Master Data and Dashboard Inventory


1	Additional Data and Information Relevant to the Rocky Mountain Partnership's Work RMP works with local, regional, state, and national entities and data experts to ensure alignment in the types of data and information being used to inform and drive its action. This spreadsheet contains a variety of quantitative and qualitative data research, reports, sources, needs assessments, and other data-related resources, relevant to RMP's work. Contact AshleyEdinger@RMPBackbone.org with any questions.
2	Data / Research	Source	Which Priorities / Metrics is this tied to?	Type of Resource (needs assessment, strategy/action plan, research report, data source, etc.)	Quantitative, Qualitative, or both?	Description (what are the key findings and themes? what does this tell us?)	Local, Regional, State, or National?	Data Published or Last Updated	Are the Findings Consistent with What Other Efforts Have Found? (Validity)	Link to summary

3	Colorado Registered Apprenticeships Programs Directory	Colorado Department of Labor and Employment	Skill and Credential Attainment	Program Directory	Informational	Access the Directory to view a list of Apprenticeship Program sponsors that have registered their programs with Apprenticeship Colorado and operate within and across the state of Colorado. These program sponsors provide training for a wide range of occupations in various industries.	State	Updated Regularly	Yes
4	Supporting Families, Children, and the Caregiving Workforce: A Local Financing Toolkit for Colorado	The Buell Foundation	Kindergarten Readiness	Toolkit	Both	This toolkit is designed to support local community leaders who are seeking to overcome local challenges to ensure children and families can thrive. There is much to be learned from those who have walked this road before and support resources are available. Throughout the toolkit, you will find practical information to get started, as well as links to suggested resources for engagement and support. The Buell Foundation wants to play a connecting role in linking together communities, leaders, and practitioners who have been successful and those wanting to learn.	State	Spring 2024	Yes
5	Pandemic Learning Loss and Absence Threaten Economy and Young People's Futures	Annie E. Casey Foundation	Kindergarten Readiness, Third Grade Reading Proficiency, Eighth Grade Math, High School Graudation, Enrollment in a Skill Training or Education Program, Skill and Credential Attainment, Employment at a Good Wage	Executive Summary	Quantiative	KEY FINDINGS ON LEARNING LOSS Key findings from the most recent school year available (2021–22) include: In 2022, only 26% of eighth graders were at or above proficient in math, much worse than before the pandemic (33% in 2019). Less than a third of fourth graders (32%) were at or above proficient in reading, two percentage points lower than right before the pandemic (34% in 2019). Thirty percent of all students (14.7 million students) were chronically absent, nearly double pre-pandemic rates (16% in 2018–19, the final school year fully unaffected by COVID). Two out of three students attended schools plagued by chronic absence. Four out of 10 (40%) had undergone at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE), such as family economic hardship or their parents having divorced, separated or served time in jail. These averages mask even worse educational outcomes for students of color, kids in immigrant families and children from low-income families or attending low-income schools. The gaps they face can affect their ability to succeed and thrive as adults. RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE LEARNING The Casey Foundation recommends the following: To get kids back on track, we must ensure access to low- or no-cost meals, a reliable internet connection, a place to study and time with friends, teachers and counselors. Expand access to intensive tutoring for students who are behind in their classes and missing academic milestones. Research has shown the most effective tutoring is in person, high dosage and tied directly to the school. States should take advantage of all their allocated pandemic relief funding to prioritize the social, emotional, academic and physical well-being of students. As long as funds are obligated by the Sept. 30 deadline, states should have two more full years to spend them. States and school systems should address chronic absence, so more students return to learn. While few states gather and report chronic absence data by grade, all of them should. Improving attendance tracking and data will inform future decision-making. Lawmakers should embrace positive approaches rather than criminalizing students or parents due to attendance challenges, because they may not understand the consequences of even a few days missed. Policymakers should invest in community schools, public schools that provide wraparound support to kids and families. Natural homes for tutoring, mental health support, nutritional aid and other services, community schools use innovative and creative programs to support young learners and encourage parent engagement, which leads to better outcomes for kids.	National	6/10/2024	Yes
6	Public Sector Apprenticeship Toolkit: Addressing Critical Workforce Shortages in State and Local Government	Ascendium \| The Council of State Governments	Enrollment in a Skill Training or Education Program, Skill and Credential Attainment	Toolkit	Both	Like Colorado, many other states are interested in using apprenticeship as a tool to address labor shortages in state and local government. The following toolkit has been adapted from the Colorado guide to serve as a resource for state, county and city governments across the country when implementing public sector apprenticeship programs. The goal of the toolkit is to educate state leadership on the benefits and implementation of registered apprenticeship programs and support them to identify and address common barriers.	National	May 2024	Yes
7	Local Business Trends Snapshot: First Edition	Arvada Chamber of Commerce / Arvada Resiliency Taskforce	Skill & Credential Attainment; Housing	Snapshot Report	Both	The Arvada Chamber and partners on the Arvada Resiliency Taskforce are committed to using data to support programs, resources, education, and policy shifts. This data briefing will inform our strategies and support key leaders in making decisions that ensure our local economy thrives. Each edition will feature current business pulse results, labor market data and an overview of new data that we are watching. After reports are published, we will work with key stakeholders to determine how we can positively impact the findings in the report	Local	3/21/24	Yes
8	A Community Ownership Path to Housing Justice	Nonprofit Quarterly	Housing			These all-too-common stories are a snapshot of a massive shift in our housing system—one in which housing ownership is increasingly concentrated in the hands of private equity companies, and locally based property owners are becoming less common. As private equity becomes a major landlord in cities across the United States, the country’s less expensive rental housing is disappearing at a time when it is needed most. This financialization of housing is exacerbating a national crisis as millions of renters continue to face eviction. But against this backdrop, there is some good news. Communities are regaining control of their homes and futures with the help of an emerging key tool: policies that empower tenants to become owners of the buildings in which they already live.	National	3/6/24	Yes
9	Innovative Wraparound Support Solutions That Help Workers Succeed: An in-depth scan of the market of solutions employers can use to expand employee access to wraparound supports that remove barriers to success on the job.	Jobs for the Future	Employment at a Good Wage	Market Scan	Qualitative	1. Employers need to understand the factors such as lack of access to health care, child care, and transportation that limit Black workers’ access to quality jobs and economic advancement opportunities. 2. Employers can position themselves for sustained success by offering programs and services that enable employees to manage the circumstances and challenges that limit their ability to succeed at work. These efforts can lead to improvements in employee retention and productivity rates and yield valuable returns over time. 3. Existing and emerging technologies are enabling new and innovative ways to provide wraparound supports that deliver personalized benefits for workers but can be scaled to serve entire organizations or broader populations. 4. Organizations that want to promote long-term career advancement opportunities for Black workers should offer supports that facilitate skill-building and networking, which can expand people’s professional social capital.	National	March 2024	Yes
10	Supply and Demand: Diagnosing Colorado's Skills and Attainment Gap	Common Sense Institute	Skill and Credential Attainment	Research Report	Quantitative	At present, only 66.5% of the Colorado-born adult population living in Colorado has at least some post-secondary education—over 79,000 people short of the 73% estimated need. If those 79,000 workers gained some level of post-secondary attainment, matching employers’ future demand, they would each be earning an additional $27,220 per year, on average, generating a cumulative $2 billion in additional wages. Key Recommendations Measure outcomes and direct funding to education training programs that help graduates achieve sustainable careers Create regional talent-development goals and action plans overseen by a workforce intermediary Realign the pathways offered in schools with the needs of employers Streamline and incentivize employer participation in career-connected learning opportunities Ensure education providers are focusing on the skills that students and employers need	State	2/13/2024	Yes
11	Higher chronic absenteeism threatens academic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic	Proceedings of the Natinoal Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Third Grade Reading Proficiency, Eighth Grade Math Proficiency, High School Graudation	Research Report	Quantitative	The broad and substantial educational harm caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has motivated large federal, state, and local investments in academic recovery. However, the success of these efforts depends in part on students’ regular school attendance. Using state-level data, I show that the rate of chronic absenteeism among US public-school students grew substantially as students returned to in-person instruction. Specifically, between the 2018–2019 and 2021–2022 school years, the share of students chronically absent grew by 13.5 percentage points—a 91-percent increase that implies an additional 6.5 million students are now chronically absent. State-level increases in chronic absenteeism are positively associated with the prevalence of school closures during the 2020–2021 school year. However, these increases do not appear to be associated with enrollment loss, COVID-19 case rates, school masking policies, or declines in youth mental health. This evidence indicates that the barriers to learning implied by the sharp increase in chronic absenteeism merit further scrutiny and policy responses.	National	1/9/24	Yes
12	Solving the Housing Puzzle: EDDs as Regional Housing Changemakers	National Association of Development Organizations	Housing	Research Report		While housing affordability is a useful catch-all term, these housing-related problems can manifest in different ways depending on local market conditions. Economic factors like housing supply, rising interest rates, neighborhood composition, access to capital markets, industry diversification, commute patterns, wage growth, regional and local labor shed composition, construction material costs, and supply chain and logistic capacities all affect housing outcomes in regional and local markets. Evaluating these qualitative and quantitative economic data points or market conditions can help stakeholders understand why a regional or local housing market isn’t working for residents on the ground.	National	December 2023	Yes
13	Full vs. Hybrid: Examining the Consequences of How Americans Work Remotely	Economic Innovation Group	Housing; Employment at a Good Wage	Analysis Report	Quantitative	Remote work generally improves employment opportunities for disabled individuals. Disabled workers are 22 percent more likely to be full-time remote than otherwise similar workers, while the impact of hybrid remote is half as large. Remote work is increasing migration rates, but only full-remote work impacts long-distance migration rates. Hybrid remote, in contrast, impacts shorter distance moves. Remote work has different effects on the local housing market, with full-remote work associated with stronger house price growth from 2019-2022 and hybrid remote associated with weaker house price growth. We provide preliminary evidence that these effects of remote work on housing demand are causal.	National	11/16/23	Yes
14	Tools for Tackling Corporate Landlords: A series on state and local policy options for mitigating the impact of private equity and other institutional investors Part 3: Combatting Consolidation through Pro-Competitive Policy Reforms: Portfolio Caps, Transfer Taxes, and Right of First Refusal Legislation	Private Equity Stakeholder Project	Housing	Policy Report	Informational	PESP’s report, “Combatting Consolidation Through Pro-Competitive Policy Reforms: Portfolio Caps, Transfer Taxes, and Right of First Refusal Legislation,” looks at policy efforts designed to combat the competitive advantage corporate landlords armed with huge pools of money, favorable regulatory environments, and robust technology hold versus individuals.	National	November 2023	Yes
15	Noncompete Clauses: A Policymaker’s Guide through the Key Questions and Evidence	Economic Innovation Group	Employment at a Good Wage	Literature Review	Both	1. The status quo system does not dissuade firms from systematically using noncompetes with workers that no court would sanction. Unenforceable noncompetes nevertheless chill worker mobility. Firms do not value the ability to enforce noncompetes for at least 80% of workers. 2. Positive correlations between noncompetes and wages are likely spurious. Rather, by shielding firms from labor market competition, noncompetes and their enforceability lead to earning losses on average, despite any increases in training. 3. The latest evidence suggests that, even though noncompete enforceability does give firms incentives to invest, the net effect is an reduction in overall innovation and the misallocation of inventive talent across firms. 4. Recent research suggests that enforcing noncompetes reduces new firm entry, innovation by startups, and the ability of new firms to grow. Surveys of small-business owners bolster these results. In contrast, noncompete enforceability favors established incumbents by increasting the share of employment and establishments attributed to large firms. 5. Firms have many other, less restrictive, legal tools to protect their legal interests. Executive noncompetes impose third-party harm sufficiently to justify including them in a ban. These include extracting rents from consumers, reducing spillovers of knowledge and technology, and misallocating labor across firms. Longstanding precedent for invalidating noncompetes due to third-party harm exists in the cases of lawyers, for whom noncompetes are invalid in every state on the basis that it harms clients. 6. A growing body of evidence suggests that consumers are likely harmed by noncompetes, whether by reduced innovation, increased concentration, reduced output, or by higher prices.	National	10/31/23	Yes
16	Two Approaches for Re-Engaging Adults in Higher Education Colorado’s Finish What You Started Program Tests Community-Based and Institution-Based Interventions	Results for America	Skill and Credential Attainment	Case Study		This case study features the Finish What You Started program in Colorado. As its name implies, Finish What You Started is primarily aimed at supporting individuals who dropped out of postsecondary education to return and complete a degree. In addition to financial aid, it includes outreach and wrap-around support services that have proved successful in other programs, both in Colorado and around the country.	State	10/1/2023
17	Tools for Tackling Corporate Landlords: A series on state and local policy options for mitigating the impact of private equity and other institutional investors Part 2: Challenging State Preemption of Local Affordable Housing Initiatives	Private Equity Stakeholder Project	Housing	Policy Report	Informational	The second report in this series attempts to explain how state preemption functions to thwart local efforts to protect individuals, tenants and prospective homebuyers alike, from corporate housing consolidation. The report highlights the following key points: State governments have moved to preempt local initiatives to combat the nation’s housing crises. Researchers found that efforts to protect citizens from pandemic related housing issues by local governments in states like California, Florida, and Illinois were stymied to a varying degree depending on the level of state preemption employed. Passing state legislation to abrogate state preemption of local issues like income non-discrimination, inclusionary zoning, and rent control is key to winning housing policy victories at the local level. To move policy at the state level, it is necessary to organize powerful, reliable constituencies that will compel politicians to make concessions on preemption and ultimately hold them accountable.	National	June 2023	Yes
18	How Employers Can Address the Social Determinants of Work	Jobs for the Future	Employment at a Good Wage	Brief	Both	Employers have a critical role to play in addressing the social determinants of work—and some are already designing solutions with demonstrated results for their employees. This brief examines how disparities in access to the social determinants of work particularly impact Black workers, provides an overview of employer-led wraparound supports, and highlights a few examples of solutions with promise for supporting Black workers’ career success. It also offers concrete steps for employers interested in better supporting and engaging this important and underutilized talent pool, and outlines questions for further research.	National	5/24/2023	Yes
19	Tools for Tackling Corporate Landlords: A series on state and local policy options for mitigating the impact of private equity and other institutional investors Part 1: Landlord Registries, Licensing, and Proactive Inspections	Private Equity Stakeholder Project	Housing	Policy Report	Informational	Regulating corporate landlords is difficult, but not impossible. Private Equity Stakeholder Project’s policy toolkit series aims to illuminate possibilities for combatting corporate landlords by examining policy frameworks and showcasing examples of successful past measures. While many roadblocks including low political will, state preemption, and well-funded landlord opposition do exist, there are also underutilized legislative opportunities ready to be deployed in order to mitigate the harmful effects of increased corporate ownership in cities and states.	National	April 2023	Yes
20	The Health Wedge and Labor Market Inequality	Brookings Institute	Employment at a Good Wage	Paper		Over half of the U.S. population receives health insurance through an employer, with employer premium contributions creating a flat “head tax” per worker, independent of their earnings. This paper develops and calibrates a stylized model of the labor market to explore how this uniquely American approach to financing health insurance contributes to labor market inequality. We consider a partial-equilibrium counterfactual in which employer-provided health insurance is instead financed by a statutory payroll tax on firms. We find that, under this counterfactual financing, in 2019 the college wage premium would have been 11 percent lower, non-college annual earnings would have been $1,700 (3 percent) higher, and non-college employment would have been nearly 500,000 higher. These calibrated labor market effects of switching from head-tax to payroll-tax financing are in the same ballpark as estimates of the impact of other leading drivers of labor market inequality, including changes in outsourcing, robot adoption, rising trade, unionization, and the real minimum wage. We also consider a separate partial-equilibrium counterfactual in which the current head-tax financing is maintained, but 2019 U.S. health care spending as a share of GDP is reduced to the Canadian share; here, we estimate that the 2019 college wage premium would have been 5 percent lower and non-college annual earnings would have been 5 percent higher. These findings suggest that health care costs and the financing of health insurance warrant greater attention in both public policy and research on U.S. labor market inequality.	National	3/14/23	Yes
21	34% of Companies Eliminated College Degree Requirements to Increase Number of Applicants in Past Year	Intelligent.com	Skill and Credential Attainment; Employment at a Good Wage	Report	Both	Key findings: 53% of hiring managers say their company eliminated the requirement for a bachelor’s degree for some roles in the past year 64% say the reason for removing requirement was to increase the number of applicants 76% say they are likely to favor experience over education Majority of hiring managers say company doesn’t see value in certificate programs, associate degrees, online degrees, or boot camps 77% of companies are currently offering apprenticeships or plan to by the EOY 46% say attrition is a problem	National	1/30/23	Yes
22	State of Homelessness	Metro Denver Homeless Initiative	Housing	Annual Report	Quantitative	The Leading cause of homelessness in the region is lack of affordable housing	Regional	January 2023	Yes	https://docs.google.com/document/d/17xjNUwW0ntzsW26XMbEq-zAy-uERgNaaAZU2LNZrj6I/edit
23	Private Equity in Education: How Wall Street Profits from a Public Good	Private Equity Stakeholder Project	Kindergarten Readiness, Third Grade Reading Proficiency, Eighth Grade Math, High School Graudation, Postsecondary Enrollment, Postsecondary Completion, Employment at a Good Wage	Policy Report	Informational	Private equity firms and the companies they own have promised to improve educational outcomes for struggling individual students and schools through new technology, personalized learning strategies, and resources for staffing and administration, but there is no conclusive data showing that school funding is better spent at private-equity owned companies than staying within the district. The following sections explore some of the ways private equity impacts students and classrooms: curriculum development and test administration; staffing for teachers, aides, and administrators; management of student data; and for-profit education. Each section will give an overview of the issue featuring case studies focused on a particular private equity firm or private equity-owned company	National	December 2022	Yes
24	Expanding Registered Apprenticeship through Alignment with Secondary Career and Technical Education	American Insitutes for Research	Skill and Credential Attainment	Brief		Federally funded CTE programs at both the secondary and post-secondary level share a number of features and goals with RA, including access to high-quality, occupation-focused training through a combination of classroom instruction and work experience. Although secondary and post-secondary CTE programs have common goals and requirements, the educational institution where the program is administered impacts the process and model of alignment to RA. This resource provides information about CTE in general and identifies steps that can be taken to build stronger alignment between RAP and CTE programs at the secondary level.	National	November 2022	Yes
25	A Universe of Possibilities: Education to Career Pathways for the Future of Work	Jobs for the Future	Skill and Credential Attainment	Report	Both	This JFF market scan examines the broad universe of possibilities: a multitude of pathways from education to careers that provide flexible, affordable, and ongoing short-term training and education programs that adapt to the ever-evolving needs of the labor market.	National	October 2022	Yes
26	Eighteenth Judicial District Attorney Disparities at Points of Prosecutorial Discretion	University of Denver Colorado Evaluation and Action Lab	Overall Economic and Social Mobility - Criminal Justice	Data Report	Quantiative	- Our data shows that Black defendants have a slightly higher dismissal rate than Hispanic or White defendants. Unfortunately, we don’t currently capture data to identify the reason why the case was dismissed. - This research indicates that White defendants have a slightly higher rate of having their case declined than Black or Hispanic defendants. While a case might be declined for a variety of different reasons, our office has not historically captured data on the reason or type of cases where we declined to file charges. - Our analysis shows that Hispanic defendants are more likely to plead guilty, and more likely to face incarceration than Black and White defendants. At this time, the data does not tell us why that is the case.	Regional	September 2022	Yes
27	First Judicial District Attorney Disparities at Points of Prosecutorial Discretion	University of Denver Colorado Evaluation and Action Lab	Overall Economic and Social Mobility - Criminal Justice	Data Report	Quantiative	- Existing disparities are most visible between Hispanic defendants and defendants of other races/ethnicities. Cases involving Hispanic individuals are more likely to result in a guilty plea, less likely to receive a charge reduction from filing to disposition, and more likely to result in an incarcerative sentence than cases involving other races or ethnicities. - Both Hispanic individuals and Black individuals within the criminal justice system tend to be younger than White individuals. - Felony declination practices appear to equitably promote fairness and work to interrupt disproportionality.	Regional	September 2022	Yes
28	The Rental Housing Crisis Is a Supply Problem That Needs Supply Solutions	Center for American Progress	Housing	Research Report		Housing affordability and stock do not meet demand New housing supply fell dramatically after the Great Recession Without added supply, vacancies fell by the 2020s Rental costs have increased dramatically Federal investments helped stabilize the housing crisis during the worst part of the pandemic Renters can benefit from greater supply, increased subsidies, and more protections	National	8/22/22	Yes
29	State Strategies to Recruit and Retain the Behavioral Health Workforce	National Conference of State Legislatures	Skill and Credential Attainment; Opioid Abatement	Report	Both	States may consider various policy options to recruit and retain a behavioral health workforce to provide necessary services. This report highlights strategies organized into five categories: - Understanding workforce needs - Increasing the supply of professionals - Expanding the reach of existing professionals - Addressing the distribution of professionals - Retaining professionals in the workforce	National	5/20/22	Yes
30	Key facts about housing affordability in the U.S.	Pew Research Center	Housing	Research Report	Quantitative	A variety of factors have set the stage for the financial challenges American homeowners and renters have been facing in the housing market, including incomes that haven’t kept pace with housing cost increases and a housing construction slowdown. A surge in homebuying spurred by record low mortgage interest rates during the COVID-19 pandemic has further strained the availability of homes.	National	3/23/22	Yes
31	Denver Metro Native American Housing Needs Assessment	Native American Housing Circle	Housing	Needs Assessment	Both	Very comprehensive report: see link	Regional	02/28/22	Yes	https://docs.google.com/?authuser=0#my-drive?action=locate&id=115Whye_sUBrtta2CaHuHItrvzMKYV15jUJmDbo26YaI&parent=17WKCaAxASGIlkKxN9NQQmXPF4TrvVbfy
32	The Emerging Degree Reset: How the Shift to Skills-Based Hiring Holds the Keys to Growing the U.S. Workforce at a Time of Talent Shortage	The Burning Glass Institute	Skill and Credential Attainment; Employment at a Good Wage	Report		Employers are resetting degree requirements in a wide range of roles, dropping the requirement for a bachelor’s degree in many middle-skill and even some higherskill roles. This reverses a trend toward degree inflation in job postings going back to the Great Recession. And while the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated this process, this reset began before the crisis and is likely to continue after it. • Some 46% of middle-skill and 31% of high-skill occupations experienced material degree resets between 2017 and 2019. • Only 27% of the changing occupations could be considered “cyclical resets,” or short-term responses to the pandemic. The majority (63%) appear to be “structural resets” that began before the pandemic, representing a measured and potentially permanent shift in hiring practices. • When employers drop degrees, they become more specific about skills in job postings, spelling out the soft skills that may have been assumed to come with a college education, such as writing, communication, and being detail-oriented. This reset could have major implications for how employers find talent and open up opportunities for the two-thirds of Americans without a college education. Based on these trends, we project that an additional 1.4 million jobs could open to workers without college degrees over the next five years.	National	2/9/22	Yes
33	What are Zoning and Land-Use Regulations and How Do They Affect Housing Supply?	Bipartisan Policy Center	Housing	Brief		At the outset of a project, a developer goes through the site assessment process. This process includes evaluating the local government’s comprehensive plan and reviewing the land-use regulations such as zoning. This explainer seeks to provide some basic information on how zoning affects housing supply—first describing local governments’ comprehensive plans and, second, zoning and some of its critical elements.	National	1/25/22	Yes
34	Moving up: Promoting workers’ upward mobility using network analysis	Brookings Institute	Skill and Credential Attainment	Research Report		The report’s major findings: 1. Mobility gaps exist across wage level, industry, race, and gender 2. Many workers in low-wage occupations get trapped. 3. While pathways exist, they are narrow and full of hurdles 4. Refining policy targets can help more workers move up	National	6/14/21	Yes
35	JFF's Framework for a High-Quality Pre-Apprenticeship Program: Opportunity Youth	Jobs for the Future	Enrollment in a Skill Training or Education Program, Skill and Credential Attainment	Framework	Both	This pre-apprenticeship framework outlines the six key characteristics of a high-quality pre-apprenticeship program with a focus on opportunity youth—young people aged 16 to 24 who are disconnected from the workforce and education systems. Building on JFF’s existing Framework for a High-Quality Pre-Apprenticeship Program, it provides specific recommendations for aligning training for opportunity youth and offers examples of promising practices for existing training programs. Pre-apprenticeship programs, which vary in length, can be delivered by a range of entities and are designed to prepare participants for success in Registered Apprenticeships or other high-quality apprenticeship programs and ultimately careers. This framework can be used by new or existing programs to help guide their growth and development in both creating formal pre-apprenticeships and strengthening their existing training practices.	National	5/10/2021	Yes
36	Noncompete Agreements in the U.S. Labor Force	University of Michigan	Employment at a Good Wage	Research Report	Both	Using nationally representative survey data on 11,505 labor force participants, we examine the use and implementation of noncompete agreements and the employee outcomes associated with these provisions. Approximately 18 percent of labor force participants are bound by noncompetes, with 38 percent having agreed to at least one in the past. Noncompetes are more likely to be found in high-skill, high-paying jobs, but they are also common in low-skill, low-paying jobs and in states where noncompetes are unenforceable. Only 10 percent of employees negotiate over their noncompetes, and about one-third of employees are presented with noncompetes after having already accepted job offers. Early-notice noncompetes are associated with better employee outcomes, while employees who agree to late-notice noncompetes are comparatively worse off. Regardless of noncompete timing, however, wages are relatively lower where noncompetes are easier to enforce. We discuss these findings in light of competing theories of the economic value of noncompetes.	National	February 2021	Yes
37	City of Thornton 2020-2024 Consolidated Plan and 2020 Annual Action Plan	City of Thornton	Housing	Action Plan	Both	The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) requires entitlement jurisdictions to submit a long-term strategic plan every five years; it is called the Consolidated Plan. This plan identifies the community’s housing and development needs, funding priorities, goals, and objectives. It also provides strategies for achieving those goals and stipulates how federal funds will be allocated to housing and community development activities. It contains four parts: •An analysis of demographic and economic conditions in the city; •A review of housing conditions and affordability; •A list of housing and community development needs as identified by the public; and •An Annual Action Plan which includes the projects the entitlement desires to fund in the following year and the actions that will be taken to address homelessness, overcome barriers to affordable housing, increase residents' ability to be self-sufficient, and further fair housing.	Local	7/23/20	Yes
38	The Faltering Escalator of Urban Opportunity	The Aspen Institute	Skill and Credential Attainment	Paper		Since 1980, college-educated workers have been steadily moving into affluent cities while non-college workers have been moving out. One likely reason is that employment and earnings opportunities in urban labor markets for non-college workers (defined as workers without a bachelor’s degree) have substantially deteriorated over the past three decades. As U.S. employment has "polarized" into high-education, high-wage occupations and low-education, low-wage occupations, non-college urban workers have been increasingly shunted out of blue-collar production jobs and white-collar office and administrative jobs into low-paid services, such as food service, cleaning, security, transportation, maintenance, and health aide positions. Simultaneously, the formerly robust urban wage premium paid to non-college workers has eroded. Urban occupational polarization and wage declines are far more pronounced among Hispanic and Black workers than among Whites, and most severe among Black males. Thus, for the majority of non-college workers -- but especially for minorities – U.S. cities no longer appear to offer the escalator of skills acquisition and high earnings that they provided in earlier decades.	National	7/8/20	Yes
39	The Great Reversal: How America Gave Up on Free Markets	Harvard University Press	Employment at a Good Wage	Book		A leading economist argues that many key problems of the American economy are due not to the flaws of capitalism or the inevitabilities of globalization but to the concentration of corporate power. By lobbying against competition, the biggest firms drive profits higher while depressing wages and limiting opportunities for investment, innovation, and growth.	National	10/29/19	Yes
40	Restrictive zoning is impeding DC's goal to build more housing	Brookings Institute	Housing	Article		New housing should be built in high-demand neighborhoods. Zoning gets in the way Restrictive zoning encourages homeowners to upgrade and upsize their homes To build more housing, DC policymakers must tear down zoning barriers	National	10/8/19	Yes
41	How Zoning Shapes our Lives	Housing Matters (Urban Institute)	Housing	Article		Even today, exclusionary zoning policies that restrict lower-cost or higher-density housing options—such as requirements for large minimum lot sizes and prohibitions of multifamily housing—limit racial and economic diversity and raise housing costs. Once established, residential segregation persists and slows economic mobility for residents of all races. But these effects aren’t inevitable. By understanding zoning’s role in our lives, we can look for ways to make land use laws and policies more inclusive and leverage them to connect, rather than divide, our communities.	National	6/12/19	Yes
42	2019 City of Thornton Housing Needs Assessment and Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice	City of Thornton	Housing	Needs Assessment	Both	This study being undertaken in both a Housing Needs Assessment (HNA) and an Analysis of Impediments to Fair Housing Choice (AI). These two components use integrate sources to develop a set of recommendations and goals to address the housing needs in Thornton, as well as identify any impediments to fair housing choice in the city and set appropriate goals to address these impediments.	Local	4/9/19	Yes
43	First-Generation Student Success: A Landscape Analysis of Programs and Services At Four-Year Institutions Executive Summary	Center for First-Generation Student Success	Skill and Credential Attainment	Landscape Analysis Report	Both	-The report parses the complex nature of the first-generation identity and examines the necessary, yet challenging task that institutions face in arriving at an appropriate definition for the term 'first-generation'. Several key themes emerged: define to align, design, measure, and serve; consider intersectionality; shift to an asset-based lens. - Institutional support for first-generation students is in a state of flux, but a picture of the prevailing mindsets and shifts in approaches emerged throughout the study: shift from college ready to student ready; cohort and networked service approaches; institutional alignment with high-impact educational practices; proactive vs. reactive support. - Across the postsecondary landscape, institutions face common challenges as they craft student-ready, proactive, networked support for first-generation college students. They struggle with a lack of alignment on program goals; inconsistent, disjointed, and reactive support approaches; a paucity of consistent student data and insights; and constraints on resources. However, the analysis identified creative approaches that have demonstrated success in addressing these issues: appoint primary advocates with visibility and influence; build and sustain and engaged community; proactively set institution and program vision and objectives; track pre-matriculation through post-completion student data; understand the reach and gaps of existing resources; consider funding opportunities and return on investment (ROI).	National	October 2018	Yes
44	New Evidence that Unions Raise Wages for Less-Skilled Workers	National Bureau of Economic Research	Employment at a Good Wage	Summary	Quantitative	The clear implication of the researchers' analysis is that, because unions offer a larger wage premium to less-skilled workers, unions have an important equalizing effect on the income distribution to the extent that they are successful in organizing the less-skilled. Recent decades have seen growth in educational attainment in the workforce, and, importantly, not only has the overall share of workers who are unionized declined, but unions have also become relatively less successful in organizing less-skilled workers. The remaining unionized workforce is more highly educated than it was earlier. The combination of the declining presence of unions in the labor market and the increased skill level of the remaining union workers means that the important equalizing effect of unions on the income distribution that was seen in the middle of the 20th century has diminished substantially.	National	8/15/18	Yes
45	Dream Horders	Brookings Institute	Skill and Credential Attainment	Book		As Reeves shows, the growing separation between the upper middle class and everyone else can be seen in family structure, neighborhoods, attitudes, and lifestyle. Those at the top of the income ladder are becoming more effective at passing on their status to their children, reducing overall social mobility. The result is a fracturing of American society along class lines, not just an economic divide. Upper-middle-class children become upper-middle-class adults. These trends matter because the separation and perpetuation of the upper middle class corrode prospects for more progressive approaches to policy. Various forms of “opportunity hoarding” among the upper middle class make it harder for others to rise up to the top rung. Examples include zoning laws and schooling, occupational licensing, college application procedures, and the allocation of internships. Upper middle class opportunity hoarding, Reeves argues, results in a less competitive economy as well as a less open society.	National	6/13/17	Yes
46	Guided Career Pathways: Credentials That Lead to Careers: Building Pathways to Equitable Economic Advancement	Jobs for the Future	Skill and Credential Attainment	Strategic Plan	N/A	Guided Career Pathways builds on the Guided Pathways framework, which established a strong model for institutional redesign across four goals, or “pillars:” Clarify paths to student end goals, help students choose and enter a pathway, help students stay on that path, and ensure students are learning. These pillars set standards for colleges to structure programs and curricula to support the student experience. It adds the reforms inherent in Career Pathways, a model embraced by educators focused on career outcomes for students, particularly adult learners and young people who are not in school or working (also known as “opportunity youth”), who have faced barriers to participation in traditional education systems. Career Pathways uplifts labor market-informed approaches, and centers around codesigning with industry groups, employers, community organizations, and the workforce system. Career Pathways is intentionally designed for learners of varying ages, educational backgrounds, socio-emotional needs, and levels of work experience. It includes robust support services and flexible program models to accelerate credential attainment. Many colleges across the country, including colleges within the Student Success Center Network, have continued to evolve the work of Guided Pathways by integrating a greater focus of career and employment training. The Guided Career Pathways framework organizes these strategies to help institutions incorporate these reforms.	National		Yes
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