GCPI ESOI - Matching Time to Need (Workbook) - 20201019


1
2
3	Matching Timing to Need: Data & Figures
4
5	This workbook contains all statistics and information underlying the figures in "Matching Timing to Need: Refundable Tax Credit Disbursement Options" from the Georgetown Center on Poverty & Inequality's Economic Security & Opportunity Initiative, published November 2020.
6
7	Updated as of 8 October 2020.
8
9	Please refer any questions or comments to gcpiesoi@georgetown.edu.
10
11	Contents
12	TAB	TYPE	TITLE
13	1. Cash Reserves by Race & Ethnicity
14	1A. Median Cash Reserves by Race & Ethnicity Data	Data	Black & Latinx Individuals Have Substantially Less Cash Reserves Than White Individuals
15	1B. Median Cash Reserves by Race & Ethnicity Chart	Chart	Black & Latinx Individuals Have Substantially Less Cash Reserves Than White Individuals
16	2. Household Income by Race & Ethnicity
17	2A. Household Income by Race Data	Data	Lower-Income Black & Latinx Individuals Have Lower Incomes Than Their White & Asian Peers
18	2B. Household Income by Race Chart	Chart	Lower-Income Black & Latinx Individuals Have Lower Incomes Than Their White & Asian Peers
19	3. Periodic Payments
20	3A. Periodic Payments by County Chart	Chart	Periodic Payments Mechanisms Vary Across Countries
21	3B. Tax Credit with Periodic Payments Chart	Chart	Federal Legislators Have Introduced an Array of Tax Credit Expansions with Periodic Payment Components
22	3C. States Periodic Payments Chart	Chart	States Have Introduced a Variety of Periodic Payment Tax Credit Options
23	3D. Parameters for Periodic Payments Chart	Chart	Parameters Shaping Participant Choice
24	3E. EITC and Periodic Payments Chart	Chart	How Periodic Payments Could be Scheduled in the EITC
25	4. Earned Income Tax Credit & Child Tax Credit
26	4A. Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC Data	Data	EITC & CTC Can be Substantial for Many Low- & Moderate-Income Families
27	4B. Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC Chart	Chart	EITC & CTC Can be Substantial for Many Low- & Moderate-Income Families
28	4C. Credit Amount Schedules of Combined EITC & CTC Data	Data	EITC & CTC Can Combine to Provide Significant Financial Supports to Families
29	4D. Credit Amount Schedules of Combined EITC & CTC Chart	Chart	EITC & CTC Can Combine to Provide Significant Financial Supports to Families


1	1A. Black & Latinx Families Have Substantially Less Cash Reserves Than White Families
2	Median Cash Reserves by Race & Ethnicity, 2019
3
4	RACE/ETHNICITY	MEDIAN CASH RESERVES
5	White	8,200
6	Latinx	1,950
7	Black	1,510
8
9	Notes:
10	Race and ethnicity have been defined here as mutually exclusive categories. Latinx includes people of any race, whereas all other categories exclude people identifying as Latinx.
11	Cash reserves refer to the total value of all transaction accounts families have access to. Median cash reserves are in 2019 dollars.
12
13	Source:
14	GCPI analysis of Federal Reserve 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances data.
15	Accessed at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scf/dataviz/scf/chart/#series:Transaction_Accounts;demographic:racecl4;population:all;units:median;range:1989,2019


1	2A. Lower-Income Black & Latinx Individuals Have Lower Incomes Than Their White & Asian Peers
2	Household Income at 20th Percentile of Distribution for Selected Races & Ethnicities, 2019
3
4	RACE/ETHNICITY	INCOME AT 20th PERCENTILE
5	Asian	$33,600
6	White	$30,000
7	Latinx	$22,480
8	Black	$15,175
9
10	Notes:
11	Race and ethnicity have been defined here as mutually exclusive categories. Latinx includes people of any race, whereas all other categories exclude people identifying as Latinx.
12
13	Source:
14	GCPI’s analysis of the 2019 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements in 2020 dollars.
15	Accessed at: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html


1	3B. Members of Congress Have Introduced an Array of Tax Credit Expansions with Periodic Payment Components
2	Federal Proposals for Period Payment Options in Tax Credits, 2019 - 2020
3
4	PROGRAM NAME	PAYMENT FREQUENCY	PAYMENT AMOUNT	BENEFICIARIES	INTRODUCED	STATUS
5	THE WORKER RELIEF AND CREDIT REFORM ACT	Monthly advances	75% of total EITC payment, distributed into monthly payments	EITC recipients	11/26/19 by Rep. Gwen Moore	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means on 11/26/19 — no further action
6	THE WORKING FAMILIES TAX RELIEF ACT	One-time advance	Up to $500	Workers with at least 6 mo. experience at current job	6/6/19 by Rep. Daniel Kildee	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means, & to Committee on Natural Resources on 6/6/19 — no further action
7	COST OF LIVING REFUND ACT	One-time advance	Up to $500	Workers with at least 6 mo. experience at current job	2/28/19 by Rep. Ro Khanna	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means on 2/28/19 —no further action
8	THE REFUND TO RAINY DAY SAVINGS ACT	Deferred receipt into a 6 mo. interest-bearing savings account	Up to 20% of EITC payment	EITC recipients	4/3/19 by Sen. Cory Booker. A House companion bill was introduced on 4/4/19 by Rep. Watson Coleman	Referred to Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions — no further action
9	THE EITC MODERNIZATION ACT	Deferred monthly payments	Monthly installment totaling the EITC	EITC recipients	2/28/19 by Rep. Bonnie Watson Coleman	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means — no further action
10	THE WORKING FAMILIES TAX RELIEF ACT	Monthly advance payments	Monthly installment totaling the CTC	CTC recipients	6/6/19 by Rep. Daniel Kildee	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means, & to the Committee on Natural Resources — no further action
11	THE AMERICAN FAMILY ACT	Monthly advance payments	Monthly installment totaling the CTC	CTC recipients	3/6/19 by Sen. Michael Bennet	Referred to Senate Committee on Finance — no further action
12	LIFT (LIVABLE INCOMES FOR FAMILIES TODAY) THE MIDDLE CLASS ACT	Monthly advance payments	Up to $3,000 for individuals & $6,000 for married couples	Unmarried workers with no children who make less than $50,000 per year; married workers, or single workers with children, who make less than $100,000 per year	1/3/19 by Sen. Kamala Harris	Referred to Senate Committee on Finance — no further action
13	BUILDING OUR OPPORTUNITIES TO SURVIVE AND THRIVE ACT (The BOOST Act)	Monthly advance payments	Up to $3,000 for individuals & up to $6,000 for married couples and families	Single, childless adults with incomes less than $50,000 per year; married couples with incomes less than $100,000 per year; single parents with incomes less than $80,000 per year	6/27/19 by Rep. Rashida Tlaib	Referred to House Committee on Ways and Means — no further action
14	THE HEROES ACT	Advance payments (frequency to be determined)	Up to $3,000 for household with kids age 6+; Up to $3,600 for household with kids under 6 years	CTC recipients	5/12/20 by Rep. Nita Lowey	Passed the house & received in senate on 5/20/20; Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship held hearings on 7/23/20.
15
16	Source:
17	Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2020;
18	H.R. 5271. 116th Congress, introduced 26 November 2019. Available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/5271;
19	S.1138/H.R.3157, 116th Congress, introduced 10 April 2019. Available at www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1138;
20	S. 527/H.R. 1431. 116th Congress, introduced 28 February 2019. Available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1431;
21	S. 1018. 116th Congress, introduced 3 April 2019. Available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1018/text;
22	H.R.2112. 116th Congress, introduced 04 April 2019. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2112;
23	H.R.1436, 116th Congress, introduced 28 February 2019. Available at www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1436;
24	H.R. 3157, 116th Congress, introduced 6 June 2019. Available at www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3157;
25	S.690/H.R.1560, 116th Congress. Introduced 6 March 2019. Available at www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/690;
26	H.R. 3590. 116th Congress, introduced 27 June 2019. Available at www. congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/3590;
27	Edwards-Luce, Aubrey, et al. “Fact Sheet: Aid to Children and Families in the HEROES Act (H.R. 6800).” First Focus on Children, 22 May 2020. Available at https://firstfocus.org/resources/fact-sheet/fact-sheet-aid-to-children-and-families-in-the-heroes-act-h-r-6800.


1	3D. Parameters Shaping Participant Choice
2	Questions to Consider While Designing Periodic Payment Credits
3
4	Parameter	Guiding Question	Additional Question(s)
5	Participation Defaults	Does a tax credit recipient receive periodic payments only if they opt-in, or does everyone participate in periodic payments unless they opt-out?	Are participant decisions presumed to remain in place until they are affirmatively changed by the participant?
6	Disbursement Method	How does the disbursement method of a tax credit affect who is eligible to receive the actual payment?	Are there reasons to allow individuals receiving the disbursement to direct payments to another party?
7	Frequency	Can participants choose between multiple options of how frequently they receive their payments?	Are beneficiaries empowered to choose frequency options that best suit their circumstances or are they overwhelmed by multiple options? Are appropriate limitations set to promote compliance with program policies?
8	Amount	Is the entire amount of a tax credit subject to periodic payments, or is just a portion of the credit available to receive periodically?	Does the amount available for periodic payments achieve the program goal, protection of participants, and program integrity?
9	Other Considerations (Accessibility, Equity, Administrative Resources, etc.)	Are equity and accessibility prioritized in the periodic payment option ?	Does prioritizing equity and accessibility create unintended consequences — such as administrative barriers and increased costs — in trying to match timing to need? Does prioritizing equity and accessibility improve effectiveness in meeting program goals?
10
11
12	Source:
13	Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2020


1	4A. EITC & CTC Can be Substantial for Many Low- & Moderate-Income Families
2	Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC for Tax Units with One or Three Qualified Children, 2020
3
4	INCOME	TAX - 1 CHILD	EITC - 1 CHILD	RCTC - 1 CHILD	NRCTC - 1 CHILD	CTC - 1 CHILD	TAX - 3 CHILDREN	EITC - 3 CHILDREN	RCTC - 3 CHILDREN	NRCTC - 3 CHILDREN	CTC - 3 CHILDREN	CTC + EITC FOR 1 CHILD	COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 1 CHILD	CTC + EITC FOR 3 CHILDREN	COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 3 CHILDREN
5	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	N/A
6	$500	$0	$170	$0	$0	$0	$0	$225	$0	$0	$0	$170	34%	$225	45%
7	$1,000	$0	$340	$0	$0	$0	$0	$450	$0	$0	$0	$340	34%	$450	45%
8	$1,500	$0	$510	$0	$0	$0	$0	$675	$0	$0	$0	$510	34%	$675	45%
9	$2,000	$0	$680	$0	$0	$0	$0	$900	$0	$0	$0	$680	34%	$900	45%
10	$2,500	$0	$850	$0	$0	$0	$0	$1,125	$0	$0	$0	$850	34%	$1,125	45%
11	$3,000	$0	$1,020	$75	$0	$75	$0	$1,350	$75	$0	$75	$1,095	37%	$1,425	48%
12	$3,500	$0	$1,190	$150	$0	$150	$0	$1,575	$150	$0	$150	$1,340	38%	$1,725	49%
13	$4,000	$0	$1,360	$225	$0	$225	$0	$1,800	$225	$0	$225	$1,585	40%	$2,025	51%
14	$4,500	$0	$1,530	$300	$0	$300	$0	$2,025	$300	$0	$300	$1,830	41%	$2,325	52%
15	$5,000	$0	$1,700	$375	$0	$375	$0	$2,250	$375	$0	$375	$2,075	42%	$2,625	53%
16	$5,500	$0	$1,870	$450	$0	$450	$0	$2,475	$450	$0	$450	$2,320	42%	$2,925	53%
17	$6,000	$0	$2,040	$525	$0	$525	$0	$2,700	$525	$0	$525	$2,565	43%	$3,225	54%
18	$6,500	$0	$2,210	$600	$0	$600	$0	$2,925	$600	$0	$600	$2,810	43%	$3,525	54%
19	$7,000	$0	$2,380	$675	$0	$675	$0	$3,150	$675	$0	$675	$3,055	44%	$3,825	55%
20	$7,500	$0	$2,550	$750	$0	$750	$0	$3,375	$750	$0	$750	$3,300	44%	$4,125	55%
21	$8,000	$0	$2,720	$825	$0	$825	$0	$3,600	$825	$0	$825	$3,545	44%	$4,425	55%
22	$8,500	$0	$2,890	$900	$0	$900	$0	$3,825	$900	$0	$900	$3,790	45%	$4,725	56%
23	$9,000	$0	$3,060	$975	$0	$975	$0	$4,050	$975	$0	$975	$4,035	45%	$5,025	56%
24	$9,500	$0	$3,230	$1,050	$0	$1,050	$0	$4,275	$1,050	$0	$1,050	$4,280	45%	$5,325	56%
25	$10,000	$0	$3,400	$1,125	$0	$1,125	$0	$4,500	$1,125	$0	$1,125	$4,525	45%	$5,625	56%
26	$10,500	$0	$3,570	$1,200	$0	$1,200	$0	$4,725	$1,200	$0	$1,200	$4,770	45%	$5,925	56%
27	$11,000	$0	$3,584	$1,275	$0	$1,275	$0	$4,950	$1,275	$0	$1,275	$4,859	44%	$6,225	57%
28	$11,500	$0	$3,584	$1,350	$0	$1,350	$0	$5,175	$1,350	$0	$1,350	$4,934	43%	$6,525	57%
29	$12,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,400	$1,425	$0	$1,425	$4,984	42%	$6,825	57%
30	$12,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,625	$1,500	$0	$1,500	$4,984	40%	$7,125	57%
31	$13,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,850	$1,575	$0	$1,575	$4,984	38%	$7,425	57%
32	$13,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,075	$1,650	$0	$1,650	$4,984	37%	$7,725	57%
33	$14,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,300	$1,725	$0	$1,725	$4,984	36%	$8,025	57%
34	$14,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,525	$1,800	$0	$1,800	$4,984	34%	$8,325	57%
35	$15,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$1,875	$0	$1,875	$4,984	33%	$8,535	57%
36	$15,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$1,950	$0	$1,950	$4,984	32%	$8,610	56%
37	$16,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,025	$0	$2,025	$4,984	31%	$8,685	54%
38	$16,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,100	$0	$2,100	$4,984	30%	$8,760	53%
39	$17,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,175	$0	$2,175	$4,984	29%	$8,835	52%
40	$17,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,250	$0	$2,250	$4,984	28%	$8,910	51%
41	$18,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,325	$0	$2,325	$4,984	28%	$8,985	50%
42	$18,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,400	$0	$2,400	$4,984	27%	$9,060	49%
43	$19,000	$35	$3,584	$1,400	$35	$1,435	$35	$6,660	$2,475	$35	$2,510	$5,019	26%	$9,170	48%
44	$19,500	$85	$3,557	$1,400	$85	$1,485	$85	$6,624	$2,550	$85	$2,635	$5,042	26%	$9,259	47%
45	$20,000	$135	$3,477	$1,400	$135	$1,535	$135	$6,519	$2,625	$135	$2,760	$5,012	25%	$9,279	46%
46	$20,500	$185	$3,397	$1,400	$185	$1,585	$185	$6,414	$2,700	$185	$2,885	$4,982	24%	$9,299	45%
47	$21,000	$235	$3,317	$1,400	$235	$1,635	$235	$6,308	$2,775	$235	$3,010	$4,952	24%	$9,318	44%
48	$21,500	$285	$3,237	$1,400	$285	$1,685	$285	$6,203	$2,850	$285	$3,135	$4,922	23%	$9,338	43%
49	$22,000	$335	$3,157	$1,400	$335	$1,735	$335	$6,098	$2,925	$335	$3,260	$4,892	22%	$9,358	43%
50	$22,500	$385	$3,077	$1,400	$385	$1,785	$385	$5,992	$3,000	$385	$3,385	$4,862	22%	$9,377	42%
51	$23,000	$435	$2,998	$1,400	$435	$1,835	$435	$5,887	$3,075	$435	$3,510	$4,833	21%	$9,397	41%
52	$23,500	$485	$2,918	$1,400	$485	$1,885	$485	$5,782	$3,150	$485	$3,635	$4,803	20%	$9,417	40%
53	$24,000	$535	$2,838	$1,400	$535	$1,935	$535	$5,676	$3,225	$535	$3,760	$4,773	20%	$9,436	39%
54	$24,500	$585	$2,758	$1,400	$585	$1,985	$585	$5,571	$3,300	$585	$3,885	$4,743	19%	$9,456	39%
55	$25,000	$635	$2,678	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$635	$5,466	$3,375	$635	$4,010	$4,678	19%	$9,476	38%
56	$25,500	$685	$2,598	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$685	$5,361	$3,450	$685	$4,135	$4,598	18%	$9,496	37%
57	$26,000	$735	$2,518	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$735	$5,255	$3,525	$735	$4,260	$4,518	17%	$9,515	37%
58	$26,500	$785	$2,438	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$785	$5,150	$3,600	$785	$4,385	$4,438	17%	$9,535	36%
59	$27,000	$835	$2,358	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$835	$5,045	$3,675	$835	$4,510	$4,358	16%	$9,555	35%
60	$27,500	$885	$2,278	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$885	$4,939	$3,750	$885	$4,635	$4,278	16%	$9,574	35%
61	$28,000	$935	$2,199	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$935	$4,834	$3,825	$935	$4,760	$4,199	15%	$9,594	34%
62	$28,500	$985	$2,119	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$985	$4,729	$3,900	$985	$4,885	$4,119	14%	$9,614	34%
63	$29,000	$1,035	$2,039	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,035	$4,623	$3,975	$1,035	$5,010	$4,039	14%	$9,633	33%
64	$29,500	$1,085	$1,959	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,085	$4,518	$4,050	$1,085	$5,135	$3,959	13%	$9,653	33%
65	$30,000	$1,135	$1,879	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,135	$4,413	$4,125	$1,135	$5,260	$3,879	13%	$9,673	32%
66	$30,500	$1,185	$1,799	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,185	$4,308	$4,200	$1,185	$5,385	$3,799	12%	$9,693	32%
67	$31,000	$1,235	$1,719	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,235	$4,202	$4,200	$1,235	$5,435	$3,719	12%	$9,637	31%
68	$31,500	$1,285	$1,639	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,285	$4,097	$4,200	$1,285	$5,485	$3,639	12%	$9,582	30%
69	$32,000	$1,335	$1,559	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,335	$3,992	$4,200	$1,335	$5,535	$3,559	11%	$9,527	30%
70	$32,500	$1,385	$1,479	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,385	$3,886	$4,200	$1,385	$5,585	$3,479	11%	$9,471	29%
71	$33,000	$1,440	$1,400	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,440	$3,781	$4,200	$1,440	$5,640	$3,400	10%	$9,421	29%
72	$33,500	$1,500	$1,320	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,500	$3,676	$4,200	$1,500	$5,700	$3,320	10%	$9,376	28%
73	$34,000	$1,560	$1,240	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,560	$3,570	$4,200	$1,560	$5,760	$3,240	10%	$9,330	27%
74	$34,500	$1,620	$1,160	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,620	$3,465	$4,200	$1,620	$5,820	$3,160	9%	$9,285	27%
75	$35,000	$1,680	$1,080	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,680	$3,360	$4,200	$1,680	$5,880	$3,080	9%	$9,240	26%
76	$35,500	$1,740	$1,000	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,740	$3,255	$4,200	$1,740	$5,940	$3,000	8%	$9,195	26%
77	$36,000	$1,800	$920	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,800	$3,149	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,920	8%	$9,149	25%
78	$36,500	$1,860	$840	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,860	$3,044	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,840	8%	$9,044	25%
79	$37,000	$1,920	$760	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,920	$2,939	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,760	7%	$8,939	24%
80	$37,500	$1,980	$680	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,980	$2,833	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,680	7%	$8,833	24%
81	$38,000	$2,040	$601	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,040	$2,728	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,601	7%	$8,728	23%
82	$38,500	$2,100	$521	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,100	$2,623	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,521	7%	$8,623	22%
83	$39,000	$2,160	$441	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,160	$2,517	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,441	6%	$8,517	22%
84	$39,500	$2,220	$361	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,220	$2,412	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,361	6%	$8,412	21%
85	$40,000	$2,280	$281	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,280	$2,307	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,281	6%	$8,307	21%
86	$40,500	$2,340	$201	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,340	$2,202	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,201	5%	$8,202	20%
87	$41,000	$2,400	$121	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,400	$2,096	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,121	5%	$8,096	20%
88	$41,500	$2,460	$41	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,460	$1,991	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,041	5%	$7,991	19%
89	$42,000	$2,520	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,520	$1,886	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,886	19%
90	$42,500	$2,580	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,580	$1,780	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,780	18%
91	$43,000	$2,640	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,640	$1,675	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,675	18%
92	$43,500	$2,700	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,700	$1,570	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,570	17%
93	$44,000	$2,760	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,760	$1,464	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,464	17%
94	$44,500	$2,820	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,820	$1,359	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,359	17%
95	$45,000	$2,880	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,880	$1,254	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,254	16%
96	$45,500	$2,940	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,940	$1,149	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,149	16%
97	$46,000	$3,000	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,000	$1,043	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,043	15%
98	$46,500	$3,060	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,060	$938	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,938	15%
99	$47,000	$3,120	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,120	$833	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,833	15%
100	$47,500	$3,180	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,180	$727	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,727	14%
101	$48,000	$3,240	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,240	$622	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,622	14%
102	$48,500	$3,300	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,300	$517	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,517	13%
103	$49,000	$3,360	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,360	$411	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,411	13%
104	$49,500	$3,420	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,420	$306	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,306	13%
105	$50,000	$3,480	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,480	$201	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,201	12%
106	$50,500	$3,540	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,540	$96	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,096	12%
107	$51,000	$3,600	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,600	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
108	$51,500	$3,660	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,660	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
109	$52,000	$3,720	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,720	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
110	$52,500	$3,780	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,780	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
111	$53,000	$3,840	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,840	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
112	$53,500	$3,900	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,900	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
113	$54,000	$3,960	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,960	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
114	$54,500	$4,020	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$4,020	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
115	$55,000	$4,080	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$4,080	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
116
117	Source:
118	Accessed at: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-19-44.pdf

1

4A. EITC & CTC Can be Substantial for Many Low- & Moderate-Income Families

2

Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC for Tax Units with One or Three Qualified Children, 2020

3

4

INCOME

TAX - 1 CHILD

EITC - 1 CHILD

RCTC - 1 CHILD

NRCTC - 1 CHILD

CTC - 1 CHILD

TAX - 3 CHILDREN

EITC - 3 CHILDREN

RCTC - 3 CHILDREN

NRCTC - 3 CHILDREN

CTC - 3 CHILDREN

CTC + EITC FOR 1 CHILD

COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 1 CHILD

CTC + EITC FOR 3 CHILDREN

COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 3 CHILDREN

5

$0

N/A

6

$500

$0

$170

$0

$225

$0

$170

34%

$225

45%

7

$1,000

$0

$340

$0

$450

$0

$340

34%

$450

45%

8

$1,500

$0

$510

$0

$675

$0

$510

34%

$675

45%

9

$2,000

$0

$680

$0

$900

$0

$680

34%

$900

45%

10

$2,500

$0

$850

$0

$1,125

$0

$850

34%

$1,125

45%

11

$3,000

$0

$1,020

$75

$0

$75

$0

$1,350

$75

$0

$75

$1,095

37%

$1,425

48%

12

$3,500

$0

$1,190

$150

$0

$150

$0

$1,575

$150

$0

$150

$1,340

38%

$1,725

49%

13

$4,000

$0

$1,360

$225

$0

$225

$0

$1,800

$225

$0

$225

$1,585

40%

$2,025

51%

14

$4,500

$0

$1,530

$300

$0

$300

$0

$2,025

$300

$0

$300

$1,830

41%

$2,325

52%

15

$5,000

$0

$1,700

$375

$0

$375

$0

$2,250

$375

$0

$375

$2,075

42%

$2,625

53%

16

$5,500

$0

$1,870

$450

$0

$450

$0

$2,475

$450

$0

$450

$2,320

42%

$2,925

53%

17

$6,000

$0

$2,040

$525

$0

$525

$0

$2,700

$525

$0

$525

$2,565

43%

$3,225

54%

18

$6,500

$0

$2,210

$600

$0

$600

$0

$2,925

$600

$0

$600

$2,810

43%

$3,525

54%

19

$7,000

$0

$2,380

$675

$0

$675

$0

$3,150

$675

$0

$675

$3,055

44%

$3,825

55%

20

$7,500

$0

$2,550

$750

$0

$750

$0

$3,375

$750

$0

$750

$3,300

44%

$4,125

55%

21

$8,000

$0

$2,720

$825

$0

$825

$0

$3,600

$825

$0

$825

$3,545

44%

$4,425

55%

22

$8,500

$0

$2,890

$900

$0

$900

$0

$3,825

$900

$0

$900

$3,790

45%

$4,725

56%

23

$9,000

$0

$3,060

$975

$0

$975

$0

$4,050

$975

$0

$975

$4,035

45%

$5,025

56%

24

$9,500

$0

$3,230

$1,050

$0

$1,050

$0

$4,275

$1,050

$0

$1,050

$4,280

45%

$5,325

56%

25

$10,000

$0

$3,400

$1,125

$0

$1,125

$0

$4,500

$1,125

$0

$1,125

$4,525

45%

$5,625

56%

26

$10,500

$0

$3,570

$1,200

$0

$1,200

$0

$4,725

$1,200

$0

$1,200

$4,770

45%

$5,925

56%

27

$11,000

$0

$3,584

$1,275

$0

$1,275

$0

$4,950

$1,275

$0

$1,275

$4,859

44%

$6,225

57%

28

$11,500

$0

$3,584

$1,350

$0

$1,350

$0

$5,175

$1,350

$0

$1,350

$4,934

43%

$6,525

57%

29

$12,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$5,400

$1,425

$0

$1,425

$4,984

42%

$6,825

57%

30

$12,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$5,625

$1,500

$0

$1,500

$4,984

40%

$7,125

57%

31

$13,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$5,850

$1,575

$0

$1,575

$4,984

38%

$7,425

57%

32

$13,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,075

$1,650

$0

$1,650

$4,984

37%

$7,725

57%

33

$14,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,300

$1,725

$0

$1,725

$4,984

36%

$8,025

57%

34

$14,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,525

$1,800

$0

$1,800

$4,984

34%

$8,325

57%

35

$15,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$1,875

$0

$1,875

$4,984

33%

$8,535

57%

36

$15,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$1,950

$0

$1,950

$4,984

32%

$8,610

56%

37

$16,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,025

$0

$2,025

$4,984

31%

$8,685

54%

38

$16,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,100

$0

$2,100

$4,984

30%

$8,760

53%

39

$17,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,175

$0

$2,175

$4,984

29%

$8,835

52%

40

$17,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,250

$0

$2,250

$4,984

28%

$8,910

51%

41

$18,000

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,325

$0

$2,325

$4,984

28%

$8,985

50%

42

$18,500

$0

$3,584

$1,400

$0

$1,400

$0

$6,660

$2,400

$0

$2,400

$4,984

27%

$9,060

49%

43

$19,000

$35

$3,584

$1,400

$35

$1,435

$35

$6,660

$2,475

$35

$2,510

$5,019

26%

$9,170

48%

44

$19,500

$85

$3,557

$1,400

$85

$1,485

$85

$6,624

$2,550

$85

$2,635

$5,042

26%

$9,259

47%

45

$20,000

$135

$3,477

$1,400

$135

$1,535

$135

$6,519

$2,625

$135

$2,760

$5,012

25%

$9,279

46%

46

$20,500

$185

$3,397

$1,400

$185

$1,585

$185

$6,414

$2,700

$185

$2,885

$4,982

24%

$9,299

45%

47

$21,000

$235

$3,317

$1,400

$235

$1,635

$235

$6,308

$2,775

$235

$3,010

$4,952

24%

$9,318

44%

48

$21,500

$285

$3,237

$1,400

$285

$1,685

$285

$6,203

$2,850

$285

$3,135

$4,922

23%

$9,338

43%

49

$22,000

$335

$3,157

$1,400

$335

$1,735

$335

$6,098

$2,925

$335

$3,260

$4,892

22%

$9,358

43%

50

$22,500

$385

$3,077

$1,400

$385

$1,785

$385

$5,992

$3,000

$385

$3,385

$4,862

22%

$9,377

42%

51

$23,000

$435

$2,998

$1,400

$435

$1,835

$435

$5,887

$3,075

$435

$3,510

$4,833

21%

$9,397

41%

52

$23,500

$485

$2,918

$1,400

$485

$1,885

$485

$5,782

$3,150

$485

$3,635

$4,803

20%

$9,417

40%

53

$24,000

$535

$2,838

$1,400

$535

$1,935

$535

$5,676

$3,225

$535

$3,760

$4,773

20%

$9,436

39%

54

$24,500

$585

$2,758

$1,400

$585

$1,985

$585

$5,571

$3,300

$585

$3,885

$4,743

19%

$9,456

39%

55

$25,000

$635

$2,678

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$635

$5,466

$3,375

$635

$4,010

$4,678

19%

$9,476

38%

56

$25,500

$685

$2,598

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$685

$5,361

$3,450

$685

$4,135

$4,598

18%

$9,496

37%

57

$26,000

$735

$2,518

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$735

$5,255

$3,525

$735

$4,260

$4,518

17%

$9,515

37%

58

$26,500

$785

$2,438

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$785

$5,150

$3,600

$785

$4,385

$4,438

17%

$9,535

36%

59

$27,000

$835

$2,358

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$835

$5,045

$3,675

$835

$4,510

$4,358

16%

$9,555

35%

60

$27,500

$885

$2,278

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$885

$4,939

$3,750

$885

$4,635

$4,278

16%

$9,574

35%

61

$28,000

$935

$2,199

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$935

$4,834

$3,825

$935

$4,760

$4,199

15%

$9,594

34%

62

$28,500

$985

$2,119

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$985

$4,729

$3,900

$985

$4,885

$4,119

14%

$9,614

34%

63

$29,000

$1,035

$2,039

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,035

$4,623

$3,975

$1,035

$5,010

$4,039

14%

$9,633

33%

64

$29,500

$1,085

$1,959

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,085

$4,518

$4,050

$1,085

$5,135

$3,959

13%

$9,653

33%

65

$30,000

$1,135

$1,879

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,135

$4,413

$4,125

$1,135

$5,260

$3,879

13%

$9,673

32%

66

$30,500

$1,185

$1,799

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,185

$4,308

$4,200

$1,185

$5,385

$3,799

12%

$9,693

32%

67

$31,000

$1,235

$1,719

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,235

$4,202

$4,200

$1,235

$5,435

$3,719

12%

$9,637

31%

68

$31,500

$1,285

$1,639

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,285

$4,097

$4,200

$1,285

$5,485

$3,639

12%

$9,582

30%

69

$32,000

$1,335

$1,559

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,335

$3,992

$4,200

$1,335

$5,535

$3,559

11%

$9,527

30%

70

$32,500

$1,385

$1,479

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,385

$3,886

$4,200

$1,385

$5,585

$3,479

11%

$9,471

29%

71

$33,000

$1,440

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,440

$3,781

$4,200

$1,440

$5,640

$3,400

10%

$9,421

29%

72

$33,500

$1,500

$1,320

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,500

$3,676

$4,200

$1,500

$5,700

$3,320

10%

$9,376

28%

73

$34,000

$1,560

$1,240

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,560

$3,570

$4,200

$1,560

$5,760

$3,240

10%

$9,330

27%

74

$34,500

$1,620

$1,160

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,620

$3,465

$4,200

$1,620

$5,820

$3,160

9%

$9,285

27%

75

$35,000

$1,680

$1,080

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,680

$3,360

$4,200

$1,680

$5,880

$3,080

9%

$9,240

26%

76

$35,500

$1,740

$1,000

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,740

$3,255

$4,200

$1,740

$5,940

$3,000

8%

$9,195

26%

77

$36,000

$1,800

$920

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,800

$3,149

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,920

8%

$9,149

25%

78

$36,500

$1,860

$840

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,860

$3,044

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,840

8%

$9,044

25%

79

$37,000

$1,920

$760

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,920

$2,939

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,760

7%

$8,939

24%

80

$37,500

$1,980

$680

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$1,980

$2,833

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,680

7%

$8,833

24%

81

$38,000

$2,040

$601

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,040

$2,728

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,601

7%

$8,728

23%

82

$38,500

$2,100

$521

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,100

$2,623

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,521

7%

$8,623

22%

83

$39,000

$2,160

$441

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,160

$2,517

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,441

6%

$8,517

22%

84

$39,500

$2,220

$361

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,220

$2,412

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,361

6%

$8,412

21%

85

$40,000

$2,280

$281

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,280

$2,307

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,281

6%

$8,307

21%

86

$40,500

$2,340

$201

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,340

$2,202

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,201

5%

$8,202

20%

87

$41,000

$2,400

$121

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,400

$2,096

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,121

5%

$8,096

20%

88

$41,500

$2,460

$41

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,460

$1,991

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,041

5%

$7,991

19%

89

$42,000

$2,520

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,520

$1,886

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

5%

$7,886

19%

90

$42,500

$2,580

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,580

$1,780

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

5%

$7,780

18%

91

$43,000

$2,640

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,640

$1,675

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

5%

$7,675

18%

92

$43,500

$2,700

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,700

$1,570

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

5%

$7,570

17%

93

$44,000

$2,760

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,760

$1,464

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

5%

$7,464

17%

94

$44,500

$2,820

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,820

$1,359

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$7,359

17%

95

$45,000

$2,880

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,880

$1,254

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$7,254

16%

96

$45,500

$2,940

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$2,940

$1,149

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$7,149

16%

97

$46,000

$3,000

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,000

$1,043

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$7,043

15%

98

$46,500

$3,060

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,060

$938

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,938

15%

99

$47,000

$3,120

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,120

$833

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,833

15%

100

$47,500

$3,180

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,180

$727

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,727

14%

101

$48,000

$3,240

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,240

$622

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,622

14%

102

$48,500

$3,300

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,300

$517

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,517

13%

103

$49,000

$3,360

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,360

$411

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,411

13%

104

$49,500

$3,420

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,420

$306

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,306

13%

105

$50,000

$3,480

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,480

$201

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,201

12%

106

$50,500

$3,540

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,540

$96

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,096

12%

107

$51,000

$3,600

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,600

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

12%

108

$51,500

$3,660

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,660

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

12%

109

$52,000

$3,720

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,720

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

12%

110

$52,500

$3,780

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,780

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

111

$53,000

$3,840

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,840

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

112

$53,500

$3,900

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,900

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

113

$54,000

$3,960

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$3,960

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

114

$54,500

$4,020

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$4,020

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

115

$55,000

$4,080

$0

$1,400

$600

$2,000

$4,080

$0

$4,200

$1,800

$6,000

$2,000

4%

$6,000

11%

116

117

Source:

118

Accessed at: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-19-44.pdf


1	3A. Periodic Payments Mechanisms Vary Across Countries
2	International Comparison of Periodic Payments for In-Work Tax Benefits
3
4	COUNTRY	AUSTRALIA	CANADA	IRELAND	NEW ZEALAND	UNITED KINGDOM
5	PROGRAM NAME	Family Tax Benefit, Parts A & B	Canada Child Benefit	Working Family Payment (Formerly Family Income Supplement)	Working for Families Tax Credits	Universal Credit
6	ADMINISTERING AGENCY	Family Assistance Office; Australian Taxation Office	Canada Revenue Agency	Department of Social and Family Affairs	Inland Revenue Department; Ministry of Social Development	Department for Work and Pensions
7	PAYMENT FREQUENCY OPTIONS	Periodic (biweekly) or lump sum direct payment; reduced with-holding	Periodic (monthly) direct payment	Periodic (weekly) direct payment	Periodic (weekly or biweekly) or lump sum direct payment; may vary by credit component	Periodic (monthly, bimonthly in Northern Ireland, bimonthly option in Scotland) direct payment
8	ERROR RECONCILIATION	Year-end reconciliation with portion payable only at year-end; excess payments recovered	No over-payments based on income but those from unreported family changes recovered	No over-payments (eligibility fully established in advance)	Year-end reconciliation; excess payments recovered	Overpayments (due to unreported income or family changes or errors) recovered
9
10	Source:
11	Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2020;
12	"Family Tax Benefit.” Department of Social Services, Australian Government, 6 August 2020. Available at www.dss.gov.au/families-and-children/benefits-pay¬ments/family-tax-benefit;
13	“Canada child benefit.” Government of Canada, 24 June 2020. Available at https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/child-family-benefits/ canada-child-benefit-overview.html;
14	“Working Family Payment.” Ireland Department of Employment Affairs and Social Protection, 16 March 2020. Available at https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/social_welfare/social_welfare_payments/social_welfare_payments_to_ families_and_children/family_income_supplement.html;
15	“Working for Families Payments.” New Zealand Government, 2020. Available at https://www.govt.nz/browse/family-and-whanau/financial-help-for-your-fam¬ily/working-for-families-payments;
16	“Universal Credit.” GOV.UK. Available at https://www.gov.uk/universal-cred-it#:~:text=Universal%20Credit%20is%20a%20payment,work%20or%20you%20 cannot%20work.


1	3C. States Have Introduced a Variety of Periodic Payment Tax Credit Options
2	State Proposals for Periodic Payment-Options in Tax Credits, 2017 - 2020
3
4	STATE	IDENTIFIER	CREDITS AFFECTED	KEY ELEMENTS	STATUS
5	California	Governor’s proposed 2019-20 budget	State EITC	Monthly advance / opt-in	Not enacted, but under informal consideration
6	Colorado	Working Families Tax Credit (2018 Initiative #134)	State EITC	Monthly deferred / opt-out; Deferral applicable if refund >$240	Did not pass
7	Illinois	Working Families Tax Credit	State EITC	Monthly advance / opt-in	Proposed – delayed pending Nov 2020 graduated income tax referendum
8	Maine	Cost-of-Living Tax Credit (2019 LD 1491)	State EITC + other state credits	Sponsor anticipates quarterly / opt-in	Enacted legislation created working group to consider
9	Washington	Working Families Tax Credit (2018 HB 1527 / SB 5810)	State EITC	Monthly (or quarterly) advance; Administered by state UI agency	Did not pass
10	Wisconsin	2017 Act 270	State + federal EITC	Monthly advance of ⅔ / selected randomly; 2-year random-assignment pilot (100 in each group)	IRS rejected participation
11
12	Source:
13	Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2020;
14	“Governor’s Budget Summary, 2019-20.” 9 January 2019. Available at www.ebudget.ca.gov/2019-20/pdf/BudgetSummary/FullBudgetSummary.pdf;
15	“Results for Proposed Initiative #134.” Colorado Secretary of State Jena Griswold, 21 February 2018. Available at www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/ Initiatives/titleBoard/results/2017-2018/134Results.html;
16	Big Shoulders, Big Solutions: Economic Security for Chicagoans.” Chicago Resilient Families Task Force. February 2019. Available at docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/c3a825_4f18fb8689714ac083c3c0d38a1133a4.pdf;
17	Maine Resolves 2019. Available at legislature.maine.gov/legis/ bills/bills_129th/chapters/RESOLVE74.asp;
18	HB 1527/SB 5810, 66th Legislature, first reading 23 January 2019. Available at lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov/biennium/2019-20/Pdf/Bills/House%20Bills/1527.pdf;
19	2017 Wisconsin Act 270, enacted 10 April 2018. Available at docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/270.pdf.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38	[xxvi] 2017 Wisconsin Act 270, enacted 10 April 2018. Available at https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/270.pdf.
39	[xxvii] 2017 Wisconsin Act 270, enacted 10 April 2018. Available at https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/270.pdf.
40	[xxviii] 2017 Wisconsin Act 270, enacted 10 April 2018. Available at https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2017/related/acts/270.pdf.


1	1B. Black & Latinx Families Have Substantially Less Cash Reserves Than White Families
2	Median Cash Reserves by Race & Ethnicity, 2019
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22	Notes:
23	Race and ethnicity have been defined here as mutually exclusive categories. Latinx includes people of any race, whereas all other categories exclude people identifying as Latinx.
24	Cash reserves refer to the total value of all transaction accounts families have access to. Median cash reserves are in 2019 dollars.
25
26	Source:
27	GCPI analysis of Federal Reserve 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances data.
28	Available at: https://www.federalreserve.gov/econres/scf/dataviz/scf/chart/#series:Transaction_Accounts;demographic:racecl4;population:all;units:median;range:1989,2019


1	2B. Lower-Income Black & Latinx Individuals Have Lower Incomes Than Their White & Asian Peers
2	Household Income at 20th Percentile of Distribution for Selected Races & Ethnicities, 2019
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23	Notes:
24	Race and ethnicity have been defined here as mutually exclusive categories. Latinx includes people of any race, whereas all other categories exclude people identifying as Latinx.
25
26	Source:
27	GCPI’s analysis of the 2019 Current Population Survey, Annual Social and Economic Supplements
28	Available at: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-income-households.html


1	3E. How Periodic Payments Could be Scheduled in the EITC
2	Sample Annual Process for Receiving Periodic Payments in EITC
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28	Source:
29	Georgetown Center on Poverty and Inequality, 2020


1	4B. EITC & CTC Can be Substantial for Many Low- & Moderate-Income Families
2	Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC for Tax Units with One or Three Qualified Children, 2020
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23	Source:
24	Accessed at: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-19-44.pdf


1	4C. EITC Can Combine to Provide Significant Financial Supports to Families
2	Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC for Tax Units with One or Three Qualified Children, 2020
3
4	INCOME	TAX - 1 CHILD	EITC - 1 CHILD	RCTC - 1 CHILD	NRCTC - 1 CHILD	CTC - 1 CHILD	TAX - 3 CHILDREN	EITC - 3 CHILDREN	RCTC - 3 CHILDREN	NRCTC - 3 CHILDREN	CTC - 3 CHILDREN	CTC + EITC FOR 1 CHILD	COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 1 CHILD	CTC + EITC FOR 3 CHILDREN	COMBINED CREDIT AS % OF INCOME FOR 3 CHILDREN
5	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	$0	N/A
6	$500	$0	$170	$0	$0	$0	$0	$225	$0	$0	$0	$170	34%	$225	45%
7	$1,000	$0	$340	$0	$0	$0	$0	$450	$0	$0	$0	$340	34%	$450	45%
8	$1,500	$0	$510	$0	$0	$0	$0	$675	$0	$0	$0	$510	34%	$675	45%
9	$2,000	$0	$680	$0	$0	$0	$0	$900	$0	$0	$0	$680	34%	$900	45%
10	$2,500	$0	$850	$0	$0	$0	$0	$1,125	$0	$0	$0	$850	34%	$1,125	45%
11	$3,000	$0	$1,020	$75	$0	$75	$0	$1,350	$75	$0	$75	$1,095	37%	$1,425	48%
12	$3,500	$0	$1,190	$150	$0	$150	$0	$1,575	$150	$0	$150	$1,340	38%	$1,725	49%
13	$4,000	$0	$1,360	$225	$0	$225	$0	$1,800	$225	$0	$225	$1,585	40%	$2,025	51%
14	$4,500	$0	$1,530	$300	$0	$300	$0	$2,025	$300	$0	$300	$1,830	41%	$2,325	52%
15	$5,000	$0	$1,700	$375	$0	$375	$0	$2,250	$375	$0	$375	$2,075	42%	$2,625	53%
16	$5,500	$0	$1,870	$450	$0	$450	$0	$2,475	$450	$0	$450	$2,320	42%	$2,925	53%
17	$6,000	$0	$2,040	$525	$0	$525	$0	$2,700	$525	$0	$525	$2,565	43%	$3,225	54%
18	$6,500	$0	$2,210	$600	$0	$600	$0	$2,925	$600	$0	$600	$2,810	43%	$3,525	54%
19	$7,000	$0	$2,380	$675	$0	$675	$0	$3,150	$675	$0	$675	$3,055	44%	$3,825	55%
20	$7,500	$0	$2,550	$750	$0	$750	$0	$3,375	$750	$0	$750	$3,300	44%	$4,125	55%
21	$8,000	$0	$2,720	$825	$0	$825	$0	$3,600	$825	$0	$825	$3,545	44%	$4,425	55%
22	$8,500	$0	$2,890	$900	$0	$900	$0	$3,825	$900	$0	$900	$3,790	45%	$4,725	56%
23	$9,000	$0	$3,060	$975	$0	$975	$0	$4,050	$975	$0	$975	$4,035	45%	$5,025	56%
24	$9,500	$0	$3,230	$1,050	$0	$1,050	$0	$4,275	$1,050	$0	$1,050	$4,280	45%	$5,325	56%
25	$10,000	$0	$3,400	$1,125	$0	$1,125	$0	$4,500	$1,125	$0	$1,125	$4,525	45%	$5,625	56%
26	$10,500	$0	$3,570	$1,200	$0	$1,200	$0	$4,725	$1,200	$0	$1,200	$4,770	45%	$5,925	56%
27	$11,000	$0	$3,584	$1,275	$0	$1,275	$0	$4,950	$1,275	$0	$1,275	$4,859	44%	$6,225	57%
28	$11,500	$0	$3,584	$1,350	$0	$1,350	$0	$5,175	$1,350	$0	$1,350	$4,934	43%	$6,525	57%
29	$12,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,400	$1,425	$0	$1,425	$4,984	42%	$6,825	57%
30	$12,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,625	$1,500	$0	$1,500	$4,984	40%	$7,125	57%
31	$13,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$5,850	$1,575	$0	$1,575	$4,984	38%	$7,425	57%
32	$13,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,075	$1,650	$0	$1,650	$4,984	37%	$7,725	57%
33	$14,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,300	$1,725	$0	$1,725	$4,984	36%	$8,025	57%
34	$14,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,525	$1,800	$0	$1,800	$4,984	34%	$8,325	57%
35	$15,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$1,875	$0	$1,875	$4,984	33%	$8,535	57%
36	$15,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$1,950	$0	$1,950	$4,984	32%	$8,610	56%
37	$16,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,025	$0	$2,025	$4,984	31%	$8,685	54%
38	$16,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,100	$0	$2,100	$4,984	30%	$8,760	53%
39	$17,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,175	$0	$2,175	$4,984	29%	$8,835	52%
40	$17,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,250	$0	$2,250	$4,984	28%	$8,910	51%
41	$18,000	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,325	$0	$2,325	$4,984	28%	$8,985	50%
42	$18,500	$0	$3,584	$1,400	$0	$1,400	$0	$6,660	$2,400	$0	$2,400	$4,984	27%	$9,060	49%
43	$19,000	$35	$3,584	$1,400	$35	$1,435	$35	$6,660	$2,475	$35	$2,510	$5,019	26%	$9,170	48%
44	$19,500	$85	$3,557	$1,400	$85	$1,485	$85	$6,624	$2,550	$85	$2,635	$5,042	26%	$9,259	47%
45	$20,000	$135	$3,477	$1,400	$135	$1,535	$135	$6,519	$2,625	$135	$2,760	$5,012	25%	$9,279	46%
46	$20,500	$185	$3,397	$1,400	$185	$1,585	$185	$6,414	$2,700	$185	$2,885	$4,982	24%	$9,299	45%
47	$21,000	$235	$3,317	$1,400	$235	$1,635	$235	$6,308	$2,775	$235	$3,010	$4,952	24%	$9,318	44%
48	$21,500	$285	$3,237	$1,400	$285	$1,685	$285	$6,203	$2,850	$285	$3,135	$4,922	23%	$9,338	43%
49	$22,000	$335	$3,157	$1,400	$335	$1,735	$335	$6,098	$2,925	$335	$3,260	$4,892	22%	$9,358	43%
50	$22,500	$385	$3,077	$1,400	$385	$1,785	$385	$5,992	$3,000	$385	$3,385	$4,862	22%	$9,377	42%
51	$23,000	$435	$2,998	$1,400	$435	$1,835	$435	$5,887	$3,075	$435	$3,510	$4,833	21%	$9,397	41%
52	$23,500	$485	$2,918	$1,400	$485	$1,885	$485	$5,782	$3,150	$485	$3,635	$4,803	20%	$9,417	40%
53	$24,000	$535	$2,838	$1,400	$535	$1,935	$535	$5,676	$3,225	$535	$3,760	$4,773	20%	$9,436	39%
54	$24,500	$585	$2,758	$1,400	$585	$1,985	$585	$5,571	$3,300	$585	$3,885	$4,743	19%	$9,456	39%
55	$25,000	$635	$2,678	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$635	$5,466	$3,375	$635	$4,010	$4,678	19%	$9,476	38%
56	$25,500	$685	$2,598	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$685	$5,361	$3,450	$685	$4,135	$4,598	18%	$9,496	37%
57	$26,000	$735	$2,518	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$735	$5,255	$3,525	$735	$4,260	$4,518	17%	$9,515	37%
58	$26,500	$785	$2,438	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$785	$5,150	$3,600	$785	$4,385	$4,438	17%	$9,535	36%
59	$27,000	$835	$2,358	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$835	$5,045	$3,675	$835	$4,510	$4,358	16%	$9,555	35%
60	$27,500	$885	$2,278	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$885	$4,939	$3,750	$885	$4,635	$4,278	16%	$9,574	35%
61	$28,000	$935	$2,199	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$935	$4,834	$3,825	$935	$4,760	$4,199	15%	$9,594	34%
62	$28,500	$985	$2,119	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$985	$4,729	$3,900	$985	$4,885	$4,119	14%	$9,614	34%
63	$29,000	$1,035	$2,039	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,035	$4,623	$3,975	$1,035	$5,010	$4,039	14%	$9,633	33%
64	$29,500	$1,085	$1,959	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,085	$4,518	$4,050	$1,085	$5,135	$3,959	13%	$9,653	33%
65	$30,000	$1,135	$1,879	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,135	$4,413	$4,125	$1,135	$5,260	$3,879	13%	$9,673	32%
66	$30,500	$1,185	$1,799	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,185	$4,308	$4,200	$1,185	$5,385	$3,799	12%	$9,693	32%
67	$31,000	$1,235	$1,719	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,235	$4,202	$4,200	$1,235	$5,435	$3,719	12%	$9,637	31%
68	$31,500	$1,285	$1,639	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,285	$4,097	$4,200	$1,285	$5,485	$3,639	12%	$9,582	30%
69	$32,000	$1,335	$1,559	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,335	$3,992	$4,200	$1,335	$5,535	$3,559	11%	$9,527	30%
70	$32,500	$1,385	$1,479	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,385	$3,886	$4,200	$1,385	$5,585	$3,479	11%	$9,471	29%
71	$33,000	$1,440	$1,400	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,440	$3,781	$4,200	$1,440	$5,640	$3,400	10%	$9,421	29%
72	$33,500	$1,500	$1,320	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,500	$3,676	$4,200	$1,500	$5,700	$3,320	10%	$9,376	28%
73	$34,000	$1,560	$1,240	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,560	$3,570	$4,200	$1,560	$5,760	$3,240	10%	$9,330	27%
74	$34,500	$1,620	$1,160	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,620	$3,465	$4,200	$1,620	$5,820	$3,160	9%	$9,285	27%
75	$35,000	$1,680	$1,080	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,680	$3,360	$4,200	$1,680	$5,880	$3,080	9%	$9,240	26%
76	$35,500	$1,740	$1,000	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,740	$3,255	$4,200	$1,740	$5,940	$3,000	8%	$9,195	26%
77	$36,000	$1,800	$920	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,800	$3,149	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,920	8%	$9,149	25%
78	$36,500	$1,860	$840	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,860	$3,044	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,840	8%	$9,044	25%
79	$37,000	$1,920	$760	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,920	$2,939	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,760	7%	$8,939	24%
80	$37,500	$1,980	$680	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$1,980	$2,833	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,680	7%	$8,833	24%
81	$38,000	$2,040	$601	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,040	$2,728	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,601	7%	$8,728	23%
82	$38,500	$2,100	$521	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,100	$2,623	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,521	7%	$8,623	22%
83	$39,000	$2,160	$441	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,160	$2,517	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,441	6%	$8,517	22%
84	$39,500	$2,220	$361	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,220	$2,412	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,361	6%	$8,412	21%
85	$40,000	$2,280	$281	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,280	$2,307	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,281	6%	$8,307	21%
86	$40,500	$2,340	$201	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,340	$2,202	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,201	5%	$8,202	20%
87	$41,000	$2,400	$121	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,400	$2,096	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,121	5%	$8,096	20%
88	$41,500	$2,460	$41	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,460	$1,991	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,041	5%	$7,991	19%
89	$42,000	$2,520	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,520	$1,886	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,886	19%
90	$42,500	$2,580	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,580	$1,780	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,780	18%
91	$43,000	$2,640	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,640	$1,675	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,675	18%
92	$43,500	$2,700	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,700	$1,570	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,570	17%
93	$44,000	$2,760	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,760	$1,464	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	5%	$7,464	17%
94	$44,500	$2,820	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,820	$1,359	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,359	17%
95	$45,000	$2,880	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,880	$1,254	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,254	16%
96	$45,500	$2,940	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$2,940	$1,149	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,149	16%
97	$46,000	$3,000	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,000	$1,043	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$7,043	15%
98	$46,500	$3,060	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,060	$938	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,938	15%
99	$47,000	$3,120	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,120	$833	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,833	15%
100	$47,500	$3,180	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,180	$727	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,727	14%
101	$48,000	$3,240	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,240	$622	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,622	14%
102	$48,500	$3,300	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,300	$517	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,517	13%
103	$49,000	$3,360	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,360	$411	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,411	13%
104	$49,500	$3,420	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,420	$306	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,306	13%
105	$50,000	$3,480	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,480	$201	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,201	12%
106	$50,500	$3,540	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,540	$96	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,096	12%
107	$51,000	$3,600	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,600	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
108	$51,500	$3,660	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,660	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
109	$52,000	$3,720	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,720	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	12%
110	$52,500	$3,780	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,780	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
111	$53,000	$3,840	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,840	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
112	$53,500	$3,900	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,900	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
113	$54,000	$3,960	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$3,960	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
114	$54,500	$4,020	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$4,020	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
115	$55,000	$4,080	$0	$1,400	$600	$2,000	$4,080	$0	$4,200	$1,800	$6,000	$2,000	4%	$6,000	11%
116
117	Source:
118	Accessed at: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-19-44.pdf


1	4D. EITC & CTC Can Combine to Provide Significant Financial Supports to Families
2	Credit Amount Schedules of EITC & CTC for Tax Units with One or Three Qualified Children 2020
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7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27	Source:
28	Accessed at: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-drop/rp-19-44.pdf