IOC_14.1g.revised.2nd.xlsx


6752	6752	ORDER		ORDER CICONIIFORMES			PHY	The Order Ciconiiformes includes only the storks (Ciconiidae). Ibises and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae) and herons (Ardeidae) are members of the Pelecaniformes (Hackett et al. 2008; Jarvis et al. 2014; Prum et al. 2015).
6753	6753	Family	Storks	Family Ciconiidae			SEQ	The linear sequence of Ciconiidae follows the phylogenetic analysis of de Sousa et al. (2023).
6754	6754	Genus		Anastomus	Bonnaterre, 1791
6755	6755	Species	African Openbill	Anastomus lamelligerus	Temminck, 1823	AF : widespread
6756	6756	ssp		A. l. lamelligerus	Temminck, 1823	Africa s of the Sahara
6757	6757	ssp		A. l. madagascariensis	Milne-Edwards, 1880	Madagascar
6758	6758	Species	Asian Openbill	Anastomus oscitans	(Boddaert, 1783)	OR : India and se Asia
6759	6759	Genus		Leptoptilos	Lesson, RP, 1831
6760	6760	Species	Marabou Stork	Leptoptilos crumenifer	(Lesson, RP, 1831)	AF : widespread s of the Sahara
6761	6761	Species	Lesser Adjutant	Leptoptilos javanicus	(Horsfield, 1821)	OR : Nepal and India through se Asia to Greater Sundas
6762	6762	Species	Greater Adjutant	Leptoptilos dubius	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	OR : n India
6763	6763	Genus		Mycteria	Linnaeus, 1758
6764	6764	Species	Wood Stork	Mycteria americana	Linnaeus, 1758	NA, MA, SA : se USA to n Argentina
6765	6765	Species	Yellow-billed Stork	Mycteria ibis	(Linnaeus, 1766)	AF : widespread s of the Sahara
6766	6766	Species	Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	(Pennant, 1769)	OR : India and se Asia
6767	6767	Species	Milky Stork	Mycteria cinerea	(Raffles, 1822)	OR, AU : c Cambodia, w Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi
6768	6768	Genus		Jabiru	Hellmayr, 1906
6769	6769	Species	Jabiru	Jabiru mycteria	(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1819)	MA, SA : s Mexico to n Argentina
6770	6770	Genus		Ephippiorhynchus	Bonaparte, 1855
6771	6771	Species	Saddle-billed Stork	Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis	(Shaw, 1800)	AF : widespread s of the Sahara
6772	6772	Species	Black-necked Stork	Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus	(Latham, 1790)	OR, AU : India to Australia
6773	6773	ssp		E. a. asiaticus	(Latham, 1790)	India to Malay Pen. and Vietnam
6774	6774	ssp		E. a. australis	(Shaw, 1800)	New Guinea and nc WA to se NSW (n, e Australia)
6775	6775	Genus		Ciconia	Brisson, 1760
6776	6776	Species	Abdim's Stork	Ciconia abdimii	Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823	AF, PAL : Senegal to Ethiopia and sw Arabian Pen. (primarily w Yemen)
6777	6777	Species	African Woolly-necked Stork	Ciconia microscelis	Gray, GR, 1848	AF : Africa s of the Sahara	AS	Widely allopatric African Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia microscelis is split from Asian Woolly-necked Stork C. episcopus based on plumage and other morphological differences (del Hoyo & Collar 2014; HBW/BLI) and supported by molecular analysis (Ghimire et al. 2023).
6778	6778	Species	Asian Woolly-necked Stork	Ciconia episcopus	(Boddaert, 1783)	OR, AU : widespread	ENG	Change English name of Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus to Asian Woolly-necked Stork with the split of African Woolly-necked Stork.
6779	6779	ssp		C. e. episcopus	(Boddaert, 1783)	India to Indochina, Philippines (where likely extirpated), Malay Pen. and n Sumatra
6780	6780	ssp		C. e. neglecta	(Finsch, 1904)	s Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sundas and Sulawesi region
6781	6781	Species	Storm's Stork	Ciconia stormi	(Blasius, W, 1896)	OR : Malay Pen., Sumatra, Mentawai and Pagai is. (w of c Sumatra) and Borneo
6782	6782	Species	Black Stork	Ciconia nigra	(Linnaeus, 1758)	AF, PAL : Namibia and Malawi to South Africa, c Europe to n China
6783	6783	Species	Maguari Stork	Ciconia maguari	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	SA : e Colombia and Venezuela to c Argentina
6784	6784	Species	White Stork	Ciconia ciconia	(Linnaeus, 1758)	PAL, AF : widespread
6785	6785	ssp		C. c. ciconia	(Linnaeus, 1758)	Europe and w Asia, Middle East and n Africa, s Africa
6786	6786	ssp		C. c. asiatica	Severtsov, 1873	c Asia
6787	6787	Species	Oriental Stork	Ciconia boyciana	Swinhoe, 1873	PAL : se Siberia, ne China, Korea, Japan
6788	6788	Blank
6789	6789	ORDER		ORDER SULIFORMES			PHY, SEQ	The totipalmate water and diving birds (Suliformes) are sister to the wading birds (ibis, herons) and pelican allies (Pelecaniformes) (Prum et al. 2005). New linear sequence of families in Suliformes follows Ericson et al. (2006); Hackett et al. (2008); Prum et al. (2015), accepted by Chesser et al. (2020), NACC 2020-A-13.
6790	6790	Family	Frigatebirds	Family Fregatidae			PHY, SEQ	The linear sequence of species within Fregatidae is based on Martins et al. (2022).
6791	6791	Genus		Fregata	Lacépède, 1799
6792	6792	Species	Ascension Frigatebird	Fregata aquila	(Linnaeus, 1758)	AO : Ascension I. (where recently re-established) and Boatswainbird I. (e of Ascension I., nc South Atlantic Ocean)
6793	6793	Species	Magnificent Frigatebird	Fregata magnificens	Mathews, 1914	AO, PO : e Pacific Ocean (w Mexico to Ecuador), Atlantic Ocean (e Mexico and Florida to Brazil), and Cape Verde Is. (where almost extinct)
6794	6794	ssp		F. m. magnificens	Mathews, 1914	Galápagos
6795	6795	ssp		F. m. rothschildi	Mathews, 1915	Boavista (where almost extinct; ne Cape Verde Is., s Macaronesia, w of w Africa); I. Santa Margarita (w of sw Baja California), Tres Marias, Revillagigedo, and other islands off wc Mexico, Pearl Is. (sw of c Panama), and other islands off w Central America; many islands of Caribbean from s Florida and Florida Keys, including San Andrés and Providencia (far e of Nicaragua), to islands off Venezuela, the Guianas and ne, se Brazil, Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil)	SSP	Subspecies rothschildi is resurrected based on morphometrics and strong genetic differentiation (Haller et al. 2011; See NACC 2021-A-8 and SACC 872, both declined as a proposed species). Tentatively includes lowei of Cape Verde Is., which is genetically unsampled (Suarez et al. 2012).
6796	6796	Species	Lesser Frigatebird	Fregata ariel	(Gray, GR, 1845)	TrO : widespread, tropical Indian and Pacific ocean is., also nw South Atlantic
6797	6797	ssp		F. a. trinitatis	Miranda-Ribeiro, 1919	Trindade I. (e of e Brazil, nw South Atlantic Ocean)	PS	Olson (2017) proposed species status based on osteological and slight plumage differences. Stet as a subspecies (SACC 768).
6798	6798	ssp		F. a. iredalei	Mathews, 1914	sw tropical South Indian Ocean islands: Europa (w of s Madagascar, Mozambique Channel), Aldabra (w Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), St. Brandon (n of Mascarenes), Maldives and Chagos Arch. (nc Indian Ocean)
6799	6799	ssp		F. a. ariel	(Gray, GR, 1845)	Cocos (Keeling) Is. (ec Indian Ocean), Ashmore Reef (nw of Australia), islands off nw WA and Gulf of Carpentaria (nc Australia), Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea is. (ne Australia), Tench I. (St. Matthias group, nc Bismarck Arch.), Chesterfield Is. (w of New Caledonia), Walpole I. (e of New Caledonia) and Fiji (sw Polynesia) to e Tuamotu group (e Polynesia)
6800	6800	Species	Great Frigatebird	Fregata minor	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	TrO : widespread, islands of tropical Indian and Pacific oceans, local e of e Brazil (tropical Atlantic Ocean)
6801	6801	ssp		F. m. nicolli	Mathews, 1914	sw South Atlantic Ocean islands: Trindade and Martim Vaz (e of e Brazil)
6802	6802	ssp		F. m. aldabrensis	Mathews, 1914	sw tropical South Indian Ocean islands: Europa (w of s Madagascar, Mozambique Channel), Aldabra and Cosmoledo (Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), St. Brandon (n of Mascarenes)
6803	6803	ssp		F. m. minor	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	Chagos Arch. (nc Indian Ocean), Cocos (Keeling) Is. (ec Indian Ocean), Christmas I. (s of w Java), Flores and Banda Sea is. (sc, se Indonesian Arch.), Ashmore Reef (nw of Australia), islands off nw WA and Gulf of Carpentaria (nc Australia)
6804	6804	ssp		F. m. palmerstoni	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	w, c tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean islands: from Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea is. (ne Australia) and Tench I. (St. Matthias group, nc Bismarck Arch.), Chesterfield Is. (w of New Caledonia), Walpole I. (e of New Caledonia), Palau (w Caroline Is., w Micronesia), Marshall Is. and Fiji (sw Polynesia) to Hawaiian Is. (mostly Northwestern group) and Pitcairn group (e Polynesia)
6805	6805	ssp		F. m. ridgwayi	Mathews, 1914	subtropical to tropical e Pacific islands: Revillagigedo (w of c Mexico), del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica), Wolf and Darwin (=Wenman and Culpepper, nw Galápagos), Genovesa (ne Galápagos) and several other small islands of Galápagos, La Plata and Santa Clara (coastal islands of wc, sw Ecuador) and Salas y Gomez and (race?) Rapa Nui (=Easter/Eastern Is. group, se Polynesia)
6806	6806	Species	Christmas Frigatebird	Fregata andrewsi	Mathews, 1914	IO : Christmas I. (s of w Java)
6807	6807	Blank
6808	6808	Family	Gannets, Boobies	Family Sulidae			PHY, SEQ	The linear sequence of genera and species within Sulidae is based on the phylogeny in Patterson et al. (2011).
6809	6809	Genus		Papasula	Olson & Warheit, 1988
6810	6810	Species	Abbott's Booby	Papasula abbotti	(Ridgway, 1893)	IO : Christmas I. (s of w Java); formerly Assumption (Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), Mauritius and Rodrigues (c, e Mascarenes, sw Indian Ocean); subfossil remains from Solomon Is., Vanuatu, and Marquesas (ne Polynesia)
6811	6811	Genus		Morus	Vieillot, 1816
6812	6812	Species	Northern Gannet	Morus bassanus	(Linnaeus, 1758)	AO : islands off subarctic, n temperate coasts of North Atlantic Ocean: Iceland, Faroe Is., British Isles, nw France and n Norway (e North Atlantic); Gulf of St. Lawrence and Atlantic coast of Newfoundland (se Canada, w North Atlantic)
6813	6813	Species	Cape Gannet	Morus capensis	(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823)	AF : islands off Namibia and s Africa
6814	6814	Species	Australasian Gannet	Morus serrator	(Gray, GR, 1843)	AU : islets off sw Australia, Bass Strait and Tasmania, Philip I. (Norfolk group, e of Australia) and North and South Is. (New Zealand)
6815	6815	Genus		Sula	Brisson, 1760
6816	6816	Species	Red-footed Booby	Sula sula	(Linnaeus, 1766)	TrO : widespread tropical and subtropical ocean is.
6817	6817	ssp		S. s. sula	(Linnaeus, 1766)	w, s, e Caribbean and sw Atlantic islands: Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil), I. Trindade (e of ec Brazil) and Boatswain Bird I. (just off Ascension I., sc South Atlantic Ocean); Half Moon Cay (e of Belize), Swan Is. (n of e Honduras); Cayman Is. through Lesser Antilles and islands n of Venezuela and Tobago (s, e Caribbean)
6818	6818	ssp		S. s. rubripes	Gould, 1838	tropical Indian and Pacific oceans: Europa (w of s Madagascar, Mozambique Channel), Aldabra and Cosmoledo (Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), Farquhar and Amirantes groups (c Seychelles), Tromelin and St. Brandon (n of Mascarenes), Chagos Arch., Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas is. (w, nc, ne Indian Ocean); Flores and Banda seas islands (sc, se Indonesian Arch.), Ashmore Reef and Adele I. (nw of Australia), Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea islands (off QLD, nw Australia), Tench I. (St. Matthias Is., nc Bismarck Arch.), many other islands in outer Melanesia including New Caledonia, Tubbataha Reefs (wc Philippines), Spratly Is. (s China Sea), s Ryukyu (=Nansei Shoto), Ogasawara (=Bonin) and Iwo (=Volcano) is. (sw, se Japan), Taiwan, Micronesia through Northwestern and w main Hawaiian Is. and Pitcairn group (e Polynesia)
6819	6819	ssp		S. s. websteri	Rothschild, 1898	ec Pacific islands: Revillagigedo, Tres Marias and Isabel (w of wc Mexico), Clipperton (far sw of Mexico), Violin (just off sw Costa Rica), del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica), Malpelo (far w of Colombia) and Galápagos
6820	6820	Species	Brown Booby	Sula leucogaster	(Boddaert, 1783)	TrO : widespread tropical and subtropical ocean islands
6821	6821	ssp		S. l. leucogaster	(Boddaert, 1783)	Atlantic and Caribbean islands: Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil), coastal islands off se Brazil, Cape Verde Is. (s Macaronesia, w of w Africa), Boatswain Bird I. (just off Ascension, sc South Atlantic Ocean), Alcatraz I. (w of nw Guinea) and Gulf of Guinea is.; Caribbean islands off Yucatan Pen. and Honduras to Panama, San Andrés and Providencia (far e of Nicaragua), Bahamas and Cayman Is. to Lesser Antilles, and islands n of Venezuela and Tobago
6822	6822	ssp		S. l. brewsteri	Goss, 1888	islands off w Mexico: from c Baja California and Gulf of California (nw Mexico) to Revillagigedo Is. (far w of c Mexico) and Clipperton (far sw of Mexico)
6823	6823	ssp		S. l. etesiaca	Thayer & Bangs, 1905	Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia: Gulf of Fonseca is. (Honduras) to Gorgona I. (just w of sw Colombia)
6824	6824	ssp		S. l. plotus	(Forster, JR, 1844)	Red Sea through Indian Ocean to w, c Pacific Ocean: Red Sea, islands off Somalia and Socotra (nw Indian Ocean); Cosmoledo (e Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), islands off nw Madagascar and Chagos Arch. (w, nc Indian Ocean); Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas is. (ec Indian Ocean), islands off nw to ne Australia, Tench (St. Matthias group, nc Bismarck Arch.), other remote islands in Melanesia including off New Caledonia; many islands of s Japan including Kyushu; Taiwan; offshore islands of n, sw, sc Philippines; Con Dao (se of Vietnam), Perak I. (w of Malay Pen.), islands in Flores and Banda seas (sc, se Indonesian Arch.), from Marianas and Palau (nw, sw Micronesia) through Northwestern and w main Hawaiian Is. and Gambier Is. (e Tuamotu Arch.; e Polynesia)
6825	6825	Species	Masked Booby	Sula dactylatra	Lesson, RP, 1831	TrO : widespread, subtropical and tropical islands
6826	6826	ssp		S. d. dactylatra	Lesson, RP, 1831	Caribbean from Campeche Bank (w of Yucatan Pen.) and islands ne of Honduras, I. San Andrés (e of Nicaragua), islands near Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles, islands n of Venezuela; Fernando de Noronha (ne of ne Brazil), Abrolhos Arch. and I. Trindade (e of ec Brazil), Ascension and St. Helena (tropical se Atlantic Ocean)
6827	6827	ssp		S. d. melanops	Hartlaub, 1859	islands in Red Sea, Socotra, islands ne of Somalia, s Oman (nw Arabian Sea)
6828	6828	ssp		S. d. tasmani	Van Tets, Meredith, Fullagar & Davidson, PM, 1988	Lord Howe and Norfolk is. (e of Australia) and Kermadec Is. (ne of New Zealand)	SSP, PS	Includes fullagari as a junior synonym (Steeves et al. 2009; Gill et al. 2010). Tasman Booby S. tasmani is a proposed split based on morphology (Harrison et al. 2021).
6829	6829	ssp		S. d. personata	Gould, 1846	Comoros, Cosmoledo (e Aldabra group, sw Seychelles), Boudeuse (Amirantes, c Seychelles), Mauritius and St. Brandon (ne of Mascarenes); Chagos Arch. (nc Indian Ocean; this race?), Con Dao I. (se of Vietnam), Cocos (Keeling) Is. (ec Indian Ocean), off se New Guinea, islands off nw WA and QLD (n Australia), islands off New Caledonia, Senkaku and Ogasawara is. (sw, se Japan), and throughout the Pacific to Hawaii and Easter (=Eastern) is., islands off w Mexico, I. del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica), I. Malpelo (far w of Colombia) and Is. Desventuradas (w of n Chile)	SSP	Includes bedouti and californica (Pitman & Jehl 1998; Nelson 2005).
6830	6830	Species	Nazca Booby	Sula granti	Rothschild, 1902	PO : San Benedicto (Revillagigedo, far w of c Mexico), Clipperton I. (far sw of Mexico), I. del Coco (far sw of Costa Rica), I. Malpelo (far w of Colombia), Galápagos, I. de la Plata (just w of c Ecuador) and Lobos de Afuera (just w of nw Peru)
6831	6831	Species	Blue-footed Booby	Sula nebouxii	Milne-Edwards, 1882	PO : ec subtropical and tropical Pacific coast is. patchily from Gulf of California to nw Peru
6832	6832	ssp		S. n. nebouxii	Milne-Edwards, 1882	islands in c Gulf of California; Is. Tres Marietas (just off Nayarit, c Mexico), islands in Gulf of Fonseca (w Honduras) and off sw Panama, I. Gorgonilla (just w of sw Colombia) to nw Peru
6833	6833	ssp		S. n. excisa	Todd, 1948	Galápagos
6834	6834	Species	Peruvian Booby	Sula variegata	(Tschudi, 1843)	SA : coastal n Peru to c Chile
6835	6835	Blank
6836	6836	Family	Anhingas, Darters	Family Anhingidae
6837	6837	Genus		Anhinga	Brisson, 1760		SEQ	The sequence of species within Anhingidae is based on Kennedy et al. (2019).
6838	6838	Species	Anhinga	Anhinga anhinga	(Linnaeus, 1766)	NA, MA, SA : sc, se USA and wc Mexico to n Argentina, Cuba and Cayman Is.
6839	6839	ssp		A. a. leucogaster	(Vieillot, 1816)	se Texas to e North Carolina and Florida (se USA), wc Mexico to Panama; Cuba and Cayman Is.
6840	6840	ssp		A. a. anhinga	(Linnaeus, 1766)	Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia to n Argentina
6841	6841	Species	Australasian Darter	Anhinga novaehollandiae	(Gould, 1847)	AU : Timor (e Lesser Sundas), New Guinea, and Australia (except sc, Tasmania)	AS	Anhinga novaehollandiae is split from A. melanogaster (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005; Christidis & Boles 2008; Kennedy et al. 2005; Schodde et al. 2012).
6842	6842	ssp		A. n. papua	Rand, 1938	New Guinea
6843	6843	ssp		A. n. novaehollandiae	(Gould, 1847)	Australia (except sc, Tasmania)
6844	6844	Species	Oriental Darter	Anhinga melanogaster	Pennant, 1769	OR, AU : Indus Valley (c Pakistan) s to Sri Lanka and e to Vietnam, s to Greater Sundas, Sulawesi and Philippines (now only Mindanao and Jolo, Sulu Arch., s Philippines)	ENG	Change English name of Anhinga melanogaster from Darter to Oriental Darter with split of A. rufa and A. novaehollandiae.
6845	6845	Species	African Darter	Anhinga rufa	(Daudin, 1802)	AF, PAL : se Iraq, Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar	AS	Anhinga rufa is split from A. melanogaster (Rasmussen & Anderton 2005; Kennedy et al. 2005; Schodde et al. 2012).
6846	6846	ssp		A. r. rufa	(Daudin, 1802)	Sub-Saharan Africa
6847	6847	ssp		A. r. vulsini	Bangs, 1918	Madagascar
6848	6848	ssp		A. r. chantrei	(Oustalet, 1882)	se Iraq; formerly sc Turkey
6849	6849	Blank
6850	6850	Family	Cormorants, Shags	Family Phalacrocoracidae			PHY, SEQ	Until recently, the genera of cormorants and the distinctions between "shags" and "cormorants" have remained mostly unresolved due to conflicts among studies and missing taxa (Siegel-Causey 1988; Kennedy et al. 2000; Christidis & Boles 2008). We follow the comprehensive phylogenetic studies of Kennedy & Spencer (2014) and Kennedy et al. (2019) in resequencing this family. Generic revisions were accepted for the North American species by NACC (Chesser et al. 2021) but narrowly declined by SACC (Proposal 648).
6851	6851	Genus		Microcarbo	Bonaparte, 1856		TAX	Microcarbo cormorants are split from Phalacrocorax (Siegel-Causey 1988; Kennedy et al. 2000; Christidis & Boles 2008).
6852	6852	Species	Pygmy Cormorant	Microcarbo pygmaeus	(Pallas, 1773)	PAL : inland se Europe to c Asia: ne Italy and ne Austria to c Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and e Iraq	TAX	Original spelling pygmeus is a misspelled Latin word which requires correction to pygmaeus.
6853	6853	Species	Reed Cormorant	Microcarbo africanus	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	AF : mainly inland; widespread Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar
6854	6854	ssp		M. a. africanus	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	inland and coastal Sub-Saharan Africa
6855	6855	ssp		M. a. pictilis	(Bangs, 1918)	Madagascar (mainly w)
6856	6856	Species	Crowned Cormorant	Microcarbo coronatus	(Wahlberg, 1855)	AF : sw coast: n Namibia to s tip of s Africa
6857	6857	Species	Little Cormorant	Microcarbo niger	(Vieillot, 1817)	OR : widespread inland and coastal, Indus Valley (c Pakistan) through sub-Himalayan India and Nepal to Sri Lanka, e to s China, Vietnam and Java
6858	6858	Species	Little Pied Cormorant	Microcarbo melanoleucos	(Vieillot, 1817)	AU : Lesser Sundas and Australasia to Solomon Is., New Caledonia and New Zealand
6859	6859	ssp		M. m. melanoleucos	(Vieillot, 1817)	Lesser Sundas to Australia, New Britain (se Bismarck Arch.), Bougainville, Guadalcanal, Three Sisters and Santa Ana (e of Makira; n, sc, se Solomon Is.), Tikopia (se Vanuatu) and Grande Terre (New Caledonia)
6860	6860	ssp		M. m. brevicauda	(Mayr, 1931)	Rennell (s Solomon Is.)
6861	6861	ssp		M. m. brevirostris	(Gould, 1837)	North, South, Stewart and Campbell is. (s of South I.; New Zealand)
6862	6862	Genus		Poikilocarbo	Boetticher, 1935		TAX, PHY	Resurrection of Poikilocarbo as a monotypic genus was suggested for the highly divergent P. gaimardi (Kennedy & Spencer 2014).
6863	6863	Species	Red-legged Cormorant	Poikilocarbo gaimardi	(Garnot, 1828)	SA : e South Pacific coast: n Peru to sc Chile; disjunctly Santa Cruz Province, se Argentina	TAX, ENG	Red-legged Cormorant represents a monotypic clade (Kennedy et al. 2000, 2019; Christidis & Boles 2008; Kennedy & Spencer 2014); move from Phalacrocorax to Poikilocarbo; change English name from Shag to Cormorant.
6864	6864	Genus		Urile	Bonaparte, 1856		TAX, PHY	Resurrect Urile for the well-supported clade of North Pacific cormorants (Kennedy & Spencer 2014; Chesser et al. 2021).
6865	6865	Species	Brandt's Cormorant	Urile penicillatus	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	NA, MA : temperate e North Pacific coast: se Alaska to sw Baja California and c Gulf of California (nw Mexico)
6866	6866	Species	Red-faced Cormorant	Urile urile	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	PO : c coastal subarctic North Pacific: Kamchatka, n, c Kuril and Commander is. (se Russia) to s Kuril Is. and e Hokkaido (n Japan; w North Pacific); Aleutian and Pribilof is. (Bering Sea) and s Alaska is. (e North Pacific)	ENG	Change English name of U. urile to Red-faced Cormorant to follow AOU.
6867	6867	Species	Pelagic Cormorant	Urile pelagicus	(Pallas, 1811)	PO : coastal Arctic to subtropical North Pacific Ocean, from ne Siberia to n Japan (w North Pacific) and Aleutian Is. to n Baja California (e North Pacific)	ENG	Change English name of U. pelagicus to Pelagic Cormorant to follow AOU.
6868	6868	ssp		U. p. pelagicus	(Pallas, 1811)	Siberia from Chukotka, Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk, Kuril Is., and Commander Is. (e Russia), Hokkaido and n Honshu (n Japan) and islets of Liaoning (ne China); Aleutian Is., s Alaska to sw Canada
6869	6869	ssp		U. p. resplendens	(Audubon, 1838)	e North Pacific coast from sw Canada to n Baja California (nw Mexico)
6870	6870	Species	Spectacled Cormorant	Urile perspicillatus	(Pallas, 1811)	PAL, NA : Bering Sea is.: Commander Is. (se Russia, nw North Pacific Ocean)	EXT, PHY, ENG	The position of this extinct species is unresolved by the available phylogenies. Placed here with the other North Pacific cormorants, as was done by Wolters (1975-1982). English name changed to Spectacled Cormorant from Pallas's Cormorant.
6871	6871	Genus		Phalacrocorax	Brisson, 1760
6872	6872	Species	Bank Cormorant	Phalacrocorax neglectus	(Wahlberg, 1855)	AF : sw coastal Africa: wc Namibia to s tip of s Africa
6873	6873	Species	Socotra Cormorant	Phalacrocorax nigrogularis	Ogilvie-Grant & Forbes, HO, 1899	PAL, AF : Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea (off Oman), Gulf of Aden, Socotra and perhaps Red Sea (off Eritrea)
6874	6874	Species	Pitt Shag	Phalacrocorax featherstoni	Buller, 1873	AU : Chatham Is. (e of South I., New Zealand)
6875	6875	Species	Spotted Shag	Phalacrocorax punctatus	(Sparrman, 1786)	AU : coastal North, South and Stewart is. (New Zealand)
6876	6876	ssp		P. p. punctatus	(Sparrman, 1786)	coastal North and n, e South Is. (New Zealand)
6877	6877	ssp		P. p. oliveri	Mathews, 1930	coastal sw South and Stewart is.
6878	6878	Species	Black-faced Cormorant	Phalacrocorax fuscescens	(Vieillot, 1817)	AU : coasts of s WA to se NSW, Bass Strait is. and Tasmania (s Australia)
6879	6879	Species	Australian Pied Cormorant	Phalacrocorax varius	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	AU : coastal and inland Australia and North, South and Stewart is. (New Zealand)
6880	6880	ssp		P. v. hypoleucos	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	coastal and inland Australia (except sc) and Tasmania
6881	6881	ssp		P. v. varius	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	coastal North, South and Stewart is. (New Zealand)
6882	6882	Species	Little Black Cormorant	Phalacrocorax sulcirostris	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	OR, AU : coastal and inland Java and Sulawesi through New Guinea region, sw, e Australia including Tasmania, New Caledonia and North I. (New Zealand)
6883	6883	Species	Indian Cormorant	Phalacrocorax fuscicollis	Stephens, 1826	OR : patchily inland, Indus Valley (c Pakistan), w, s, ne India, Sri Lanka, s Myanmar, s Cambodia and s Vietnam	PHY	Position in the phylogenetic sequence confirmed in Kennedy et al. (2019).
6884	6884	Species	Cape Cormorant	Phalacrocorax capensis	(Sparrman, 1788)	AF : s coastal Africa: s Angola to s tip of Africa
6885	6885	Species	Japanese Cormorant	Phalacrocorax capillatus	(Temminck & Schlegel, 1850)	PAL : ne Asian coasts: se Russia including Sakhalin, s Kuril Is., Hokkaido to Kyushu (n to s Japan), Korean Pen. and ne China
6886	6886	Species	White-breasted Cormorant	Phalacrocorax lucidus	(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823)	AF : widespread inland ne to sw Sub-Saharan Africa
6887	6887	Species	Great Cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	(Linnaeus, 1758)	PAL, AU, OR, NA, AF : worldwide in temperate and tropical zones, coastal and inland, except only nw coast of Africa and in West Hemisphere nw North Atlantic coast only		The phylogenies of Kennedy & Spencer (2014) and Kennedy et al. (2020) suggest that P. carbo may be paraphyletic with respect to P. lucidus and P. capillatus, with P. c. sinensis and presumably P. c. hanedae in a clade with P. lucidus, while P. capillatus is sister to other taxa of P. carbo. However, P. capillatus is sister to both P. c. carbo and P. c. sinensis in the phylogeographic study of Marion & Le Gentil (2006).
6888	6888	ssp		P. c. carbo	(Linnaeus, 1758)	coastal North Atlantic: w Greenland, w Europe and e Canada to Maine (ne USA, w North Atlantic)		Largely ecologically segregated from P. c. sinensis by coastal vs. inland habitat, with some introgression (Marion & Le Gentil 2006). The population of P. c. carbo from the northern part of its range in Norway, and along the coasts from Sweden to Brittany has been named P. c. norvegicus by Marion & Le Gentil (2006), but lacks a formal description and must be regarded as a nomen nudum.
6889	6889	ssp		P. c. sinensis	(Staunton, 1796)	inland c Europe to n, s, India and Sri Lanka to ne Russia, ne China and Korean Pen., s to Turkey, c Asia and n Mongolia; disjunctly sc Cambodia and s Vietnam, ne Borneo
6890	6890	ssp		P. c. hanedae	Kuroda, Nm, 1925	coastal and inland Japan: Hokkaido to Kyushu (n to s Japan)
6891	6891	ssp		P. c. maroccanus	Hartert, EJO, 1906	coastal nw Africa: Morocco to Mauretania
6892	6892	ssp		P. c. novaehollandiae	Stephens, 1826	inland and coastal Australasia: Australia, North, South, Stewart and Chatham is. (e of South I.; New Zealand), Rennell (s Solomon Is.) and Grande Terre (New Caledonia)
6893	6893	Genus		Gulosus	Montagu, 1813		PHY, TAX	Resurrection of the monotypic genus Gulosus was proposed for the genetically highly divergent European Shag (Kennedy & Spencer 2014).
6894	6894	Species	European Shag	Gulosus aristotelis	(Linnaeus, 1761)	PAL, AF : coastal e North Atlantic and Mediterranean
6895	6895	ssp		G. a. aristotelis	(Linnaeus, 1761)	coastal e North Atlantic: Iceland, Faroe and British is., Scandinavia to nw Russia, nw France to Spain
6896	6896	ssp		G. a. riggenbachi	(Hartert, EJO, 1923)	coastal w Morocco
6897	6897	ssp		G. a. desmarestii	(Payraudeau, 1826)	coastal Mediterranean Sea
6898	6898	Genus		Nannopterum	Sharpe, 1899		PHY, TAX	Resurrection of Nannopterum was proposed for three New World species formerly assigned to Phalacrocorax, but which are in a different clade from Phalacrocorax s.s. and are more closely related to Leucocarbo (Kennedy & Spencer 2014, Chesser et al. 2021). Note change in gender from masculine to neuter.
6899	6899	Species	Flightless Cormorant	Nannopterum harrisi	(Rothschild, 1898)	SA : Fernandina and Isabela is. (w Galápagos)	PHY, TAX	Flightless Cormorant is most closely related to Double-crested and Neotropic cormorants (Kennedy et al. 2009).
6900	6900	Species	Neotropic Cormorant	Nannopterum brasilianum	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	NA, MA, SA : widespread inland and coastal c, s USA to Tierra del Fuego; Bahamas and Cuba
6901	6901	ssp		N. b. mexicanum	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	inland and coastal Great Plains (c USA) from South Dakota and Kansas to Gulf of Mexico, and Mexico to Nicaragua; Bahamas and Cuba
6902	6902	ssp		N. b. brasilianum	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	inland and coastal Costa Rica to Tierra del Fuego
6903	6903	Species	Double-crested Cormorant	Nannopterum auritum	(Lesson, RP, 1831)	NA, MA : widespread coastal and inland temperate and subtropical North America from e Aleutian Is. and Gulf of St. Lawrence to s Baja California, Yucatan Pen., Cuba and Bahamas
6904	6904	ssp		N. a. cincinatum	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	coastal e Aleutian Is., sw, s Alaska to sw Canada
6905	6905	ssp		N. a. albociliatum	(Ridgway, 1884)	coastal and inland sw Canada to s Baja California, Gulf of California and nw mainland Mexico
6906	6906	ssp		N. a. auritum	(Lesson, RP, 1831)	inland and coastal Alberta to Gulf of St. Lawrence (c to se Canada) s to Utah and Massachusetts (wc to ne USA)
6907	6907	ssp		N. a. floridanum	(Audubon, 1835)	coastal South Carolina to Florida (se USA), Cuba, n Yucatan Pen. and Belize
6908	6908	ssp		N. a. heuretum	(Watson, Olson & Miller, JR, 1991)	San Salvador (ec Bahamas)
6909	6909	Genus		Leucocarbo	Bonaparte, 1856		TAX	Genus Leucocarbo includes at least 10 core species (Kennedy et al. 2000; Christidis & Boles 2008).
6910	6910	Species	Rock Shag	Leucocarbo magellanicus	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	SA : coastal sc Chile and sc Argentina to Cape Horn and Falkland Is.	TAX, PHY	In the phylogeny of Kennedy & Spencer (2014), Rock Shag is included in Leucocarbo, where it is a basal taxon within that group. Move from Phalacrocorax to Leucocarbo.
6911	6911	Species	Guanay Cormorant	Leucocarbo bougainvillii	(Lesson, RP, 1837)	SA : coastal Peru to c Chile and sc Argentina	TAX	In the phylogeny of Kennedy & Spencer (2014), Guanay Cormorant is included in Leucocarbo where it is basal to the remaining species within that group. Move from Phalacrocorax to Leucocarbo. The specific epithet was emended to bougainvilliorum in Dickinson & Remsen (2013), but the justification for doing so is debatable and this emendment has not been universally accepted.
6912	6912	Species	Bounty Shag	Leucocarbo ranfurlyi	(Ogilvie-Grant, 1901)	AU : Bounty Is. (e of Stewart I., New Zealand)
6913	6913	Species	New Zealand King Shag	Leucocarbo carunculatus	(Gmelin, JF, 1789)	AU : Cook Strait is. (n of South I., New Zealand)	ENG	Update "Rough-faced Shag" to New Zealand King Shag (Gill et al. 2010).
6914	6914	Species	Chatham Shag	Leucocarbo onslowi	(Forbes, HO, 1893)	AU : Chatham Is. (e of South I., New Zealand)
6915	6915	Species	Otago Shag	Leucocarbo chalconotus	(Gray, GR, 1845)	AU : e South I. (New Zealand)	ENG	Update "Bronze Shag" to Stewart Island Shag (Gill et al. 2010); change to Foveaux Shag with split of Otago Shag L. stewarti.
6916	6916	Species	Foveaux Shag	Leucocarbo stewarti	(Ogilvie-Grant, 1898)	AU : s South and Stewart is. (New Zealand)	AS, ENG	Foveaux Shag L. stewarti is split from Otago Shag L. chalconotus, formerly Stewart Island Shag (Rawlence et al. 2016).
6917	6917	Species	Auckland Shag	Leucocarbo colensoi	(Buller, 1888)	AU : Auckland Is. (s of South I., New Zealand)
6918	6918	Species	Campbell Shag	Leucocarbo campbelli	(Filhol, 1878)	AU : Campbell Is. (s of South I., New Zealand)
6919	6919	Species	Imperial Shag	Leucocarbo atriceps	(King, PP, 1828)	SA : coastal s South America and Falkland Is.	TAX	Includes albiventer. Broad zone of overlap with intergradation of King and Imperial Shag in se SA needs study to resolve status (Jaramillo 2003; Rasmussen 1994); albiventer is treated as a separate species in Kennedy & Spencer (2014), but we retain as conspecific following HBW and SACC.
6920	6920	ssp		L. a. atriceps	(King, PP, 1828)	sc Chile and sc Argentina to Cape Horn
6921	6921	ssp		L. a. albiventer	(Lesson, RP, 1831)	Falkland Is.
6922	6922	Species	South Georgia Shag	Leucocarbo georgianus	(Lönnberg, 1906)	SO : Shag Rocks (w of South Georgia), South Georgia, South Sandwich and South Orkney is. (sw South Atlantic Ocean)	AS	Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992; Jaramillo 2003; HANZAB; HBW).
6923	6923	Species	Crozet Shag	Leucocarbo melanogenis	(Blyth, 1860)	SO : Prince Edward, Marion and Crozet is. (sw South Indian Ocean)	AS	Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992; Jaramillo 2003; HANZAB; HBW).
6924	6924	Species	Antarctic Shag	Leucocarbo bransfieldensis	(Murphy, 1936)	SO : South Shetland Is. and Antarctic Pen.	AS	Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992; Jaramillo 2003; HANZAB; HBW). SACC needs proposal.
6925	6925	Species	Kerguelen Shag	Leucocarbo verrucosus	(Cabanis, 1875)	IO : Kerguelen Is. (sc South Indian Ocean)
6926	6926	Species	Heard Island Shag	Leucocarbo nivalis	(Falla, 1937)	SO : Heard Is. (sc South Indian Ocean)	AS	Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992; Jaramillo 2003; HANZAB; HBW).
6927	6927	Species	Macquarie Shag	Leucocarbo purpurascens	(Brandt, JF, 1837)	SO : Macquarie I. and nearby rocks (w South Pacific Ocean, far se of Australia)	AS	Split members of Imperial Shag complex (Orta 1992; Jaramillo 2003; HANZAB; HBW).
6928	6928	Blank