence for an effect of vitamin K1, but results for vitamin K2 look promising. Further prospective studies are required to confirm these findings." Rees et al (2010). 'Is vitamin K consumption associated with cardio-metabolic disorders? A systematic review.' Maturitas 67/2, 121-28. PMID: 20850029. | "The analysis included 4,807 subjects with dietary data and no history of myocardial infarction at baseline (1990 –1993) who were followed until January 1, 2000. The risk of incident CHD, all-cause mortality, and aortic atherosclerosis was studied in tertiles of energy-adjusted vitamin K intake after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, smoking, diabetes, education, and dietary factors. The relative risk (RR) of CHD mortality was reduced in the mid and upper tertiles of dietary menaquinone compared to the lower tertile. Intake of menaquinone was also inversely related to all-cause mortality and severe aortic calcification. These findings suggest that an adequate intake of menaquinone could be important for CHD prevention." Geleijnse et al (2004). 'Dietary Intake of Menaquinone Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Rotterdam Study.' J. Nutr. 134, 3100-05. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | egg shell membrane | 4 | joints, arthritis | general health | other | OTW | 0.012 | 119 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697588/ | Ruff et al. (2009) | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19340512 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | vitamin B12 | 4 | cankersores | infections | vitamin | OTW | 3 | 13200 | 74.1% | http://www.jabfm.org/content/22/1/9.abstract | Volkov et al. 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | colostrinin | 4 | alzheimer's disease | mental health | compound | OTW | 0.0127 | 4 | 203 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=new%20insights%20colostrinin | Szaniszlo et al. 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12388930 | The results we obtained showed that Colostrinin induced slight but statistically significant improvement or stabilization of the health status of the patients in the trial. The adverse reactions observed, if any, were remarkably mild, including anxiety, logorrhea, and insomnia, and subsided spontaneously within a short period of time (3-4 days). Med Sci Monit. 2002 Oct;8(10):PI93-6. | Beneficial effects of PRP/Colostrinin were shown for the first time in double-blind placebo-controlled trials and long-term open-label studies. The results were confirmed in multicenter clinical trials. A very important property of PRP/Colostrinin is the prevention of Abeta aggregation and the disruption of already existing aggregates. The same properties were expressed by one of PRP's components, a nonapeptide (NP). Moreover, PRP modulates neurite outgrowth, suppresses uncontrolled activation of cells, reduces 4-HNE-mediated cellular damage, and modulates expression in cellular redox regulation, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Its biological response modifying activity can play an important role in its use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2010 Jun;7(4):323-33. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 4 | mental health, addiction | mental health | other | OTW | 0.127 | 106 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18534556 | Berk et al. 2008 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436195 | "A randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study of individuals (n = 75) with bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase treated with NAC (1 g twice daily) adjunctive to usual medication over 24 weeks, with a 4-week washout. [...] NAC appears a safe and effective augmentation strategy for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder." Berk et al (2008). 'N-acetyl cysteine for depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder--a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial.' Biol. Psychiatry 64/6, 468-75. PMID: 18534556. | "One hundred forty people with chronic schizophrenia on maintenance antipsychotic medication were randomized; 84 completed treatment. [...] These data suggest that adjunctive NAC has potential as a safe and moderately effective augmentation strategy for chronic schizophrenia." Berk et al (2008). PMID: 18436195. | Thirty-three subjects (31 male subjects, 2 female subjects; aged 3.2-10.7 years) were randomized in the study. Follow-up data was available on 14 subjects in the NAC group and 15 in the placebo group. Oral NAC was well tolerated with limited side effects. Compared with placebo, NAC resulted in significant improvements on ABC irritability subscale (F = 6.80; p < .001; d = .96). Data from this pilot investigation support the potential usefulness of NAC for treating irritability in children with autistic disorder. Large randomized controlled investigations are warranted. Hardan et al. (2012) Biol Psychiatry. 2012 Jun 1;71(11):956-61. Epub 2012 Feb 18. | In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 15 participants received N-acetylcysteine or placebo during a 3-day hospitalization. Participants were crossed over to receive the opposite condition on a second, identical 3-day stay occurring 4 days later. During each hospital stay, participants completed a cue-reactivity procedure that involved collecting psychophysical and subjective data in response to slides depicting cocaine and cocaine use. The inhibition of cocaine cue reactivity is consistent with existing preclinical data and supports the use of N-acetylcysteine as a treatment for cocaine dependence. LaRowe et al. (2007) Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;164(7):1115-7. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | nettles | 4 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | OTW | 5.02 | 24200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635963 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18038253 | Therapy with Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) for symptomatic relief of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in 620 patients showed beneficial effects. Safarinejad (2005). 'Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.' J. Herb. Pharmacother. 5/4, 1-11. PMID: 16635963. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | omega 6 | 0 | cancer | cancer | compound | 2.86 | 17000 | http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/21/1611?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=eveing+primrose+oil&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | Journal of the National Cancer Institute | No human studies. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | capsaicin | 0 | cancer | cancer | plant / herb | 3.08 | 27100 | X | no human trials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | vitamin A: beta-carotene | 0 | cancer | cancer | vitamin | 1.41 | 19400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18689373 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18429004 | "Six randomized clinical trials examining the efficacy of beta-carotene supplements and 25 prospective observational studies assessing the associations between carotenoids and lung cancer were analyzed by using random-effects meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: beta-Carotene supplementation is not associated with a decrease in the risk of developing lung cancer. Findings from prospective cohort studies suggest inverse associations between carotenoids and lung cancer; however, the decreases in risk are generally small and not statistically significant. These inverse associations may be the result of carotenoid measurements' function as a marker of a healthier lifestyle (higher fruit and vegetable consumption) or of residual confounding by smoking". Gallicchio et al (2008). 'Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: a systematic review.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88/2, 372-83. PMID: 18689373. | "RESULTS: Four studies contributing 109,394 subjects were available for analysis. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose beta-carotene supplementation appears to increase the risk of lung cancer among current smokers. Although beta-carotene was prevalent in multivitamins, high-dose beta-carotene was observed among multivitamin formulas sold to promote visual health." Tanvetyanon and Bepler (2008). 'Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands.' Cancer 113/1, 150-57. PMID: 18429004. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | fenugreek | 0 | cancer prevention, diabetes | cancer, diabetes | plant / herb | 4.22 | 9420 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | cat's claw | 0 | cancer, viruses, immune system | cancer, infections | plant / herb | 1.07 | 1220 | PubMed | no human supplementation trials | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | lycopene | 0 | prostate cancer | cancer, men | compound | 4.73 | 24800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16434593 | PubMed | "We evaluated the association between intake of lycopene and specific tomato products and prostate cancer risk [...]. A total of 1,338 cases of prostate cancer were identified among 29,361 men during an average of 4.2 years of follow-up. [...] This large study does not support the hypothesis that greater lycopene/tomato product consumption protects from prostate cancer. Evidence for protective associations in subjects with a family history of prostate cancer requires further corroboration." Kirsh et al (2006). 'A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer.' 15/1, 92-98. PMID: 16434593. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | potassium | 0 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 12.2 | 770000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | probiotics | 0 | cholesterol, blood pressure | cardio | other | 0.825 | 12100 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | vitamin D | 0 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 5.76 | 12800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20816120 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21147944 | "Observational studies strongly associate vitamin D deficiency with a variety of cardiovascular diseases beyond defects in bone and calcium metabolism. vitamin D has multiple mechanisms that potentially may affect cardiovascular health. [...] To date however, studies evaluating vitamin D supplementation are few and have not consistently shown benefit. It is possible that the lack of benefit in these studies may have arisen from suboptimal levels of vitamin D supplementation or other unknown factors. Nevertheless, the growing body of observational data and consistent findings of relatively high rates of low vitamin D serum levels warrant further well-designed studies to investigate the relation between vitamin D and cardiovascular health." Reddy Vanga et al (2010). PMID: 20816120. | "Although vitamin D supplementation appears to be a promising intervention for reducing risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases, existing evidence on its benefits and risks is limited and inconclusive. Recruitment is now under way for the vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial (VITAL), the first large-scale randomized clinical trial of these nutritional agents for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease." | "Observational data suggest that low vitamin D levels are common in patients with heart failure and are associated with worse exercise capacity and natriuretic peptide levels. Little interventional data are currently available, but evidence to date does not support vitamin D supplementation, even in patients with low vitamin D levels. Further studies are needed to establish whether larger doses of vitamin D given over a longer period of time can reduce symptoms, hospitalization, and mortality in heart failure." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328082 | "Although a growing body of evidence suggests that nutritional vitamin D supplementation and potentially even treatment with synthetic analogues of vitamin D may be cardioprotective, relatively few studies have examined either of these compounds in a randomized, controlled fashion. Studies examining the benefit of vitamin D supplementation are now beginning, but future studies considering calcitriol and analogue therapy also seem warranted." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21298577 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | vitamin B5 | 0 | cholesterol, arthritis | cardio, musculoskeletal | vitamin | 0.0286 | 120 | no human studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | morbidity and mortality in preterm infants | children | compound | 0.518 | 25900 | these trials did not find strong evidence that glutamine supplementation affected the risk of death, serious infection or bowel disease, or longer term development | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001457/glutamine-supplementation-to-prevent-morbidity-and-mortality-in-preterm-infants | 11 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | vitamin A: retinol | 0 | birth defects | children | vitamin | 2.91 | 30300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9431575 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243460 | "It is well known that vitamin A is essential for normal reproduction and development. Although doses of 10,000 IU/d or less of preformed vitamin A (retinyl esters and retinol) are considered safe, doses > 10,000 IU/d as supplements have been reported to cause malformations in a single epidemiologic study. Because no study reports adverse effects of 10,000 IU/d preformed vitamin A supplements and this dose is more than the Recommended Dietary Allowance for pregnant women (2670 IU or 800 RE/d), we recommend that women living in industrialized countries or who otherwise have nutritionally adequate diets may not need to ingest more than the Recommended Dietary Allowance of preformed vitamin A as supplements." Miller et al (1998). PMID: 9431575. | "BACKGROUND: vitamin A is widely used in cosmetic preparations. Given that oral vitamin A and its metabolites present a potential reproductive risk, the present study investigated the effect of topical vitamin A on human endogenous plasma levels of vitamin A and its metabolites. METHODS: Two groups of 14 female volunteers of child-bearing age were kept on a vitamin A-poor diet and treated topically for 21 days with creams containing 0.30% retinol or 0.55% retinyl palmitate on approximately 3000 cm2 of their body surface area, amounting to a total of approximately 30,000 IU vitamin A/subject/day. In conclusion, our results provide evidence that human topical exposure to retinol- or retinyl ester-containing cosmetic creams at 30,000 IU/day and maximal use concentrations do not affect plasma levels of retinol, retinyl esters or RAs, whereas single oral doses at 10,000 IU or 30,000 IU produce significant increases in plasma retinyl esters and RAs." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | enzyme | 0.784 | 833 | http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html | American Family Physician | "Data are insufficient to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 for improved glycemic control in diabetes mellitus." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10'. Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | bitter melon | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 1.3 | 2890 | PubMed | No human studies | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | vitamin D | 0 | diabetes | diabetes | vitamin | 9.43 | 32300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20194237 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20150805 | "DATA SYNTHESIS: 13 observational studies (14 cohorts) and 18 trials were eligible. Three of 6 analyses (from 4 different cohorts) reported a lower incident diabetes risk in the highest versus the lowest vitamin D status groups. Eight trials found no effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemia or incident diabetes. Four trials found no effect of supplementation on cardiovascular outcomes. CONCLUSION: The association between vitamin D status and cardiometabolic outcomes is uncertain. Trials showed no clinically significant effect of vitamin D supplementation at the dosages given." Pittas et al (2010). PMID: 20194237. | "SUMMARY: The high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and plausible molecular mechanisms linking this to diabetes and cardiovascular risk suggest treatment of vitamin D deficiency to prevent and/or treat diabetes is a promising field to explore." Baz-Hecht and Goldfine (2010). PMID: 20150805. | "We performed a systematic review of the current literature on vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders using the PubMed and Web of Knowledge databases in September 2009. We identified 28 studies that met our inclusion criteria, including 99,745 participants. We found that the highest levels of serum 25OHD were associated with a 43% reduction in cardiometabolic disorders. High levels of vitamin D among middle-age and elderly populations are associated with a substantial decrease in cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. If the relationship proves to be causal, interventions targeting vitamin D deficiency in adult populations could potentially slow the current epidemics of cardiometabolic disorders." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031348 | "Evidence from trials with vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation suggests that combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in populations at high risk (i.e. glucose intolerance). The available evidence is limited because most observational studies are cross-sectional and did not adjust for important confounders, whereas intervention studies were short in duration, included few subjects, used a variety of formulations of vitamin D and calcium, or did post hoc analyses. CONCLUSIONS: vitamin D and calcium insufficiency may negatively influence glycemia, whereas combined supplementation with both nutrients may be beneficial in optimizing glucose metabolism." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17389701 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | chamomile | 0 | bowel disorders | digestion | plant / herb | 2.25 | 3950 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | gastrointestinal disease in infants | digestion, children | compound | 0.691 | 58500 | at present, data are only available from two small trials and these are insufficient to determine whether glutamine supplements are beneficial or harmful | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD005947/glutamine-supplementation-for-young-infants-with-severe-gastrointestinal-disease | 2 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | Crohn's disease, asthma, diabetes | digestion, diabetes, general health | compound | 14.8 | 35600 | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab006320.html | Cochrane | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003205.html | "Omega 3 fatty acids are safe but probably ineffective for maintenance of remission in CD. The existing data do not support routine maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease with omega 3 fatty acids." Turner et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD006320. | "No significant change in or total or HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin or body weight was observed." | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | anti-oxidants | 0 | mortality | general health | compound | 1.03 | 12100 | beta carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death, not lower it | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2/abstract | http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/297/8/842.full.pdf | Cochrane Review | 78 | 2012 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153272 | "We did not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements have beneficial effects on mortality. Even more, beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death. Further randomized trials are needed to establish the effects of vitamin C and selenium." Bjelakovic et al (2007). 'Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'. JAMA 297/8, 842-57. | "Randomised primary and secondary intervention trials have failed to show any consistent benefit from the use of antioxidant supplements on cardiovascular disease or cancer risk, with some trials even suggesting possible harm in certain subgroups. " Stanner SA, Hughes J, Kelly CN, Buttriss J (2004). "A review of the epidemiological evidence for the 'antioxidant hypothesis'". Public Health Nutr 7 (3): 407–22. | "To date, [...] the published results of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of supplements containing antioxidant nutrients have not provided clear evidence of a beneficial effect." Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P, Bertrais S, Mennen L, Malvy D, Roussel AM, Favier A, Briancon S (2004). "The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of the health effects of antioxidant vitamins and minerals". Arch Intern Med 164 (21): 2335–42. | |||||||||||||||||||||
53 | DHEA | 0 | ageing | general health | compound | 2.31 | 8980 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17050889 | PubMed | "METHODS: We performed a 2-year, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study involving 87 elderly men with low levels of the sulfated form of DHEA and bioavailable testosterone and 57 elderly women with low levels of sulfated DHEA. CONCLUSIONS: Neither DHEA nor low-dose testosterone replacement in elderly people has physiologically relevant beneficial effects on body composition, physical performance, insulin sensitivity, or quality of life. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254371 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)." Nair et al (2006). PMID: 17050889. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | Na-R-ALA | 0 | insulin control | general health | compound | 0.043 | 6 | no research | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | SAM-e | 0 | liver disease | general health | compound | 0.168 | 8900 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD002235/no-evidence-to-support-or-refute-s-adenosyl-l-methionine-for-alcoholic-liver-diseases | 9 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | royal jelly | 0 | general health | general health | other | 5.76 | 4800 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | aloe vera | 0 | digestive aid, burns, cuts | general health | plant / herb | 21.4 | 16800 | There is currently an absence of high quality clinical trial evidence to support the use of Aloe vera as treatment for wounds. | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD008762/aloe-vera-for-treating-acute-and-chronic-wounds | Cochrane Review | 7 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | chang shan (halofuginone) | 0 | autoimmune | general health | plant / herb | 0.024 | 1160 | no human supplementation trials | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | pau d’arco | 0 | decongestant | general health | plant / herb | 0.971 | 1000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | vitamin E | 0 | mortality | general health | vitamin | 2.72 | 102000 | http://med.over.net/javne_datoteke/novice/datoteke/13081-JAMA-antioxidants.pdf | American Medical Association | "We did not find convincing evidence that antioxidant supplements have beneficial effects on mortality. Even more, beta carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E seem to increase the risk of death. Further randomized trials are needed to establish the effects of vitamin C and selenium." Bjelakovic et al (2007). 'Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'. JAMA 297/8, 842-57. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | grapefruit seed extract | 0 | antibiotic, antifungal | infections | plant / herb | 1.1 | 1010 | PubMed | no human trials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | slippery elm | 0 | sore throat | infections | plant / herb | 1.36 | 3350 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | lavender | 0 | sleep, relaxation | mental health | plant / herb | 19.7 | 33600 | no studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | chrondroitin | 0 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 7.24 | 33100 | X | no evidence | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | grape seed extract | 0 | wound healing, swelling | pain | plant / herb | 3.21 | 5410 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546280 | PubMed | "PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty-six eligible research volunteers with moderate or marked breast induration at a mean 10.8 years since radiotherapy for early breast cancer were randomised to active drug (n = 44) or placebo (n = 22). All patients were given grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) 100 mg three times a day orally, or corresponding placebo capsules, for 6 months. RESULTS: At 12 months post-randomisation, there was no significant difference between treatment and control groups in terms of external assessments of tissue hardness, breast appearance or patient self-assessments of breast hardness, pain or tenderness. CONCLUSIONS: The study failed to show efficacy of orally-administered GSPE in patients with breast induration following radiotherapy for breast cancer." Brooker et al (2006). PMID: 16546280. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | saw palmetto | 0 | prostate-related urinary problems | urinary, men | plant / herb | 5.57 | 14500 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001423/serenoa-repens-for-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370565 | Cochrane Review | 32 | 2012 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16467543 | "Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate, can lead to obstructive and irritative lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). [...] 5222 subjects from 30 randomized trials lasting from 4 to 60 weeks were assessed. [...] Serenoa repens was not more effective than placebo for treatment of urinary symptoms consistent with BPH." Tacklind et al (2009). CD001423. PMID: 19370565. | 225 men aged 49+ with moderate-to-severe symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia were treated with 160mg saw palmetto extract or placebo twice daily. "There was no significant difference between the saw palmetto and placebo groups in the change in AUASI scores, maximal urinary flow rate, prostate size, residual volume after voiding, quality of life, or serum prostate-specific antigen levels during the one-year study. The incidence of side effects was similar in the two groups." Bent et al (2006). PMID: 16467543. | "Extract of fruit from the saw palmetto tree is thought to improve urinary symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia. Saw palmetto extract is popular, but there is little evidence that it works, despite a series of more than two dozen increasingly rigorous trials and at least two meta-analyses. Reasoning that the lack of effect might be the result of inadequate dosing in previous trials, researchers designed a trial that tested double, then triple, the standard dose against an identical looking placebo in 369 men with lower urinary tract symptoms typical of benign prostatic hypertrophy. The extract had no effect at any dose, at any time, or for any subgroup. Symptom scores fell slightly in both groups during the 72 week trial. Men given palmetto extract started on the standard dose in a single capsule, added a second capsule at week 24, and a third at week 48. Even the highest dose had no impact on quality of life, nocturia, or any other secondary outcome." JAMA 2011;306:1344-51 reported in BMJ. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||
67 | evening primrose oil | 0 | PMS | women | plant / herb | 3.82 | 7080 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8721802 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2201888 | "A systematic literature search of clinical trials of evening primrose oil (EPO) for the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome (PMS) was carried out with a view to performing a meta-analysis. Only seven placebo-controlled trials were found but only in five trials was randomization clearly indicated. Inconsistent scoring and response criteria made statistical pooling and hence a rigorous meta-analysis inappropriate. The two most well-controlled studies failed to show any beneficial effects for EPO, although because the trials were relatively small modest effects cannot be excluded. Nonetheless, on current evidence EPO is of little value in the management of premenstrual syndrome." Budeiri et al (1996). PMID: 8721802. | "The therapeutic effectiveness of evening primrose oil (Efamol, Vita-Glow) in the relief of 10 symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as well as menstrual symptoms was studied in 38 women. The prospective trial was randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled and was crossed-over after three cycles. Although the results showed an improvement in symptoms of PMS during the trial, no significant differences in the scoring between the active and placebo groups were found over six cycles. No "carry-over" effect of active medication was observed; the beneficial effect on all symptoms (psychological, fluid retention, breast) was rapid, the scores decreasing in the first cycle but increasing slightly at the change-over period after the third cycle, irrespective of whether the active or placebo medication was next given. These findings indicate that the improvement experienced by these women with moderate PMS was solely a placebo effect." | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | aspartic acid | 0 | compound | 2.34 | 98900 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | collagen | 0 | compound | 0.0745 | 18 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | isoflavones | 0 | compound | 2.81 | 22200 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | lignans | 0 | compound | 1.48 | 16300 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | methionine | 0 | compound | 6.36 | 293000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | omega 9 | 0 | compound | 0.813 | 2470 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | phenyl-alanine | 0 | compound | 5.23 | 158000 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | trypsin | 0 | compound | 3.63 | 305000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | pancreatin | 0 | enzyme | 0.856 | 9610 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | papain | 0 | enzyme | 2.09 | 37700 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | copper | 0 | mineral | 99 | 1680000 | no evidence | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
79 | vanadium | 0 | mineral | 3.71 | 45500 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | prebiotics | 0 | other | 1.87 | 18300 | X | no studies yet | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | açaà berry | 0 | plant / herb | 22.7 | 3690 | PubMed | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | bitter orange | 0 | plant / herb | 0.953 | 2970 | No human studies | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | chasteberry | 0 | plant / herb | 0.425 | 713 | X | no evidence | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | palm oil | 0 | plant / herb | 10.1 | 37400 | X | n/a | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | rosehip | 0 | plant / herb | 2.45 | 3040 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | uva ursi | 0 | plant / herb | 1.02 | 3000 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | wheat-grass | 0 | plant / herb | 2.9 | 6490 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | vitamin B1 | 0 | vitamin | 3.84 | 16300 | n/a | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | garlic | 0.5 | cancer treatment | cancer | plant / herb | 5.29 | 20800 | http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/3/816S | In a randomized double-blind trial, administration of aged garlic extract to 50 patients with advanced cancer of the digestive system improved natural-killer cell activity, but caused no improvement in quality of life. Ishikawa et al (2006). 'Aged Garlic Extract Prevents a Decline of NK Cell Number and Activity in Patients with Advanced Cancer', J. Nutr. 136, 816-20S. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | benfotiamine (fat-soluble thiamin) | 0.5 | anti-aging, diabetes | diabetes, general health | compound | 0.44 | 1030 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22446172 | Fraser et al. 2012 | Fifty-nine patients completed the study. Marked increases in whole-blood concentrations of thiamine and thiamine diphosphate were found in the benfotiamine group (both P < 0.001 vs. placebo). However, no significant differences in changes in peripheral nerve function or soluble inflammatory biomarkers were observed between the groups. Our findings suggest that high-dose benfotiamine (300 mg/day) supplementation over 24 months has no significant effects upon peripheral nerve function or soluble markers of inflammation in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 May;35(5):1095-7. Epub 2012 Mar 23. | Compared to placebo, benfotiamine did not result in significant reductions in plasma or urinary AGEs or plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation. Benfotiamine for 12 weeks did not significantly affect intermediate pathways of hyperglycemia-induced vascular complications. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e40427. Epub 2012 Jul 6. | A statistically significant (p = 0.0287) improvement in the neuropathy score was observed in the group given active drug when compared to the placebo-treated controls. There was no statistically significant change observed in the tuning fork test. The most pronounced effect on complaints was a decrease in pain (p = 0.0414). More patients in the benfotiamine-treated group than in the placebo group considered their clinical condition to have improved (p = 0.052). No side effects attributable to benfotiamine were observed. The differences between the groups cannot be attributed to a change in metabolic parameters since there were no significant alterations in the HbA1 levels and blood sugar profiles. The body mass index of the two groups did not differ. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Feb;43(2):71-7. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | bee pollen | 0.5 | weight loss, cancer | general health, cancer | other | 3.77 | 4160 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20598400 | European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | Current information regarding the adverse effects of bee pollen is not very robust, therefore potential damage should be kept in mind before ingesting nutritional supplements in which it is contained. This report serves as an important reminder to the public as well as healthcare providers of the potential of renal failure related to nutritional supplements http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438524 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | taurine | 0.5 | bipolar disorder and alcholism | mental health | compound | 0.199 | 4300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22329472 | Tolliver et al. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | B vitamins | 0.5 | Alzheimer's | mental health | vitamin | 7.62 | 26400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18854539 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21216507 | "DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial of high-dose folate, vitamin B(6), and vitamin B(12) supplementation in 409 (of 601 screened) individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease. RESULTS: A total of 340 participants (202 in active treatment group and 138 in placebo group) completed the trial while taking study medication. Although the vitamin supplement regimen was effective in reducing homocysteine levels, it had no beneficial effect on the primary cognitive measure, rate of change in ADAS-cog score during 18 months, or on any secondary measures. A higher quantity of adverse events involving depression was observed in the group treated with vitamin supplements. CONCLUSION: This regimen of high-dose B vitamin supplements does not slow cognitive decline in individuals with mild to moderate AD." Aisen et al (2008). PMID: 18854539. | "INTRODUCTION: Whether homocysteine lowering by B vitamins can reduce cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia patients is unclear. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 140 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease or vascular dementia were randomly assigned to take 1 mg of methylcobalamin and 5 mg of folic acid, or placebo once daily for 24 months. The primary outcome was Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS). CONCLUSION: Homocysteine lowering in dementia patients did not significantly reduce global cognitive decline." | "Male and female patients aged >50 years with mild to moderate AD and normal folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations were enrolled. RESULTS: Eighty-nine patients (45 men, 44 women; all Taiwanese; mean age 75 years) were enrolled and randomized. CONCLUSIONS: In this population of patients with mild to moderate AD in Taiwan, a multivitamin supplement containing vitamins B(6) and B(12) and folic acid for 26 weeks decreased homocysteine concentrations. No statistically significant beneficial effects on cognition or ADL function were found between multivitamin and placebo at 26 weeks." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18042476 | "METHODS AND FINDINGS: Single-center, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose folic acid, vitamins B(6) and B(12) in 271 individuals (of 646 screened) over 70 y old with mild cognitive impairment. RESULTS: A total of 168 participants (85 in active treatment group; 83 receiving placebo) completed the MRI section of the trial. The mean rate of brain atrophy per year was 0.76% in the active treatment group and 1.08% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: The accelerated rate of brain atrophy in elderly with mild cognitive impairment can be slowed by treatment with homocysteine-lowering B vitamins. Sixteen percent of those over 70 y old have mild cognitive impairment and half of these develop Alzheimer's disease. Since accelerated brain atrophy is a characteristic of subjects with mild cognitive impairment who convert to Alzheimer's disease, trials are needed to see if the same treatment will delay the development of Alzheimer's disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20838622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | dong quai | 0.5 | menopause, breast cancer | women | plant / herb | 1.61 | 2810 | Long term safety data is non-existent. May increase risk of cancer. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20833608 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16278617?dopt=Abstract | Lau et al. 2005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
95 | caffeine | 1 | skin cancer | cancer | compound | 10.7 | 74200 | http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/72/13/3282 | Song et al. 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | black tea | 1 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 0.711 | 5800 | http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.html | MedlinePlus | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538852 | "Several studies have explored a possible association between regular consumption of black tea and rates of cancer in populations. This research has yielded conflicting results, with some studies suggesting benefits, and others reporting no effects. Laboratory and animal studies report that components of tea, such as polyphenols, have antioxidant properties and effects against tumors. However, effects in humans remain unclear, and these components may be more common in green tea rather than in black tea. Some animal and laboratory research suggests that components of black tea may be carcinogenic, although effects in humans are not clear. Overall, the relationship of black tea consumption and human cancer remains undetermined." | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | flax seeds | 1 | breast cancer | cancer, women | plant / herb | 3.21 | 6690 | http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/11/10/3828.abstract | Clinical Cancer Research | Examination of effects of dietary flaxseed on tumor biological markers and urinary lignan excretion in 32 postmenopausal patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, showed that it has the potential to reduce tumor growth. Thompson et al (2005). 'Dietary Flaxseed Alters Tumor Biological Markers in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer', Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 3828. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 0.945 | 7380 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15890766?dopt=Abstract&holding=f1000,f1000m,isrctn | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19664246 | "OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dietary supplementation with alpha linolenic acid (ALA) can modify established and emerging cardiovascular risk markers. RESULTS: 14 studies with minimum treatment duration of four weeks were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Although ALA supplementation may cause small decreases in fibrinogen concentrations and fasting plasma glucose, most cardiovascular risk markers do not appear to be affected. Further trials are needed, but dietary supplementation with ALA to reduce cardiovascular disease cannot be recommended." Wendland et al (2006). PMID: 15890766. | From full text: "Singh et al. compared the effects of feeding ALA-rich mustard seed oil, fish oil, and a non-oil placebo to 360 patients hospitalized for suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI). They found that both oil supplements reduced CVD outcomes, including total cardiac events and non-fatal infarctions, but only the effects of the fish oil reached statistical significance. Further, fish oil but not mustard seed oil reduced the number of total cardiac deaths reported. Natvig et al. randomly assigned 13,578 healthy subjects to receive 10 ml flaxseed oil (5.5 g ALA) or 10 ml sunflower seed oil (0.14 g ALA) daily for a year and observed no significant cardiovascular benefit of ALA supplementation. Conversely, several studies assessing the effects of ALA intakes of between 1.8 and 6.3 g/d reported significant reductions or trends toward reduced numbers of CVD events. The validity of some trials mentioned here has been questioned by reviewers, citing multiple methodological issues such as inadequate randomization concealment, the use of a non-oil placebo, and even calculation errors in the published results. Accordingly, assertions cannot be confidently made regarding the potential of ALA to have cardioprotective effects, despite some intriguing study findings." | "Although clinical benefits have not been seen consistently in all studies, most prospective observational studies suggest that ALA intake reduces the incidence of CHD, and two randomized trials have demonstrated that a dietary pattern that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts or legumes, and ALA-rich foods substantially reduces the recurrence of CHD events. Additional observational and clinical studies will help establish the effects of ALA on CHD risk and determine whether such effects vary based on gender, duration of intake, background dietary intake of seafood, or other factors. Presently, the weight of the evidence favors recommendations for modest dietary consumption of ALA (2 to 3 g per day) for the primary and secondary prevention of CHD." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15945135 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | poly-phenols | 1 | heart disease | cardio | compound | 5.23 | 61000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15640497 | PubMed | "Data obtained to date suggest beneficial effects of both flavonoids and lignans on cardiovascular diseases but not on cancer, with the possible exception of lung cancer." Arts and Holman (2005). PMID: 15640497. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | heart disease | cardio | enzyme | 13.6 | 4370 | http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0915/p1065.html | American Family Physician | "The evidence is too inconsistent to recommend use of coenzyme Q10 in symptomatic treatment of congestive heart failure." Bonakdar and Guarneri (2005). 'Coenzyme Q10.' Am. Fam. Physician 72/6,1065-70. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
101 | chromium | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | mineral | 2.75 | 25500 | http://www.ajcn.org/content/76/1/148.full | "Conclusions: Data from RCTs show no effect of chromium on glucose or insulin concentrations in nondiabetic subjects. The data for persons with diabetes are inconclusive. RCTs in well-characterized, at-risk populations are necessary to determine the effects of chromium on glucose, insulin, and Hb A1c." Althius et al (2002). 'Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis.' American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76/1, 148-55. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
102 | milk thistle | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 0.655 | 2700 | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168827897802553 | 600 mg/d silymarin decreased fasting blood glucose levels, mean daily blood glucose levels, daily glucosuria and HbA1c levels after 4 months in a trial with 60 insulin-treated diabetics with alcoholic cirrhosis. Velussi et al (1997). 'Long-term (23 months) treatment with an anti-oxidant drug (silymarin) is effective on hyperinsulinemia, exogenous insulin need and malondialdehyde levels in cirrhotic diabetic patients.' J. Hepat. 26/4, 871-79. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
103 | wholegrains | 1 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 25.4 | 190000 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD006061/whole-grain-foods-for-the-prevention-of-type-2-diabetes-mellitus | 12 | 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
104 | carnosine | 1 | anti-aging, cataracts | general health | compound | 1.17 | 6240 | cochrane review forthcoming: http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD009493/n-acetylcarnosine-nac-drops-for-age-related-cataract | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19487926 | Babizhayev et al. 2009 | The authors present evidence, about why only a certain kind of NAC is safe, and why only certain formulas designed by IVP for drug discovery are efficacious in the prevention and treatment of senile cataract for long-term use. Overall cumulated studies demonstrate that the designed by IVP new vision-saving drug NAC eye drops help the aging eye to recover by improving its clarity, glare sensitivity, color perception and overall vision. Clin Interv Aging. 2009;4:31-50. Epub 2009 May 14. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
105 | lutein | 1 | eye health | general health | compound | 6.1 | 23600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431456 | PubMd | Among patients with patients with inherited retinal degeneration, "there was no change in central vision after 6 months of lutein supplementation, but long-term influences on the natural history of these retinal degenerations require further study." Aleman et al. (2001). 'Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome.' Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42/8, 1873-81. PMID: 11431456. | # ^ Richer, S., ARMD--pilot (case series) environmental intervention data. J Am Optom Assoc, 1999. 70(1): p. 24-36. PubMed | Berendschot, T.T., et al., Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000 Oct. 41(11): 3322-6; PubMed Free text | # ^ Duncan, J.L., et al., Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in choroideremia. Exp Eye Res, 2002. 74(3): p. 371-81. PubMed | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
106 | quercetin | 1 | athletic performance | general health | compound | 3.68 | 42000 | http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Abstract/2010/02000/Quercetin_s_Influence_on_Exercise_Performance_and.15.aspx | "Conclusions: In summary, 1000 mg·d−1 Q versus P for 2 wk by untrained males was associated with a small but significant improvement in 12-min treadmill time trial performance and modest but insignificant increases in the relative copy number of mitochondrial DNA and messenger RNA levels of four genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis." Nieman et al (2010). | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
107 | TMG (trimethylglycine) | 1 | metabolism | general health | compound | 0.225 | 1280 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399266 | Schwab 2002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
108 | xylitol | 1 | teeth | general health | compound | 3.14 | 18300 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15153702 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16521385 | "It is concluded that chewing sugar-free gum 3 or more times daily for prolonged periods of time may reduce caries incidence irrespective of the type of sugar alcohol used. Sucking xylitol-containing candies or tablets may have a similar effect as chewing xylitol chewing gum. Clinical trials suggest greater caries reductions from chewing gums sweetened with xylitol than from gums sweetened with sorbitol. However, the superiority of xylitol was not confirmed in 2 out of 4 clinical trials comparing the caries-preventive effect of xylitol- with sorbitol-sweetened gums. The caries-preventive effects of polyol-containing gums and candies seem to be based on stimulation of the salivary flow, although an antimicrobial effect cannot be excluded. There is no evidence for a caries-therapeutic effect of xylitol." Van Loveren (2004). PMID: 15153702. | "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The evidence is strong enough to support the regular use of xylitol-sweetened gum as a way to prevent caries, and it can be promoted as a public-health preventive measure. Chewing xylitol-sweetened gum, especially for patients who like chewing gum, can be fitted readily into a regimen that includes frequent fluoride exposure, good oral hygiene and regular dental appointments." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
109 | N-acetylcarnosine (topical application) | 1 | cataracts | general health | other | 0.709 | 31100 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12001824 | PubMed | Babizhayev et al. (2002). "Efficacy of N-acetylcarnosine in the treatment of cataracts". Drugs R D 3 (2): 87–103. | Babizhayev MA (Oct 2008). "Ocular drug metabolism of the bioactivating antioxidant N-acetylcarnosine for vision in ophthalmic prodrug and codrug design and delivery". Drug Dev Ind Pharm 34 (10): 1071–89. doi:10.1080/03639040801958413. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
110 | probiotics | 1 | athletic performance | general health | other | 1.28 | 3860 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17618005 | PubMed | "A systematic review of the medical literature failed to identify any studies that directly investigated the potential ergogenic effects of probiotics on athletic performance. Two published articles suggest that probiotics may enhance the immune responses of fatigued athletes. In summary, although scientific evidence for an ergogenic effect of probiotics is lacking, probiotics may provide athletes with secondary health benefits that could positively affect athletic performance through enhanced recovery from fatigue, improved immune function, and maintenance of healthy gastrointestinal tract function." Nichols (2007). 'Probiotics and athletic performance: A systematic review', Current Sports Medicine Reports (Current Medicine Group LLC) 6/4, 269–73. PMID: 17618005. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
111 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | eye health | general health | plant / herb | 7.06 | 2110 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604618 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234 | "Epidemiological studies provide some evidence that an increased consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin with the diet is associated with a lowered risk for age-related macular degeneration, a disease with increasing incidence in the elderly." Stahl (2005). PMID: 15604618. | "The aim of this study, which was a single-blinded, placebo-controlled, human intervention trial of parallel design, was to provide data on how fasting plasma zeaxanthin concentration changes as a result of dietary supplementation with whole wolfberries. [...] After supplementation, plasma zeaxanthin increased 2.5-fold. [...] This human supplementation trial shows that zeaxanthin in whole wolfberries is bioavailable and that intake of a modest daily amount markedly increases fasting plasma zeaxanthin levels. These new data will support further study of dietary strategies to maintain macular pigment density." Cheng et al (2005). PMID: 15705234. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705234 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
112 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 1 | tonsilitis | infections | plant / herb | 47.5 | 20800 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004877.pub3/abstract | 1 | 2012 | 0 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
113 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | Alzheimer's, dementia | mental health | compound | 2.83 | 6760 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030655 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18573585 | "One hundred seventy-four patients fulfilled the trial. At baseline, mean values for the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, MMSE [Mini Mental State Examination], and cognitive portion of the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale in the 2 randomized groups were similar. At 6 months, the decline in cognitive functions as assessed by the latter 2 scales did not differ between the groups. However, in a subgroup (n = 32) with very mild cognitive dysfunction, a significant reduction in MMSE decline rate was observed in the omega-3 fatty acid-treated group compared with the placebo group. A similar arrest in decline rate was observed between 6 and 12 months in this placebo subgroup when receiving omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. CONCLUSION: Administration of omega-3 fatty acid in patients with mild to moderate AD did not delay the rate of cognitive decline [...]. However, positive effects were observed in a small group of patients with very mild AD." Freund-Levy et al (2006). PMID: 17030655. | In a double-blinded placebo-controlled study of 23 participants, "There was no significant difference in the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) change during follow-up in these two groups. However, the omega-3 fatty acids group showed significant improvement in ADAS-cog compared to the placebo group in participants with mild cognitive impairment, which was not observed in those with Alzheimer's disease." Chiu et al (2008). PMID: 18573585. | "There is no evidence that dietary or supplemental omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) reduces the risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in healthy elderly persons without pre-existing dementia". http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005379.html | In a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of 295 participants with AD, using DHA only, "Supplementation with DHA compared with placebo did not slow the rate of cognitive and functional decline in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045096 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
114 | gingko biloba | 1 | dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 8.04 | 21500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040554 | "CONCLUSION: Compared with placebo, the use of G. biloba, 120 mg twice daily, did not result in less cognitive decline in older adults with normal cognition or with mild cognitive impairment." Snitz et al (2009). PMID: 20040554. | The effect of ginkgo extract was observed on 45 patients pulmonary interstitial fibrosis showed that occurrence of pulmonary infection was less in ginkgo treated group than that in the control group Ginkgo is effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. [Article in Chinese] He 2005 | A randomized double-blind, monocenter study with 66 healthy elderly subjects was carried out to investigate the short-term effect of special ginkgo extract EGb 761 & the results suggest a positive effect of EGb 761 on subjective emotional well-being of healthy elderly persons. [Article in German] Cieza 2003 | A double-blind study with placebo and Ginkgo biloba in 48 men aged 60 -70 showed a reduction in blood viscosity, improved cerebral perfusion in specific areas and improved global cognitive functioning. Santos 2003 | Placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trial with 40 moderate dementia patients found that Ginkgo EGb 4 days per week for 4 weeks improved condition [Article in German] Haase 1996 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
115 | vitamin D | 1 | depression, mood disorders | mental health | vitamin | 3.94 | 229000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16554952 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19187703 | 2,117 women aged 70+, some with Seasonal Affective Disorder were randomised to receive calcium and vitamin D supplementation or no supplementation. "CONCLUSIONS: Supplementing elderly women with 800 IU of vitamin D daily did not lead to an improvement in mental health scores." Dumville et al (2006). 'Can vitamin D supplementation prevent winter-time blues? A randomised trial among older women.' J. Nutr. Health. Aging 10/2, 151-53. PMID: 16554952. | "Vitamin D, a multipurpose steroid hormone vital to health, has been increasingly implicated in the pathology of cognition and mental illness. Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent among older adults, and several studies suggest an association between hypovitaminosis D and basic and executive cognitive functions, depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Although additional studies are needed to examine the impact of supplementation on cognition and mood disorders, given the known health benefits of vitamin D, we recommend greater supplementation in older adults." | "Some cross-sectional clinical and epidemiologic studies, but not all studies, have found that low levels of vitamin D are significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms or with a depression diagnosis. However, cross-sectional studies cannot establish causality, and the methodology of these studies has been criticized. Current evidence does not definitively demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency is a cause of or risk for developing depression or that vitamin D is an effective therapy for depression." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21261225 | "Much is still unknown concerning how vitamin D relates to mood. The few epidemiological studies of vitamin D and depression have produced inconsistent results and generally have had substantial methodological limitations. Recent findings from a randomized trial suggest that high doses of supplemental vitamin D may improve mild depressive symptoms, but at this time, it is premature to conclude that vitamin D status is related to the occurrence of depression. Additional prospective studies of this relationship are essential." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19674344 | "OBJECTIVES: The objective of the present study was to examine the cross-sectional relation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] levels and depression in overweight and obese subjects and to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study and randomized double blind controlled trial of 20,000 or 40,000 IU vitamin D per week versus placebo for 1 year. SETTING: A total of 441 subjects (body mass index 28-47 kg m(-2), 159 men and 282 women, aged 21-70 years). CONCLUSIONS: It appears to be a relation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and symptoms of depression. Supplementation with high doses of vitamin D seems to ameliorate these symptoms indicating a possible causal relationship." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18793245 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
116 | tryptophan and 5-HTP | 1 | depression in women | mental health, women | compound | 6.45 | 224000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16767422 | PubMed | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab003198.html | "MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty eight healthy volunteers were randomised to receive 14 days double-blind intervention with TRP (1 g 3x a day) or placebo. [...] CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that TRP supplementation in women induces a positive bias in the processing of emotional material that is reminiscent of the actions of serotonergic antidepressants. This highlights a key role for serotonin in emotional processing and lends support to the use of TRP as a nutritional supplement in people with mild depression or for prevention in those at risk. Future studies are needed to clarify the effect of tryptophan on these measures in men." Murphy et al (2006). PMID: 16767422. | "A large number of studies appear to address the research questions, but few are of sufficient quality to be reliable. Available evidence does suggest these substances are better than placebo at alleviating depression. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-HTP and tryptophan before their widespread use can be recommended. The possible association between these substances and the potentially fatal Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome has not been elucidated. Because alternative antidepressants exist which have been proven to be effective and safe the clinical usefulness of 5-HTP and tryptophan is limited at present." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
117 | glucos-amine | 1 | arthritis, joint pain | musculoskeletal | compound | 12.1 | 50700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20847017 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19903416 | "OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of glucosamine, chondroitin, or the two in combination on joint pain and on radiological progression of disease in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Results: 10 trials in 3803 patients were included. Conclusions: Compared with placebo, glucosamine, chondroitin, and their combination do not reduce joint pain or have an impact on narrowing of joint space. Health authorities and health insurers should not cover the costs of these preparations, and new prescriptions to patients who have not received treatment should be discouraged." Wandel et al (2010). PMID: 20847017. | "CONCLUSIONS: There was evidence that glucosamine sulphate shows some clinical effectiveness in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. No trial data came from the UK and caution should be exercised in generalising the findings to the UK health-care setting. Cost-effectiveness was not conclusively demonstrated. There was evidence to support the potential clinical impact of glucosamine sulphate. The value of information analysis identified three research priorities: QoL, structural outcomes and knee arthroplasty. The biological mechanism of glucosamine sulphate and chondroitin remains uncertain and, in particular, the proposal that the active substance may be sulphate should be explored further." | "Design, Setting, and Participants: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at Oslo University Hospital Outpatient Clinic, Oslo, Norway, with 250 patients older than 25 years of age with chronic low back pain (LBP) (>6 months) and degenerative lumbar osteoarthritis (OA). Conclusions: Among patients with chronic LBP and degenerative lumbar OA, 6-month treatment with oral glucosamine compared with placebo did not result in reduced pain-related disability after the 6-month intervention and after 1-year follow-up." http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/1/45?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=Effect+of+Glucosamine+on+Pain-Related+Disability+in+Patients+With+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain+and+Degenerative+Lumbar+Osteoarthritis:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT | "Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (CS), alone or in combination, as well as celecoxib and placebo on progressive loss of joint space width (JSW) in patients with knee OA. Conclusion: At 2 years, no treatment achieved a predefined threshold of clinically important difference in JSW loss as compared with placebo. However, knees with K/L grade 2 radiographic OA appeared to have the greatest potential for modification by these treatments." http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121425887/abstract | "Pain: The high quality studies showed that pain improved about the same whether people took glucosamine or fake pills. If all of the studies are examined (including low quality and old studies), then glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 7 points on a 0 to 100 scale. Pain may improve by 10 more points with glucosamine than with fake pills. Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved pain more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a pain score of 6 points on a 0 to 20 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine rated their pain 3 points lower than people who did not take glucosamine. Function: The high quality studies show that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills when measured by one type of scale, but improved the same amount as fake pills when measured by another scale. Studies testing only the Rotta brand of glucosamine (including low quality and older studies) showed that glucosamine improved function more than fake pills. People who took fake pills had a function score of 22 points on a 0 to 68 scale. People who took the Rotta brand of glucosamine had their ability to function improve by 2 points compared to people who did not take glucosamine." http://www2.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab002946.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||
118 | hyaluronic acid | 1 | arthritis (only when injected) | musculoskeletal | compound | 7.16 | 42600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14679274 | PubMed | In a review of 22 trials, it was found that "Intra-articular hyaluronic acid has a small effect when compared with an intra-articular placebo. The presence of publication bias suggests even this effect may be overestimated. Compared with lower-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, the highest-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid may be more efficacious in treating knee OA, but heterogeneity of these studies limits definitive conclusions." Lo et al (2003). PMID: 14679274. | COCHRANE LINK FOR HYALURONIC ACID INJECTIONS: http://www.thekneedoc.co.uk/docs/Cochrane_HA_2006.pdf | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20170770?itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum&ordinalpos=11 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
119 | krill oil | 1 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | other | 2.69 | 1 | 922 | One study showed 300mg a day appeared to reduce inflammation and soothe arthritis symptoms after 7 days. More studies needed. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17353582 | Deutsch 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
120 | lingzhi + san miao san | 1 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 1.61 | 2700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17907228 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873089 | "To examine the efficacy of popular Chinese herbs used in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) combination of Ganoderma lucidum and San Miao San (SMS), with purported diverse health benefits including antioxidant properties in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We randomly assigned 32 patients with active RA, despite disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, to TCM and 33 to placebo in addition to their current medications for 24 weeks. [...] CONCLUSION: G lucidum and San Miao San may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA, and were generally safe and well tolerated. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory, or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated." Li et al (2007). 'Safety and efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi) and San Miao San supplementation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial.' Arthritis Rheum 57/7, 1143-50. PMID: 17907228. | "Lingzhi and San-Miao-San capsules might exert a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis." Xi et al (2006). 'Immunomodulatory effects of lingzhi and san-miao-san supplementation on patients with rheumatoid arthritis.' Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 28/2, 197-200. PMID: 16873089. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 | vitamin B2 | 1 | migraine | pain | vitamin | 2.39 | 2760 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15257686 | PubMed | "Patients received 400 mg riboflavin capsules per day. [...] Headache frequency was significantly reduced from 4 days/month at baseline to 2 days/month after 3 and 6 months. The use of abortive drugs decreased from 7 units/month to 4.5 units/month after 3 and 6 months of treatment. In contrast, headache hours and headache intensity did not change significantly. We could demonstrate a significant reduction of headache frequency following riboflavin treatment. In addition, the number of abortive anti-migraine tablets was reduced. In line with previous studies our findings show that riboflavin is a safe and well-tolerated alternative in migraine prophylaxis." Boehnke et al (2004). 'High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre' 11/7,475-77. NB not double-blinded. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
122 | cranberry products | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary tract infections | urinary | plant / herb | 8.74 | 8290 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001321/cranberries-for-preventing-urinary-tract-infections | Cochrane Review | http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/943.htm | "This review identified 10 studies (1049 participants) comparing cranberry products with placebo, juice or water. There was some evidence to show that cranberries (juice and capsules) can prevent recurrent infections in women. However, the evidence for elderly men and women was less clear, and there is evidence that is not effective in people who need catheterisation. Many people in the trials stopped drinking the juice, suggesting it may not be a popular intervention. In addition it is not clear how long cranberry juice needs to be taken to be effective or what the required dose might be." Jepson and Craig (2008). 'Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1. CD001321. | "The Panel concludes that the evidence provided is not sufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of Ocean Spray cranberry products® and the reduction of the risk of UTI in women by inhibiting the adhesion of certain bacteria in the urinary tract." | "Nine trials of cranberry products met the inclusion criteria. In four good quality randomised controlled trials (RCTs), cranberry products significantly reduced the incidence of symptomatic UTIs in 12 months compared with placebo/control. Five trials were not included in the meta-analyses due to the lack of appropriate data. However, only one reported a significant result. Side effects were common, and losses to followup/withdrawals in several of the trials were high (> 40%). There is some evidence from four good quality RCTs that cranberry juice may decrease the number of symptomatic UTIs over a 12-month period, particularly in women with recurrent UTIs. It is uncertain whether it is effective in other susceptible groups." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
123 | boron | 1 | menopause | women | mineral | 6.03 | 119000 | X | deadlink | Neilsen FH, Hunt CE, Mullen LM & Hunt JR: Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. FASED J 1987;1:394-397 | not properly understood yet - "Boron". PDRhealth. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bor_0040.shtml. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | krill oil | 1 | PMS | women | other | 2.69 | 1 | 922 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777162 | PubMed | In a study of 70 subjects with PMS, it was found that "Neptune Krill Oil can significantly reduce dysmenorrhea and the emotional symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and is shown to be significantly more effective for the complete management of premenstrual symptoms compared to omega-3 fish oil." Sampalis et al (2003). "Evaluation of the effects of Neptune Krill Oil on the management of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea". Alternative Medicine Review 8/2, 171–79. PMID 12777162. http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/.fulltext/8/2/171.pdf. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 | black cohosh | 1 | menopause | women | plant / herb | 3.09 | 5800 | http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09513590400020922 | An isopropanolic aqueous extract of Cimicifuga racemosa (40 mg/day) was found to be a valid alternative to low-dose transdermal estradiol in the management of climacteric complaints in 64 postmenopausal women who cannot be treated with or who refuse conventional strategies. Nappi et al (2005). | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
126 | noni | 1 | plant / herb | 9.3 | 9680 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1211/jpp.59.12.0001/abstract | 2007 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | selenium | 1.5 | cancer | cancer | mineral | 7.57 | 153000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20568891 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12433704. | "It is not clear yet whether Se deficiency itself is a cancer risk factor or whether it helps an already present cancer to progress. [...] Despite the fact that some positive results were obtained with Se supplementation, it is necessary to verify these findings in more controlled experimental models including clinical studies. At the present time, data related to Se supplementation are not convincing enough as to allow general recommendation for using Se as an effective agent for chemoprevention of cancer." Novotny et al (2010). 'Selenium as a chemoprotective anti-cancer agent: reality or wishful thinking?' Neoplasma 57/5, 383-91. PMID: 20568891. | "The current reanalysis indicates that selenium supplementation did not significantly decrease lung cancer incidence in the full population, but a significant decrease among individuals with low baseline selenium concentrations was observed." Reid et al (2002). 'Selenium supplementation and lung cancer incidence: an update of the nutritional prevention of cancer trial', Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 11/11, 1285-91. PMID: 12433704. | "A total of 1312 patients (mean age, 63 years; range, 18-80 years) with a history of basal cell or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin were randomized from 1983 through 1991. [...] Selenium treatment did not protect against development of basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. However, results from secondary end-point analyses support the hypothesis that supplemental selenium may reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, carcinomas of several sites. These effects of selenium require confirmation in an independent trial of appropriate design before new public health recommendations regarding selenium supplementation can be made." Clark et al (1996). 'Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial', JAMA 276/74, 1957-63. PMID: 8971064. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8971064 | "A total of 974 men with a history of either a basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma were randomized to either a daily supplement of 200 microg of selenium or a placebo. Patients were treated for a mean of 4.5 years and followed for a mean of 6.5 years. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Although selenium shows no protective effects against the primary endpoint of squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, the selenium-treated group had substantial reductions in the incidence of prostate cancer, and total cancer incidence and mortality that demand further evaluation in well-controlled prevention trials." Clark et al (1998). 'Decreased incidence of prostate cancer with selenium supplementation: results of a double-blind cancer prevention trial.' J. Urol. 81/5, 730-34. PMID: 9634050. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634050. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | L-carnitine | 1.5 | diabetes, impotence | diabetes, sex | compound | 8.99 | 17500 | http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/77 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12568837 | In a study of 15 type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy controls, "L-carnitine constant infusion improves insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant diabetic patients; a significant effect on whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake is also observed in normal subjects. In diabetics, glucose, taken up by the tissues, appears to be promptly utilized as fuel since glucose oxidation is increased during L-carnitine administration." Mingrone et al (1999). "L-Carnitine Improves Glucose Disposal in Type 2 Diabetic Patients". Journal of the American College of Nutrition 18 (1): 77–82. PMID 10067662. | In a study of 86 patients, "L-carnitine therapy was effective in increasing semen quality, especially in groups with lower baseline levels. However, these results need to be confirmed by larger clinical trials and in vitro studies." Lenzi et al (2003). 'Use of carnitine therapy in selected cases of male factor infertility: a double-blind crossover trial.'. Fertility and Sterility, 79/2, 292-300. PMID 12569937. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 | L-arginine | 1.5 | exercise performance | general health | compound | 6.23 | 116000 | http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/japplphysiol.00503.2010v1 | Journal of Applied Psysiology | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21399536 | "In a double-blind, crossover study, nine healthy males (aged 19-38 years) consumed a 500 mL beverage containing 6 g of L-arginine (ARG) or a placebo beverage (PLA), and completed a series of 'step' moderate-intensity and severe-intensity exercise bouts 1 h post-ingestion. In conclusion, similar to the effects of increased dietary nitrate intake, elevating NO bioavailability through dietary L-arginine supplementation reduced the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and blunted the VO2 slow component and extended the time-to-exhaustion during severe-intensity exercise." Bailey et al (2010). 'Acute L-arginine supplementation reduces the O2 cost of moderate-intensity exercise and enhances high-intensity exercise tolerance.' Journal of Applied Physiology. | "Twelve trained college-aged men performed 2 trials of exercise separated by at least 1 week. At 4 hours before, and 30 minutes before exercise, a serving of an arginine α-ketoglutarate supplementation (AAKG) supplement or placebo was administered. Resting BP was assessed pre-exercise after 16 minutes of seated rest, and 5 and 10 minutes postexercise. Three sets each of chin-ups, reverse chin-ups, and push-ups were performed to exhaustion with 3 minutes of rest between each set. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and paired t-tests. The AAKG supplementation did not improve muscle endurance or significantly affect the BP response to anaerobic work. Subjects performed fewer total chin-ups and total trial repetitions in the supplement trial. Subjects executed fewer reverse chin-ups during set 2 after receiving the supplement as compared to the placebo. Because AAKG supplementation may hinder muscular endurance, the use of these supplements before resistance training should be questioned." Greer and Jones (2011). PMID: 21399536. | "OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of l-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG) in trained adult men. METHODS: Subjects participated in two studies that employed a randomized, double-blind, controlled design. In study 1, 10 healthy men (30-50 y old) fasted for 8 h and then ingested 4 g of time-released or non-timed-released AAKG. In study 2, which was placebo controlled, 35 resistance-trained adult men (30-50 y old) were randomly assigned to ingest 4 g of AAKG (three times a day, i.e., 12 g daily, n = 20) or placebo (n = 15). CONCLUSION: AAKG supplementation appeared to be safe and well tolerated, and positively influenced 1RM bench press and Wingate peak power performance. AAKG did not influence body composition or aerobic capacity." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16928472 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 | iodine | 1.5 | general health | general health | other | 18.9 | 510000 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590348 | PubMed | "Iodine deficiency is generally recognized as the most commonly preventable cause of mental retardation and the most common cause of endocrinopathy (goiter and primary hypothyroidism). Iodine deficiency becomes particularly critical in pregnancy due to the consequences for neurological damage during fetal development as well as during lactation. The safety of therapeutic doses of iodine above the established safe upper limit of 1 mg is evident in the lack of toxicity in the Japanese population that consumes 25 times the median intake of iodine consumption in the United States. Japan's population suffers no demonstrable increased incidence of autoimmune thyroiditis or hypothyroidism. Studies using 3.0- to 6.0-mg doses to effectively treat fibrocystic breast disease may reveal an important role for iodine in maintaining normal breast tissue architecture and function. Iodine may also have important antioxidant functions in breast tissue and other tissues that concentrate iodine via the sodium iodide symporter." Patrick (2008). 'Iodine: deficiency and therapeutic considerations.' Altern Med. Rev. 13/2, 116–27. PMID 18590348. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
131 | taurine | 1.5 | weight loss, cholesterol | general health, cardio | compound | 1.17 | 6010 | http://www.springerlink.com/content/4gnpvkgpg7ff7qc4/ | Among 30 overweight or obese college students, 3g of taurine per day for 7 weeks decreased blood triacylglycerol, atherogenic index (bad cholesterol) and body weight significantly. "These results suggest that taurine produces a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism and may have an important role in cardiovascular disease prevention in overweight or obese subjects." Zhang et al (2004). 'Beneficial effects of taurine on serum lipids in overweight or obese non-diabetic subjects.' Amino Acids 26/3,267-71. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
132 | piracetam | 1.5 | memory, dementia | mental health | compound | 0.559 | 4260 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001011/evidence-for-the-efficacy-of-piracetam-for-dementia-or-cognitive-impairment-is-inadequate-for-clinical-use-but-sufficient-to-justify-further-research | 24 | 2012 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
133 | borage seed oil | 1.5 | rheumatism | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 0.372 | 620 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8214997?dopt=Abstract | 1.4 g/d GLA in borage seed oil reduced the number of tender joints by 36% for 37 rheumatism patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week trial. Leventhal et al (1993). PMID: 8214997. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
134 | garlic | 2 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 5.29 | 20800 | http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Prevention/garlic-and-cancer-prevention | 2008 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
135 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cardiovascular disease | cardio | compound | 0.306 | 5480 | Early studies suggested taking fish oil might lower heart disease risk. More recent, larger studies suggest it doesn't, actually. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub2/abstract | http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205409 | New England Journal of Medicine | http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/dec23_2/a2931 | Of the 12,513 patients enrolled, 6244 were randomly assigned to n−3 fatty acids and 6269 to placebo. With a median of 5 years of follow-up, the primary end point occurred in 1478 of 12,505 patients included in the analysis (11.8%), of whom 733 of 6239 (11.7%) had received n−3 fatty acids and 745 of 6266 (11.9%) had received placebo (adjusted hazard ratio with n−3 fatty acids, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.08; P=0.58). The same null results were observed for all the secondary end points. In a large general-practice cohort of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, daily treatment with n−3 fatty acids did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1205409 | Daily supplementation with 1 g of n–3 fatty acids did not reduce the rate of cardiovascular events in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1203859#t=abstract | "We identified 11 studies that included a total of 39,044 patients. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids significantly reduced the risk of cardiovascular deaths, sudden cardiac death, all-cause mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular events. The mortality benefit was largely due to the studies which enrolled high risk patients, while the reduction in nonfatal cardiovascular events was noted in the moderate risk patients (secondary prevention only). CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids should be considered in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events." Marik and Varon (2009). 'Omega-3 dietary supplements and the risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review.' Clin. Cardiology 32/7, 365-72. PMID: 19609891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19609891 | "Data synthesis: 12 studies totalling 32,779 patients met the inclusion criteria. The dose-response relation for DHA and EPA on reduction in deaths from cardiac causes was not significant. Conclusions: Fish oil supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in deaths from cardiac causes but had no effect on arrhythmias or all cause mortality. Evidence to recommend an optimal formulation of EPA or DHA to reduce these outcomes is insufficient. Fish oils are a heterogeneous product, and the optimal formulations for DHA and EPA remain unclear." León et al (2008). 'Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review.' BMJ 2008. | "Results: Of 15,159 titles and abstracts assessed, 48 RCTs (36,913 participants) and 41 cohort studies were analysed. The trial results were inconsistent. The pooled estimate showed no strong evidence of reduced risk of total mortality or combined cardiovascular events in participants taking additional omega 3 fats. The few studies at low risk of bias were more consistent, but they showed no effect of omega 3 on total mortality or cardiovascular events. When data from the subgroup of studies of long chain omega 3 fats were analysed separately, total mortality and cardiovascular events were not clearly reduced. Conclusion: Long chain and shorter chain omega 3 fats do not have a clear effect on total mortality, combined cardiovascular events, or cancer." Hooper et al (2006). 'Risks and benefits of omega 3 fats for mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review.' BMJ. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/332/7544/752?maxtoshow=&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=hooper&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&fdate=1/1/2006&tdate=3/31/2010&resourcetype=HWCIT | "There is not enough evidence to say that people should stop taking rich sources of omega 3 fats, but further high quality trials are needed to confirm the previously suggested protective effect of omega 3 fats for those at increased cardiovascular risk". Hooper et al (2009). 'Omega 3 fatty acids for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003177/frame.html | "The authors concluded that the overall evidence suggests that increasing consumption of omega-3 fatty acids as DHA/EPA from fish or fish oil, but not ALA , significantly reduces the rates of all-cause mortality, cardiac and sudden death, and possibly stroke. They also observed from their overall analyses of the relevant published literature that evidence for beneficial effects of fish oil is much stronger in secondary settings (i.e., in those with a previous history of cardiovascular disease), as compared to those in primary-prevention settings (populations with no history of cardiovascular disease)". Wang et al (2006). 'n-3 Fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements, but not alpha-linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary- and secondary-prevention studies: a systematic review.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 84/1, 5-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825676. PMID: 16825676. | "In the present review, the authors outline results from the three large controlled trials on 32,000 participants overall who were randomized to received either placebo (control) supplementation or supplements providing DHA+EPA. These trials showed overall reductions in cardiovascular events of 19-45 % which the current authors considered to be the most compelling evidence for the cardiovascular benefit provided by omega-3 fatty acids." Lee et al (2008). 'Omega-3 fatty acids for cardioprotection', Mayo Clin. Proc. 83/3, 324-32. PMID: 18316000. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316000 | "CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces the incidence of sudden cardiac death in patients with MI, but may have adverse effects in angina patients." Zhao, Y.-T., Q. Chen, et al. (2009). 'Prevention of sudden cardiac death with omega-3 fatty acids in patients with coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.' Annals of Medicine 99999/1, 1-10. PMID: 19148838. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19148838. | "Fish oil preparations and/or intake of oily fish are recommended as primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Large, ongoing trials will further elucidate the presumed favorable effects of EPA/DHA in heart failure and diabetes. This review provides a summary of the physiological mechanisms of the action of EPA and DHA and highlights the epidemiological evidence for a reduction in cardiac events and mortality." Pauwels and Kostkiewicz (2008). 'Fatty acid facts, Part III: Cardiovascular disease, or, a fish diet is not fishy.' Drug News Perspect. 21/10, 552/61. PMID: 19221636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221636 | ||||||||||||||||
136 | green tea | 2 | cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 11.7 | 40200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11897173 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12824094 | "Consumption of green tea was associated with lower serum concentration of total cholesterol in [13,916] Japanese healthy workers age 40-69 years; however, green tea consumption was unrelated to serum HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides." Tokunaga et al (2002). 'Green tea consumption and serum lipids and lipoproteins in a population of healthy workers in Japan.' Ann. Epidemiol. 12/3 157-65. PMID: 11897173. | A study of 240 subjects on a low-fat diet with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia were randomly assigned to receive a daily capsule containing theaflavin-enriched green tea extract (375 mg) or placebo. After 12 weeks, the total cholesterol and LDL in the tea extract group had significantly lowered and HDL had significantly increased. There were no changes in the placebo group. "CONCLUSION: The theaflavin-enriched green tea extract we studied is an effective adjunct to a low-saturated-fat diet to reduce LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic adults and is well tolerated." Maron et al (2003). 'Cholesterol-lowering effect of a theaflavin-enriched green tea extract: a randomized controlled trial.' Arch. Int. Med. 163/12, 1448-53. PMID: 12824094. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
137 | spirulina | 2 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 10.2 | 14100 | http://www.lipidworld.com/content/6/1/33 | "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Spirulina maxima orally supplied (4.5 g/day, for 6 weeks) to a sample of 36 subjects (16 men and 20 women, with ages between 18–65 years) on serum lipids, glucose, aminotransferases and on blood pressure. The volunteers did not modify their dietary habits or lifestyle during the whole experimental period. [...] The Spirulina maxima showed a hypolipemic effect, especially on the TAG and the LDL-C concentrations but indirectly on TC and HDL-C values. It also reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure." Torres-Duran et al (2007). 'Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: A preliminary report.' Lipids in Health and Disease. 6, 33. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
138 | iron | 2 | child development (when not anaemic) | children, mental health, general health | mineral | 5.53 | 544000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410098 | PubMed | "Our objective was to evaluate the effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women and in nonanemic healthy children aged <3 y on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children. [...] Limited available evidence suggests that iron supplementation in infants may positively influence children's psychomotor development, whereas it does not seem to alter their mental development or behavior." Szajewska et al (2010). 'Effects of iron supplementation in nonanemic pregnant women, infants, and young children on the mental performance and psychomotor development of children: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 91/6, 1684-90. PMID: 20410098. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | cinnamon | 2 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 35.3 | 4100 | http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/31/1/41.long | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14633804 | "We found two prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trials and one prospective, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy of cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes; a total of 164 patients were involved in these trials. Two of the studies reported modest improvements in lowering blood glucose levels with cinnamon supplementation in small patient samples. One trial showed no significant difference between cinnamon and placebo in lowering blood glucose levels. Overall, cinnamon was well tolerated. These data suggest that cinnamon has a possible modest effect in lowering plasma glucose levels in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. However, clinicians are strongly urged to refrain from recommending cinnamon supplementation in place of the proven standard of care, which includes lifestyle modifications, oral antidiabetic agents, and insulin therapy." Pham et al (2007). 'Cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.' Pharmacotherapy 27/4, 595-59. PMID: 17381386. | "The results of this study [60 subjects with type 2 diabetes, 30 men, 30 women] demonstrate that intake of 1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases." Khan et al (2003). 'Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes.' Diabetes Care 26/12, 3215–38. PMID 14633804. | "Whilst definitive conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the use of cinnamon as an antidiabetic therapy, it does possess antihyperglycaemic properties and potential to reduce postprandial blood glucose levels. Further research is required to confirm a possible correlation between baseline FBG and blood glucose reduction and to assess the potential to reduce pathogenic diabetic complications with cinnamon supplementation." Kirkham et al (2009). 'The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance.' Diabetes Obes. Metab. 11/12, 1100-13. PMID: 19930003. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930003. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17381386 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
140 | garlic | 2 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 5.29 | 1 | 20800 | There is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006206.pub3/abstract | Cochrane review: Garlic for the common cold | 1 | 2012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
141 | milk thistle | 2 | hepatitis | infections | plant / herb | 1.09 | 2900 | http://journals.lww.com/jcge/Abstract/2008/09000/Silybin_Treatment_is_Associated_With_Reduction_in.13.aspx | Testing of a standardized silybin and soy phosphatidylcholine complex serum marker of iron status on 37 patients with chronic hepatitis C and Batts-Ludwig fibrosis stage II, III, or IV was associated with reduced body iron stores, especially among patients with advanced fibrosis stage. Bares et al (2008). | Legalon showd benefit in a double-blind trial with 180 hepatitis patients for 40 days Tanasescu 1988 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
142 | vitamin C | 2 | colds | infections | vitamin | 65.2 | 291000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636648 | PubMed | "The failure of vitamin C supplementation to reduce the incidence of colds in the normal population indicates that routine mega-dose prophylaxis is not rationally justified for community use. But evidence suggests that it could be justified in people exposed to brief periods of severe physical exercise or cold environments." Douglas et al (2007). 'Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000980. PMID: 17636648. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
143 | vitamin D | 2 | flu | infections | vitamin | 15.3 | 606000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20219962 | Urashima et al. 2010 | Vitamin D deficiency predisposes children to respiratory infections. Ultraviolet radiation (either from artificial sources or from sunlight) reduces the incidence of viral respiratory infections, as does cod liver oil (which contains vitamin D). An interventional study showed that vitamin D reduces the incidence of respiratory infections in children. We conclude that vitamin D, or lack of it, may be Hope-Simpson's ‘seasonal stimulus’. Epidemiology and Infection / Volume 134 / Issue 06 / December 2006, pp 1129-1140 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
144 | GABA | 2 | stress, anxiety | mental health | compound | 8.2 | 184000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971751 | PubMed | In two studies of 13 and 8 subjects respectively, "The effect of orally administrated gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on relaxation and immunity during stress has been investigated in humans. In conclusion, GABA could work effectively as a natural relaxant and its effects could be seen within 1 hour of its administration to induce relaxation and diminish anxiety. Moreover, GABA administration could enhance immunity under stress conditions." Abdou et al (2006). PMID: 16971751. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
145 | black tea | 2 | stress | mental health | plant / herb | 1.54 | 14700 | http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-black_tea.html | "Based on early research, black tea may reduce stress and help patients feel more relaxed. More research is needed to confirm these findings. It should be noted that high doses of caffeine have been linked to anxiety." | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
146 | ginseng | 2 | cognitive performance | mental health | plant / herb | 24.1 | 35000 | http://jop.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/19/4/357 | Panax ginseng improved performance and subjective feelings of mental fatigue during sustained mental activity in 30 healthy young adults and this effect may be related to the acute gluco-regulatory properties of the extract. Reay et al (2005). 'Single doses of Panax ginseng (G115) reduce blood glucose levels and improve cognitive performance during sustained mental activity'. J. Psychopharmacol. 19/4, 357-65. | In a double-blind study cognitive & mood effects of 75 mg of extract of guarana (12% caffeine), 200 mg of Panax ginseng (G115), & their combination (75 mg/200 mg), were assessed in 28 healthy volunteers which showed that both ginseng & ginseng/guarana combination enhanced speed of memory task. Kennedy 2004 | Right cerebral blood flow, TCD and CT improved in 96% of 202 patients given Nao Li Shen (ginseng, gastrodia tuber, chuanxiong rhizome and red sage root) Lu 1997 | Antibody titre after flu vaccination was increased from 171 to 272 and number of flu cases dropped from 42 to 15 in the group taking 100 mg Ginsana for 12 weeks in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind investigation of 227 people Scaglione 1996 | Exercise work load and maximal oxygen consumption were increased by ginseng in a double-blind, crossover study with 50 men taking, for 6 weeks, a preparation of ginseng extract, dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements Pieralisi 1991 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
147 | lavender | 2 | depression | mental health | plant / herb | 5.73 | 24100 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12551734 | PubMed | A 4-week double-blind, randomized trial with 45 adult outpatients shows the combination of imipramine and lavandula tincture was more effective than imipramine alone in the management of mild to moderate depression. "The main overall finding from this study is that lavandula tincture may be of therapeutic benefit in the management of mild to moderate depression as adjuvant therapy. A large-scale trial is justified." Akhondzadeh et al (2003). PMID: 12551734. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
148 | vitamin D | 2 | depression | mental health | vitamin | 37.5 | 572000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=PMC3173027 | Bertone-Johnson et al. 2011 | Vitamin D is an essential nutrient proven to be important for bone health. It has other physiological functions, and there are plausible reasons for investigating vitamin D in depressive disorders. Some cross-sectional clinical and epidemiologic studies, but not all studies, have found that low levels of vitamin D are significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms or with a depression diagnosis. However, cross-sectional studies cannot establish causality, and the methodology of these studies has been criticized. Due to the poor quality of the treatment studies, the effectiveness of vitamin D for depression cannot be adequately assessed. Current evidence does not definitively demonstrate that vitamin D deficiency is a cause of or risk for developing depression or that vitamin D is an effective therapy for depression. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2011 Feb;49(2):15-8. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20110111-02. Epub 2011 Jan 21. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
149 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | child intelligence | mental health, children | compound | 8.89 | 21900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171055 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12509593 | "This study investigated the effects of omega-3 supplementation in 450 children aged 8-10 years old from a mainstream school population, using a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Participants were supplemented with either active supplements (containing docosahexaenoic acid, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or a placebo for 16 weeks. Despite the wide range of cognitive and behavioural outcome measures employed, only three significant differences between groups were found after 16 weeks, one of which was in favour of the placebo condition. Exploring the associations between changes in fatty acid levels and changes in test and questionnaire scores also produced equivocal results." Kirby et al (2010). PMID: 20171055. | "METHODS: Pregnant women were recruited in week 18 of pregnancy to take 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil until 3 months after delivery. A total of 590 pregnant women were recruited to the study, and 341 mothers took part in the study until giving birth. All infants of these women were scheduled for assessment of cognitive function at 6 and 9 months of age, and 262 complied with the request. As part of the protocol, 135 subjects from this population were invited for intelligence testing with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) at 4 years of age. Of the 135 invited children, 90 came for assessment. Six children did not complete the examination. RESULTS: Children who were born to mothers who had taken cod liver oil (n = 48) during pregnancy and lactation scored higher on the Mental Processing Composite of the K-ABC at 4 years of age as compared with children whose mothers had taken corn oil. The children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age correlated significantly with maternal intake of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid during pregnancy. In a multiple regression model, maternal intake of DHA during pregnancy was the only variable of statistical significance for the children's mental processing scores at 4 years of age. CONCLUSION: Maternal intake of very-long-chain n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation may be favorable for later mental development of children." Helland et al (2003). PMID: 12509593. | "METHODS: The mothers took 10 mL of cod liver oil or corn oil from week 18 of pregnancy until 3 months after delivery. Their children were tested with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children at 7 years of age. RESULTS: We did not find any significant differences in scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children test at 7 years of age between children whose mothers had taken cod liver oil (n = 82) or corn oil (n = 61). We observed, however, that maternal plasma phospholipid concentrations of alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy were correlated to sequential processing at 7 years of age. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that maternal concentration of n-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy might be of importance for later cognitive function, such as sequential processing, although we observed no significant effect of n-3 fatty acid intervention on global IQs." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18676533 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | omega 3 | 2 | child ADHD | mental health, children | compound | 2.73 | 4170 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17435458 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448859 | Among 132 Australian children "Significant medium to strong positive treatment effects were found on parent ratings of core ADHD symptoms, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity, on the Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) in both PUFA treatment groups compared with the placebo group. [...] CONCLUSION: These results add to preliminary findings that ADHD-related problems with inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity might respond to treatment with PUFAs and that improvements may continue with supplementation extending to 30 weeks." Sinn and Bryan (2007). PMID: 17435458. | Among 75 children aged 8-18, "A subgroup of children and adolescents with ADHD, characterized by inattention and associated neurodevelopmental disorders, treated with omega 3/6 fatty acids for 6 months responded with meaningful reduction of ADHD symptoms." Johnson et al (2009). 'Omega-3/Omega-6 Fatty Acids for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial in Children and Adolescents.' J. Atten. Disord. PMID 18448859. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
151 | MSM | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | compound | 0.955 | 1240 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16309928 | PubMed | Kim LS, Axelrod LJ, Howard P, Buratovich N, Waters RF. Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2006;14(3):286–94. PMID 16309928 | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
152 | bromelain | 2 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | enzyme | 3.98 | 5900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15841258 | "All previous trials, which have been uncontrolled or comparative studies, indicate its potential use for the treatment of osteoarthritis. [...] The data available at present indicate the need for trials to establish the efficacy and optimum dosage for bromelain and the need for adequate prospective adverse event monitoring in such chronic conditions as osteoarthritis." Brien et al (2004). 'Bromelain as a Treatment for Osteoarthritis: a Review of Clinical Studies.' Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM. 1/3, 251–57. PMID 15841258. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
153 | vitamin D | 2 | bone health | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 8.68 | 248000 | A recent review of 23 studies including over 4000 participants (mostly women) showed taking vitamin D3 or D2 without calcium has little or no effect on bone mineral density in older adults. | http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61647-5/abstract | Reid et al 2014 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18088161 | Review of 167 studies of vitamin D and bone health. "We found inconsistent evidence of an association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and bone mineral content in infants and fair evidence of an association with bone mineral content or density in older children and older adults. The evidence of an association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and some clinical outcomes (fractures, performance measures) in postmenopausal women and older men was inconsistent, and the evidence of an association with falls was fair. We found good evidence of a positive effect of consuming vitamin D-fortified foods on 25(OH)D concentrations. The evidence for a benefit of vitamin D on falls and fractures varied. We found fair evidence that adults tolerated vitamin D at doses above current dietary reference intake levels, but we had no data on the association between long-term harms and higher doses of vitamin D." Cranney et al (2008). 'Summary of evidence-based review on vitamin D efficacy and safety in relation to bone health.' Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88/2, 513S-19S. PMID: 18689393. | "The results highlight the need for additional high quality studies in infants, children, premenopausal women, and diverse racial or ethnic groups. There was fair evidence from studies of an association between circulating 25(OH)D concentrations with some bone health outcomes (established rickets, PTH, falls, BMD). However, the evidence for an association was inconsistent for other outcomes (e.g., BMC in infants and fractures in adults). It was difficult to define specific thresholds of circulating 25(OH)D for optimal bone health due to the imprecision of different 25(OH)D assays. Standard reference preparations are needed so that serum 25(OH)D can be accurately and reliably measured, and validated. In most trials, the effects of vitamin D and calcium could not be separated. Vitamin D(3) (>700 IU/day) with calcium supplementation compared to placebo has a small beneficial effect on BMD, and reduces the risk of fractures and falls although benefit may be confined to specific subgroups. Vitamin D intake above current dietary reference intakes was not reported to be associated with an increased risk of adverse events. However, most trials of higher doses of vitamin D were not adequately designed to assess long-term harms." | "Based on double-blind randomized control trials (RCTs), eight for falls (n = 2426) and 12 for non-vertebral fractures (n = 42,279), there was a significant dose-response relationship between higher-dose and higher achieved 25(OH)D and greater fall and fracture prevention. Optimal benefits were observed at the highest dose tested to date for 700 to 1000 IU vitamin D per day or mean 25(OH)D between 75 and 110 nmol/l (30-44 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that mean serum 25(OH)D levels of about 75 to 110 nmol/l provide optimal benefits for all investigated endpoints without increasing health risks. These levels can be best obtained with oral doses in the range of 1,800 to 4,000 IU vitamin D per day; further work is needed, including subject and environment factors, to better define the doses that will achieve optimal blood levels in the large majority of the population." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19957164 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
154 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 2 | migraine | pain | enzyme | 1.47 | 6940 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728298 | PubMed | In a study of 42 patients, CoQ10 was superior to placebo for attack-frequency, headache-days and days-with-nausea in the third treatment month and well tolerated. Sándor et al (2005). PMID: 15728298. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | feverfew | 2 | migraine | pain | plant / herb | 1.4 | 5290 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14973986 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16232154 | "MAIN RESULTS: Five trials (343 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Results from these trials were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew is efficacious for preventing migraine. Only mild and transient adverse events were reported in the included trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from randomised, double-blind trials to suggest an effect of feverfew over and above placebo for preventing migraine. It appears from the data reviewed that feverfew presents no major safety problems." Pittler and Ernst (2004). 'Feverfew for preventing migraine.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD002286. PMID: 14973986. | The efficacy and tolerability of a CO(2)-extract of feverfew (MIG-99, 6.25 mg t.i.d.) for migraine prevention were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, parallel-group study. MIG-99 was found effective and shows a favourable benefit-risk ratio. Diener et al (2005). 'Efficacy and safety of 6.25 mg t.i.d. feverfew CO2-extract (MIG-99) in migraine prevention--a randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study.' Cephalagia 25/11, 1031-41. PMID: 16232154. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
156 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | compound | 15.6 | 32800 | http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/166/2/181 | American Journal of Epidemiology | http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kwm197v1 | From abstract: "Fatty acid effects on colorectal cancer risk were examined in a national prospective case-control study in Scotland (1999–2006), including 1,455 incident cases and 1,455 matched controls. [...] Significant dose-dependent reductions in risk were associated with increased consumption of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids." From full text: "the highest total fish consumers showed a 24% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer as compared to those with the lowest intakes of fish (the lower quartile). With respect to oily fish consumption, those consuming at the highest quartile (upper 25% of the population) exhibited an approximate 34% lower risk for developing colorectal cancer relative to those in the lowest quartile (lower 25% of the population) for oily fish consumption." Theodoratou et al (2007). 'Dietary Fatty Acids and Colorectal cancer: A Case-Control Study', Am. J. Epidem. 166/2, 181-95. | "The authors conducted an extensive review (meta-analysis) of 14 studies combined where the frequency of fish consumption in population studies was correlated with the incidence of colorectal cancer. The compilation of these 14 cohort studies indicated that the pooled relative risks for colorectal cancer was 12% lower (relative risk of 0.88) for the highest as compared to the lowest fish consumption category. The pooled relative risks were 22% lower for women and 6% lower for men." Geelen et al (2007). 'Fish Consumption, n-3 Fatty Acids, and Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies', Am. J. Epidem. 166/10, 1116-25. | "Mortality data for breast and colorectal cancer in 24 European countries were correlated with current fish and fish oil consumption and with consumption 10 and 23 years previously. In males there was an inverse correlation between colorectal cancer mortality and current intake of fish, a weaker correlation with fish consumption 10 years earlier and none with consumption 23 years earlier. The data were not statistically significant in females. There was no correlation at all between breast cancer mortality and fish or fish oil consumption at any time. It is concluded that fish consumption is associated with protection against the later promotional stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, but not with the early initiation stages." Caygill and Hill (1995). 'Fish, n-3 fatty acids and human colorectal and breast cancer mortality', Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 4/4. http://journals.lww.com/eurjcancerprev/Abstract/1995/08000/Fish,_n_3_fatty_acids_and_human_colorectal_and.8.aspx | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
157 | calcium | 3 | colorectal cancer | cancer | mineral | 9.91 | 2010000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887161 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073017 | "We randomly assigned 930 subjects (mean age, 61 years; 72 percent men) with a recent history of colorectal adenomas to receive either calcium carbonate (3 g [1200 mg of elemental calcium] daily) or placebo, with follow-up colonoscopies one and four years after the qualifying examination. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Calcium supplementation is associated with a significant - though moderate - reduction in the risk of recurrent colorectal adenomas." Baron et al (1999). 'Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group', N. Engl. J. Med. 340/2, 101–7. PMID: 9887161. | "We randomly assigned 665 patients with a history of colorectal adenomas to three treatment groups, in a parallel design: calcium gluconolactate and carbonate (2 g elemental calcium daily), fibre (3.5 g ispaghula husk), or placebo. Participants had colonoscopy after 3 years of follow-up. The primary endpoint was adenoma recurrence. [...] Calcium supplementation was associated with a modest but not significant reduction in the risk of adenoma recurrence." Bonithon-Kopp et al (2000). 'Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial', European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group". Lancet 356/9238, 1300–06. PMID 11073017. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
158 | green tea | 3 | cancer prevention | cancer | plant / herb | 6.07 | 18700 | http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005004.html | Cochrane review | Plain language summary: "Fifty-one studies with more than 1.6 million participants, mainly of observational nature were included in this systematic review. Studies looked for an association between green tea consumption and cancer of the digestive tract, gynecological cancer including breast cancer, urological cancer including prostate cancer, lung cancer and cancer of the oral cavity. The majority of included studies were of medium to high methodological quality. The evidence that the consumption of green tea might reduce the risk of cancer was conflicting. This means, that drinking green tea remains unproven in cancer prevention, but appears to be safe at moderate, regular and habitual use." Boehm et al (2009). 'Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer', Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
159 | magnesium | 3 | blood pressure | cardio | mineral | 10.7 | 10800 | http://ncp.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/23/2/142 | Nutrition in Clinical Practice | "Magnesium plays a role in a number of chronic, disease-related conditions. [...] A major role for magnesium is in the regulation of blood pressure. While data are not entirely consistent, it does appear that an inverse relationship between magnesium intake and blood pressure is strongest for magnesium obtained from food rather than that obtained via supplements. Hypertension associated with preeclampsia appears to be alleviated when magnesium is administered; in addition, women with adequate intakes of magnesium are less likely to be affected by preeclampsia than those with an inadequate intake." Champagne (2008). 'Magnesium in Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome, and Other Conditions: A Review.' Nutr. Clin. Pract. 23/2, 142-51. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | folic acid | 3 | certain birth defects | children | vitamin | 10.5 | 108000 | when combined with vitamin B12 can be associated with increased cancer risk | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD007950/frame.html | Cochrane Review | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7619926 | Plain language summary: "This review confirms that folic acid supplementation prevents the first and second time occurrence of NTDs (neural tube defects) and shows there is not enough evidence to determine if folic acid prevents other birth defects. Information about the safety of other current and alternative supplementation schemes and any possible effects on other outcomes for mothers and babies is also lacking. This review of five trials, involving 6105 women (1949 with a history of a pregnancy affected by a NTD and 4156 with no history of NTDs), shows the protective effect of daily folic acid supplementation in doses ranging from 0.36 mg (360 µg) to 4 mg (4000 µg) a day, with and without other vitamins and minerals, before conception and up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, for preventing the recurrence of these diseases. There were insufficient data to evaluate the effects on other outcomes such as cleft lip and palate. More research is needed on different types of supplementation programmes and the use of different types of supplements (such as 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate -5-MTHF), particularly in countries where folic acid fortification of staple foods like wheat or maize flour is not mandatory and where the prevalence of NTDs is still high." De-Regil LM, Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Dowswell T, Peña-Rosas JP. Effects and safety of periconceptional folate supplementation for preventing birth defects. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD007950. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub2. | With a case-control study, we investigated whether periconceptional intake of supplemental or dietary folate reduced the risk of having a neural tube defect (NTD)-affected pregnancy. Mothers of 549 (88% of eligible) cases and 540 (88%) controls were interviewed in person about vitamin supplements used in either the 3 months before or the 3 months after conception and also about usual diet in the 3 months before conception. Women with any use of a folic acid-containing vitamin in the 3 months before conception had a lower risk of having an NTD-affected pregnancy. Any level of use in the first 3 months after conception resulted in a lowered risk as well. Reduced risks were less marked for Hispanics and were not observed among women who graduated from college. Modest reduced risks were noted among non-vitamin users whose estimated daily dietary intake of folate was more than 0.227 mg. We observed decreasing risk with increasing folate intake from combined dietary sources and vitamin supplements. A reduction in NTD risk associated with folate intake is consistent with other studies; however, the reduced risk may be particular to subsets of the population, primarily non-Hispanic women and women whose education does not exceed high school. Shaw et al (1995). 'Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects'. Epidemiology 6/3, 219–26. PMID 7619926. | Mulinare et al (1988). 'Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 260/21, 3141–45. PMID 3184392. | ilunsky et al (1989). 'Multivitamin/folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects.' Journal of the American Medical Association 262/20, 2847–52. PMID 2478730. | Treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B12 was associated with increased cancer outcomes and all-cause mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease in Norway, where there is no folic acid fortification of foods. JAMA. 2009;302(19):2119-2126. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | aloe vera | 3 | diabetes | diabetes | plant / herb | 21.4 | 12400 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091 | PubMed | http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/731244 | "Ten studies were located. They suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be a useful adjunct for lowering blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as for reducing blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidaemia. Topical application of aloe vera is not an effective preventative for radiation-induced injuries. It might be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. Whether it promotes wound healing is unclear. There are major caveats associated with all of these statements. CONCLUSION: Even though there are some promising results, clinical effectiveness of oral or topical aloe vera is not sufficiently defined at present." Vogler and Ernst (1999). 'Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness.' Br. J. Gen. Pract. 49/447, 823-28. PMID: 10885091. | ^ Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O. (1996) Antidiabetic activity of Aloe vera L juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine 3: 245–248. | ^ Nassiff HA, Fajardo F, Velez F. (1993) Effecto del aloe sobre la hiperlipidemia en pacientes refractarios a la dieta. Rev Cuba Med Gen Integr 9:43–51 | 5000 angina patients adding the 'Husk of Isabgol' and 'aloe vera' to their diet had reduced total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, fasting and post prandial blood sugar level in diabetic patients, total lipids and also increased HDL Agarwal 1985 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10885091 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
162 | probiotics | 3 | IBS (B. infantis 35624 and B. coagulans GBI-30, 6086) | digestion | other | 3.32 | 21600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19277023 | PubMed | http://www.postgradmed.org/doi/10.3810/pgm.2009.03.1984 | "Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 showed significant improvement in the composite score for abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating/distention, and/or bowel movement difficulty compared with placebo in two appropriately designed studies. No other probiotic showed significant improvement in IBS symptoms in an appropriately designed study. CONCLUSIONS: B. infantis 35624 has shown efficacy for improvement of IBS symptoms. Most RCTs about the utility of probiotics in IBS have not used an appropriate study design and do not adequately report adverse events. Therefore, there is inadequate data to comment on the efficacy of other probiotics." Brenner et al (2009). PMID: 19277023. | "Objective: This preliminary controlled study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 on IBS symptoms. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving 44 subjects who received either placebo or B coagulans GBI-30, 6086 once a day for 8 weeks. Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest that the patented B coagulans GBI-30, 6086 probiotic may be a safe and effective option for the relief of abdominal pain and bloating for patients with IBS. Larger, extended trials are needed to verify these results." | "B. infantis 35624 is a probiotic that specifically relieves many of the symptoms of IBS. At a dosage level of 1 x 10(8) cfu, it can be delivered by a capsule making it stable, convenient to administer, and amenable to widespread use. The lack of benefits observed with the other dosage levels of the probiotic highlight the need for clinical data in the final dosage form and dose of probiotic before these products should be used in practice." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16863564 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
163 | ginger | 3 | nausea and vomiting | digestion | plant / herb | 78.2 | 68600 | http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/booth/alternat/AT128.html | PubMed | http://www.mat.or.th/journal/files/Vol90_No.9_1703_5990.pdf | "We have performed a systematic review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials for or against the efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting. Six studies met all inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Three on postoperative nausea and vomiting were identified and two of these suggested that ginger was superior to placebo and equally effective as metoclopramide. The pooled absolute risk reduction for the incidence of postoperative nausea, however, indicated a non-significant difference between the ginger and placebo groups for ginger 1 g taken before operation. One study was found for each of the following conditions: seasickness, morning sickness and chemotherapy-induced nausea. These studies collectively favoured ginger over placebo. [...] In summary, we found that ginger is a promising anti-emetic herbal remedy, but the clinical data to date are insufficient to draw firm conclusions. Further rigorous studies are needed to establish whether ginger is efficacious for clinical nausea and vomiting." Ernst and Pittler (2000). 'Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.' British Journal of Anaesthesia 84/3, 367-67. http://bja.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/84/3/367.pdf; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793599 | "Conclusion: From the presented data, ginger is as effective as dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and has fewer side effects." | "CONCLUSIONS: Ginger provides no additional benefit for reduction of the prevalence or severity of acute or delayed CINV (chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting) when given with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists and/or aprepitant." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19005687 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
164 | licorice root | 3 | dyspepsia | digestion | plant / herb | 1.6 | 4140 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505331 | PubMed | In 60 patients diagnosed with functional dyspepsia, the commercially available herbal preparation STW-5 and its modified dispense STW-5-S, both of which contains licorice root, tested improved dyspeptic symptoms significantly better than placebo. [Article in German]. Madisch (2001). PMID: 11505331. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | probiotics | 3 | diarrhoea, gastrointenstinal and respiratory infections | digestion, infections | other | 3.83 | 13900 | X | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107143 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148529 | "The lack of consistency among studies focusing on 1 specific infection, in study design, applied probiotic strains, outcome parameters, and study population, along with the still limited number of studies, preclude clear and definite conclusions on the efficacy of probiotics and illustrate the need for better-aligned study designs and methodology. Exceptions were the management of infectious diarrhea in infants and traveler's diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Sufficient consistent data exist for these applications to conclude that certain probiotics, under certain conditions, and in certain target populations, are beneficial in reducing the risk of infection. In addition, some evidence exists, although conclusions are premature, for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection and possible reduction of treatment side effects. Certain probiotics may also reduce the risk of various symptoms of respiratory tract infections in adults and children, including ear, nose, and throat infections, although data are currently far too limited to distill any clinical recommendations in this area. Positive but also negative results have been obtained in prevention of infectious complications in surgical and critically ill patients." Wolvers et al (2010). 'Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics: prevention and management of infections by probiotics.' J. Nutr. 140/3, 698S-712S. PMID: 20107143. | "RECENT FINDINGS: Recent clinical studies have shown that probiotics can protect young children from diarrhoeal illness, including antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. They may also protect neonates from necrotizing enterocolitis. In adults, they can help prevent or reduce the severity of diarrhoeal illness, and ameliorate side-effects for those undergoing antibiotic therapy for infection. Researchers are looking at combining probiotics with prebiotics to enhance anti-inflammatory effects and restore colonization resistance of the commensal flora. New technologies are elucidating complex effects on gene expression in the gut, the probiotic, and bacterial pathogens. Recombinant strains capable of binding bacterial toxins are being developed as novel therapeutics against gastrointestinal infection. SUMMARY: Considering the clinical trial evidence of therapeutic benefit, probiotics are an underused treatment modality for prevention and amelioration of diarrhoeal illness. Better understanding of strain-specific effects, dosing regimens and any contraindications should help resolve this." | "Several placebo-controlled trials indicated that lactobacilli have a suppressive effect on H pylori infection. Although some studies reported improvement in H pylori eradication, others failed to confirm this. Controlled trials support the use of Lactobacillus GG and S boulardii for the prevention of AAD, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of S boulardii as adjunctive therapy for RCDAD. Several placebo-controlled trials showed a reduction in the severity and duration of acute diarrhea in children with use of Lactobacillus GG. Studies of probiotics for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea yielded conflicting results, and their routine use cannot be recommended in this setting. Preliminary evidence suggests a potential role for reducing secondary pancreatic infections, although conclusive evidence is not available at this time. Additional clinical trials are indicated to define the role of probiotics further before wide-spread use can be recommended." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880070 | "Thirteen clinical trials have been published. In six (180 patients), a probiotic was used alone; five of these had an encouraging result-in three there were significantly reduced breath test readings and in two others some patients were cleared of infection. In seven further trials (682 patients), probiotics were added to a therapeutic regimen of antibiotics, resulting in an increased cure rate in two studies, and reduced side-effects in four. Trials in which fermented milk products or whole cultures of lactobacilli were used tended to show better results than when the probiotic was taken in the form of bacteria alone. Not all the studies were randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled, and some involved only small numbers of patients. The results suggest that probiotics may have a place as adjunctive treatment in H. pylori infections and possibly in prophylaxis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522098 | "PARTICIPANTS: 571 healthy children aged 1-6 years Intervention: Milk with or without Lactobacillus GG. RESULTS: Children in the Lactobacillus group had fewer days of absence from day care because of illness. There was also a relative reduction of 17% in the number of children suffering from respiratory infections with complications and lower respiratory tract infections and a 19% relative reduction in antibiotic treatments for respiratory infection in the Lactobacillus group. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus GG may reduce respiratory infections and their severity among children in day care. The effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus GG were modest but consistently in the same direction." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387176 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | leucine | 3 | protein synthesis | general health | compound | 4.52 | 3 | 224000 | 33% | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21775557 | Pasiakos et al. 2011 | Leucine-enriched essential amino acid ingestion, in combination with resistance exercise in some cases, may be a useful intervention to promote mTOR signalling and protein synthesis in an effort to counteract a variety of muscle wasting conditions (e.g. sarcopenia, cachexia, AIDS, inactivity/bed rest, sepsis, kidney failure, and trauma). Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 May;11(3):222-6. | Skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is regulated by a number of dietary factors, to include essential amino acids (EAAs). Leucine, a branched-chain amino acid, has been identified as a stimulator of MPS in many cell culture and animal studies. However, whether supplemental leucine exerts a unique stimulatory effect, as compared to other EAAs, on muscle anabolism in humans has not been clearly demonstrated. A recent study found no improvement in resting MPS in adults who consumed a 10 g EAA supplement providing added leucine (3.5 g leucine) when compared to a control 10 g EAA supplement (1.8 g leucine). These findings suggest that added leucine is unnecessary for the stimulation of MPS when sufficient EAAs are provided; however, the study of supplemental leucine during conditions such as endurance exercise, caloric deprivation, and ageing may be warranted. Nutr Rev. 2011 Sep;69(9):550-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00420.x. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
167 | vitamin D | 3 | general health, all-cause mortality | general health | vitamin | 20.4 | 248000 | Low blood concentrations strongly associated with illness (cardivascular, infectious, mood disorders and other diseases). But vitamin D supplements don't improve health, except in elderly people (mainly women), where 20 μg per day slightly reduces deaths from all causes. Low vitamin D levels seem to be a marker, rather than a cause, of disease. | http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(13)70165-7/abstract | Autier et al 2014 | Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis, making it difficult for childbirth. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. Essentially, every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers, and infectious diseases. Therefore, sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health. Holick, J Investig Med. 2011 Aug;59(6):872-80. doi: 10.231/JIM.0b013e318214ea2d. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415774 | "Question: what is the effect of vitamin D supplementation on all-cause mortality? 17 RCTs and 1 quasi-RCT (n = 57 311, age range 33–106 y) met the inclusion criteria. Mean daily dose of vitamin D (adjusted for trial size) was 528 IU. Mean follow-up (adjusted for study size) was 5.7 years. Quality assessment of individual trials was not reported. MAIN RESULTS: Meta–analysis of all trials showed that use of vitamin D supplements decreased the risk for all-cause mortality. Meta-analysis of the 9 trials with sufficient power showed similar results. CONCLUSION: vitamin D supplementation reduces all-cause mortality in adults and older individuals." Autier (2008). 'Review: vitamin D supplementation decreases all-cause mortality in adults and older people', Evid. Based Med.,13/47. | "Vitamin D deficiency during the first few years of life results in a flattened pelvis, making it difficult for childbirth. vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. Essentially, every tissue and cell in the body has a vitamin D receptor. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to increased risk for preeclampsia, requiring a cesarean section for birthing, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, types I and II diabetes, heart disease, dementia, deadly cancers, and infectious diseases. Therefore, sensible sun exposure along with vitamin D supplementation of at least 2000 IU/d for adults and 1000 IU/d for children is essential to maximize their health." | "Epidemiologic evidence and prospective studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with increased risk of many chronic diseases including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disease, deadly cancers, type II diabetes and infectious diseases. It is estimated that children need at least 400-1000 IU of vitamin D a day while teenagers and adults need at least 2000 IU of vitamin D a day to satisfy their body's vitamin D requirement. It is estimated that 1 billion people worldwide are vitamin D deficient or insufficient. Correcting and preventing this deficiency could have an enormous impact on reducing health costs worldwide." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20795941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
168 | echinacea | 3 | colds | infections | plant / herb | 8.86 | 15700 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16437427 | Cochrane Review | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17597571 | "Sixteen trials including a total of 22 comparisons of an Echinacea preparation and a control group (19 with placebo, 2 with no treatment, 1 with another herbal preparation) met the inclusion criteria. All trials except one were described as double-blind. The majority had reasonable to good methodological quality. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Echinacea preparations tested in clinical trials differ greatly. There is some evidence that preparations based on the aerial parts of Echinacea purpurea might be effective for the early treatment of colds in adults but results are not fully consistent. Beneficial effects of other Echinacea preparations, and for preventative purposes might exist but have not been shown in independently replicated, rigorous randomized trials" Linde et al (2006). 'Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold.' Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. CD000530. PMID: 16437427. | A meta-analysis of 14 studies found "Echinacea decreased the odds of developing the common cold by 58% and the duration of a cold by 1.4 days. Similarly, significant reductions were maintained in subgroup analyses limited to Echinaguard/Echinacin use, concomitant supplement use, method of cold exposure, Jadad scores less than 3, or use of a fixed-effects model. Published evidence supports echinacea's benefit in decreasing the incidence and duration of the common cold." Shah et al (2007). Lancet Infect. Dis. 7/7, 473-80. PMID: 17597571. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | SAM-e | 3 | depression | mental health | compound | 0.168 | 8900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19944301 | Mischoulon, 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK36942/ | Of the five products reviewed in this article (L-methylfolate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine [SAM-e], omega-3 fatty acids, L-tryptophan, and inositol), only omega-3 fatty acids and SAM-e have sufficient supporting evidence for their efficacy to warrant safe use. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2012 Jun;50(6):13-6. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20120508-06. Epub 2012 May 18. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
170 | coffee | 3 | alzheimer's disease, dementia | mental health | plant / herb | 5.83 | 13 | 14500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182026 | Santos et al 2010 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21432699 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20182037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
171 | valerian | 3 | insomnia | mental health | plant / herb | 3.25 | 4730 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145239 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17517355 | "A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled trials of valerian for improving sleep quality is presented. An extensive literature search identified 16 eligible studies examining a total of 1093 patients. Most studies had significant methodologic problems, and the valerian doses, preparations, and length of treatment varied considerably. A dichotomous outcome of sleep quality (improved or not) was reported by 6 studies and showed a statistically significant benefit, but there was evidence of publication bias in this summary measure. The available evidence suggests that valerian might improve sleep quality without producing side effects. Future studies should assess a range of doses of standardized preparations of valerian and include standard measures of sleep quality and safety." Bent et al (2006). 'Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis.' Am. J. Med. 119/12, 1005-12. | "A comprehensive search of studies investigating valerian was conducted. [...]. Most studies found no significant differences between valerian and placebo either in healthy individuals or in persons with general sleep disturbance or insomnia. None of the most recent studies, which were also the most methodologically rigorous, found significant effects of valerian on sleep. Overall, the evidence, while supporting that valerian is a safe herb associated with only rare adverse events, does not support the clinical efficacy of valerian as a sleep aid for insomnia." Taibi et al (2007). 'A systematic review of valerian as a sleep aid: safe but not effective.' Sleep Med. Rev 11/3, 209-30. | In a study of 405 participants, 18 to 75 years old, valerian had modest beneficial effects on insomnia compared to placebo. Oxman et al (2007). PMID: 17940604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940604 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
172 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | child ADHD | mental health, children | vitamin | 1.78 | 7410 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16846100 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16579066 | Among 40 children with ADHD, in almost all cases "Mg-B6 regimen for at least two months significantly modified the clinical symptoms of the disease: namely, hyperactivity and hyperemotivity/aggressiveness were reduced, school attention was improved. In parallel, the Mg-B6 regimen led to a significant increase in Erc-Mg values. When the Mg-B6 treatment was stopped, clinical symptoms of the disease reappeared in few weeks together with a decrease in Erc-Mg values." Mousain-Bosc et al (2006). 'Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.' Magnes Res. 19/1, 46-52. PMID: 16846100. | Among 31 children with ADHD, aged 6-12, "It was established that the administration of MAGNE-B6 led to improvements in the behavior, decreased the level of anxiety and aggression, improved both large- and small-scale mobility, decreased the level of synkinesis, increased the characteristics of attention, corrected the magnesium homeostasis, and favored normalization of the blood electrolytes." Nogovitsina and Levitina (2006). PMID: 16579066. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
173 | St John's wort | 3 | depression, PMS | mental health, women | plant / herb | 6.55 | 13900 | http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD000448/st.-johns-wort-for-treating-depression. | http://nccam.nih.gov/health/stjohnswort/sjw-and-depression.htm | NCCAM | 29 | 2009 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608 | Meta-analysis suggests not effective for major depression; possibly effective for minor: "Studies suggest that St. John's wort is of minimal benefit in treating major depression. A study cofunded by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) found that St. John's wort was no more effective than placebo in treating major depression of moderate severity. There is some scientific evidence that St. John's wort is useful for milder forms of depression. [...] Scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of St. John's wort for depression is inconsistent. An analysis of the results of 37 clinical trials concluded that St. John's wort may have only minimal beneficial effects on major depression. However, the analysis also found that St. John's wort may benefit people with minor depression; these benefits may be similar to those from standard antidepressants. Overall, St. John's wort appeared to produce fewer side effects than some standard antidepressants." | Meta-analysis suggests superior to placebo for major depression and similarly effective to standard antidepressants: "A total of 29 trials (5489 patients) including 18 comparisons with placebo and 17 comparisons with synthetic standard antidepressants met the inclusion criteria. [...] The available evidence suggests that the hypericum extracts tested in the included trials a) are superior to placebo in patients with major depression; b) are similarly effective as standard antidepressants; c) and have fewer side effects than standard antidepressants. The association of country of origin and precision with effects sizes complicates the interpretation." Linde et al, 2008. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608 | No better than placebo for minor depression: 73 patients with minor depression completed a trial of SJW vs citalopram (standard medication) vs placebo. There were no significant differences between groups - all 3 groups improved (suggesting a strong placebo effect). Rapaport, M.H., Nierenberg, A.A., Howland, R., Dording, C., Schettler, P.J., and Mischoulon, D. The treatment of minor depression with St. John's Wort or citalopram: Failure to show benefit over placebo. Journal of Psychiatric Research 45:931-941, 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21632064 | No better than placebo for major depression: In a study of 340 patients with major depression, St. John's Wort was tested against placebo and sertraline (standard medication). Neither the SJW nor sertraline groups significantly different to the placebo group. JAMA 2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11939866 | As effective as established medication for major depression: In the treatment of moderate to severe major depression in 251 adult outpatients, hypericum extract WS 5570 was at least as effective as paroxetine and was better tolerated. Szegedi et al (2005). 'Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine.' BMJ 330/7490. http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/330/7490/503 NB not placebo-controlled. | Superior to placebo for PMS: The efficacy of St. John's wort (SJW) extract as a treatment for premenstrual symptoms was investigated as a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, with two parallel treatment groups which showed that there was a trend for SJW to be superior to placebo.. Hicks 2004 | Superior to placebo for minor depression: "Hypericum perforatum extract WS® 5570 at doses of 600 mg/day (once daily) and 1200 mg/day (600 mg twice daily) were found to be safe and more effective than placebo, with comparable efficacy of the WS® 5570 groups for the treatment of mild to moderate major depression." Kasper et al (2006). http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/4/14 | ||||||||||||||||||
174 | vitamin K2 | 3 | osteoporosis | musculoskeletal | vitamin | 0.277 | 4370 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10227010 | Maturitas | http://www.springerlink.com/content/v4288732927n2072/ | This study investigated the effect of vitamin K2 treatment on spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in 72 postmenopausal women, compared with vitamin D3. "Conclusions: vitamin K2 therapy may be a useful method for preventing postmenopausal spinal bone mineral loss. In addition, the therapy should be started early in postmenopausal period." Iwamoto et al (1999). 'A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy.' Maturitas 31/2, 161-64. PMID: 10227010. | "Methods: BMD of the total hip was measured in 2,575 women and 1,886 men, 47-50 and 71-75 years. Conclusions: Although we observed an increased risk of low BMD with low intake of vitamin K1 and a weak positive association between BMD and vitamin K2 intake among women, this study does not support dietary intake of vitamins K1 or K2 as major determinants of BMD. Future studies should investigate possible associations between intake of vitamin K1, K2 and fracture risk." | "We assessed the possibility of an association between habitual natto intake and bone mineral density (BMD) and BMD change over time in healthy Japanese women. The BMD was measured at the spine, hip, and forearm in 944 women (20–79 y old) at baseline and at a follow-up conducted 3 y later. Natto intake may help prevent postmenopausal bone loss through the effects of menaquinone 7 or bioavailable isoflavones, which are more abundant in natto than in other soybean products." http://jn.nutrition.org/content/136/5/1323.full | "Methods: Three hundred thirty-four healthy women between 50 and 60 years, 1–5 years after menopause, were recruited to a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups, one receiving 360 µg MK-7 in the form of Natto capsules and the other the same amount of identical-looking placebo capsules containing olive oil. Conclusion: MK-7 taken as Natto over 1 year reduced serum levels of ucOC but did not influence bone loss rates in early menopausal women." http://www.springerlink.com/content/f227685211041064/ | "This article covers clinical evidences of the positive effect of vitamin K2 on osteoporosis. The activity of vitamin K2 involves both an increase in the bone-building process and decrease in the bone-loss process. Article covers effect of vitamin K2 on bone homeostasis and its safety in children, hepatic and renal impairment. vitamin K2 should be considered for prevention and treatment in those conditions known to contribute to osteoporosis." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21114195 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
175 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3.5 | depression, mental illness | mental health | compound | 1.56 | 5340 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC533861/ | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20925595 | "While far from robust, there is enough epidemiological, laboratory and clinical evidence to suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in certain cases of depression." Logan (2004). 'Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional.' Lipids Health Dis. 3, 25. PMCID: PMC533861. | "Results. Ten articles - three longitudinal cohort studies, five randomized controlled trials and two pilot trials- that met selection criteria were reviewed. Six found no association, two found mixed results, and two found a positive association between omega-3 PUFAs and reduced incidence of maternal perinatal depression. Some of the larger studies and those that found a positive effect were more likely to be using higher doses, close to 2 g of docosahexaeonic acid (DHA)+ eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and began the supplementation earlier in pregnancy. Conclusions. Future RCTs to investigate the role of PUFA supplementation and risk for maternal perinatal depression should begin supplementation early in pregnancy and use a dosage closer to 2 g of DHA + EPA." Wojcicki and Heyman (2011). PMID: 20925595. | "Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between omega-3 deficits and mood disorders. As for treatment, there is convincing evidence that add-on omega-3 fatty acids to standard antidepressant pharmacotherapy results in improved mood. There is no evidence that fatty acid monotherapy has a mood-elevating effect, with a possible exception for childhood depression." http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034351 | "The aim of the current study was to provide an updated meta-analysis of all double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials examining the effect of omega3 LC-PUFA supplementation in which depressive symptoms were a reported outcome. The study also aimed to specifically test the differential effectiveness of EPA versus DHA through meta-regression and subgroup analyses. [...] Two hundred forty-one studies were identified, of which 28 met the above inclusion criteria and were therefore included in the subsequent meta-analysis. [...] The current meta-analysis provides evidence that EPA may be more efficacious than DHA in treating depression. However, owing to the identified limitations of the included studies, larger, well-designed, randomized controlled trials of sufficient duration are needed to confirm these findings." Martins (2009). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439549 | "From full text: ""There is growing evidence that suboptimal intakes of n-3 PUFA may be associated with psychopathology over the lifespan and include highly prevalent disorders that present a growing public health concern. Most clinical trials have been conducted with major depressive illness in adulthood and in childhood disorders; there are growing numbers of interventions with cognitive decline in older adulthood. Although the causes of these mental health problems are complex and multifactorial, even from a nutritional perspective alone, dietary and lifestyle factors including n-3 PUFA present modifiable risk factors that can be accessed relatively easily by individuals. However, findings of clinical trials have been inconsistent and in many cases inconclusive; methodological differences between studies need to be critically evaluated before drawing conclusions about the efficacy or otherwise of n-3 PUFA in alleviating symptoms"" Sinn et al (2010). 'Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan.' Nutrients 2/2,128-70. http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/2/2/128/pdf | "Epidemiological studies indicate an association between depression and low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids, and biochemical studies have shown reduced levels of omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes in both depressive and schizophrenic patients. Five of six double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in schizophrenia, and four of six such trials in depression, have reported therapeutic benefit from omega-3 fatty acids in either the primary or secondary statistical analysis, particularly when EPA is added on to existing psychotropic medication. [...] . The evidence to date supports the adjunctive use of omega-3 fatty acids in the management of treatment unresponsive depression and schizophrenia. [...] However, as the clinical research evidence is preliminary, large, and definitive randomised controlled trials similar to those required for the licensing of any new pharmacological treatment are needed." Peet and Stokes (2005). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15907142. | "Some positive benefits were found for depressive symptoms " http://www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab005169.html | |||||||||||||||||||||
176 | calcium | 3.5 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral | 44.5 | 2010000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21289325 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412990 | "Results of recent clinical trials indicate that calcium supplementation does not significantly reduce fracture risk in postmenopausal women. However, evidence from the same studies suggests that beneficial effects on fracture risk may be seen in women who are adherent to therapy. Postmenopausal women should continue calcium supplementation to reduce osteoporosis risk." Spangler et al (2011). 'Calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women to reduce the risk of osteoporotic fractures.' Am. J. Health Sys. Pharm, 68/4, 309-18. PMID: 21289325. | "Ca supplements appear to be effective in reducing bone loss in women late post menopause (>5 years post menopause), particularly in those with low habitual Ca intake (<400 mg/d). In women early post menopause (<5 years post menopause) who are not vitamin D deficient, Ca supplementation has little effect on bone mineral density. However, supplementation with vitamin D and Ca has been shown to reduce fracture rates in the institutionalised elderly, but there remains controversy as to whether supplementation is effective in reducing fracture in free-living populations." Lanham-New (2008). PMID: 18412990. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
177 | fish oil / omega 3 | 4 | cancer symptoms | cancer, pain, digestion | compound | 8.47 | 28500 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17408522 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12506181 | "We performed a systematic review of the literature in order to issue recommendations on the clinical use of n-3 FA in the cancer setting. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria; eight were of high quality. Our findings suggest that administration of n-3 FA (EPA and DHA) in doses of at least 1.5 g/day for a prolonged period of time to patients with advanced cancer is associated with an improvement in clinical, biological and QoL parameters." Colomer et al (2007). 'N-3 fatty acids, cancer and cachexia: a systematic review of the literature.' Br. J. Nutr. 97/5, 823-31. PMID: 17408522. | "PURPOSE: To determine whether high doses of fish oil, administered over 2 weeks, improve symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and decreased weight and appetite. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to fish oil capsules or placebo. CONCLUSION: Fish oil did not significantly influence appetite, tiredness, nausea, well-being, caloric intake, nutritional status, or function after 2 weeks compared with placebo in patients with advanced cancer and loss of both weight and appetite." Bruera et al (2003). 'Effect of fish oil on appetite and other symptoms in patients with advanced cancer and anorexia/cachexia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.' J. Clin. Oncol. 21/1, 129-34. PMID: 12506181. | "Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil can help in the management of persistent chronic inflammatory states, but treatment's compliance is generally poor. We exclusively evaluated 12 patients for compliance. After 6 wk of treatment, patients receiving fish oil + placebo or fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly more appetite, less fatigue, and lower C-reactive protein (C-RP) values than their respective baselines values. Additionally, patients in the fish oil + celecoxib group also improved their body weight and muscle strength compared to baseline values. Comparing both groups, patients receiving fish oil + celecoxib showed significantly lower C-RP levels, higher muscle strength and body weight than patients receiving fish oil + placebo." Cerchietti et al (2007). 'Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic n-3 fatty acids from fish oil and preferential Cox-2 inhibition on systemic syndromes in patients with advanced lung cancer.' Nutr. Cancer 59/1, 14-20. PMID: 17927497. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17927497 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
178 | calcium + vit. D | 4 | breast cancer in premenopausal women, cancer | cancer, women | mineral | 4.11 | 379000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17533208 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17556697. | "METHODS: We prospectively evaluated total calcium and vitamin D intake in relation to breast cancer incidence among 10,578 premenopausal and 20,909 postmenopausal women 45 years or older who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline in the Women's Health Study. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that higher intakes of calcium and vitamin D may be associated with a lower risk of developing premenopausal breast cancer. The likely apparent protection in premenopausal women may be more pronounced for more aggressive breast tumors." Lin et al (2007). 'Intakes of calcium and vitamin d and breast cancer risk in women.' Arch. Intern. Med. 167/10, 1050–59. PMID 17533208. | "This was a 4-y, population-based, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. The primary outcome was fracture incidence, and the principal secondary outcome was cancer incidence. The subjects were 1179 community-dwelling women randomly selected from the population of healthy postmenopausal women aged >55 y in a 9-county rural area of Nebraska centered at latitude 41.4 degrees N. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 1400-1500 mg supplemental calcium/d alone (Ca-only), supplemental calcium plus 1100 IU vitamin D3/d (Ca + D), or placebo. [...] CONCLUSIONS: Improving calcium and vitamin D nutritional status substantially reduces all-cancer risk in postmenopausal women." Lappe et al (2007). 'Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk: results of a randomized trial', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85/6, 1586–91. PMID 17556697. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
179 | omega 6 | 4 | heart health | cardio | compound | 1.82 | 16600 | http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627 | American Heart Association | "After extensive evaluation of the combined data from numerous randomized trials, case-control and cohort studies, and long-term animal feeding experiments, the present advisory indicated that the consumption of 5-10% of energy from omega-6 PUFA (mainly as LA) appears to significantly reduce the risk of CHD [Conorary Heart Disease] relative to lower intakes." Harris et al (2009). 'Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease.' Circulation 119/6, 902. | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
180 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | enzyme | 1.98 | 6210 | http://www.nature.com/jhh/journal/v21/n4/full/1002138a.html | Human Hypertension | "We conclude that coenzyme Q10 has the potential in hypertensive patients to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg without significant side effects." Rosenfeldt et al (2007). 'Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials Coenzyme Q10 and hypertension.' Journal of Human Hypertension 21, 297-306. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
181 | chocolate, dark | 4 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 14.3 | 11200 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584271 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19910929 | "RESULTS: Fifteen trial arms of 13 assessed studies met the inclusion criteria. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that dark chocolate is superior to placebo in reducing systolic hypertension or diastolic prehypertension." Ried et al (2010). 'Does chocolate reduce blood pressure? A meta-analysis.' BMC Med. 8/39. PMID: 20584271. | "10 randomized controlled trials comprising 297 individuals were included in the analysis. [...] The meta-analysis confirms the BP-lowering capacity of flavanol-rich cocoa products in a larger set of trials than previously reported. However, significant statistical heterogeneity across studies could be found, and questions such as the most appropriate dose and the long-term side effect profile warrant further investigation before cocoa products can be recommended as a treatment option in hypertension." Desch et al (2010). 'Effect of cocoa products on blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis.' Am. J. Hypertens. 23/1 97-103. PMID: 19910929. | "CONCLUSION: Current randomized dietary studies indicate that consumption of foods rich in cocoa may reduce blood pressure, while tea intake appears to have no effect." Taubert et al (2007). 'Effect of cocoa and tea intake on blood pressure: a meta-analysis.' Arch. Int. Med. 167/7, 626-34. PMID: 17420419. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420419 | "Collectively, our data demonstrate that the human ingestion of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin is, at least in part, causally linked to the reported vascular effects observed after the consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa. -)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans." Schroeter et al (2006). '(-)-Epicatechin mediates beneficial effects of flavanol-rich cocoa on vascular function in humans.' PNAS 23/4, 1024-09. PMID: 16418281. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418281 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
182 | olive leaf extract | 4 | blood pressure, cholesterol | cardio | plant / herb | 1.76 | 1030 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21036583 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729245 | "A double-blind, randomized, parallel and active-controlled clinical study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect as well as the tolerability of Olive leaf extract in comparison with Captopril in patients with stage-1 hypertension. Additionally, this study also investigated the hypolipidemic effects of Olive leaf extract in such patients. After 8 weeks of treatment, both groups experienced a significant reduction of SBP as well as DBP from baseline; while such reductions were not significantly different between groups. A significant reduction of triglyceride level was observed in Olive group, but not in Captopril group. In conclusion, Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract, at the dosage regimen of 500 mg twice daily, was similarly effective in lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressures in subjects with stage-1 hypertension as Captopril, given at its effective dose of 12.5-25 mg twice daily." Susalit et al (2011). 'Olive (Olea europaea) leaf extract effective in patients with stage-1 hypertension: comparison with Captopril.' Phytomedicine 18/4, 251-58. PMID: 21036583. | "The olive leaf extract EFLA943, having antihypertensive actions in rats, was tested as a food supplement in an open study including 40 borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins. After 8 weeks, mean blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline in controls and the low-dose group, but had significantly decreased for the high dose group. Cholesterol levels decreased for all treatments with significant dose-dependent within-pair differences for LDL-cholesterol. Concluding, the study confirmed the antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering action of EFLA943 in humans." Perrinjacquet-Moccetti (2008). 'Food supplementation with an olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract reduces blood pressure in borderline hypertensive monozygotic twins.' Phytotherapy Res. 22/9, 1239-42. PMID: 18729245. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
183 | coconut oil | 4 | obesity | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 15.5 | 27900 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/529/CN-00721529/frame.html | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14608053 | This study of 40 women aged 20-40 tested the effect of daily coconut oil vs soy bean oil, while following a balanced diet and exercising. "Energy intake and amount of carbohydrate ingested by both groups diminished over the trial, whereas the consumption of protein and fibre increased and lipid ingestion remained unchanged. At [1 week before intervention] there were no differences in biochemical or anthropometric characteristics between the groups, whereas at [1 week after intervention] group C [coconut group] presented a higher level of HDL and a lower LDL:HDL ratio. Reductions in BMI were observed in both groups at T2, but only group C exhibited a reduction in [waist circumference]. Group S [soy bean oil] presented an increase in total cholesterol, LDL and LDL:HDL ratio, whilst HDL diminished. Such alterations were not observed in group C. It appears that dietetic supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity." Assunçao et al (2009). 'Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of women presenting abdominal obesity.' Lipids 44/7, 593-601. PMID: 19437058. | "This controlled crossover study compared the effects of a high fat diet, a low fat diet, both based on coconut oil, and a diet with a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and PUFA on diurnal postprandial levels of some hemostatic variables (n = 11) and fasting levels of Lp(a) (n = 25). In conclusion, our results indicate that a coconut oil-based diet lowers postprandial t-PA antigen concentration, and this may favorably affect the fibrinolytic system and the Lp(a) concentration compared with the HUFA-diet. The proportions of dietary saturated fatty acids more than the percentage of saturated fat energy seem to have a beneficial influence on Lp(a) levels." Müller et al (2003). PMID: 14608053. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19437058 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
184 | peppermint oil | 4 | IBS | digestion | plant / herb | 2.1 | 8410 | http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/nov13_2/a2313 | British Medical Journal | "Four trials compared peppermint oil with placebo in 392 patients. [...] Fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil were all more effective than placebo in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome." Ford et al (2008). 'Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.' BMJ 337. | # Cappello, G.; et al. (2007). "Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial". Digestive and Liver Disease 39 (6): 530–536. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2007.02.006. | # ^ Bandolier Journal: Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome | # | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
185 | creatine | 4 | cognition | mental health | compound | 13.8 | 135000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691485/?tool=pubmed | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19773644 | "We tested the hypothesis that oral creatine supplementation (5 g d(-1) for six weeks) would enhance intelligence test scores and working memory performance in 45 young adult, vegetarian subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over design. Creatine supplementation had a significant positive effect on both working memory (backward digit span) and intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices), both tasks that require speed of processing." Rae et al (2003). 'Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves cognitive performance; a placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over trial.' Proc. Biol. Sci. 270/1529, 2147-50. | "This study used a new form of creatine--creatine ethyl ester--to investigate whether supplementation would improve performance in five cognitive tasks, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Creatine dosing led to an improvement over the placebo condition on several measures. Although creatine seems to facilitate cognition on some tasks, these results require replication using objective measures of compliance." Ling et al (2009). PMID: 19773644. | "The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of creatine supplementation on the cognitive performance of elderly people. [...] Results showed a significant effect of creatine supplementation on all tasks except backward number recall. It was concluded that creatine supplementation aids cognition in the elderly." McMorris et al (2007). PMID: 17828627. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17828627 | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
186 | melatonin | 4 | insomnia in the elderly | mental health | compound | 3.1 | 14800 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18036082 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150476/?tool=pubmed | " The effects of 3-weeks prolonged-release melatonin 2 mg (PR-melatonin) versus placebo treatment were assessed in a multi-center randomized placebo-controlled study in 170 primary insomnia outpatients aged > or =55 years. Improvements in quality of sleep (QOS) the night before and morning alertness (BFW) were assessed using the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire and changes in sleep quality (QON) reported on five categorical unit scales. Rebound insomnia and withdrawal effects following discontinuation were also evaluated. PR-melatonin significantly improved QOS, QON and BFW compared with placebo. The improvements in QOS and BFW were strongly correlated suggesting a beneficial treatment effect on the restorative value of sleep. These results were confirmed in a subgroup of patients with a greater symptom severity. There was no evidence of rebound insomnia or withdrawal effects following treatment discontinuation. The incidence of adverse events was low and most side-effects were judged to be of minor severity. PR-melatonin is the first drug shown to significantly improve quality of sleep and morning alertness in primary insomnia patients aged 55 years and older-suggesting more restorative sleep, and without withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation." | In a 6-12 month open-label study of 244 adults with insomnia, taking prolonged-release melatonin (PRM) significantly improved sleep quality and moderately improved daytime mood. It also passed safety tests. The best results were seen among older adults (55+). "RESULTS: Of the 244 patients, 36 dropped out, 112 completed 6 months of treatment, and the other 96 completed 12 months of treatment. The mean number of nights by which patients reported sleep quality as "good" or "very good" was significantly higher during PRM than before treatment. There was no evidence of tolerance to PRM. Discontinuation of PRM was not associated with rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms; on the contrary, residual benefit was observed. PRM was well tolerated, and there was no suppression of endogenous melatonin production. CONCLUSION: Results support the efficacy and safety of PRM in primary insomnia patients aged 20-80 throughout 6-12 months of continuous therapy. PRM discontinuation even after 12 months was not associated with adverse events, withdrawal symptoms, or suppression of endogenous melatonin production." | Adult outpatients (791, aged 18-80 years) with primary insomnia, were treated with placebo (2 weeks) and then randomized, double-blind to 3 weeks with prolonged-release melatonin PRM or placebo nightly. PRM patients continued whereas placebo completers were re-randomized 1:1 to PRM or placebo for 26 weeks with 2 weeks of single-blind placebo run-out. Main outcome measures were sleep latency derived from a sleep diary, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Quality of Life (World Health Organzaton-5) Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) and adverse effects and vital signs recorded at each visit. RESULTS: On the primary efficacy variable, sleep latency, the effects of PRM (3 weeks) in patients with low endogenous melatonin regardless of age did not differ from the placebo, whereas PRM significantly reduced sleep latency compared to the placebo in elderly patients regardless of melatonin levels. The effects on sleep latency and additional sleep and daytime parameters that improved with PRM were maintained or enhanced over the 6-month period with no signs of tolerance. Most adverse events were mild in severity with no clinically relevant differences between PRM and placebo for any safety outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate short- and long-term efficacy and safety of PRM in elderly insomnia patients. Low melatonin production regardless of age is not useful in predicting responses to melatonin therapy in insomnia. The age cut-off for response warrants further investigation. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20712869 | "In 6 double blind, randomised crossover trials, a total number of 95 patients (mean ages: 65-79 yrs) were treated. [...] There is sufficient evidence that low doses of melatonin improve initial sleep quality in selected elderly insomniacs. However, larger randomized controlled trials, with less strict inclusion criteria are necessary to yield evidence of effectiveness (i.e. clinical and subjective relevance) in geriatric patients who suffer from insomnia, before wide-spread use can be advocated." Olde Rikkert and Rigaud (2001). 'Melatonin in elderly patients with insomnia. A systematic review.' Z. Gerontol. Geriat. 34/6, 491-97. PMID: 11828891. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11828891 | In a study of 30 insomniacs over 50 years old, "the physiologic melatonin dose (0.3 mg) restored sleep efficiency, acting principally in the midthird of the night; it also elevated plasma melatonin levels to normal." Control subjects were unaffected by melatonin. Zhdanova et al (2001). PMID: 11600532. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11600532 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9485533 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19584739 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19630367 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226679 | |||||||||||||||||||
187 | tyrosine | 4 | alertness, wakefulness, memory, depression | mental health | compound | 9.15 | 851000 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7794222 | PubMed | "The behavioral effects of tyrosine were examined during an episode of continuous nighttime work involving one night's sleep loss. [...] Tyrosine administration was associated with a significant amelioration of the usual performance decline on a psychomotor task and a significant reduction in lapse probability on a high-event-rate vigilance task. The improvements lasted on the order of 3 h. The results of this study also suggest that tyrosine is a relatively benign treatment at this dose. After further testing with other doses and timing of administration, tyrosine may prove useful in counteracting performance decrements during episodes of sustained work coupled with sleep loss." Neri et al (1995). "The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 66/4, 313–19. PMID 7794222. | Magill RA, Waters WF, Bray GA, Volaufova J, Smith SR, Lieberman HR, McNevin N, Ryan DH (2003). "Effects of tyrosine, phentermine, caffeine D-amphetamine, and placebo on cognitive and motor performance deficits during sleep deprivation". Nutritional Neuroscience 6 (4): 237–46. PMID 12887140 | Hao S, Avraham Y, Bonne O, Berry EM (2001). "Separation-induced body weight loss, impairment in alternation behavior, and autonomic tone: effects of tyrosine". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 68 (2): 273–81. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(00)00448-2. PMID 11267632. | Deijen JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, Cloin PA, Langefeld JJ (1999). "Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course". Brain Res. Bull. 48 (2): 203–9. doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00163-4. PMID 10230711 | Mahoney CR, Castellani J, Kramer FM, Young A, Lieberman HR (2007). "Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold exposure". Physiology and Behavior IN PRESS: 575. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.003. PMID 17585971. | Significant associations were observed between biochemical markers indicating poorer dietary control and increasing depressive symptoms in a sample of adolescents with early and continuously treated PKU, although symptoms of depression remained within the normal range. An association between depressive symptoms and poorer EF was also demonstrated. Further research is needed to establish whether the depressive symptoms observed in this young population represent an emerging (subclinical) risk for major depressive disorder as they age. Gene. 2012 Aug 10;504(2):288-91. Epub 2012 May 15. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||
188 | rhodiola rosea L. | 4 | fatigue | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 0.263 | 600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19016404 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11081987 | In this study of 60 subjects (30 treatment, 30 placebo), aged 20-55 years, suffering from stress-related fatigue, 576mg of SHR-5 Rhodiola Rosea L. was superior to placebo. "It is concluded that repeated administration of R. ROSEA extract SHR-5 exerts an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental performance, particularly the ability to concentrate, and decreases cortisol response to awakening stress in burnout patients with fatigue syndrome." Olsson et al (2009). 'A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study of the standardised extract shr-5 of the roots of Rhodiola rosea in the treatment of subjects with stress-related fatigue.' Planta Med. 75/2, 105-12. PMID: 19016404. | "The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment with a standardized extract SHR/5 of rhizome Rhodiola rosea L, (RRE) on fatigue during night duty among a group of 56 young, healthy physicians. These results suggest that RRE can reduce general fatigue under certain stressful conditions." Darbinyan et al (2000). PMID: 11081987. | "A number of clinical trials demonstrate that repeated administration of R. rosea extract SHR-5 exerts an anti-fatigue effect that increases mental performance (particularly the ability to concentrate in healthy subjects), and reduces burnout in patients with fatigue syndrome. Encouraging results exist for the use of Rhodiola in mild to moderate depression, and generalized anxiety. In conclusion, Rhodiola rosea has robust traditional and pharmacological evidence of use in fatigue, and emerging evidence supporting cognition and mood." Panossian et al (2010). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20378318 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
189 | devil's claw | 4 | arthritis | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 0.491 | 982 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14669250 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212570 | The results of an open clinical study in 75 patients suggest that this Devil's claw extract has a clinically beneficial effect in the treatment of arthrosis of the hip or knee. Wegener and Lüpke (2003). 'Treatment of patients with arthrosis of hip or knee with an aqueous extract of devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens DC.).' Phytotherapy Res. 17/10, 1165-72. PMID: 14669250. | "Fourteen studies were identified: eight observational studies; 2 comparator trials (1 open, the other randomized to assess clinical effectiveness); and 4 double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trials to assess efficacy. Many of the published trials lacked certain important methodological quality criteria. However, the data from the higher quality studies suggest that Devil's Claw appeared effective in the reduction of the main clinical symptom of pain. The assessment of safety is limited by the small populations generally evaluated in the clinical studies. From the current data, Devil's Claw appears to be associated with minor risk (relative to NSAIDs), but further long-term assessment is required." Brien et al (2006). 'Devil's Claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) as a treatment for osteoarthritis: a review of efficacy and safety.' J. Altern. Complem. Med. 12/10, 981-93. PMID: 17212570. | # | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
190 | butterbur | Petasites hybridus | 4 | migraines | pain | plant / herb | 0.408 | 5 | 3600 | Butterbur extract may be effective at preventing migraines and appears to be safe. 75 mg twice daily is more effective than 50 mg twice daily. | http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21626#ref11 | NYU Langone Medical Center | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987643 | 1) 2006 review of 2 RCTs: The extract at higher dose (150 mg) showed a greater decreased frequency of migraine attacks and a greater number of responders (improvement>50%) after treatment over 3-4 months than the extract at lower dose (100 mg) and placebo. | 2) RCT, double blind, 245 migraine patients. 75 mg dose was more effective than placebo and well tolerated as a preventive therapy for migraine. 50 mg dose not significantly more effective than placebo. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15623680 | 3) RCT, double blind, 60 participants: The frequency of migraine attacks decreased by a maximum of 60% compared to the baseline. Results significant. Well tolerated. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020030 | 4) no abstract http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410544 | 5) The patented special butterbur root extract is safe for the treatment in humans. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12864764 | http://www.med.nyu.edu/content?ChunkIID=21626 | |||||||||||||||||||
191 | anti-oxidants | 4 | infertility in men | sex, men, children | compound | 28 | 305000 | http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/systematic-review-effect-oral-antioxidants/20378409.html | Reproductive Biomedicine Online | "A systematic review of randomized studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of oral antioxidants (vitamins C and E, zinc, selenium, folate, carnitine and carotenoids) on sperm quality and pregnancy rate in infertile men. Seventeen randomized trials, including a total of 1,665 men, were identified, which differed in the populations studied and type, dosage and duration of antioxidants used. 14 of the 17 (82%) trials showed an improvement in either sperm quality or pregnancy rate after antioxidant therapy. Ten trials examined pregnancy rate and six showed a significant improvement after antioxidant therapy. The use of oral antioxidants in infertile men could improve sperm quality and pregnancy rates." Ross et al (2010). 'A systematic review of the effect of oral antioxidants on male infertility.' Reprod Biomed Online 20. PMID: 20378409. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
192 | niacin (vitamin B3) | 5 | heart disease | cardio | vitamin | 12.1 | 45900 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20208032 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9915658 | "CONCLUSIONS: In a meta-analysis of seven trials of secondary prevention [5,137 patients], niacin was associated with a significant reduction in cardiovascular events and possible small but non-significant decreases in coronary and cardiovascular mortality." Duggal et al (2010). 'Effect of niacin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease.' J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. 15/2, 158-66. PMID: 20208032. | "Niacin has been studied in 6 major clinical trials with cardiovascular endpoints. The Coronary Drug Project (CDP) was the largest of these trials and the only one to use niacin monotherapy affecting cardiovascular outcomes: recurrent myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events were significantly decreased. After long-term (15 years) follow-up, total mortality was also found to be decreased. The other 5 trials used varying combinations of niacin with other pharmacologic agents, examining coronary and total mortality, coronary events, and angiographic progression/regression. Significant benefit was found in all trials except for one in patients with normal cholesterol levels at entry. Thus, the use of niacin to prevent or treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is based on strong and consistent evidence from clinical trials." Guyton (1998). 'Effect of niacin on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.' Am. J. Cardiol. 82/12A,18U-23U. PMID: 9915658. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
193 | probiotics | 5 | diarrhoea related to antibiotic use | digestion, infections | other | 3.83 | 63 | 13900 | Associated with 42% lower risk of diarrhoea caused by antibiotics. Lactobacillus strains mostly used in trials. More research needed to see which strains most effective. | http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151505 | Hempel et al 2012 | 2012 | 63 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
194 | zinc | 5 | colds | infections | mineral | 1.85 | 10100 | http://www.thecochranelibrary.com/details/file/1017735/CD001364.html | Cochrane Library | http://www.annals.org/content/133/4/245.1 | "This review identified 15 randomized controlled trials, enrolling 1360 participants of all age groups, comparing zinc with placebo (no zinc). We found that zinc (lozenges or syrup) is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within 24 hours of onset of symptoms. People taking zinc are also less likely to have persistence of their cold symptoms beyond seven days of treatment. Zinc supplementation for at least five months reduces incidence, school absenteeism and prescription of antibiotics for children with the common cold. People taking zinc lozenges (not syrup or tablet form) are more likely to experience adverse events, including bad taste and nausea. More research is needed to address these variabilities and determine the optimal duration of treatment as well as the dosage and formulations of zinc that will produce clinical benefits without increasing adverse effects, before making a general recommendation for zinc in treatment of the common cold." Singh and Das (2011). 'Zinc for the common cold.' Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2. CD001364. | "Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients: 50 ambulatory volunteers recruited within 24 hours of developing symptoms of the common cold. Intervention: Participants took one lozenge containing 12.8 mg of zinc acetate or placebo every 2 to 3 hours while awake as long as they had cold symptoms. Results: Forty-eight participants completed the study (25 in the zinc group and 23 in the placebo group). Compared with the placebo group, the zinc group had shorter mean overall duration of cold symptoms (4.5 vs. 8.1 days), cough (3.1 vs. 6.3 days), and nasal discharge (4.1 vs. 5.8 days) and decreased total severity scores for all symptoms. Conclusion: Administration of zinc lozenges was associated with reduced duration and severity of cold symptoms, especially cough." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
195 | garlic | 6 | blood pressure | cardio | plant / herb | 13.1 | 34600 | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554422 | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594781 | "RESULTS: Eleven of 25 studies included in the systematic review were suitable for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of all studies showed a mean decrease for SBP in the garlic group compared to placebo. Regression analysis revealed a significant association between blood pressure at the start of the intervention and the level of blood pressure reduction. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis suggests that garlic preparations are superior to placebo in reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension." Ried et al (2008). PMID: 18554422. | "DESIGN: A double-blind parallel randomised placebo-controlled trial involving 50 patients whose routine clinical records in general practice documented treated but uncontrolled hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our trial suggests that aged garlic extract is superior to placebo in lowering systolic blood pressure similarly to current first line medications in patients with treated but uncontrolled hypertension." | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | beta-glucans | 0 | cancer | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | silicic acid | 0 | mental health | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | anti-oxidants | 0 | general health | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | aspartic acid | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | chrondroitin | 0 | musculoskeletal | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | collagen | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | DHEA | 0 | general health | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | fish oil / omega 3 | 0 | digestion, diabetes, general health | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | digestion, children | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | glutamine | l-glutamine | 0 | children | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | isoflavones | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | lignans | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | lycopene | 0 | cancer, men | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | methionine | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Na-R-ALA | 0 | general health | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | omega 6 | 0 | cancer | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | omega 9 | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | phenyl-alanine | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | SAM-e | 0 | general health | compound | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | trypsin | 0 | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 0 | diabetes | enzyme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | pancreatin | 0 | enzyme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | papain | 0 | enzyme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | copper | 0 | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | potassium | 0 | cardio | mineral | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | vanadium | 0 | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | prebiotics | 0 | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | probiotics | 0 | cardio | other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | royal jelly | 0 | general health | other | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | açaà berry | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | aloe vera | 0 | general health | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | bitter melon | 0 | diabetes | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | bitter orange | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | capsaicin | 0 | cancer | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | cat's claw | 0 | cancer, infections | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | chamomile | 0 | digestion | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | chang shan (halofuginone) | 0 | general health | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | chasteberry | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | evening primrose oil | 0 | women | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | fenugreek | 0 | cancer, diabetes | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | grape seed extract | 0 | pain | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | grapefruit seed extract | 0 | infections | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | lavender | 0 | mental health | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | palm oil | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | pau d’arco | 0 | general health | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | rosehip | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | saw palmetto | 0 | urinary, men | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | slippery elm | 0 | infections | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | uva ursi | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | wheat-grass | 0 | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | vitamin A: beta-carotene | 0 | cancer | vitamin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | vitamin A: retinol | 0 | children | vitamin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | vitamin B1 | 0 | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | vitamin B5 | 0 | cardio, musculoskeletal | vitamin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | vitamin D | 0 | cardio | vitamin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | vitamin D | 0 | diabetes | vitamin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | vitamin E | 0 | general health | vitamin |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | garlic | 0.5 | cancer | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | benfotiamine (fat-soluble thiamin) | 0.5 | diabetes, general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | astragalus | 0.5 | general health | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | bee pollen | 0.5 | general health, cancer | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | taurine | 0.5 | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | B vitamins | 0.5 | mental health | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | dong quai | 0.5 | women | plant / herb |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | asta-xanthin | 1 | general health | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | DHEA | 1 | mental health, men | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer, diabetes, cardio | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | ubiquinol | 1 | cardio | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | caffeine | 1 | cancer | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | carnosine | 1 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | fish oil / omega 3 | 1 | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | glucos-amine | 1 | musculoskeletal | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | hyaluronic acid | 1 | musculoskeletal | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | lutein | 1 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | omega 3: ALA | 1 | cardio | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | poly-phenols | 1 | cardio | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | quercetin | 1 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | TMG (trimethylglycine) | 1 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | tryptophan and 5-HTP | 1 | mental health, women | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | xylitol | 1 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 1 | cardio | enzyme | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | boron | 1 | women | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | chromium | 1 | diabetes | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | probiotics: suguki | Japanese pickle | 1 | infections | other | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | krill oil | 1 | women | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | krill oil | 1 | musculoskeletal | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | N-acetylcarnosine (topical application) | 1 | general health | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | probiotics | 1 | general health | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | elderberry | 1 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | elderberry | 1 | infections | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | valerian | 1 | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | black cohosh | 1 | women | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | black tea | 1 | cancer | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | cranberry products | cranberry juice, cranberries | 1 | urinary | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | dandelion | dandelion soup | 1 | infections | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | flax seeds | 1 | cancer, women | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | gingko biloba | 1 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | goji berry | wolfberry | 1 | general health | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | lingzhi + san miao san | 1 | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | milk thistle | 1 | diabetes | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | noni | 1 | plant / herb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | wholegrains | 1 | diabetes | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | vitamin | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Vitamin K2 | 1 | cancer, men | vitamin | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | vitamin B2 | 1 | pain | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | vitamin D | 1 | mental health | vitamin |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | selenium | 1.5 | cancer | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | L-carnitine | 1.5 | diabetes, sex | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | L-arginine | 1.5 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | iodine | 1.5 | general health | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | taurine | 1.5 | general health, cardio | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | piracetam | 1.5 | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | borage seed oil | 1.5 | musculoskeletal | plant / herb |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | beta-glucans | 2 | infections | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | L-lysine | 2 | sex, infections | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | cardio | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | fish oil / omega 3 | 2 | mental health, children | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | GABA | 2 | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | MSM | 2 | musculoskeletal | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | omega 3 | 2 | mental health, children | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | bromelain | 2 | musculoskeletal | enzyme | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 2 | pain | enzyme | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | iron | 2 | children, mental health, general health | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | andro-graphis | 2 | infections | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | horse chestnut seed extract | 2 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | black tea | 2 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | cinnamon | 2 | diabetes | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | feverfew | 2 | pain | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | garlic | 2 | cancer | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | garlic | 2 | infections | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | ginseng | 2 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | green tea | 2 | cardio | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | lavender | 2 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | milk thistle | 2 | infections | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | spirulina | 2 | cardio | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | vitamin C | 2 | infections | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | vitamin D | 2 | musculoskeletal | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | vitamin D | 2 | infections | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | vitamin D | 2 | mental health | vitamin |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | caffeine | 3 | mental health | compound | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3 | cancer | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | leucine | 3 | general health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | SAM-e | 3 | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | calcium | 3 | cancer | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | magnesium | 3 | cardio | mineral | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | sunlight | 3 | cancer, men | other | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | probiotics | 3 | digestion | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | probiotics | 3 | digestion, infections | other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | red yeast rice | 3 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | aloe vera | 3 | diabetes | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | coffee | 3 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | echinacea | 3 | infections | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | ginger | 3 | digestion | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | green tea | 3 | cancer | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | licorice root | 3 | digestion | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | St John's wort | 3 | mental health, women | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | valerian | 3 | mental health | plant / herb | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | vitamin B8 | 3 | mental health | vitamin | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 3 | mental health | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | folic acid | 3 | children | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | magnesium + vitamin B6 | 3 | mental health, children | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | vitamin D | 3 | general health | vitamin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | vitamin K2 | 3 | musculoskeletal | vitamin |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | fish oil / omega 3 | 3.5 | depression, mental illness | mental health | compound | ||||||||||||||||||||
2 | calcium | 3.5 | osteoporosis in postmenopausal women | musculoskeletal, women | mineral |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | colostrinin | 4 | mental health | compound | OTW | 0.0127 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | anti-oxidants | 4 | sex, men, children | compound | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | creatine | 4 | mental health | compound | 13.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | fish oil / omega 3 | 4 | cancer, pain, digestion | compound | 8.47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | melatonin | 4 | mental health | compound | 3.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | omega 6 | 4 | cardio | compound | 1.82 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | tyrosine | 4 | mental health | compound | 9.15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | CoQ10 | ubiquinol | 4 | cardio | enzyme | 1.98 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | calcium + vit. D | 4 | cancer, women | mineral | 4.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | egg shell membrane | 4 | general health | other | OTW | 0.012 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 4 | mental health | other | OTW | 0.127 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | nettles | 4 | urinary, men | plant / herb | OTW | 5.02 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | butterbur | Petasites hybridus | 4 | pain | plant / herb | 0.408 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | chocolate, dark | 4 | cardio | plant / herb | 14.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | coconut oil | 4 | cardio, general health | plant / herb | 15.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | devil's claw | 4 | musculoskeletal | plant / herb | 0.491 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | olive leaf extract | 4 | cardio | plant / herb | 1.76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | peppermint oil | 4 | digestion | plant / herb | 2.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | rhodiola rosea L. | 4 | mental health, general health | plant / herb | 0.263 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | vitamin B12 | 4 | infections | vitamin | OTW | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | vitamin K2 | 4 | cardio | vitamin | OTW | 0.344 |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | beta-glucans | 0 | cancer | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | silicic acid | 0 | mental health | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | astragalus | 0.5 | general health | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | cancer | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | vitamin D | 1 | cancer | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | resveratrol | 1 | cancer, diabetes, cardio | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Vitamin K2 | 1 | cancer, men | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | ubiquinol | 1 | cardio | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | elderberry | 1 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | turmeric (curcumin) | 1 | digestion | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | asta-xanthin | 1 | general health | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | probiotics: suguki | Japanese pickle | 1 | infections | other | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | elderberry | 1 | infections | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | valerian | 1 | mental health | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | DHEA | 1 | mental health, men | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | horse chestnut seed extract | 2 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | beta-glucans | 2 | infections | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | andro-graphis | 2 | infections | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | L-lysine | 2 | sex, infections | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | sunlight | 3 | cancer, men | other | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | red yeast rice | 3 | cardio | plant / herb | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | caffeine | 3 | mental health | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | vitamin B8 | 3 | mental health | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | vitamin E | alpha tocopherol | 3 | mental health | vitamin | OTW | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | vitamin K2 | 4 | cardio | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | egg shell membrane | 4 | general health | other | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | vitamin B12 | 4 | infections | vitamin | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | colostrinin | 4 | mental health | compound | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) | 4 | mental health | other | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | nettles | 4 | urinary, men | plant / herb | OTW |
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | category | sub-category | total | by level | OTW | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | 3.5 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||
4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | supplements | TOTAL | 192 | 57 | 7 | 44 | 7 | 26 | 24 | 2 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 30 | |||||||||||||||
6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | compound | 61 | 20 | 2 | 16 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
8 | enzymes | 7 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
9 | minerals | 12 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
10 | other | 16 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
11 | plants/herbs | 71 | 21 | 3 | 16 | 1 | 12 | 9 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 10 | ||||||||||||||||
12 | vitamins | 25 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
13 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | total supplements | 192 | 57 | 7 | 44 | 7 | 26 | 24 | 2 | 21 | 3 | 1 | 30 | ||||||||||||||||
17 | 29.69% | 3.65% | 22.92% | 3.65% | 13.54% | 12.50% | 1.04% | 10.94% | 1.56% | 0.52% | |||||||||||||||||||
18 | below the line | 87% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | little evidence | 73% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | some evidence | 14% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | health condition | TOTAL | 205 | 45 | 9 | 49 | 9 | 29 | 28 | 3 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 36 | |||||||||||||||
23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | cancer | 24 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
25 | cardio | 25 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
26 | children | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
27 | diabetes | 13 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
28 | digestion | 11 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
29 | general health | 31 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||
30 | infections | 18 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||
31 | men | 6 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | ||||||||||||||||
32 | mental health | 34 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 8 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
33 | musculoskeletal | 11 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
34 | pain | 7 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
35 | sex | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
36 | urinary | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
37 | women | 10 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
38 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | some evidence | TOTAL | 64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 3 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 36 | |||||||||||||||
41 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | cancer | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
43 | cardio | 10 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
44 | children | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
45 | diabetes | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
46 | digestion | 7 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
47 | general health | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
48 | infections | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||
49 | men | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
50 | mental health | 15 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
51 | musculoskeletal | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
52 | pain | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
53 | sex | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||
54 | urinary | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
55 | women | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||
56 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | good evidence | TOTAL | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 36 | |||||||||||||||
59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | cancer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | cardio | 8 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | children | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | diabetes | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | digestion | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | general health | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | infections | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | men | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | mental health | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | musculoskeletal | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | pain | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | sex | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | urinary | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | women | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |