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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #10 | Shifts in Moral Standards | Topic Category: | Philosophy | October 15, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | Morality is complex and dynamic, shaped by a mix of innate intuitions and social learning. Research shows that moral values evolve over history and differ across cultures, though some universal foundations persist. In America today, there is deep polarization in moral worldviews, centered around issues like sexuality and social justice. Moral intuitions emerge early, as babies display distress at others’ suffering. But culture powerfully shapes morality too. Evidence shows moral values have changed radically over centuries in the West, with less emphasis on community and divinity, and more on fairness and caring for those outside one's tribe. Still, five innate psychological systems ground moral values worldwide: harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. American morality is fracturing along ideological lines. Conservatives emphasize purity, authority, and loyalty foundations more, while liberals focus on fairness and harm. Polarization is stark regarding sexuality, with growing acceptance of homosexuality in the West, but widespread disapproval in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Debates over racism, sexism, and social justice have also split America's moral landscape. These divisions reflect not just politics, but profound differences in moral psychology. However, some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see trait fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and caring for the vulnerable as essential to morality. And moral exemplars from Jesus to Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps nurturing universal moral intuitions while recognizing diversity is the path forward. But bridging today's moral divides will not be quick or easy. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/morality-play/201105/how-morality-changes https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/19/how-do-americans-view-moral-values/ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/04/modern-morality-jonathan-haidt/622867/ https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | Morality is complicated and changing. It comes from both innate instincts and learning from society. Research shows moral values change over time and differ between cultures. But some basic foundations stay the same. In America today, there are big disagreements about moral issues like sexuality and social justice. Babies show distress when others are hurt. This suggests basic moral intuitions. But culture also shapes morality in big ways. Studies show moral values in the West have changed a lot over centuries. People focus less on community and God, and more on fairness and helping outsiders. Still, five basic moral systems are universal: avoiding harm, fairness, loyalty, respect for authority, and purity. American moral views are splitting along political lines. Conservatives care more about purity, authority and loyalty. Liberals focus on fairness and not harming. There is a big gap on sexuality. Acceptance of homosexuality is growing in the West. But in parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, most people still disapprove. Debates about racism, sexism and social justice also divide America's moral landscape. These splits show deep differences in moral psychology, not just politics. But some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see fairness, consistency, and caring for the vulnerable as morally important. And moral leaders like Jesus and Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps recognizing both common and diverse moral intuitions is needed. But bridging today's moral divides will take time and effort. | 1) What are the two main influences that shape the development of human morality? 2) How have moral values in Western cultures changed over recent centuries? 3) What are the main differences between conservative and liberal moral psychologies according to research? 4) Why does the article suggest bridging moral divides in the US will require time and wisdom? 5) What are some steps the article proposes for improving moral discourse in society? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | Morality arises from an intricate interplay of innate cognitive modules and sociocultural learning. Research demonstrates that moral values exhibit both diachronic flux and synchronic variation, though certain Platonic forms persist. Contemporary American society evinces deep axiological polarization surrounding sexuality and social justice. Infants exhibit distress responses to perceived harm, evidencing nascent moral cognition. However, acculturation profoundly informs ethical orientations. Longitudinal data reveals shifting prioritization of loyalty, authority, and sanctity over harm avoidance and fairness in the Western moral zeitgeist. Nevertheless, Moral Foundations Theory posits universal cognitive substrates for virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism. Ideological factions display divergent moral psychologies. Conservatives exhibit greater valuation of loyalty, authority, and purity, while liberals prioritize harm reduction and proportionality. Divergence is salient regarding sexual mores, with increasing Western acceptance of homosexuality contrasting with ongoing disapprobation in the Global South. Discourse surrounding racism, sexism, and equity also betrays axiological bifurcation. Current polarization partly reflects visceral intuitions exceeding rationalist ethics. However, fairness, consistency, and humanism may allow rapprochement between Hegelian theses and antitheses. Syncretic thinkers from religious traditions illustrate integrative paths. Cultivating pluralistic meta-ethics while reinforcing shared values could enable social cohesion. However, bridging incommensurate moral paradigms requires patience and wisdom. | 1) To what extent do you think morality is innate versus learned? What examples can you think of to support both sides? 2) How much variability have you observed in moral values across different cultures or within your own country? What factors might explain this? 3) Do you think the ideological differences in moral psychology described in the summary are accurate? Why or why not? 4) How optimistic or pessimistic are you about the prospect of bridging moral divides in the United States? Why? 5) What role do you think individuals should play in trying to improve moral discourse? How might we balance free expression with compassion? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | Morality is tricky and always changing. It comes from gut feelings we're born with and lessons we soak up from society. Studies show moral values shift over time and differ between cultures. But some basic blocks stay constant. In America today, folks are divided over moral hot buttons like sexuality and social justice. Babies get upset when someone's hurt, showing moral instincts kick in early. But culture shapes our morals big time too. Research shows moral values in the West have changed a ton over centuries. Folks care less about duty to community and God, more about fairness and helping outsiders. Still, five moral alarm bells ring worldwide: don't hurt others, play fair, stay loyal, respect authority, and keep pure. American moral views are splitting down political lines. Conservatives harp more on purity, authority and loyalty. Liberals hammer on fairness and not causing harm. There's a huge gap on sexuality. Acceptance of homosexuality is catching on in the West. But in parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, most still thumb their noses at it. Debates about racism, sexism and social justice also divide America’s moral landscape. These splits show deep differences in moral wiring, not just politics. But some common ground may remain. Most Americans still see fairness, walking the talk, and caring for the vulnerable as morally upright. And moral giants like Jesus and Gandhi light the way. Maybe recognizing both shared and varied moral compasses is needed. But bridging today's moral divides will take time and elbow grease. | 1. tricky - difficult to deal with or understand 2. soak up - absorb or take in 3. hot buttons - controversial issues that provoke strong reactions 4. gut feelings - instinctive emotional reactions 5. kick in - start to take effect or apply 6. big time - very much or to a great degree 7. tone down - make less strong or intense 8. catching on - becoming popular or widely accepted 9. thumb their noses - express contempt or disapproval 10. light the way - provide inspiration or guidance 11. walking the talk - behaving according to one's own words or principles 12. elbow grease - hard work and effort | ||||||||||||||
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23 | 5: Japanese Version | |||||||||||||||
24 | 道徳は、生まれつきの直感と社会からの学習の複雑な相互作用から生じます。 研究では、道徳的価値観は時間的な流動性と文化的な多様性を示しつつ、ある普遍的な形式が持続することが示されています。 現代のアメリカ社会は、セクシュアリティや社会正義をめぐって、深刻な価値観の隔絶が存在します。 乳児は、他者の害を察知すると苦痛を示すことから、道徳認知の萌芽が見て取れます。しかし、文化の影響は道徳観を大きく形作ります。 長期的データは、西洋の道徳的精神において、害回避と公正さよりも忠誠心、権威、純粋さが優先される価値観の変遷を示唆しています。それでも、道徳的基盤理論は徳倫理、義務論、結果主義の普遍的な認知的基盤を提唱しています。 イデオロギー的集団は、相違する道徳心理を示しています。 保守派は忠誠心、権威、純粋さをより重視する一方、リベラルは害の回避と均衡を優先させます。 性的道徳に関しては、西洋における同性愛の受容拡大がグローバル南部の否定的態度と対照的です。 人種差別、性差別、公正に関する言説もまた、価値観の二極化を露呈させています。 この極化は、合理的倫理を超える本能に部分的に起因しています。 しかし、公正、一貫性、人道主義は和解の契機となりうるでしょう。 宗教的伝統からの思想家は、統合の道を例証しています。 共有価値を強化しつつ相対的道徳観を培うことが社会的融和を可能にします。 しかし、非両立的な道徳パラダイムの架橋には忍耐と知恵が必要です。 | |||||||||||||||
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26 | 6: Dialogue | A hypothetical exchange between a reporter and an expert in this field. | ||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What are the key factors that influence the development of morality in humans? 🟩 — There are two primary influences on moral development - innate intuition and social learning. Infants display moral instincts from a very young age by showing distress when others are harmed. However, culture also plays a huge role, as norms and values differ greatly across societies and evolve over time. 🟥 — How much does culture affect morality versus human nature? 🟩 — Culture affects morality profoundly, as research shows moral values changing radically over history in many cultures. However, there seem to be universal foundations as well, rooted in innate cognitive systems for things like fairness, harm avoidance, loyalty and authority. 🟥 — What are some examples of moral values that have changed over time? 🟩 — Emphasis on community, divinity, and tradition has declined in recent centuries in the West, while concern for human rights, individual freedom, and marginalized groups has increased. Sexual mores have also changed dramatically, with greater acceptance of behaviors historically seen as taboo. 🟥 — Why is American morality so divided right now? 🟩 — There are deep differences emerging in moral psychology tied to ideological identities. Conservatives emphasize loyalty, authority, and purity more, while liberals focus on care and fairness. These translate to polarization on sexuality, racism, and social justice. 🟥 — What issues best illustrate these moral divides in America? 🟩 — Attitudes about LGBTQ rights and treatment of minorities, especially in policing and the legal system, are big flashpoints. Disagreements over gender equality, immigration, and economic fairness also betray very different moral frameworks. 🟥 — Are there any areas of agreement that could unite people morally? 🟩 — Most Americans still see fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and compassion as virtuous. Appreciating moral exemplars from religious figures like Jesus to humanitarians like Gandhi also offers common ground. Basic humanism essentially. 🟥 — Is bridging moral divides in society possible or advisable? 🟩 — Some shared moral intuitions persist, which could be starting points for dialogue. But differences run deep, and some polarization in pluralistic democracies is likely inevitable. The focus should be on retaining shared ethical foundations while allowing diversity in moral worldviews. 🟥 — What steps can individuals or institutions take to improve moral discourse? 🟩 — Listening sincerely to different perspectives, searching for shared values, and discussing complex moral issues with nuance and compassion. Also structuring communities and policies to affirm common humanity despite differences. 🟥 — Do you see any risks or downsides to trying to shape moral values in society? 🟩 — Moral mandates imposed without consent often backfire or breed resentment. The emphasis should be on open dialogue and leading by enlightened example, not coercion. Change takes time, and some moral variation across groups may be natural. 🟥 — How might advancements in science and technology affect human morality in the future? 🟩 — Technologies will continue raising complex ethical issues we haven't confronted before, so moral reasoning must evolve. But research on innate morality suggests core human values of cooperation, fairness and mercy are unlikely to disappear. 🟥 — What advice would you give to parents or teachers hoping to foster strong moral development in the next generation? 🟩 — Guide children's behavior through exemplifying values, not just rules. Encourage empathy and service to others. Expose them to diverse people and ideas. Discuss complicated moral choices openly without judgement. And ultimately, lead by ethical example in your own life. | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
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32 | Morality is complex and dynamic, shaped by a mix of innate 1✶ and social learning. Research shows that moral values evolve over history and differ across cultures, though some universal foundations 2✶. In America today, there is deep polarization in moral worldviews, centered around issues like sexuality and social justice. Moral 1✶ emerge early, as babies display 3✶ at others’ suffering. But culture powerfully shapes morality too. Evidence shows moral values have changed 4✶ over centuries in the West, with less emphasis on community and divinity, and more on fairness and caring for those outside one's tribe. Still, five innate psychological systems ground moral values worldwide: harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. American morality is 5✶ along ideological lines. Conservatives emphasize purity, authority, and loyalty foundations more, while liberals focus on fairness and harm. Polarization is stark 6✶ sexuality, with growing acceptance of homosexuality in the West, but widespread disapproval in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Debates over racism, sexism, and social justice have also split America's moral landscape. These divisions 7✶ not just politics, but profound differences in moral psychology. However, some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see trait fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and caring for the 8✶ as essential to morality. And moral exemplars from Jesus to Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps 9✶ universal moral 1✶ while recognizing diversity is the path forward. But 10✶ today's moral divides will not be quick or easy. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | bridging | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | distress | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | fracturing | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | intuitions | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | nurturing | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | persist | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | radically | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | reflect | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | regarding | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | vulnerable | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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61 | ©️ English Ladder 2024 | Creator: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||||
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2 | ► | This is the public web version of a Google Sheet Phil will use to present Weekly Essays and activities. | |||||||||||||||||
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4 | Weekly-Essay | The "Weekly-Essay" tab will contain the most recent essay worksheet. | |||||||||||||||||
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6 | Information | This "Information" tab will give you information important to navagating and using the material. | |||||||||||||||||
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8 | Index | This tab lists the articles along with a brief introduction. | |||||||||||||||||
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10 | 1...(number) | The numbered tabs will contain the essays in the order they are added, starting with "1". | |||||||||||||||||
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12 | ► | Note the following: | |||||||||||||||||
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14 | ✺ | The URL bar may suggest the site is "Not Secure" as shown in the image on the right. This does not mean the link is unsafe. There is no danger in opening this Google Sheets webpage. It is an unavoidable consequence of using Google Sheets this way. You will NOT be hacked. | |||||||||||||||||
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18 | ✺ | The quiz at the bottom of the "Weekly-Essay" tab does not include the answers, but you can simply go to the numbered tab that corresponds to the number of the current essay to see the answers. | |||||||||||||||||
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2 | ✶ | Article Index | ||||
3 | #01 | Japan's Octogenarians | Regional | ◉ Japan is facing a demographic crisis as its population rapidly ages. According to government data released on Tuesday, September 19, 2023, over 14% of Japan's population is no... | ||
4 | #02 | Data-Driven Decisions | Business | ◉ Data-driven decision making is becoming increasingly important for businesses and organizations of all sizes. As the amount of data available grows exponentially, leveraging t... | ||
5 | #03 | Massive Monitors | Technology | ◉ The trend of increasingly large TV screens shows no signs of stopping. Experts predict TVs will continue growing in size, with top-end models surpassing 100 inches within a f... | ||
6 | #04 | CRISPR Advances | Medicine | ◉ CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized gene editing over the past decade, providing researchers with a precise and efficient tool to modify DNA sequences. The system originated as a b... | ||
7 | #05 | $600 Billion for Africa | Geopolitical | ◉ At the recent G7 summit, the world's leading democratic economies pledged over $600 billion in financial assistance to Africa over the next 5 years. This landmark commitment a... | ||
8 | #06 | Israel and its Neighbors | Geopolitical | ◉ The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians has deep historical roots going back to the late 19th century. In the late 1800s, Zionism emerged as a movement calling for a ... | ||
9 | #07 | Paparazzi Problems | Entertainment | ◉ The line between celebrity privacy and freedom of the press has long been a blurry one when it comes to the paparazzi. Several recent high-profile incidents have brought this ... | ||
10 | #08 | The History of Enoshima | History | ◉ The small island of Enoshima near Kamakura has been a significant religious site in Japan for over a thousand years. It is home to the Enoshima Shrine dedicated to the goddess... | ||
11 | #09 | Advances in Flu Treatments | Health/Medicine | ◉ This year's flu shot has been updated to better match currently circulating influenza strains. The new shot contains components from the predominant H3N2 strain and both influ... | ||
12 | #10 | Shifts in Moral Standards | Philosophy | ◉ Morality is complex and dynamic, shaped by a mix of innate intuitions and social learning. Research shows that moral values evolve over history and differ across cultures, tho... | ||
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7 | N E W E S T | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #1 | Japan's Octogenarians | Topic Category: | Regional | September 19, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | Japan is facing a demographic crisis as its population rapidly ages. According to government data released on Tuesday, September 19, 2023, over 14% of Japan's population is now aged 80 or older, marking the first time the ratio has hit double digits. The data highlights the challenges Japan faces with its aging and shrinking population. With over 80,000 centenarians, Japan has the world's oldest population. The decline in births combined with increased life expectancy has led to a shrinking workforce and strained government programs. Experts warn Japan must allow more immigration and automate jobs done by people to address the crisis. Otherwise, Japan faces economic stagnation. The aging crisis impacts the economy and society. With fewer workers and more retirees, pensions and healthcare costs are soaring while tax revenue declines. Small towns are disappearing as young people flock to big cities, leaving mainly retirees behind. Loneliness and isolation are growing problems among the elderly. Care facilities are overburdened. The government has taken some steps such as raising the retirement age to 70 and allowing more foreign workers. But critics say bolder reforms are needed. Suggestions include revamping immigration policy, improving gender equality and work-life balance to boost births, expanding retraining programs, increasing elderly care resources, and using technology to help the elderly live independently. With political will and innovation, Japan can overcome demographic challenges. But the aging crisis requires urgent action to ensure the nation's economic vitality and social cohesion. | https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/18/asia/japan-elderly-population-workforce-intl-hnk/index.html https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66850943 https://japantoday.com/category/national/one-in-10-japanese-are-older-than-80-government-data1 https://news.sky.com/story/more-than-1-in-10-people-in-japan-aged-80-or-older-for-first-time-after-president-warned-of-population-crisis-12964712 | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | Japan has a big problem. More and more people are getting very old. On Tuesday, the government said that over 14% of people in Japan are now 80 years old or older. This is the first time so many people are this old. Japan has the oldest people in the world. Many people live past 100 years old! Not enough babies are being born. And people are living longer. So there are fewer workers. But more retired people. Experts say Japan needs to let in more immigrants. And use more robots to do jobs. If they don't, the economy will not grow. The aging problem hurts the economy and society. With less workers and more retirees, pensions and healthcare are costing more. But the government is making less in taxes. Young people are moving to big cities. Small towns now have mostly old people. Many elderly feel lonely and isolated. Care homes are overwhelmed. The government has tried some things. They raised the retirement age to 70. And allowed more foreign workers. But experts say they need to do more. They should change immigration rules. Make it easier for women to work and have babies. Retrain people for new jobs. Give more care to the elderly. Use technology to help the elderly live independently. If the government acts fast, Japan can deal with the aging problem. But they need to act now. The aging crisis needs urgent action. Or Japan's economy and society will suffer. | 1) According to the data released by the Japanese government, what percentage of the population is now over 80 years old? 2) What two factors have led to Japan's shrinking workforce? 3) How could immigration help address the aging crisis in Japan? 4) What are two problems mentioned that many elderly people in Japan face? 5) What urgent action does the summary say is needed for Japan to overcome the challenges of its aging population? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | Japan confronts a demographic predicament as its population exhibits accelerated aging. Per governement statistics published on Tuesday, September 19, 2023, over 14% of the Japanese populace has now attained 80 years of age or greater, constituting the inaugural instance of a double-digit ratio. The data underscores the challenges Japan faces regarding its aging and declining population. With over 80,000 centenarians, Japan possesses the world's most elderly population. The reduction in births coupled with elevated life expectancy has yielded a contracting labor force and overburdened public programs. Experts advise Japan must enable greater immigration and automation of occupations performed by people to mitigate the crisis. Otherwise, Japan risks economic stagnation. The aging phenomenon affects the economy and society. With fewer laborers and more retirees, pensions and healthcare expenditures are surging while tax revenues decline. Small municipalities are disappearing as youth migrate to major cities, abandoning mainly retirees. Loneliness and seclusion are intensifying issues among the elderly. Care institutions are overtaxed. The administration has implemented some interventions such as raising the retirement age to 70 and permitting more foreign employees. However critics contend bolder reforms are imperative. Suggestions encompass transforming immigration policy, enhancing gender equality and work-life balance to boost births, expanding retraining initiatives, increasing elderly care assets, and leveraging technology to assist autonomous elderly living. With political determination and innovation, Japan can conquer demographic hurdles. Nevertheless the aging crisis necessitates urgent action to ensure national economic vitality and social cohesion. | 1) How do you think the aging population will impact Japanese society and culture in the coming decades? 2) What innovative policies or technologies could help address the economic challenges of an aging population? 3) How can Japan provide better care and reduce isolation for its growing elderly population? 4) What lessons can other countries learn from Japan's demographic crisis? 5) Do you think immigration should play a bigger role in Japan's solution to its aging population problem? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | Japan has a whale of a problem on its hands. The country is graying at lightning speed. On Tuesday, the government spilled the beans that over 14% of people in Japan are now 80 years young or older. This is the first time the number has hit double digits. Japan takes the cake for having the oldest population in the world. The country is chock-full of centenarians! With fewer babies being born and people living longer, the workforce is shrinking fast. At the same time, more folks are retiring and collecting pensions. Experts say Japan needs to open the floodgates to more immigrants. And use more robots to pick up the slack. Otherwise, the economy will be up a creek. The aging crisis is hitting Japan right in the wallet. With less workers and more retirees, pensions and healthcare costs are through the roof. But tax dollars are drying up. Young whippersnappers are trading small towns for big cities. Leaving mostly retirees behind to feel lonely as a cloud. Care homes are fit to burst. The government has taken baby steps like raising the retirement age to 70. And letting in more foreign workers. But experts say they need to pull out all the stops. Japan should roll out the welcome mat for immigrants. Make it easier for women to work and have kids. Retrain people for new gigs. Lend more help to the elderly. Use tech to help gramps and grannies live solo. If Japan acts fast, they can get back in the saddle. But the clock is ticking. The aging crisis needs full throttle action. Or Japan’s economy and society will be up the spout. | Here is a list of idioms and definitions from the idiomatic summary: 1. have a whale of a problem on its hands - have a very big, serious problem to deal with 2. graying at lightning speed - aging very rapidly 3. spilled the beans - revealed information 4. 80 years young - playful way to say 80 years old 5. hit double digits - reached the teens, like 10% etc. 6. takes the cake - is the very best or extreme example 7. chock-full of - containing a large number of something 8. open the floodgates - remove barriers and allow things to surge in 9. pick up the slack - do extra work that needs to be done 10. be up a creek - be in a difficult situation 11. hitting in the wallet - negatively affecting money/finances 12. through the roof - extremely high 13. whippersnappers - playful term for young people 14. lonely as a cloud - very lonely 15. fit to burst - extremely full 16. baby steps - small, cautious actions 17. pull out all the stops - use every means/resource available 18. roll out the welcome mat - warmly welcome 19. lend more help - provide more assistance 20. get back in the saddle - resume an activity after a pause 21. clock is ticking - time is running out 22. full throttle action - maximum, intensive effort 23. up the spout - ruined, wrecked | ||||||||||||||
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23 | 5: Japanese Version | |||||||||||||||
24 | 日本は高齢化が進む中、深刻な人口動態の危機に直面しています。政府が9月19日に発表したデータによると、日本の人口のうち80歳以上の高齢者が初めて2ケタの14%を超えました。このデータは、高齢化と人口減少がもたらす日本の課題を浮き彫りにしています。 日本には10万人を超える百寿者がおり、世界で最も高齢な国となっています。出生率の低下とともに平均寿命が伸びた結果、労働人口が減少し、政府の社会保障制度が圧迫されています。専門家は、この危機に対処するために、日本はより多くの移民を受け入れ、人の働きを自動化する必要があると警告しています。そうしないと、日本は経済の長期停滞に陥るでしょう。 高齢化の影響は、経済と社会の両面に及んでいます。労働者が減り年金生活者が増える中、年金や医療費は膨張する一方、税収は減少しています。若者が大都市に流出し、小さな街には主に高齢者が取り残されています。高齢者の孤独や孤立が深刻な問題となっています。介護施設は逼迫しています。 政府は退職年齢を70歳に引き上げ、外国人労働者の受け入れを拡大するなどの施策を実施してきました。しかし、批判する専門家は、より踏み込んだ改革が必要だと言います。移民政策の改正、出生率向上のための男女平等とワークライフバランスの推進、再教育プログラムの拡充、高齢者ケアの資源増加、技術を活用した高齢者の自立生活の支援などが提案されています。政治の意思と革新さえあれば、日本は人口動態の課題を克服できるでしょう。しかし、高齢化危機には緊急の対応が必要です。日本の経済活力と社会の結束を確保するには、早急の行動が求められています。 | |||||||||||||||
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26 | 6: Dialogue | A hypothetical exchange between a reporter and an expert in this field. | ||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — Dr. Sato, over 14% of Japan's population is now 80 or older. Why is the country aging so rapidly? 🟩 — Mainly declining birth rates paired with rising life expectancies. This shrinks the workforce and strains pensions and healthcare. 🟥 — What impacts could this have on Japanese society? 🟩 — We may see more isolated seniors, disappearing rural towns, and intergenerational tensions emerging. 🟥 — Can you elaborate on the economic repercussions? 🟩 — Fewer workers supporting more retirees puts pressure on budgets and reduces productivity, spending, growth. 🟥 — What solutions would you suggest? 🟩 — Increase immigration, automate jobs, raise retirement age. Also further gender equality and work-life balance. 🟥 — Won't increased immigration be controversial? 🟩 — Yes, but inevitable. We need open discussion and empathetic immigration policies. 🟥 — What other actions are critical? 🟩 — Expanding aged care facilities, subsidizing family caregivers, leveraging technology for independent living. 🟥 — How can everyday citizens help address this issue? 🟩 — Volunteer for senior services, assist neighbors, support aging-friendly policies, bridge generational divides. 🟥 — Any final thoughts to summarize the situation? 🟩 — This crisis requires urgent action through shared sacrifice. But with compassion and innovation, Japan will adapt. | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
31 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
32 | Japan is facing a demographic crisis as its population rapidly ages. According to government data 1✶ on Tuesday, September 19, 2023, over 14% of Japan's population is now aged 80 or older, 2✶ the first time the ratio has hit double digits. The data highlights the challenges Japan faces with its aging and shrinking population. With over 80,000 centenarians, Japan has the world's oldest population. The decline in births combined with 3✶ life expectancy has led to a shrinking workforce and strained government programs. Experts warn Japan must allow more immigration and automate jobs done by people to address the crisis. Otherwise, Japan faces 4✶ stagnation. The aging crisis 5✶ the economy and society. With fewer workers and more retirees, pensions and healthcare costs are 6✶ while tax revenue declines. Small towns are disappearing as young people flock to big cities, 7✶ mainly retirees behind. Loneliness and isolation are growing problems among the elderly. Care facilities are overburdened. The government has taken some steps such as raising the retirement age to 70 and allowing more foreign workers. But critics say bolder reforms are needed. Suggestions include revamping immigration policy, improving gender 8✶ and work-life balance to boost births, expanding 9✶ programs, increasing elderly care resources, and using technology to help the elderly live independently. With political will and innovation, Japan can overcome demographic challenges. But the aging crisis 10✶ urgent action to ensure the nation's 4✶ vitality and social cohesion. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | economic | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | equality | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | impacts | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | increased | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | leaving | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | marking | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | released | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | requires | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | retraining | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | soaring | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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61 | ©️ English Ladder 2024 | Creator: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #2 | Data-Driven Decisions | Topic Category: | Business | September 25, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | Data-driven decision making is becoming increasingly important for businesses and organizations of all sizes. As the amount of data available grows exponentially, leveraging that data to make informed decisions can lead to greater efficiency, innovation, and success. However, transforming into a data-driven organization requires building a strong data culture and infrastructure. First, data-driven organizations invest in high-quality data collection from both internal operations and external sources. This requires identifying key data needs across departments, setting up processes for ongoing data gathering, and integrating different data streams into centralized repositories. Clean, accurate, and complete data is essential for uncovering meaningful insights. Second, they develop advanced analytics capabilities for extracting value from data. This includes hiring data scientists and business analysts to apply techniques like predictive modeling, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization tools. Their goal is to turn raw data into actionable intelligence that can guide strategic business choices. Investing in analytics talent and technologies is key. Finally, data-driven organizations foster a culture that encourages data-based decision making at all levels. Leaders must communicate the importance of data insights for innovation and establish clear protocols for using data analytics in decision workflows. Employees need access to data and training on interpreting and applying findings. With the right cultural mindset and behaviors, data can drive nearly every important business decision. The benefits of becoming a data-driven organization are immense. By leveraging data to inform critical decisions, companies can pursue growth opportunities, address inefficiencies, tailor products and services, and outperform competitors. However, it requires committed leadership, strategic investments, and cultural change across the enterprise. Those willing to undertake the journey will be poised to thrive in the data-rich future. | https://www.altamira.ai/blog/data-driven-decision-making/ https://www.binfire.com/blog/why-data-driven-decision-making-is-so-important/ https://asana.com/resources/data-driven-decision-making https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/data-driven-decision-making | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | Using data to make decisions is becoming very important for all kinds of businesses and organizations. As more and more data becomes available, using that data to make smart choices can improve efficiency, spark innovation, and drive success. However, becoming a business that relies on data requires building a strong data culture and systems. First, data-driven companies invest in collecting high-quality data from their own operations and outside sources. This means identifying the most important data needs across departments, setting up ongoing data collection, and bringing different data together into centralized storage. Clean, accurate, complete data is essential for finding meaningful patterns and insights. Second, they develop advanced analytics skills for getting value from the data. This includes hiring data scientists and business analysts to apply techniques like predictive modeling, machine learning algorithms, and data visualization tools. Their goal is to turn raw data into actionable intelligence to guide key business decisions. Investing in analytics talent and technologies is key. Third, data-driven organizations encourage using data insights for decision making at all levels. Leaders communicate the importance of data for innovation and set clear rules for using analytics in decision workflows. Employees need access to data and training on interpreting and applying findings. With the right mindset and behaviors, data can drive nearly every important business choice. The benefits of becoming a data-driven business are immense. By leveraging data to guide important choices, companies can pursue growth opportunities, fix inefficiencies, tailor products and services, and outperform competitors. However, it requires committed leadership, strategic investments, and cultural change across the company. Those willing to take this journey will be ready to thrive in a data-rich future. | 1) How can leveraging data analytics help drive better business decisions? 2) What types of data should companies focus on collecting and analyzing? 3) What cultural changes are required for an organization to become data-driven? 4) What are some key steps involved in developing data-driven decision making capabilities? 5) What are some benefits companies can gain by adopting a data-driven approach? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | Leveraging data analytics to empower data-driven decision making is becoming critically important for enterprises across industries. As unprecedented amounts of data become available, harnessing analytics to convert raw data into actionable business intelligence represents a key opportunity for organizations to drive greater efficiency, innovation, and success. However, developing a sophisticated data-driven culture necessitates strategic investments in data infrastructure and talent. First, leading data-driven organizations invest heavily in aggregating high-quality data from both internal systems and external sources, applying meticulous data governance protocols. This requires conducting an enterprise data audit, rationalizing data flows into authoritative systems of record, and building centralized data warehouses or lakes. Robust data pipelines ensure analytical assets remain fresh, accurate, and complete. Second, they cultivate advanced analytics capabilities, hiring specialized data scientists to develop predictive models, algorithms and other techniques like multivariate testing to uncover relationships and patterns within data. Supported by data visualization tools, these capabilities turn diffuse data points into contextual insights that directly inform strategic planning and decision-making. Finally, data-driven organizations foster a culture of data literacy and evangelism. Leadership communicates the competitive necessity of data-informed decision making, while implementing training protocols and platforms to make analytical insights accessible. This democratization empowers employees to leverage data within their domains, aligned to overarching analytics strategy. Becoming a data-matured organization requires time and coordinated efforts across management, analytics teams and employees. Yet those willing to undertake this digital transformation stand to gain immense advantages: data provides the intelligence to identify emerging opportunities, optimize operations, accelerate innovation, and ultimately compete at higher levels. In the 21st century, leveraging data is an imperative. | 1) In your opinion, what are some challenges companies face in trying to adopt data-driven decision making? 2) How might becoming data-driven change the culture and workflows within an organization? 3) What skills are needed on analytics teams to generate actionable insights from data? 4) How can companies ensure ethics and privacy are maintained as data utilization increases? 5) What advice would you give to a CEO looking to make their company more data-driven? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | Using data to make decisions is becoming extremely important for all kinds of businesses. As data becomes more readily available, tapping into analytics is a golden opportunity for organizations to up their game, boost efficiency, spark innovation, and find success. However, developing a data-driven culture takes strategically investing in data systems and talent. First and foremost, leading data-driven companies pour resources into gathering high-quality data from internal operations and outside sources, with meticulous data governance. This entails doing a data audit, streamlining data flows into central systems of record, and building data warehouses. Having robust pipelines ensures analytical assets are fresh, accurate, and complete. Secondly, they cultivate advanced analytics capabilities, hiring data science wizards to develop predictive models, algorithms and other techniques to connect the dots within data. Supported by data visualization tools, these capabilities turn diffuse data points into contextual insights that directly feed into strategic planning and decision-making. Last but not least, data-driven organizations foster a culture of data fluency and evangelism. Leadership communicates the make-or-break necessity of data-driven decisions, while rolling out training and platforms to make analytical insights accessible. This democratization empowers employees to leverage data, aligned to overarching analytics strategy. Becoming data-matured takes time and coordinated effort across management, analytics teams and staff. Yet those willing to take the plunge stand to gain immense advantages. Data provides the intelligence to spot emerging opportunities, optimize operations, fast track innovation, and ultimately compete at higher levels. In the 21st century, leveraging data is imperative. | Here is a list of idioms and brief definitions from the idiomatic version: 1. Up their game - Improve performance or abilities 2. Boost efficiency - Increase productivity or effectiveness 3. Spark innovation - Stimulate creativity or new ideas 4. Find success - Achieve goals or desired outcomes 5. Tap into - Take advantage of or utilize 6. Golden opportunity - A very favorable situation or prospect 7. Pour resources into - Devote significant money, time, or effort into 8. Connect the dots - Discover relationships between different pieces of information 9. Feed into - Provide input or data to 10. Make-or-break - Having a decisive or crucial impact on success or failure 11. Roll out - Introduce or implement 12. Take the plunge - Decide to take a risk and do something 13. Spot - Identify or notice 14. Fast track - Accelerate or speed up 15. Compete at higher levels - Strive to improve performance and achievements | ||||||||||||||
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24 | データドリブンな意思決定が、あらゆる規模の企業や組織にとってますます重要になっていることは明らかです。利用可能なデータ量が指数関数的に増える中、そのデータを活用して意思決定を行うことは、効率性、革新性、成功の向上につながります。ただし、データ主導の組織に変革するには、強固なデータ文化とインフラストラクチャーの構築が必要不可欠です。 第一に、データドリブンな企業は、内部の業務や外部ソースの両方から高品質なデータ収集に投資しています。これには、部門横断での主要なデータニーズの特定、継続的なデータ収集プロセスの確立、異なるデータストリームの統合が含まれます。洗練された正確で完全なデータは、意味のあるインサイトを引き出す上で欠かせません。 第二に、データから価値を引き出すための高度なアナリティクス能力を開発しています。これには、予測モデリング、機械学習アルゴリズム、データ可視化ツールなどのテクニックを適用するデータサイエンティストとビジネスアナリストの採用が含まれます。目標は、生のデータを戦略的なビジネスの選択を導く実行可能なインテリジェンスに変換することです。アナリティクスの人材とテクノロジーへの投資が鍵となります。 最後に、データドリブンな企業は、あらゆるレベルでのデータに基づく意思決定を奨励する文化を醸成しています。リーダーはイノベーションにおけるデータインサイトの重要性を伝え、意思決定のワークフローでのアナリティクス適用の明確なプロトコルを確立する必要があります。従業員はデータへのアクセスと結果の解釈と適用のトレーニングが必要です。適切な文化的マインドセットと行動があれば、データはほぼ全ての重要なビジネス意思決定を牽引できます。 データ主導の組織になるメリットは計り知れません。データを活用して重要な意思決定を行うことで、企業は成長機会を追求し、非効率を解消し、製品やサービスをカスタマイズし、競合他社に打ち勝つことができます。しかし、それには首脳陣のコミットメント、戦略的投資、企業全体での文化変革が必要です。この旅に踏み出す用意のある企業が、データ溢れる未来で成功することができるのです。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | Here is a hypothetical dialogue between a reporter and expert on data-driven decision making: 🟥 — How important is it for companies today to adopt data-driven decision making? 🟩 — It’s absolutely critical. With data proliferating exponentially, leveraging analytics and insights to guide strategy and operations is now a competitive necessity across industries. Companies that fail to develop data-driven cultures will quickly fall behind. 🟥 — What are some of the biggest obstacles organizations face in becoming more data-driven? 🟩 — Lack of high-quality, integrated data infrastructure is a major barrier. Many companies also struggle to build analytics talent and change engrained decision-making cultures. Executive commitment and substantial investments are needed to transform. 🟥 — What types of data should companies focus on collecting and analyzing? 🟩 — They need high-quality data from both internal sources like operations, sales, finance and external sources like customer behavior, market trends, competitive intelligence. A mix of quantitative and qualitative data is ideal to get the full picture. 🟥 — How can data analytics specifically help drive better business decisions? 🟩 — Advanced analytics like predictive modeling and machine learning uncover hidden insights that can identify growth opportunities, optimize operations and resource allocation, lower risks and costs, and provide competitive advantage. 🟥 — What cultural changes are required to become data-driven? 🟩 — Leadership must evangelize data-based decision making. Employees at all levels need access to data, training in data literacy, and clear protocols for applying insights. A pervasive culture of leveraging data emerges over time. 🟥 — How can data help drive innovation and new product development? 🟩 — Analyzing customer usage data, feedback and market trends can reveal unmet needs to inspire new products. A/B testing features helps perfect offerings. Data fuels continuous improvement and experimentation. 🟥 — What types of employees do data-focused companies need? 🟩 — They need data engineers to build infrastructure, data analysts to organize and mine data, data scientists to develop models, and business translators to drive adoption. Multidisciplinary collaboration is key. 🟥 — What risks come with relying too much on data insights? 🟩 — Data must augment rather than replace human judgment and experience. And biased or incomplete data can lead analysis astray. Companies must look at the big picture. 🟥 — How can managers encourage data-based thinking in their teams? 🟩 — By communicating its importance, giving access to relevant data, promoting data literacy, and incorporating data-driven protocols into workflows. Leading by data-driven example is powerful. 🟥 — Will increased use of data analytics reduce the need for human employees? 🟩 — No, humans are still essential for strategic thinking and nuanced judgment. The ideal approach is humans and AI working together, with technology amplifying human capabilities. 🟥 — What ethical concerns arise with gathering and using more customer data? 🟩 — Transparency, privacy protections and consent are critical. Data must be anonymized and encrypted. Companies should follow industry data ethics standards. 🟥 — How can smaller companies with limited resources also become more data-driven? 🟩 — Start step-by-step. Prioritize building clean datasets in your most important business areas first. Use cost-effective cloud analytics tools. Then expand over time. 🟥 — Are there any industries that can’t really adopt a data-driven approach? 🟩 — Even traditionally low-data industries like hospitality and construction can benefit from analytics around operations, customers, market conditions and more. But adoption rates will vary. 🟥 — What’s the future outlook for data-driven decision making? 🟩 — Virtually every important business decision will leverage data insights going forward. Companies need the talent, leadership buy-in, and strategic vision now to remain competitive. 🟥 — That’s all very insightful, thank you for sharing your expertise! | |||||||||||||||
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32 | Data-driven decision making is becoming 1✶ important for businesses and organizations of all sizes. As the amount of data available grows exponentially, leveraging that data to make 2✶ decisions can lead to greater efficiency, 3✶, and success. However, transforming into a data-driven organization requires building a strong data culture and infrastructure. First, data-driven organizations invest in high-quality data collection from both 4✶ operations and external sources. This requires identifying key data needs across departments, setting up processes for ongoing data gathering, and integrating different data streams into centralized repositories. Clean, accurate, and complete data is essential for uncovering meaningful insights. Second, they develop advanced 5✶ capabilities for extracting value from data. This includes hiring data scientists and business analysts to apply techniques like predictive modeling, machine learning 6✶, and data visualization tools. Their goal is to turn raw data into actionable intelligence that can guide strategic business choices. Investing in 5✶ talent and technologies is key. Finally, data-driven organizations foster a culture that encourages 7✶ decision making at all levels. Leaders must communicate the importance of data insights for 3✶ and establish clear protocols for using data 5✶ in decision workflows. Employees need access to data and training on interpreting and applying findings. With the right cultural mindset and 8✶, data can drive nearly every important business decision. The benefits of becoming a data-driven organization are immense. By leveraging data to inform 9✶ decisions, companies can pursue growth opportunities, address inefficiencies, tailor products and services, and outperform competitors. However, it requires 10✶ leadership, strategic investments, and cultural change across the enterprise. Those willing to undertake the journey will be poised to thrive in the data-rich future. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | algorithms | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | analytics | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
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39 | increasingly | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #3 | Massive Monitors | Topic Category: | Technology | September 26, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | The trend of increasingly large TV screens shows no signs of stopping. Experts predict TVs will continue growing in size, with top-end models surpassing 100 inches within a few years. There are several reasons behind the growth in TV dimensions. Firstly, improving technology enables manufacturers to produce ever-larger screens. New production techniques for materials like glass allow screens to be made thinner, lighter and more reliably at scale. At the same time, 8K resolution and beyond demand larger screen sizes to appreciate extra detail. Secondly, consumer demand fuels growth. With flagship TVs promoted as centerpieces of living rooms, buyers increasingly seek to "maximize the cinematic effect" with larger screens. Declining prices also enable more households to afford 75-inch-plus displays. Moreover, experiences like sports viewing are enhanced on bigger screens. Thirdly, the shift to streaming has accelerated scale. Freed from physical media limitations, streaming services are pushing the boundaries on picture quality, requiring larger screens to appreciate. Production budgets for original streaming shows now rival theatrical films, bringing cinematic quality home. While screens look set to steadily expand, practical limits exist. Ultra-large TVs remain niche purchases, while space constraints in real living rooms cannot be ignored. But with 8K and MicroLED pushing boundaries, exotic concept screens over 100 inches signal where high-end home entertainment is headed. | https://www.cnet.com/tech/home-entertainment/tvs-keep-getting-bigger-heres-why-you-might-want-an-85-inch-tv-anyway/ https://www.businessinsider.com/why-tv-screens-are-getting-bigger-2022-1 https://www.tomsguide.com/news/samsung-previews-mind-boggling-110-inch-and-101-inch-microled-tvs https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnarcher/2022/01/04/8k-tvs-get-even-bigger-and-brighter-for-2022/ | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | TV screens keep getting bigger. Experts think TVs will keep growing in size. Top TVs may be over 100 inches wide in a few years. There are some reasons why TVs keep getting bigger. First, new technology lets makers build even bigger screens. New ways to make materials like glass let screens be thinner, lighter and easier to make big. Also, 8K resolution needs a bigger screen to see the extra details. Second, customers want big TVs. Big fancy TVs are sold as centerpieces for living rooms. More people want the "movie theater effect" with huge screens. Falling prices also let more people buy TVs 75 inches or bigger. Sports are also more fun to watch on massive screens. Third, streaming has pushed TV size. Streaming isn't limited by discs or broadcasts. So streaming keeps improving picture quality. That needs big screens to appreciate. Streaming shows now have movie-size budgets. So they look more cinematic at home. While TVs keep getting bigger, there are limits. Giant TVs are still rare purchases. Real living rooms can only fit so much. But with 8K and MicroLED technology, crazy concept screens over 100 inches show where high-end home entertainment is going. | 1) What are some of the main factors driving the trend toward larger TV screen sizes? 2) What resolution is expected to remain the mainstream standard in the near future, even as 8K slowly gains adoption? 3) What practical factors may limit just how large consumer TV screens can get for home use? 4) What types of specialized viewing environments and use cases are ultra-large TV screens best suited for? 5) Do experts think larger TV screens are a net benefit for consumers, despite potential drawbacks like higher prices? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | The continuous increase in television screen dimensions exhibits no indications of abating. Experts predict TVs will persist in scaling up in size, with high-end models surpassing 100 inches diagonally within a handful of years. Several factors underpin the growth trajectory for TV display areas. In the first instance, technological advancements empower manufacturers to fabricate ever-larger screens. Novel production techniques for materials including glass enable thinner, lighter panels to be manufactured reliably at scale. Concurrently, 8K resolution and beyond mandate expanded screen real estate to appreciate the additional detail. Secondly, consumer demand fuels the proliferation of outsized displays. With flagship televisions marketed as statement centerpieces for living spaces, purchasers increasingly seek to "maximize the cinematic effect" with substantial screens. Declining prices also permit these colossal displays to permeate more households. Moreover, pastimes like spectating sports are enhanced on larger canvases. Thirdly, the shift to streaming content has accelerated the scale. Unconstrained by physical media, streaming services constantly refine visual fidelity, necessitating more expansive screens to appreciate. Budgets for streaming originals now rival theatrical films, transplanting cinematic quality into homes. While screens look set to steadily expand, practical constraints exist. Massive televisions remain a niche market, while living room dimensions cannot be ignored. However, with 8K and MicroLED advancing possibilities, conceptual screens exceeding 100 inches signal the trajectory for high-end home entertainment. | 1) Do you think manufacturers are driving demand for larger screens more than consumers? Why or why not? 2) What changes would have to happen in your living room to accommodate a 75-inch or larger TV screen? 3) How might advancements like 8K resolution or MicroLED impact the push towards larger screens? 4) What innovative display technologies could potentially disrupt the trend of ever-larger TVs in the future? 5) Do you think there should be any limits imposed on just how large manufacturers can make screens for home use? Why or why not? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | TV screens are getting bigger and bigger with no signs of slowing down. Experts think TV sizes will keep ballooning, with high-roller models blowing past 100 inches before too long. There are a few reasons TVs keep getting more ginormous. First up, new tech lets makers cook up even more colossal screens. New ways to whip up materials like glass let screens be thinner, lighter and pumped out easier in XXL sizes. Also, 8K resolution needs a bigger screen to appreciate all those extra beans. Next, customers are hungry for monster TVs. Fancy big-screen TVs are sold as centerpiece eye candy for living rooms. More folks want that "movie theater wow factor" with a whoppin' screen. Falling prices also let more peeps scoop up TVs 75+ inches wide. Sports are more fun to watch if they're bigger than life. Third, streaming has put pedal to the metal on size. Not tied down by discs or broadcasts, streaming keeps amping up picture quality. That needs some serious screen real estate to enjoy. Streaming shows now have Hollywood-sized budgets. So they look more like blockbusters at home. While screens look set to keep scaling up, there are limits. Mega TVs are still rare birds, and real living rooms can only hold so much. But with 8K and MicroLED pushing boundaries, crazy concept screens over 100 inches show where high-roller home entertainment is headed. | Here is a numbered list of idioms and brief definitions from the previous summary: 1. ballooning - growing rapidly 2. ginormous - extremely large 3. first up - first 4. cook up - create 5. colossal - huge 6. whip up - make quickly 7. pumped out - produced in large quantities 8. extra beans - extra details/information 9. hungry for - eager for; desiring 10. monster - very large 11. eye candy - visually appealing 12. wow factor - ability to impress 13. whoppin' - very large 14. peeps - people 15. scoop up - buy 16. put pedal to the metal - go faster 17. amping up - increasing 18. screen real estate - size of the screen 19. enjoy - appreciate; benefit from 20. Hollywood-sized - very large 21. blockbusters - very successful movies 22. scaling up - increasing in size 23. limits - restrictions 24. mega - huge 25. rare birds - unusual things 26. hold - contain 27. pushing boundaries - extending the limits 28. crazy - extreme; excessive 29. high-roller - luxurious and expensive | ||||||||||||||
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23 | 5: Japanese Version | |||||||||||||||
24 | 大画面テレビのトレンドは止まる気配がありません。専門家によると、テレビのサイズは今後も拡大の一途をたどり、高級機種ではここ数年のうちに100インチを超えることになると予想されています。テレビの画面サイズが拡大している理由はいくつかあります。 第一に、技術の進歩により、メーカー各社はより大型の画面を作り出すことができるようになりました。ガラスなどの材料製造技術が進歩し、大量生産できる薄型、軽量な画面の実現が可能に。また、8K解像度以上の描画には、細部まで表現するために大画面が必要となります。 第二に、消費者の需要が大型化を後押ししています。フラッグシップテレビはリビングの中心として宣伝されるため、消費者はより「映画館のような迫力」を求め大画面を選ぶケースが増えています。値段も下がったことで、75インチ以上の大画面テレビを購入できる家庭が増えています。スポーツ観戦なども、大画面の方が楽しめます。 第三に、ストリーミングへの移行が大型化に拍車をかけました。物理メディアに制限されないストリーミングでは、画質の限界に挑戦し続けているため、それを体感するには大画面が必須です。ストリーミングオリジナルコンテンツの製作費も映画並みに膨らんでおり、家庭でも映画館級の迫力を味わえるようになってきました。 画面の拡大基調は止まらないものの、現実的な制限もあります。超大型テレビはまだニッチな存在で、リビングルームのスペース制約も無視できません。しかし、8KやマイクロLEDなど新技術により、100インチを超えるコンセプト製品は、高級テレビの行く末を示唆しています。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What are the main factors driving the increase in TV screen sizes? 🟩 — There are a few key factors behind the growth in TV screen dimensions. First is improvements in manufacturing techniques and materials that allow bigger screens to be produced more efficiently and affordably. Second is growing consumer demand for more immersive viewing experiences at home. And third is the shift to higher resolutions like 4K and 8K that benefit from larger screens to appreciate the additional detail. 🟥 — How big do you expect high-end consumer TV screens to get in the next 5 years? 🟩 — I expect top-tier consumer TVs to commonly exceed 85 inches and start pushing past 100 inches diagonally within the next 5 years. Screens in the 98 to 110 inch range will likely become the new aspirational benchmark at the high end. 🟥 — Do you think there is a practical limit to how large TVs can get for home use? 🟩 — There are certainly practical constraints that will limit consumer TV sizes from growing infinitely. Factors like room size, seating distance, price, and weight will impose natural upper bounds for most home settings. But there is still headroom for growth, especially as technologies like MicroLED enable thinner, lighter displays. 🟥 — What kind of prices can consumers expect for these ultra-large screen TVs? 🟩 — Currently TVs in the 85 to 100+ inch range cost several thousand dollars at a minimum, with some luxury models reaching into the tens of thousands. As production scales up, prices will come down over time, but these largest screen sizes will remain premium, high-end products due to material and manufacturing costs. 🟥 — Do you think 8K resolution will become mainstream soon and necessitate even larger screens? 🟩 — 8K will slowly gain traction over the next 5-10 years, but mainstream adoption is further out. The extra resolution does benefit from larger display sizes, so 8K rollout will help nudge screen dimensions upward. But 4K will remain the mainstream standard for the near future. 🟥 — What are the key innovations or technologies driving these ultra-large screens? 🟩 — Key enablers include improved manufacturing techniques for large yet thin glass sheets, high yield rates for semiconductors to control millions of pixels, advanced LED backlights and displays, as well as innovations like MicroLED allowing for modular, customizable designs. 🟥 — How much of this growth is being driven by consumer demand versus manufacturers pushing the market? 🟩 — It's a blend of both factors. Consumers increasingly expect more cinematic, immersive experiences at home, and manufacturers are responding by providing those larger screens. But companies are also actively marketing bigger screens and positioning them as aspirational purchases. 🟥 — Do you expect these extremely large screens to remain niche, or reach mass market adoption? 🟩 — Larger screens will gradually penetrate the mainstream, but the most extreme sizes will remain niche. The market will likely segment into tiers based on size and price - mainstream, premium/luxury, and ultra-large specialty displays. But large screens over 85 inches will gain wider appeal. 🟥 — What are the key use cases or situations where ultra-large TV screens provide the most benefit? 🟩 — Situations where the scale and immersion of the big screen are best leveraged include home theaters, dedicated entertainment rooms, gaming setups, and sports viewing. Large communal and public viewing settings also benefit. But casual viewing may be better suited to moderately sized screens. 🟥 — Are there any technological downsides or shortcomings of these ultra-large displays? 🟩 — Challenges can include difficulty achieving uniform image quality across the larger screen area, greater power consumption, and increased heat generation requiring more ventilation. Bandwidth demands for 8K content delivery will also be challenging. But manufacturers continue to mitigate these downsides over time. 🟥 — Overall, do you think this trend towards ever-larger TV screens benefits consumers, or causes any harms? 🟩 — Overall I think it's a net positive, as it gives consumers more choice, enables more immersive experiences, and pushes innovation. There are some potential drawbacks like increased cost and energy use. But responsible manufacturing and improved efficiency can minimize harms, while the expanded options empower consumers. 🟥 — What might cause this growth trend in screen size to plateau or reverse direction in the future? 🟩 — Factors like major leaps in 3D/holographic display technology, AR/VR going mainstream, or a shift towards more communal viewing on shared screens could potentially disrupt the ever-larger TV screen trend. But in the short term, growth is likely to continue absent a major disruption. 🟥 — Do you foresee any significant improvements or changes to display technologies beyond resolution and size? 🟩 — Some key areas beyond resolution and size include brightness/contrast for HDR, wider color gamuts for more vibrant images, faster refresh rates for smoother motion, and thinner/flexible form factors. Quantum dot, OLED, MicroLED and other technologies will continue advancing. Improved backlighting, audio, smart connectivity and even 3D depth are other enhancements we may see. 🟥 — What do you think the living room viewing experience will look like in 10 years? How different will it be from today? 🟩 — In 10 years, the living room experience will likely be defined by highly cinematic, immersive displays over 100 inches driven by microLED or similar tech. Streaming content will predominate, with seamless device integration and voice/gesture control. Modular and flexible displays that can expand or reshape based on viewing needs may emerge. AR integration could also overlay information and visuals. But straightforward, high quality big screen viewing will remain core. 🟥 — Thank you for the insightful discussion on the future of TV technology and the factors influencing the supersizing trend! 🟩 — You're very welcome, I'm glad I could share my thoughts and perspectives on where home entertainment displays are headed, and what's driving the push to ever larger screen sizes and more immersive viewing experiences. | |||||||||||||||
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32 | The trend of increasingly large TV screens shows no signs of stopping. Experts predict TVs will continue growing in size, with top-end models surpassing 100 inches within a few years. There are several reasons behind the growth in TV 1✶. Firstly, improving technology enables manufacturers to produce ever-larger screens. New production 2✶ for materials like glass allow screens to be made thinner, lighter and more reliably at scale. At the same time, 8K 3✶ and beyond demand larger screen sizes to appreciate extra detail. Secondly, consumer demand fuels growth. With flagship TVs promoted as centerpieces of living rooms, buyers increasingly seek to "maximize the 4✶ effect" with larger screens. Declining prices also enable more households to afford 75-inch-plus displays. Moreover, experiences like sports viewing are enhanced on bigger screens. Thirdly, the shift to 5✶ has accelerated scale. Freed from physical media limitations, 5✶ services are pushing the 6✶ on picture quality, requiring larger screens to appreciate. Production 7✶ for original 5✶ shows now rival theatrical films, bringing 4✶ quality home. While screens look set to steadily expand, 8✶ limits exist. Ultra-large TVs remain niche purchases, while space 9✶ in real living rooms cannot be ignored. But with 8K and MicroLED pushing 6✶, exotic concept screens over 100 inches signal where 10✶ home entertainment is headed. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | boundaries | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | budgets | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | cinematic | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | constraints | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | dimensions | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | high-end | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | practical | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | resolution | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | streaming | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | techniques | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #4 | CRISPR Advances | Topic Category: | Medicine | September 27, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized gene editing over the past decade, providing researchers with a precise and efficient tool to modify DNA sequences. The system originated as a bacterial immune defense, using RNA guides to target specific viral DNA sequences for destruction by the Cas9 enzyme. When repurposed for gene editing, the RNA guides can be programmed to target any sequence, allowing Cas9 to cut DNA at precise locations. Researchers then harness the cell's DNA repair mechanisms to make desired changes at the target site. Early CRISPR editing relied on breaking both strands of the DNA double helix, which often led to uncontrolled mutations. Improved CRISPR systems have now been developed that only nick a single DNA strand, enabling more precise edits. Specially engineered Cas9 enzymes can also regulate gene expression without cutting DNA. As well as modifying DNA, CRISPR can also target RNA to control gene function. CRISPR has accelerated the study of gene function and disease mechanisms. It is enabling new genetic treatments, from correcting mutations that cause diseases to altering mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission. CRISPR crops with improved yield, drought resistance and nutritional value are being developed to enhance food security. Gene drives that spread traits through wild populations are being researched for ecological goals. However, many ethical concerns remain regarding human germline editing and the creation of gene-edited babies. More research is still needed to improve CRISPR safety and reduce off-target effects. The technology also faces regulatory policy challenges as applications advance from research to the clinic and market. But with its power, precision, simplicity and affordability, CRISPR is set to continue revolutionizing genetic engineering and biological research. | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02061-7 https://www.science.org/content/article/crispr-revolution-continues-fast-and-furious https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/crispr-gene-editing-explained-36675 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221213110857.htm | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | CRISPR-Cas9 is a new tool that scientists use to edit genes. It lets them change the DNA code in cells. They can delete bad genes or add good genes. Cells use DNA like a recipe book for making proteins. CRISPR lets scientists rewrite the recipes. First they make a guide from RNA. The guide brings the Cas9 enzyme to the right gene in the cell. Cas9 cuts the DNA at that spot. Then the cell tries to fix the cut. Scientists can get the cell to change the DNA code while it fixes the cut. Before CRISPR, editing DNA was hard and slow. Now it's faster and easier. CRISPR has helped scientists study what genes do. They can make cells with new genes to try to cure diseases. They can give plants genes to grow better crops. They can change mosquito genes to stop malaria. But CRISPR can have risks too. It might make mistakes and change the wrong genes. Some people worry it could be used to make designer babies. There are rules to limit changes to human cells that can spread to future generations. CRISPR is a powerful tool. It's changing genetic science and engineering. Scientists keep improving CRISPR to make it safer and more precise. It helps them understand life's code. But they have to use it carefully and responsibly. CRISPR allows amazing new things, but could be misused. With wise choices, it can help people and the planet. | 1) What does CRISPR stand for? (The answer is found in the dialogue.) 2) What enzyme does CRISPR use to cut DNA? 3) How has CRISPR accelerated genetic research? 4) What are some ethical concerns with CRISPR? 5) Why does CRISPR still require more refinement? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | The CRISPR-Cas9 system has become a transformative gene editing technology over the past decade. CRISPR relies on an RNA guide molecule that can target the Cas9 enzyme to precise locations within the genome. Cas9 induces a double-stranded break in the DNA at the target site. The cell's endogenous DNA repair mechanisms can then be leveraged to modify the genetic sequence through non-homologous end joining or homology directed repair. Early CRISPR editing utilized a dual-strand breaking approach that often resulted in indel mutations. However, single-strand nickase Cas9 enzymes have now been engineered to enable more precise base editing. Modified deactivated Cas9 systems can also regulate gene transcription without modifying the DNA sequence. Beyond DNA, CRISPR techniques have also been adapted to target and edit RNA transcripts. CRISPR has accelerated genetic research by facilitating rapid modification of DNA sequences. It is enabling new genetic therapies, from correcting monogenic disease mutations to altering disease vector organisms. CRISPR is also being applied in agriculture to create molecularly engineered crops. However, ethical concerns remain regarding human germline editing and the potential to impact future generations. While CRISPR has demonstrated immense promise, technical limitations persist. Off-target effects and unintended mutations remain a concern. Further refinement of the technology and delivery methods is required to improve safety and specificity. Nonetheless, CRISPR has proven to be a versatile and cost-effective method for performing targeted genetic alterations. | 1) Should CRISPR be used to enhance human traits beyond just treating diseases? 2) How might CRISPR affect the future of agriculture and food production? 3) Could CRISPR potentially lead to new issues of inequality if only available to the wealthy? 4) What kinds of regulations are needed to ensure CRISPR is used responsibly? 5) How might CRISPR change the course of human evolution if heritable edits become common? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | CRISPR-Cas9 has turned out to be a real game changer for gene editing. It's given scientists a nifty new tool to tinker with DNA. They can use it to cut out bad genes or plug in good ones lickety-split. DNA is kind of like a cookbook full of recipes that cells use to whip up proteins. CRISPR lets scientists rewrite those recipes to their liking. They make a guide out of RNA that takes the Cas9 scissors right to the spot in the DNA they want to fix. Cas9 snips the double helix at that location. Then the cell rushes in to patch up the cut. While it’s gluing things back together, scientists can get the cell to tweak the genetic code. Before CRISPR came on the scene, editing DNA was a real bear. Now it's a walk in the park for scientists. CRISPR has been a big help understanding what different genes actually do. Researchers are using it to cook up new gene therapies that could cure some nasty diseases. They’re also working on CRISPR crops that grow better and CRISPR mosquitoes to squelch malaria. But it ain't all sunshine and roses. CRISPR can sometimes botch the job and alter the wrong genes accidentally. Some folks are worried it could be used irresponsibly to create designer babies. There are rules to stop changes to human cells from being passed down the family tree. CRISPR is one powerful tool. It's changing the genetics game for good. Scientists are ironing out the kinks to make CRISPR safer and more on-target. It's helping unlock the secrets of life's code. But it needs to be used wisely and judiciously. CRISPR can do amazing things, but could cause a real mess if used willy-nilly. With smart choices, it can truly help people and our planet. | Here is a numbered list of idioms and brief definitions from the previous summary: 1. Game changer - Something that significantly alters how something is done or perceived. 2. Nifty - Useful, well-designed, and convenient. 3. Lickety-split - Very quickly, rapidly. 4. Tinker with - Experiment with, make adjustments to. 5. Whip up - Create or prepare something quickly. 6. Snips - Cuts, slices. 7. Double helix - The spiral shape of DNA molecules. 8. Bear - Difficult, time-consuming task. 9. Walk in the park - Very easy. 10. Cook up - Create, invent. 11. Nasty - Unpleasant, difficult. 12. Squelch - Suppress, restrain. 13. Sunshine and roses - Perfect, without problems. 14. Botch - Bungle, spoil through clumsiness. 15. Passed down the family tree - Inherited by descendants. 16. Ironing out the kinks - Working out problems. 17. On-target - Accurate, correctly aimed. 18. For good - Permanently. 19. Judiciously - Sensibly, prudently. 20. Willy-nilly - Haphazardly, randomly. | ||||||||||||||
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23 | 5: Japanese Version | |||||||||||||||
24 | ここ数年、CRISPR-Cas9は遺伝子編集技術を一変させる重要な技術となりました。CRISPRは、Cas9エンザイムをゲノム中の特定の位置に誘導するRNAガイド分子を利用します。Cas9は、標的部位で2本鎖のDNA切断を誘起します。その後、細胞内在性のDNA修復メカニズムが非相同末端結合や相同性指向修復を介して遺伝子配列を改変できます。 初期のCRISPR編集は、2本鎖切断に依存していましたが、1本鎖のDNAニックを誘導するCas9変異体が開発され、より正確な塩基編集が可能になりました。不活性化したCas9システムでは、DNA配列の改変なしに遺伝子発現を調節できます。DNAに加え、CRISPR技術はRNA転写産物の標的化と編集にも応用されています。 CRISPRは遺伝子研究を加速させ、迅速なDNA配列改変を容易にしました。新しい遺伝子治療の開発にもつながっています。しかし、ヒト生殖系統編集に関する倫理的な懸念も残されています。 CRISPRは高い可能性を秘めていますが、技術的な限界もあります。オフターゲット効果や意図しない突然変異のリスクが残っています。より安全性と特異性を高めるため、技術と送達法の改良が必要です。しかし、CRISPRは遺伝子工学分野を一変させた強力で使いやすいツールといえます。 | |||||||||||||||
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26 | 6: Dialogue | A hypothetical exchange between a reporter and an expert in this field. | ||||||||||||||
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28 | Here is the dialogue with one line break after each question and response: 🟥 — What is CRISPR and how does it work? 🟩 — CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. It is a gene editing technology that uses an enzyme called Cas9 to cut specific locations in DNA so that genes can be modified or deleted. A guide RNA molecule directs the Cas9 enzyme to the precise spot in the genome where you want to edit. 🟥 — When was CRISPR first discovered? 🟩 — The basic mechanism was first described in bacteria in 1987, but its potential for gene editing was not realized until around 2012. 🟥 — How is CRISPR different from previous gene editing techniques? 🟩 — Older gene editing methods like zinc finger nucleases and TALENs were more cumbersome to engineer and use. CRISPR provides a much easier way to directly target and cut any sequence of DNA you want. 🟥 — What are some applications of CRISPR? 🟩 — CRISPR has many potential uses: correcting genetic diseases, engineering crops, altering mosquitoes to prevent disease, developing new cancer treatments, and more. It has become a widely used research tool to modify genes and study their effects. 🟥 — What are some concerns about CRISPR? 🟩 — Some concerns include off-target effects where Cas9 cuts the wrong sequence, as well as ethical issues like human germline editing. More research is still needed to improve its safety and specificity. 🟥 — Do you think CRISPR should be used for enhancing human traits? 🟩 — There are certainly major ethical concerns about using CRISPR for human enhancement beyond medical treatment. It may be premature to make permanent heritable changes to the human genome until we fully understand the risks. 🟥 — What companies are working on CRISPR products? 🟩 — Several biotech companies like Editas Medicine, CRISPR Therapeutics, Intellia Therapeutics and others are developing CRISPR-based treatments. Bayer and Corteva are working on CRISPR agriculture applications. 🟥 — When might we see CRISPR-based medicines? 🟩 — Clinical trials using CRISPR are underway, but it may still be several years before any CRISPR therapies are approved for widespread use. The first applications could be treating genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia. 🟥 — How expensive is CRISPR compared to other gene editing techniques? 🟩 — One of the advantages of CRISPR is that it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. The required components can be obtained for under $100 in many cases, which has helped democratize gene editing. 🟥 — Are there any ethical limits on CRISPR research? 🟩 — Yes, human germline editing is currently heavily restricted in most countries. Therapeutic uses require very careful review and regulation. The ethical implications are still being actively debated. 🟥 — What might be possible with CRISPR in the next 10 years? 🟩 — We'll likely see advancement in medical applications, development of gene drives and bioremediation, improved crops and livestock, and increased understanding of genetics through large scale genome editing studies. 🟥 — Do you think we should be worried about people misusing CRISPR? 🟩 — There are reasonable concerns about bioterror or unethical uses. But good regulations and safety controls combined with public awareness and ethics education will hopefully prevent misuse. 🟥 — What further innovations to CRISPR should we expect in the future? 🟩 — Scientists are working to improve the specificity, minimize off-target effects, develop alternative Cas enzymes, and enable new delivery mechanisms so CRISPR can target a wider array of cells and organisms. 🟥 — Will CRISPR replace other genetic engineering techniques? 🟩 — CRISPR is unlikely to completely replace other techniques like RNAi or gene drives. Each method has strengths and weaknesses, so they are often combined or used for different applications. But CRISPR is revolutionizing possibilities. 🟥 — Thank you for sharing your expertise on this transformative technology! 🟩 — You're welcome, I'm glad I could provide some insights into the capabilities and implications of CRISPR. It's an exciting time in genetic engineering. | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
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32 | CRISPR-Cas9 has revolutionized gene editing over the past decade, providing researchers with a 1✶ and efficient tool to modify DNA sequences. The system originated as a bacterial immune defense, using RNA guides to target specific viral DNA sequences for destruction by the Cas9 enzyme. When 2✶ for gene editing, the RNA guides can be programmed to target any sequence, allowing Cas9 to cut DNA at 1✶ locations. Researchers then harness the cell's DNA repair mechanisms to make desired changes at the target site. Early CRISPR editing relied on 3✶ both strands of the DNA double helix, which often led to uncontrolled mutations. Improved CRISPR systems have now been developed that only nick a single DNA strand, enabling more 1✶ edits. Specially engineered Cas9 enzymes can also 4✶ gene expression without cutting DNA. As well as modifying DNA, CRISPR can also target RNA to control gene function. CRISPR has 5✶ the study of gene function and disease mechanisms. It is enabling new genetic treatments, from correcting mutations that cause diseases to 6✶ mosquitoes to prevent malaria transmission. CRISPR crops with improved yield, drought resistance and nutritional value are being developed to 7✶ food security. Gene drives that spread traits through wild populations are being researched for ecological goals. However, many ethical concerns remain 8✶ human germline editing and the creation of gene-edited babies. More research is still needed to improve CRISPR safety and reduce off-target effects. The technology also faces 9✶ policy challenges as applications advance from research to the clinic and market. But with its power, precision, simplicity and 10✶, CRISPR is set to continue revolutionizing genetic engineering and biological research. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | accelerated | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | affordability | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | altering | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | breaking | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | enhance | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | precise | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | regarding | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | regulate | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | regulatory | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | repurposed | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #5 | $600 Billion for Africa | Topic Category: | Geopolitical | September 29, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | At the recent G7 summit, the world's leading democratic economies pledged over $600 billion in financial assistance to Africa over the next 5 years. This landmark commitment aims to counter China's growing economic and geopolitical influence on the continent. The G7 leaders announced plans to mobilize $600 billion for Africa by 2027 through existing development budgets and increased private sector partnerships. A key goal is providing an alternative model to China's Belt and Road Initiative, which has funneled billions into African infrastructure but often lacks transparency and sustainability standards. The G7 wants to promote good governance, human rights, and environmental protections with its aid. Specifically, the G7 initiative will leverage financing from institutions like the World Bank to expand renewable energy access, advance gender equality, and strengthen health systems across Africa. It also involves facilitating more private investment in infrastructure and development projects. However, critics argue the pledge lacks details and concrete goals. There are questions about what portion comprises real new money versus existing program budgets. African leaders have called for more direct debt relief, increased IMF emergency reserves, and greater vaccine access - issues the G7 plan does not address. While the pledge signals a renewed prioritization of African development, effective follow-through will determine if it translates into genuine economic progress and a democratic alternative to China's approach. Concrete projects tailored to individual African nations may be needed rather than one-size-fits-all aid. | https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221129-g7-countries-to-pledge-%24600-billion-in-financial-assistance-to-africa-over-five-years https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-11-24/g-7-to-pledge-600-billion-in-aid-to-counter-china-in-africa https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/29/g7-countries-to-pledge-600-billion-in-financial-assistance-to-afric.html https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/g7-countries-to-pledge-600-billion-in-financial-assistance-to-africa-over-five-years-20221129 | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | The G7 countries recently promised over $600 billion in financial help to Africa over 5 years. The G7 is a group of the world's richest democracies. This promise of money aims to compete with China's growing business ties and influence in Africa. The G7 leaders said they plan to raise $600 billion for Africa by 2027. The money will come from existing aid budgets and private companies working together. A main goal is to give Africa a democratic choice instead of China's Belt and Road plan. That plan put lots of money into Africa's roads and bridges but often lacked openness and environmental protections. The G7 wants its aid to promote good government, human rights, and care for the environment. Specifically, the G7 will use financing from groups like the World Bank for things like more renewable energy, gender equality, and better health systems across Africa. It also means helping more private investment into projects in Africa. But critics say the promise lacks details and clear goals. There are questions about how much is really new money versus existing aid budgets. African leaders have asked for more direct debt relief, emergency money from the IMF, and more access to vaccines. The G7 plan does not address those issues. While the promise shows a new focus on helping Africa, real follow-through will decide if it brings real economic gains. Concrete projects tailored to individual African countries may work better than one-size-fits-all aid. So in simple terms, the G7 pledged a lot of money to Africa to provide a democratic alternative to China's influence. But experts say the real test will be making sure the aid gets delivered in ways that truly improve African economies and lives. | 1) What amount of financial assistance did the G7 pledge to provide Africa over 5 years? 2) What is one of the key goals of the G7 in providing this assistance to Africa? 3) What institution will the G7 leverage financing from for projects in Africa? 4) What are two areas critics argue the G7 pledge does not adequately address? 5) According to experts, what will determine if the G7 pledge leads to real economic progress in Africa? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | At the recent Group of Seven (G7) summit, the leaders of the world's advanced democratic economies pledged over $600 billion in financial assistance to Africa to be mobilized over the next 5 years. This landmark commitment is aimed at countering the growing economic and geopolitical influence of China on the African continent. The G7 leaders announced extensive plans to channel $600 billion towards Africa by 2027 through existing development aid budgets and increased partnerships with private sector investors. A key strategic goal is to provide an alternative model to China's Belt and Road Initiative, through which China has already directed billions into African infrastructure development but often without adequate transparency, governance standards, and environmental protections. The G7 seeks to promote institutions, human rights, good governance, and sustainability through its assistance model. Specifically, the G7 initiative will leverage financing from multilateral institutions such as the World Bank to expand renewable energy access, advance gender equality, and reinforce healthcare systems across Sub-Saharan Africa. It also entails facilitating augmented private capital flows into African infrastructure and socioeconomic development projects. However, critics note the pledge lacks concrete timelines and targets. There are open questions surrounding what proportions comprise new financing versus existing program allocations. Furthermore, African leaders have called for more extensive debt relief, increased emergency reserves from the International Monetary Fund, and greater vaccine access - issues the G7 plan does not substantively address. While the pledge indicates a renewed prioritization of the African development agenda, effective implementation will determine whether it truly catalyzes lasting economic progress and a viable democratic alternative to China's approach on the continent. More tailored projects based on individual African nations' needs may be warranted rather than one-size-fits-all development assistance. | 1) In what ways could the G7's aid model provide a more ethical alternative to China's approach in Africa? 2) How should Western nations balance their own economic interests vs. Africa's needs when providing development assistance? 3) What lessons can be learned from past foreign aid initiatives in Africa? 4) How can African nations take greater ownership over setting the agenda for how aid money is allocated and spent? 5) Beyond just financing, what systemic issues must be addressed to enable sustainable growth in Africa? | ||||||||||||||
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21 | The big shots of the G7 just made a whopper of a promise to Africa - over $600 billion in financial help over 5 years! The G7 top dogs - the richest democracies like the US and UK - are looking to give China a run for its money in Africa. The G7 bigwigs say they'll rustle up $600 billion for Africa by 2027. The dough will come from existing aid coffers and private biz partners. The main goal is to give Africa options besides China's Belt and Road bonanza. That spending spree built bridges but was murky and dirty on the environment. The G7 wants to push good government, human rights, and green deals with its cash. Specifically, the G7 will tap groups like the World Bank to spread renewable power, boost gender equality, and prop up health systems across Africa. It also means greasing the wheels for more private investment into African projects. But critics say the pledge is flaky on details and solid targets. It's hazy how much is new moolah versus budgeted already. African capitals have cried for more debt relief, emergency IMF piggy bank cash, and better vaccine access - stuff the G7 plan skirts around. While the promise shows Africa is top of mind, following through will decide if it moves the needle for real. Tailor-made projects based on each African country may work better than one-size-fits-all aid. So in plain speak, the G7 put out a big aid package to Africa to compete with China. But the proof will be in the pudding on whether the funds get used in ways that truly give African economies a leg up. | Here is a numbered list of idioms and brief definitions from the previous idiomatic summary: 1. whopper of a promise - a very big or substantial promise 2. top dogs - the most important and powerful people/organizations in a domain 3. give someone a run for their money - provide strong competition to someone 4. rustle up - gather or organize (e.g. funds) 5. dough - money, funds 6. bonanza - something that provides a large amount of something valuable 7. spending spree - a period of spending a lot of money freely or extravagantly 8. murky - unclear, obscure, lacking transparency 9. dirty - unethical, polluting, dangerous 10. push for - strongly advocate for or promote 11. tap - access a resource 12. grease the wheels - facilitate the progress of something 13. flaky - unreliable, undependable 14. piggy bank - something used to store money for future use 15. skirts around - avoids directly addressing 16. top of mind - at the forefront of consideration/attention 17. move the needle - make meaningful progress 18. proof will be in the pudding - the true value will only be known once something is tested/tried 19. give someone a leg up - help improve someone's position/chances | ||||||||||||||
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24 | 最近のG7サミットで、世界の先進民主主義国家のリーダーたちは、今後5年間でアフリカに6000億ドル規模の財政支援を約束しました。この歴史的な公約は、アフリカ大陸における中国の経済的および地政学的影響力を抑えることを目的としています。 G7リーダーたちは、既存の開発援助予算と民間セクターとのパートナーシップを拡大することにより、2027年までにアフリカに6000億ドルを動員する計画を発表しました。戦略的に重要なのは、透明性やガバナンスの基準、環境保護に欠けているものの、アフリカのインフラに何十億ドルも投入してきた中国の一帯一路構想に対する民主的な選択肢を提供することです。G7は支援を通じて制度、人権、良い統治、持続可能性を推進したいと考えています。 具体的には、G7のイニシアチブは世界銀行などの多国籍機関からの資金を活用して、サハラ以南のアフリカにおける再生可能エネルギーへのアクセス、ジェンダー平等の推進、医療制度の強化に取り組みます。また、アフリカのインフラおよび社会経済開発プロジェクトへの民間資本流入を促進することも含まれています。しかし、批評家は約束に具体的な期限や目標がないことを指摘しています。新規資金と既存のプログラム配分の内訳も不明確です。 要約すると、G7はアフリカ開発を再優先する意思を示したものの、実効性のある実施こそが真の経済発展をもたらすかどうかを決定することになります。アフリカ各国のニーズに合わせたプロジェクトが、ワンサイズフィッツオールの開発支援よりも望ましい可能性があります。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What is your take on the G7's pledged $600 billion in assistance to Africa? Is it really enough to counter China's influence? 🟩 — The G7 pledge is certainly substantial, but I have doubts on whether it can fully counter China's deep economic involvement across Africa. The scope and details of projects will determine the real impact. 🟥 — Do you think this initiative is more about optics for the G7 than real economic development for Africa? 🟩 — There is an element of optics and trying to reassert the West's role in Africa. But I also believe there is a genuine desire by the G7 to spur sustainable growth. The key will be follow-through on projects. 🟥 — What types of infrastructure and development projects would you like to see the funding go towards? 🟩 — Areas like health systems, digital access, renewable electricity, and education to improve human capital. But also major infrastructure needs like roads, rail, ports which boost trade. 🟥 — How can the G7 ensure these projects are higher quality than China's initiatives in Africa? 🟩 — By emphasizing better governance, transparency, environmental protections and local job creation. Projects must be designed with African input and benefits in mind, not just Western interests. 🟥 — Do you think the G7 should have committed even more funds to Africa? 🟩 — Perhaps, but execution is just as important as scale of resources. I'd rather see $600 billion well spent than $1 trillion with waste and inefficiency. 🟥 — What are the risks if the G7 fails to follow through on this pledge? 🟩 — The risks are that Africa continues embracing Chinese partnerships and the West loses economic and political influence. Public skepticism about Western commitments could also grow. 🟥 — How quickly could we expect to see results from this assistance package? 🟩 — If funds are dispersed quickly, we could see some initial projects commence within 12-24 months. But the full development impact will take many years to materialize. 🟥 — What level of involvement should African nations have in how these funds are allocated? 🟩 — African input needs to be at the center - recipient countries must identify needs and projects, not just be passive aid recipients. 🟥 — Do you think this initiative will incentivize more private sector investment in Africa as well? 🟩 — That is certainly a goal. If scaled up properly, G7 funds can catalyze far greater private flows into African markets. But investor confidence takes time to build. 🟥 — Which African regions and countries stand to benefit the most from this aid pledge? 🟩 — Countries with good existing governance and human capital could see the greatest returns - like Ghana, Kenya, Botswana. But funds should also assist fragile states. 🟥 — To what extent are you concerned about corruption impeding the effectiveness of this assistance? 🟩 — Corruption is always a concern but can be mitigated with transparency, accountability mechanisms, and monitoring. Aid should build governance capacity. 🟥 — Could the G7 have made more progress on debt relief and other immediate needs raised by African nations? 🟩 — Debt relief should absolutely be part of the initiative. The G7 missed an opportunity on this urgent issue. But hopefully it can be addressed going forward. 🟥 — Do you see this aid pledge as the start of a more enduring partnership between the G7 and Africa? 🟩 — I hope so. It should launch a long-term collaborative vision, not just be a one-off announcement. Sustained engagement will be the real marker of success. | |||||||||||||||
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32 | At the recent G7 summit, the world's leading democratic economies 1✶ over $600 billion in financial assistance to Africa over the next 5 years. This landmark commitment aims to 2✶ China's growing economic and geopolitical influence on the continent. The G7 leaders announced plans to 3✶ $600 billion for Africa by 2027 through existing development budgets and increased private sector partnerships. A key goal is providing an alternative model to China's Belt and Road Initiative, which has 4✶ billions into African infrastructure but often lacks transparency and sustainability standards. The G7 wants to promote good 5✶, human rights, and environmental protections with its aid. Specifically, the G7 initiative will 6✶ financing from institutions like the World Bank to expand renewable energy access, advance gender equality, and strengthen health systems across Africa. It also involves 7✶ more private investment in infrastructure and development projects. However, critics argue the pledge lacks details and concrete goals. There are questions about what portion 8✶ real new money versus existing program budgets. African leaders have called for more direct debt relief, increased IMF emergency reserves, and greater vaccine access - issues the G7 plan does not address. While the pledge signals a renewed 9✶ of African development, effective follow-through will determine if it translates into genuine economic progress and a democratic alternative to China's approach. Concrete projects 10✶ to individual African nations may be needed rather than one-size-fits-all aid. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #6 | Israel and its Neighbors | Topic Category: | Geopolitical | October 11, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians has deep historical roots going back to the late 19th century. In the late 1800s, Zionism emerged as a movement calling for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. Jewish immigration to Palestine increased in the early 20th century, and tensions grew between the Jewish and Arab populations. After World War I, the British took control of Palestine. In 1947, the UN approved a plan to partition Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, but Arab leaders rejected it. In 1948, Israel declared independence, sparking the first Arab-Israeli war. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were expelled during the war, in what Palestinians call the Nakba (catastrophe). Over the next few decades, several regional wars broke out between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza in 1967 during the Six Day War. Israeli settlements grew in the occupied territories, creating friction. Intifadas, or uprisings, by Palestinians against Israeli occupation broke out in 1987 and 2000. In the 1990s and 2000s, the two sides engaged in an intermittent peace process, resulting in accords like the 1993 Oslo Accords. But violence flared again in the Second Intifada. Efforts stalled after the failure of talks in 2000 and a Palestinian split between Fatah in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza. Recent decades have seen continued clashes, with wars in Gaza in 2008, 2012, and 2014. The peace process remains stalled over issues like Israeli settlements and the return of Palestinian refugees. Frustration has grown among young generations of Palestinians. Current Israeli and Palestinian leaders remain far apart on core issues. The decades-long conflict continues to take a toll on both societies. | https://www.npr.org/2022/08/23/1119015289/israel-palestine-explainer https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/7/timeline-how-the-israel-palestine-conflict-has-unfolded https://www.nytimes.com/article/israel-palestine-report.html https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123668 | ||||||||||||||
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15 | The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians started a long time ago. In the 1800s, some Jewish people started a movement called Zionism. Zionism said Jewish people should have their own country in the area called Palestine. At that time, Palestine was ruled by the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1900s, more Jewish people moved to Palestine. This created tensions between the Jewish and Arab people living there. After World War I, Britain took control of Palestine. In 1947, the United Nations approved a plan to divide Palestine into two countries - one for Jewish people and one for Arabs. The Jewish leaders accepted the plan, but Arab leaders rejected it. In 1948, Israel declared it was an independent country. This started the first war between Israel and Arab countries. Many Palestinians fled or were forced out during the war. Palestinians call this the Nakba, which means catastrophe. Over the next few decades, Israel and its Arab neighbors fought several wars. In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza during the Six Day War. Israel built settlements in these occupied areas, causing more tensions. In 1987 and 2000, Palestinians protested against the Israeli occupation. These were called intifadas. In the 1990s and 2000s, Israel and the Palestinians tried to make peace agreements. But violence continued during the Second Intifada. After peace talks failed in 2000, the Palestinians split into two groups - Fatah in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza. In recent years, Israel and Hamas have fought wars in Gaza in 2008, 2012 and 2014. Peace efforts have stalled over issues like settlements and Palestinian refugees. The long conflict continues to affect both sides. The Israeli and Palestinian leaders remain far apart on how to resolve the conflict. | 1) When did the Zionist movement emerge calling for a Jewish homeland in Palestine? 2) What happened in 1947 when the UN approved a plan to partition Palestine? 3) What major events led to Israel occupying the West Bank and Gaza after 1967? 4) What were the Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation in 1987 and 2000 called? 5) Why did peace efforts stall after the failure of negotiations in 2000? | ||||||||||||||
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18 | The Israeli-Palestinian conflict originated in the late 19th century with the emergence of Zionism, a movement advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. Increasing Jewish immigration to the region in the early 20th century exacerbated tensions between the area's Jewish and Arab inhabitants. After World War I, Britain obtained control over Palestine. In 1947, the United Nations passed a partition plan dividing Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, while Arab leaders rejected it. In 1948, Israel declared independence, initiating the First Arab-Israeli War and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in an exodus known as the Nakba. In subsequent decades, successive Arab-Israeli wars led to Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967. Israeli settlements in these territories became a point of contention. Palestinians launched uprisings (intifadas) against the occupation in 1987 and 2000. In the 1990s and 2000s, Israel and the Palestinians engaged in intermittent peace negotiations, producing agreements like the 1993 Oslo Accords. However, violence reignited with the Second Intifada. Following the failure of negotiations in 2000 and the intra-Palestinian split between Fatah and Hamas, the peace process stalled. Recent decades have witnessed recurrent warfare in Gaza between Israel and Hamas in 2008, 2012, and 2014. The peace process remains deadlocked over issues including settlements and Palestinian refugees' right of return. Growing disillusionment among young Palestinians and maximalist positions on both sides perpetuate the impasse. The enduring conflict continues to impact Israelis and Palestinians profoundly. | 1) What are the core issues that have made resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict so intractable over decades of conflict and peace efforts? 2) How has the growth of Israeli settlements in the occupied territories complicated efforts to reach a negotiated two-state solution? 3) In your view, what concessions need to be made on both sides to restart productive peace talks at this stage? 4) How could the international community provide more effective mediation and incentives for peace between Israel and the Palestinians? 5) Do you think a one-state or two-state solution is more viable and ethical for resolving this conflict? Why? | ||||||||||||||
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21 | The beef between Israel and the Palestinians goes way back. In the 1800s, some Jewish folks started a movement called Zionism. Zionism said Jewish people should get their own pad in Palestine. Back then, Palestine was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1900s, more and more Jewish peeps moved to Palestine. This put a bee in the bonnet of the Arab folks living there. After World War I, Britain took over Palestine. In 1947, the United Nations OK'd a plan to split Palestine into two pads - one for Jews and one for Arabs. The Jewish leaders were down with it, but Arab leaders gave it a thumbs down. In 1948, Israel put out word it was its own hip cat. This kicked off the first rumble between Israel and Arab countries. A whole mess of Palestinians skedaddled or got booted out during the tussle. Palestinians call this the Nakba, which means big time bummer. Over the next few decades, Israel and its Arab neighbros had some more throwdowns. In 1967, Israel moved into the West Bank and Gaza during the Six Day War. Israel built settlements in these occupied zones, ruffling more feathers. In 1987 and 2000, Palestinians beefed about the Israeli occupation. These protests were called intifadas. In the 1990s and 2000s, Israel and the Palestinians tried to hammer out some peace deals. But violence popped off again during the Second Intifada. After peace talks went south in 2000, the Palestinians split into two cliques - Fatah in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza. In recent years, Israel and Hamas had rumbles in Gaza in 2008, 2012 and 2014. Trying to make peace has been stalled by stuff like settlements and Palestinian refugees. The drawn out beef continues to harsh the mellow on both sides. The Israeli and Palestinian top dogs are still far apart on settling this beef. | Here is the idiom list: 1. beef - disagreement or argument 2. goes way back - originated long ago 3. get their own pad - obtain their own place/home 4. under the rule of - governed by 5. peeps - people 6. put a bee in the bonnet - annoy or anger 7. took over - gained control 8. gave it a thumbs down - rejected or disapproved 9. own hip cat - independent entity 10. kicked off - started 11. rumble - fight 12. skedaddled or got booted out - fled or were expelled 13. big time bummer - major catastrophe 14. throwdowns - fights 15. moved into - entered and took control 16. ruffling more feathers - causing more anger 17. beefed - complained 18. went south - failed 19. cliques - factions/groups 20. had rumbles - had fights 21. trying to make peace has been stalled - efforts to make peace have been stopped 22. drawn out - prolonged 23. harsh the mellow - have a negative effect 24. top dogs - leaders 25. far apart - very different views 26. settling this beef - resolving this disagreement | ||||||||||||||
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24 | イスラエルとパレスチナの間の対立は、19世紀後半にさかのぼります。当時パレスチナはオスマン帝国の支配下にありましたが、シオニズム運動が起こり、ユダヤ人の国家建設をパレスチナに訴えるようになりました。20世紀初頭にユダヤ人のパレスチナ移民が増え、アラブ人とユダヤ人の緊張が高まりました。 第1次世界大戦後、イギリスがパレスチナを支配下に置きます。1947年、国連はパレスチナをユダヤ人国家とアラブ人国家に分割する案を可決しました。ユダヤ人リーダーはこれを受け入れましたが、アラブ人リーダーは拒否しました。1948年にイスラエルは独立を宣言し、第1次中東戦争が始まりました。大勢のパレスチナ人が難民となる「ナクバ」が発生しました。 その後数十年間、イスラエルとアラブ諸国は戦争を繰り返します。1967年の第3次中東戦争でイスラエルは西岸地区とガザ地区を占領しました。イスラエルの入植地がフリクションの元となりました。1987年と2000年にパレスチナ人はイスラエルに対するインティファーダを起こします。 1990年代から2000年代には和平プロセスが断続的に行われ、1993年のオスロ合意などの成果がありました。しかし、2000年の交渉失敗後、西岸地区のファタハとガザのハマスにパレスチナが分裂し、停滞します。 最近の年代は、2008年、2012年、2014年のガザ紛争が発生します。入植地やパレスチナ難民の帰還問題などで和平プロセスは停滞したままです。この長期的対立はイスラエル国民とパレスチナ国民の双方に甚大な影響を与え続けています。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What are the origins of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians? 🟩 — The conflict has roots going back to the late 19th century, when the Zionist movement emerged advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. Tensions grew as Jewish immigration increased in the early 20th century. 🟥 — How did the situation change after World War 1? 🟩 — After WW1, Britain took control of Palestine. In 1947, the UN approved a partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, which Jewish leaders accepted but Arab leaders rejected. 🟥 — What happened when Israel declared independence in 1948? 🟩 — Israel's declaration sparked the first Arab-Israeli war. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were expelled in what they call the Nakba, or catastrophe. 🟥 — What led to Israel occupying the West Bank and Gaza? 🟩 — In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and Gaza during the Six Day War. Israeli settlements in the occupied territories became a source of friction. 🟥 — How did the Palestinians respond to the occupation? 🟩 — Palestinians launched uprisings or intifadas against Israeli occupation in 1987 and 2000. 🟥 — Were there any peace efforts between the two sides? 🟩 — In the 1990s and 2000s, there were intermittent peace negotiations resulting in accords like the 1993 Oslo Accords. But violence reignited with the Second Intifada. 🟥 — Why did the peace process stall? 🟩 — After failed talks in 2000, the Palestinians split between Fatah and Hamas. This, along with issues like settlements and refugees, stalled the peace process. 🟥 — What has happened in recent decades? 🟩 — There have been recurrent wars between Israel and Hamas in Gaza in 2008, 2012, and 2014. The peace process remains stalled over core issues. 🟥 — How has the conflict impacted the two sides? 🟩 — The enduring conflict continues to profoundly affect both Israeli and Palestinian societies. 🟥 — What are the main obstacles to peace today? 🟩 — Major obstacles include issues like Israeli settlements, the status of Jerusalem, Palestinian refugees' right of return, security, and mutual recognition between Israel and a future Palestinian state. 🟥 — Do the current Israeli and Palestinian leaders support a two-state solution? 🟩 — The leaders have divergent views. Some support it in principle but others are more skeptical or oppose it. Overall there is lack of political will on both sides. 🟥 — What needs to happen for peace talks to resume? 🟩 — There would need to be new international mediation efforts, willingness to compromise on key issues, and leaders on both sides who are genuinely committed to a diplomatic solution. 🟥 — Is the younger generation more moderate? 🟩 — There is frustration among young Palestinians. Some want to abandon the two-state solution. Young Israelis have more hardline views. The conflict looks set to continue without bold steps. 🟥 — Could we see more violence like the Second Intifada? 🟩 — If the status quo persists, there is always potential for another explosion of unrest, though circumstances today differ. Much depends on political, economic and social conditions on the ground. 🟥 — What role has the US played in peace efforts? 🟩 — The US has traditionally been the main mediator, but its position oscillates between administrations and has become less central overall. Other powers may need to play a bigger role. 🟥 — How has the conflict impacted the Middle East? 🟩 — The unresolved conflict has fed regional instability at times. But Arab states have gradually shifted focus to other strategic threats like Iran as priorities over the Palestinians receded. 🟥 — Will we see a resolution in the near future? 🟩 — A comprehensive final settlement still appears a very distant prospect. But pragmatic interim solutions could improve the situation, though a real breakthrough likely requires a major political shakeup on one or both sides. | |||||||||||||||
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32 | The conflict between Israel and the Palestinians has deep historical roots going back to the late 19th century. In the late 1800s, Zionism 1✶ as a movement calling for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, which was then part of the Ottoman Empire. Jewish immigration to Palestine increased in the early 20th century, and 2✶ grew between the Jewish and Arab populations. After World War I, the British took control of Palestine. In 1947, the UN approved a plan to 3✶ Palestine into independent Jewish and Arab states. Jewish leaders accepted the plan, but Arab leaders rejected it. In 1948, Israel declared independence, sparking the first Arab-Israeli war. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were 4✶ during the war, in what Palestinians call the Nakba (catastrophe). Over the next few decades, several regional wars broke out between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Israel 5✶ the West Bank and Gaza in 1967 during the Six Day War. Israeli settlements grew in the 5✶ territories, creating 6✶. Intifadas, or 7✶, by Palestinians against Israeli occupation broke out in 1987 and 2000. In the 1990s and 2000s, the two sides engaged in an intermittent peace process, resulting in 8✶ like the 1993 Oslo Accords. But violence flared again in the Second Intifada. Efforts 9✶ after the failure of talks in 2000 and a Palestinian split between Fatah in the West Bank and Hamas in Gaza. Recent decades have seen continued clashes, with wars in Gaza in 2008, 2012, and 2014. The peace process remains 9✶ over issues like Israeli settlements and the return of Palestinian refugees. Frustration has grown among young generations of Palestinians. Current Israeli and Palestinian leaders remain far apart on core issues. The 10✶ conflict continues to take a toll on both societies. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | accords | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | decades-long | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
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39 | partition | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #7 | Paparazzi Problems | Topic Category: | Entertainment | October 12, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | The line between celebrity privacy and freedom of the press has long been a blurry one when it comes to the paparazzi. Several recent high-profile incidents have brought this issue into sharper focus, sparking renewed scrutiny of the aggressive and often invasive tactics deployed by photographers seeking lucrative snapshots of stars. Kanye West had a heated confrontation with a paparazzo in October after the photographer aggressively followed West outside of LAX airport. Video shows West lunging at the paparazzo and trying to wrestle his camera away in front of stunned onlookers. West later justified his reaction by saying he felt the need to protect his family, including his young children, from the swarm of invasive photos. The rapper argued "there's got to be some boundaries for photographers." Meanwhile, in the UK, Meghan Markle won the latest stage of her ongoing privacy lawsuit against Splash UK, a paparazzi agency. Splash UK took aerial photos of Markle's family relaxing in the backyard of their private residence. The judge upheld Markle's right to privacy from harassment, agreeing that even public figures deserve protection from excessive media intrusion into their private family life at home. Other celebrities like Diane Keaton and Paul Rudd have voiced displeasure at recent paparazzi encounters too, saying they felt "under attack" by aggressive photographers tailing their every move. And many believe the intense, often dehumanizing focus on stars' private lives by the paparazzi played a role in the struggles with substance abuse that led to Amy Winehouse's untimely death in 2011. In response to these ongoing issues, some European countries have passed new legislation aimed at curbing abusive and harassing paparazzi practices. But paparazzi culture still persists, and many ethical questions remain about how much privacy celebrities deserve, versus the public's right to know about their lives. While stars recognize paparazzi attention comes with the territory of fame, they argue boundaries must exist. With paparazzi frequently crossing lines of decency, pressure continues to mount for stronger protections for public figures against media intrusion into their personal lives and private spaces. | https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/07/arts/celebrities/kanye-west-paparazzi.html https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/04/entertainment/meghan-markle-legal-uk-paparazzi/index.html https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2023/10/02/diane-keaton-paul-rudd-paparazzi/8181600002/ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/amy-winehouse-paparazzi-europe-legislation-1234637139/ | ||||||||||||||
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15 | For a long time, there has been a fuzzy line between celebrity privacy and press freedom when it comes to paparazzi photographers. Some recent big events have made this issue clearer and caused more scrutiny of the aggressive and invasive ways paparazzi get valuable photos of famous people. In October, Kanye West had an angry incident with a paparazzo after the photographer followed West aggressively outside of the LAX airport. Video shows West lunging at the paparazzo and trying to grab his camera away, while surprised people watched. Later, West explained he reacted that way because he felt he had to protect his family, including his young kids, from the big swarm of invading photos. West said there have to be some limits on what photographers can do. Meanwhile in the UK, Meghan Markle won the latest part of her ongoing lawsuit against Splash UK, a paparazzi company. Splash UK took aerial photos of Markle's family relaxing in the backyard of their private home. The judge agreed Markle has a right to privacy from harassment, saying even famous people should be protected from too much media intrusion into their private family life at home. Other celebrities like Diane Keaton and Paul Rudd have also complained about recent paparazzi encounters, saying they felt "under attack" from pushy photographers following their every move. And many believe the intense, often dehumanizing focus on stars' private lives by paparazzi played a role in the substance abuse struggles that led to Amy Winehouse's early death in 2011. In response to these ongoing issues, some European countries have passed new laws meant to curb abusive and harassing paparazzi behavior. But paparazzi culture still continues, and many ethical questions remain about how much privacy celebrities deserve compared to the public's right to know about their lives. While stars recognize paparazzi attention comes with being famous, they argue there have to be boundaries. With paparazzi often crossing lines of decency, there is more and more pressure for stronger protections for public figures against media intruding into their personal lives and private spaces. | 1) What recent events have brought more attention to paparazzi behavior? 2) How did Kanye West react to a paparazzo outside LAX airport? 3) Who won a legal victory related to paparazzi photos taken at her home? 4) What new laws have some countries passed about paparazzi? 5) What debate continues over celebrity privacy versus press rights? | ||||||||||||||
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18 | The relationship between celebrity privacy rights and freedom of the press vis-à-vis paparazzi photographers has long been ambiguous. Recent prominent incidents have elucidated this issue and prompted increased examination of the aggressive and intrusive techniques used by paparazzi to procure valuable images of public figures. In October, musician Kanye West was involved in an altercation with a paparazzo after being followed in an aggressive manner outside LAX airport. Video evidence shows West physically lunging at the photographer in an attempt to wrest control of his camera, as bystanders watched in surprise. West later rationalized his reaction as necessary to safeguard his family, including young children, from the deluge of invasive photography. He contended that certain boundaries must exist for paparazzi. Concurrently in the United Kingdom, Meghan Markle succeeded in the latest phase of an ongoing lawsuit against Splash UK, a paparazzi agency. Splash UK captured aerial photography of Markle's family relaxing on the grounds of their private residence. The presiding judge upheld Markle's entitlement to privacy from harassment, concurring that public figures retain protections against excessive media encroachment into private family life at home. Other entertainment figures like Diane Keaton and Paul Rudd have also voiced displeasure at recent paparazzi encounters, describing feeling "under attack" from aggressive photographers tracking their every movement. Moreover, many posit that the intense, often dehumanizing paparazzi focus on celebrities' private lives contributed to the substance abuse issues that precipitated singer Amy Winehouse's premature death in 2011. In response, some European nations have enacted legislation intended to curb abusive and harassing paparazzi practices. However, paparazzi culture persists globally, leaving many ethical questions unresolved regarding the appropriate equilibrium between celebrity privacy privileges and public awareness of their lives. While stars recognize paparazzi attention is intrinsic to fame, they contend reasonable boundaries are warranted. With frequent paparazzi transgressions of decency, pressure continues building for more robust protections of public figures against media infiltration of their personal affairs and private spaces. | 1) Should there be legal limits on paparazzi, and if so, what kind of restrictions are appropriate? 2) How much right does the public have to know details about celebrities' private lives? 3) Is calling for restraint from paparazzi an infringement of press freedom? 4) How do paparazzi walk the line between reporting on celebrities and outright harassment? 5) Will it be possible to rein in invasive celebrity coverage or is it too embedded in popular culture? | ||||||||||||||
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21 | The line between celeb privacy and the freedom of the press has been fuzzy when it comes to pushy paparazzi photographers. Some big recent happenings have made this issue crystal clear and put paparazzi on blast for their aggressive and nosy tactics to score money shots of famous folks. In October, rapper Kanye West blew his top at a paparazzo after being hounded outside LAX airport. Footage shows West getting in the guy's face trying to snatch his camera away, while onlookers' jaws dropped. Later, West said he flipped his lid to keep his family, including little kids, safe from an avalanche of pics invading their space. West said photogs need to stay in their lane and know their limits. Meanwhile in the UK, Meghan Markle scored a win in her ongoing lawsuit against Splash UK, a paparazzi biz. Splash UK coptered over Markle's casa to snap pics of her fam chillaxing in their backyard. The judge sided with Markle, saying even celebs deserve a fence around their private family time at home. Other stars like Diane Keaton and Paul Rudd have beefed about pap run-ins too, saying they felt "under siege" from pushy snappers on their tails 24/7. And many believe the nonstop, dehumanizing pap focus on stars' personal lives fueled Amy Winehouse's substance issues before her early passing in 2011. Some European countries passed new laws to rein in sketchy pap behaviors. But paparazzi culture still lurks, and big questions remain about how much privacy celebs deserve vs. the public's right to peep their lives. Stars say they know pap attention comes with the territory, but believe meddling photogs gotta stay in their lane. With paparazzi often crossing the line, pressure keeps growing to shield celebs from media snooping in their personal biz and space. | Here is the idiom list: 1. pushy - overly aggressive or intrusive 2. put on blast - publicly criticize or censure 3. score - obtain or achieve 4. money shot - a photograph taken to achieve maximum income 5. blow one's top - lose one's temper 6. get in someone's face - confront someone very directly and aggressively 7. jaws dropped - express shock or surprise (mouth agape) 8. flip one's lid - lose emotional control 9. stay in their lane - mind their own business, don't overstep bounds 10. chickened out - acted cowardly 11. scored a win - achieved a victory 12. biz - business 13. coptered over - flew over in a helicopter 14. casa - house 15. chillaxing - relaxing, hanging out casually 16. sided with - supported, agreed with 17. beefed - complained, expressed dissatisfaction 18. under siege - feeling relentlessly attacked or cornered 19. 24/7 - all the time, constantly 20. sketchy - dubious, questionable 21. lurks - lingers, persists subtly 22. peep - look at, observe 23. believe me - expression asking for trust 24. meddling - intrusively interfering 25. stay in their lane - remain within proper limits 26. crossing the line - exceeding acceptable boundaries | ||||||||||||||
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24 | 有名人のプライバシーと報道の自由の線引きは、パパラッチに関していうと長年あいまいな状態が続いてきました。最近のいくつかの高プロファイルな事件により、この問題がより鮮明になり、有名人の写真を掲載することで金銭的利益を得ようとするカメラマンの行っている、しばしば侵入的な攻撃的手法への精査が再燃しました。 10月に、LAX空港外で西村容疑者を写真家が強引に追跡した後、カニエ・ウェストはパパラッチと激しい口論となりました。ウェストが写真家に飛びかかり、彼のカメラを奪おうとした場面が映像に記録されています。ウェストは後に、自分の家族、特に幼い子どもたちを、侵入的な写真の群れから守る必要があったとして、自分の反応を正当化しました。ラッパーは「写真家にはある程度の境界線がなければならない」と主張しました。 一方イギリスでは、メーガン・マークルがパパラッチ機関スプラッシュUKを相手取ったプライバシー訴訟の最近の段階で勝訴しました。スプラッシュUKはマークル一家が自宅の裏庭でくつろぐ姿を空撮していました。裁判官は、公人であっても自宅における私的な家族生活へのメディアの過剰な介入からのプライバシーの権利を認める判断を下しました。 ダイアン・キートンやポール・ラッドなどの他の有名人も、自分たちの行動をあらゆる場面で追跡する攻撃的な写真家を前に「攻撃されている」と感じるなど、最近のパパラッチとの遭遇に不満を表明しています。またエイミー・ワインハウスの早すぎる死の一因となった薬物乱用の問題に、パパラッチによる有名人のプライベートな生活への過度に人間性を無視した注目が影響したと指摘する声もあります。 このような問題に対処するため、ヨーロッパのいくつかの国々ではパパラッチの攻撃的で嫌がらせと取れる行為を抑制する新たな法律が可決されました。しかしパパラッチ文化は根強く残っており、有名人がどの程度のプライバシーを要求できるのか、一般大衆がその生活の知る権利とのバランスについては、多くの倫理的疑問が残されたままです。有名人はパパラッチの注目は名声と表裏一体であることは認識していますが、一定の境界線が必要だと主張しています。パパラッチがしばしば品位を欠く行為を行うことから、公人を個人的な生活と私的な空間に対するメディアの介入から保護するためのより強力な対策を要求する圧力が高まっています。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — How long has aggressive paparazzi behavior been an issue with celebrities? 🟩 — Paparazzi harassment of celebrities goes back decades, with high profile cases tracing as far back as the 1950s and 60s with stars like Elizabeth Taylor and Marilyn Monroe. The problem has persisted over generations of celebrity culture. 🟥 — Why does it seem like these incidents keep happening despite past backlash? 🟩 — There is an addiction to celebrity gossip in our culture that feeds paparazzi invasiveness. Stars are big business, and consumer demand has allowed paparazzi tactics to continue thriving. New generations of photographers emerge, needing to get their own scoops and push boundaries. 🟥 — Is there any sign public appetite for invasive celebrity photos is waning? 🟩 — There's no clear evidence yet of declining interest in tabloid celebrity culture. Social media may be absorbing some of this attention, but aggressive paparazzi photos still fetch major money from media outlets. The market forces remain strong. 🟥 — How often do stars succeed in lawsuits against specific paparazzi like Meghan Markle did? 🟩 — It's relatively rare for celebrities to win these kinds of court cases due to free speech protections. But when paparazzi clearly cross into outright illegal behavior, or violate privacy laws, stars can prevail. It often takes prolonged legal battles though. 🟥 — Why is it hard to rein in paparazzi behavior with legislation? 🟩 — Any laws regulating paparazzi have to be carefully crafted to avoid violating free press rights. It's a challenge balancing personal privacy with press freedoms. Existing harassment laws can sometimes apply. But broadly restricting paparazzi access has to be justified by real safety concerns. 🟥 — What more could be done to pressure paparazzi or support celebrities? 🟩 — Cultural shifts criticizing paparazzi ethics could help, as may consumer boycotts. Celebrities uniting in collective action carries more weight too. But legal restrictions remain tricky without outright illegal acts by photographers. Safety measures like screening guests may help stars. 🟥 — Do you think extreme paparazzi attention played a role in struggles and deaths of people like Amy Winehouse? 🟩 — The nonstop hounding of stars like Winehouse very likely exacerbates substance abuse and mental health issues. The phenomenal stress of aggressive paparazzi surveillance takes its toll. However, proving causation is difficult. But common sense says relentless hounding can't be helpful. 🟥 — Is there a paparazzo code of ethics or any sense of self-regulation in the industry? 🟩 — There have been some attempts at creating paparazzi codes of conduct, but nothing meaningful has taken hold. In such a competitive field, there are always some who will cross lines. And huge paydays reward the most tenacious and intrusive photographers, undercutting ethics. Self-regulation seems unlikely. 🟥 — Could paparazzi transition to less invasive approaches like consented photos at events? 🟩 — In theory, paparazzi could shift to a more collaborative model with celebrities. But the industry survives on urgency and surprise. Pre-approved photos lack the same profitability. And stars would control their image too much. The conflict of interest likely precludes a major shift toward consented access. 🟥 — Is this just a Hollywood and New York problem or are paparazzi an issue worldwide? 🟩 — Paparazzi culture extends worldwide wherever celebrity status exists. Stars across entertainment, sports, politics, and other fields face intrusions globally. Tactics may vary by region, but the basic pressures persist internationally where celebrity holds power and tabloids have an audience. 🟥 — Could social media platforms like Instagram ever replace paparazzi photos? 🟩 — Stars now use social media to give controlled glimpses of their lives. This shrinks the paparazzi role somewhat. But fan demand remains for candid, unfiltered shots capturing unguarded moments. Social media alone can't replicate the voyeuristic appeal driving tabloid sales. The fields can coexist serving different needs. 🟥 — Do you expect public opinion to turn decisively against paparazzi at some point? 🟩 — Persistent excesses and invasions of privacy may gradually tilt public opinion. But there will always be media market forces exploiting celebrity. Real change requires unraveling deeper societal addictions to celebrity gossip itself. Turning paparazzi into pariahs can only happen if consumer behavior changes substantially. 🟥 — What advice would you give young entertainers just becoming famous on how to handle aggressive paparazzi attention? 🟩 — I'd advise them to set clear boundaries and don't tolerate harassment, but expect intense attention. Build security teams to create safe perimeters, yet try tuning out the noise. Engage on social media to influence the narrative. Never get physical or do anything illegal. Ultimately recognizing that this scrutiny, good and bad, now comes with having an outsized public platform. | |||||||||||||||
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32 | The line between celebrity privacy and freedom of the press has long been a blurry one when it comes to the paparazzi. Several recent high-profile 1✶ have brought this issue into sharper focus, sparking renewed 2✶ of the aggressive and often invasive tactics deployed by photographers seeking lucrative snapshots of stars. Kanye West had a heated 3✶ with a paparazzo in October after the photographer aggressively followed West outside of LAX airport. Video shows West 4✶ at the paparazzo and trying to wrestle his camera away in front of stunned onlookers. West later justified his reaction by saying he felt the need to protect his family, including his young children, from the swarm of invasive photos. The rapper argued "there's got to be some 5✶ for photographers." Meanwhile, in the UK, Meghan Markle won the latest stage of her ongoing privacy 6✶ against Splash UK, a paparazzi agency. Splash UK took aerial photos of Markle's family relaxing in the backyard of their private residence. The judge upheld Markle's right to privacy from harassment, agreeing that even public figures deserve protection from excessive media intrusion into their private family life at home. Other celebrities like Diane Keaton and Paul Rudd have voiced displeasure at recent paparazzi encounters too, saying they felt "under attack" by aggressive photographers 7✶ their every move. And many believe the intense, often dehumanizing focus on stars' private lives by the paparazzi played a role in the struggles with substance abuse that led to Amy Winehouse's 8✶ death in 2011. In response to these ongoing issues, some European countries have passed new legislation aimed at curbing abusive and harassing paparazzi practices. But paparazzi culture still 9✶, and many ethical questions remain about how much privacy celebrities deserve, versus the public's right to know about their lives. While stars recognize paparazzi attention comes with the territory of fame, they argue 5✶ must exist. With paparazzi frequently crossing lines of decency, pressure continues to mount for stronger 10✶ for public figures against media intrusion into their personal lives and private spaces. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | boundaries | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #8 | The History of Enoshima | Topic Category: | History | October 13, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | The small island of Enoshima near Kamakura has been a significant religious site in Japan for over a thousand years. It is home to the Enoshima Shrine dedicated to the goddess Benten, as well as several Buddhist temples. Legend tells that a five-headed dragon once demanded human sacrifices on Enoshima until the monk Nichiren subdued it by chanting sutras. In the 12th-13th centuries, Enoshima held strategic importance for protecting Kamakura, the shogun's capital. Powerful clans like the Hojo used it as a naval base during this time. After Kamakura's fall, warring daimyos fought to control Enoshima. During the Edo period, Enoshima thrived as a religious destination and leisure spot for pilgrims and wealthy merchants. Some built vacation villas on the island as early as the 17th century, taking advantage of its scenic rocky coastline. It became a popular beach resort outside Edo. Today, Enoshima remains a top day trip from Tokyo, alluring visitors with its blend of shrines, caves, beaches and views of Mount Fuji. The Enoden railway dating from 1902 is one of Japan's oldest lines. Key sites include the striking red torii gate at Enoshima Shrine, the Iwaya Caves along the southern coast, and Samuel Cocking Garden built by a British merchant in the 1880s. Though now crowded with tourists, the island retains its ancient sacred air. The strategic location and religious significance of Enoshima have made it an important site for over a thousand years. Despite modern development, the island still attracts pilgrims and history buffs along with casual tourists coming for recreation and scenic vistas. Enoshima's dual spiritual and leisure appeal continues from its medieval days as a key outpost guarding Kamakura to its Edo period popularity as a weekend getaway for urbanites. | https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/09/18/national/history/enoshima-island-shrine-monks/#.Y1AsQOzMK3J https://tokyocheapo.com/travel/day-trip-enoshima-beach https://theculturetrip.com/asia/japan/articles/a-brief-history-of-enoshima-island https://www.japaneseguesthouses.com/plan-your-trip-to-japan/enoshima-island-day-trip | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | Enoshima is a small island near Kamakura in Japan. It has been an important religious place for over one thousand years. The island has the Enoshima Shrine on it. This shrine is for the sea goddess called Benten. Enoshima also has some Buddhist temples on it. There is a legend about Enoshima. The legend says that a five-headed dragon used to live on the island. This dragon wanted people to sacrifice other people to it. But then a Buddhist monk called Nichiren came. He said special Buddhist chants. These chants made the dragon go away. In the 1200s and 1300s, Kamakura was the capital of the shoguns. Kamakura was near Enoshima. So Enoshima was important for defending Kamakura from attack by sea. Powerful samurai clans used Enoshima as a naval base. After Kamakura stopped being the capital, warriors fought for control of Enoshima. In the Edo period, Enoshima became a popular religious place. Many pilgrims visited the shrine and temples. Wealthy merchants also visited. Some built vacation homes on Enoshima in the 1600s. For people living in Edo, Enoshima was a close beach resort. Today Enoshima remains a popular day trip from Tokyo. It has shrines, caves, beaches and views of Mount Fuji. These attract tourists. The Enoden railway to Enoshima opened in 1902. It is one of Japan's oldest railways. Famous sites include the red torii gate and caves along the coast. Even with many tourists now, Enoshima still feels like an important religious place. The island has been a sacred and strategic place for over 1000 years. It started as a key military base during the shogun times. Then it became a getaway for rich merchants. Even now with many tourists, the spiritual history of Enoshima can still be felt. | 1) What sea goddess is the Enoshima Shrine dedicated to? 2) During what period did affluent merchants build vacation villas on Enoshima? 3) What railway helped establish Enoshima as an accessible day trip from Tokyo? 4) What natural landmark can be seen from Enoshima on clear days? 5) Does Enoshima retain its spiritual atmosphere despite high tourism today? | ||||||||||||||
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18 | The island of Enoshima is located offshore of Kamakura in Kanagawa Prefecture. For over a millennium, it has remained a significant religious site in Japan. Enoshima is home to the Enoshima Shrine dedicated to Benzaiten, a Buddhist goddess who later syncretized with the Shinto kami Benten. Several Buddhist temples also occupy the island. According to local legend, a five-headed dragon known as the Ryūgū once demanded human sacrifices on Enoshima until it was subjugated by the Buddhist monk Nichiren through recitation of the Lotus Sutra. Due to its strategic position in Sagami Bay, Enoshima held an important role in maritime defenses for the Kamakura shogunate from the late 12th through 13th centuries. Influential samurai clans including the Hōjō utilized the island as a naval installation. After the decline of Kamakura, warring daimyō forces contested control over Enoshima. During the Edo period, Enoshima developed into a thriving religious destination and leisure location. Pilgrimages to the shrine and temples were common. Affluent merchants constructed vacation villas on Enoshima as early as the 17th century, drawn by its picturesque rocky coastline. For residents of the capital, it became one of the most accessible beach retreats. In contemporary times, Enoshima persists as a favored day trip from Tokyo metropolitan area, attracting sightseers with its amalgamation of historical sites, shrines, sea caverns, shorelines, and panoramas of Mount Fuji. The Enoden Enoshima railway line, originating in 1902, is considered one of Japan's earliest electric commuter rails. Major attractions include the vermilion torii gate of Enoshima Shrine and the Iwaya Caves along the southern seaside cliffs. Despite burgeoning tourism, the island retains traces of its ancient numinous atmosphere. | 1) How might Enoshima's strategic location have contributed to its significance over time? 2) What factors allowed Enoshima to develop into both a religious centre and tourist destination? 3) In what ways has Enoshima had to balance spirituality and recreation? 4) What are some pros and cons of having a historically significant site become a major tourist attraction? 5) How could Enoshima manage tourism growth while preserving its heritage? | ||||||||||||||
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21 | The small island of Enoshima near Kamakura has been an important religious place in Japan for over a thousand years. It's home to the Enoshima Shrine dedicated to the goddess Benten, as well as some Buddhist temples. Legend has it that a five-headed dragon used to live on the island and demand human sacrifices. But then the monk Nichiren came along and drove the dragon away by chanting scriptures, lickety-split. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Enoshima was in the hot seat for protecting Kamakura, the shogun's capital back then. Powerful samurai clans like the Hojo used it as a naval base to defend against attacks by sea. After Kamakura lost power, warring daimyos duked it out for control of Enoshima. During the Edo period, Enoshima became a thriving religious destination and leisure spot. Pilgrims and wealthy merchants flocked there to worship at the shrine and admire the scenic rocky coastline. Some merchants built vacation homes on the island as early as the 1700s. It became a popular beach resort and weekend getaway for people living in Edo. Nowadays, Enoshima remains a top day trip from Tokyo, drawing lots of visitors who want to see the shrines, caves, beaches and views of Mount Fuji. The old Enoden train line dating from 1902 is one of Japan's oldest railways. Famous sites include the red torii gate at the shrine and the seaside caves. Even with hordes of tourists, the island keeps its ancient spiritual vibe. For over a thousand years, Enoshima has been both a sacred site and recreational spot - from its early days as a military base guarding Kamakura to its time as a trendy vacation spot for rich Edo folk. This little island sure has packed a lot of history! | Here are the idioms from the summary and their meanings: 1. in the hot seat - in an uncomfortable situation where you are under pressure 2. lickety-split - very quickly, rapidly 3. duke it out - fight, battle 4. flock to - go to or visit a place in large numbers 5. weekend getaway - a short vacation taken on the weekends 6. keep its ancient spiritual vibe - maintain its historic sacred atmosphere 7. packed a lot of history - contained an extensive history | ||||||||||||||
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24 | 鎌倉近くの小さな島エノシマは、1000年以上にわたって日本の重要な宗教の地でした。弁天をまつる江島神社や仏閣があります。伝説によると、五頭の竜がエノシマに住み、人身御供を要求していましたが、日蓮上人が経文を唱えて退治したとか。 12-13世紀、鎌倉が将軍の都であった時代、エノシマは海からの攻撃から鎌倉を守る military baseとして北条氏らが使っていました。鎌倉が滅びると、戦国大名がエノシマを巡って争いました。 江戸時代、エノシマは神社参詣や避暑地として栄え、富裕な商人も別荘を建てるように。江戸の人にとっては、最も近いビーチリゾートの島でした。 今日でもエノシマは東京からの人気日帰りスポットで、神社や海蝕洞、海水浴や富士山の景観を楽しむ観光客でにぎわいます。1900年代初めの江ノ電も人気です。観光地化した今も、古くからの聖地としての雰囲気を保っています。 1000年以上にわたって、エノシマは聖地であると同時に、リクリエーションの場でもありました。かつて鎌倉を守る軍事基地としての時代から、江戸の裕福な人々のトレンドィなリゾート地としての時代まで、この小さな島には長い歴史が刻まれているのです。 | |||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — As a reporter covering the history of Enoshima, I wanted to ask you, as an expert in this field, when did Enoshima first gain significance in Japan? 🟩 — Enoshima's recorded history dates back over a thousand years. It first rose to prominence in the 12th century when the Hojo clan established a naval base there to help protect Kamakura, which was the shogun's capital at the time. 🟥 — What role did religion play in the island's early history? 🟩 — The island has long been a sacred site associated with Buddhist and Shinto worship. The Enoshima Shrine there is dedicated to Benzaiten, a Buddhist deity who later syncretized into the Shinto kami Benten. 🟥 — Were there any legendary tales or folklore linked to Enoshima's past? 🟩 — Yes, there is a famous local legend about a five-headed dragon that supposedly lived on Enoshima in ancient times. According to the myth, the dragon demanded human sacrifices until it was defeated by the Buddhist saint Nichiren. 🟥 — How did the island's strategic position affect its history? 🟩 — Being located at the entrance to Sagami Bay, Enoshima was highly valued for its naval and defensive capabilities. Various warring clans vied for control of Enoshima during the Kamakura and later periods. 🟥 — What led to the development of Enoshima as a leisure destination? 🟩 — During the Edo period, affluent merchants started building vacation villas on Enoshima to enjoy its scenic seaside location and rugged coastal topography. It soon became a popular weekend getaway for Edo residents. 🟥 — When did Enoshima become easily accessible from Tokyo? 🟩 — In 1902, the Enoden railway line opened between Kamakura and Enoshima, establishing the island as a convenient day trip for tourists. This historic rail line remains in use today. 🟥 — What are some of the major tourist sites on Enoshima today? 🟩 — Key attractions include the striking vermilion torii gate at Enoshima Shrine, the seaside Iwaya Caves, and the 19th century Samuel Cocking Garden designed by a British merchant. The island also offers beaches, scenic overlooks, and views of Mt. Fuji. 🟥 — Does Enoshima retain any of its ancient spiritual atmosphere despite being a popular tourist destination now? 🟩 — Yes, while it draws large crowds of visitors today, the island is still home to historic shrines and temples. So it continues to have a certain sacred ambience amidst the modern tourism. 🟥 — What would you say has been the enduring appeal of Enoshima over the centuries? 🟩 — Its mystic religious sites and dramatic natural scenery have attracted pilgrims, artists, and poets since ancient times. And its accessibility as a vacation spot has made it popular through the ages. Enoshima's dual spiritual and recreational appeal has endured. 🟥 — For a visitor to Enoshima today, what would you recommend as an absolute must-see spot? 🟩 — I'd highly recommend seeing the main hall and torii gate of Enoshima Shrine. This allows you to appreciate the island's long religious history and offers an iconic photo viewpoint. 🟥 — Are there any lesser-known spots or factoids about Enoshima that provide special insights into its past? 🟩 — The stone plaques displayed at Nakatsumiya are engraved with centuries-old poems by wandering samurai and monks who visited Enoshima. They provide a poetic glimpse into the island's history. 🟥 — What future developments or changes do you foresee for Enoshima in the coming decades? 🟩 — I expect Enoshima will have to manage the balance between preserving its heritage and sustaining tourism demand. But its rich history and natural gifts will surely continue drawing visitors over the next century. 🟥 — Thank you for providing such an insightful historical overview of this iconic island. As a reporter, this context will help me greatly in covering Enoshima. 🟩 — You're very welcome. I'm glad I could share some of the lesser-known details about Enoshima's fascinating past alongside the well-known facts. Please let me know if you need any other information for your report! | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
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32 | The small island of Enoshima near Kamakura has been a 1✶ religious site in Japan for over a thousand years. It is home to the Enoshima Shrine 2✶ to the goddess Benten, as well as several Buddhist temples. Legend tells that a five-headed dragon once demanded human sacrifices on Enoshima until the monk Nichiren 3✶ it by chanting sutras. In the 12th-13th centuries, Enoshima held strategic importance for protecting Kamakura, the shogun's capital. Powerful clans like the Hojo used it as a naval base during this time. After Kamakura's fall, warring daimyos fought to control Enoshima. During the Edo period, Enoshima 4✶ as a religious destination and leisure spot for pilgrims and wealthy merchants. Some built vacation villas on the island as early as the 17th century, taking 5✶ of its scenic rocky coastline. It became a popular beach resort outside Edo. Today, Enoshima remains a top day trip from Tokyo, 6✶ visitors with its blend of shrines, caves, beaches and views of Mount Fuji. The Enoden railway dating from 1902 is one of Japan's oldest lines. Key sites include the 7✶ red torii gate at Enoshima Shrine, the Iwaya Caves along the southern coast, and Samuel Cocking Garden built by a British 8✶ in the 1880s. Though now crowded with tourists, the island retains its ancient sacred air. The strategic location and religious significance of Enoshima have made it an important site for over a thousand years. Despite modern development, the island still attracts pilgrims and history buffs along with casual tourists coming for 9✶ and scenic vistas. Enoshima's dual spiritual and leisure appeal continues from its medieval days as a key outpost guarding Kamakura to its Edo period popularity as a weekend 10✶ for urbanites. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | advantage | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
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38 | recreation | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | significant | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | striking | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | subdued | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | thrived | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #9 | Advances in Flu Treatments | Topic Category: | Health/Medicine | October 14, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | This year's flu shot has been updated to better match currently circulating influenza strains. The new shot contains components from the predominant H3N2 strain and both influenza B strains. Early data indicates the updated vaccine is more effective against H3N2 and the Victoria lineage flu B strain compared to last year's vaccine. People over 6 months old should get the new flu shot. Those 65 and older can opt for a high-dose version for stronger immunity. Pregnant women and those with chronic conditions especially need the protection as they are high-risk for complications. The FDA has approved Xofluza, the first antiviral influenza treatment that patients can inhale. Delivered directly to the lungs via an inhaler, Xofluza acts quicker than oral medication. In clinical trials, the inhaled antiviral reduced flu symptoms by a day on average compared to placebo. It also decreased the duration of fever and viral shedding. Xofluza provides a convenient alternative to swallowing pills for flu patients. However, it is not meant to replace the flu vaccine which remains the best protection against infection. Two new antibodies have shown promise in universal prevention and treatment of influenza strains in animal models. The antibodies target the stalk region of the viral hemagglutinin protein which is more conserved than the head region. One antibody provided protection in mice and ferrets against group 1 influenza A viruses like H1N1 and avian flu strains. The other showed therapeutic potential by reducing symptoms and lung viral load in ferrets. Further research is needed to evaluate safety and efficacy in humans. Universal flu antibodies could eliminate the need for annual flu shots. In summary, improved flu vaccines, new treatment options like Xofluza, and development of broadly protective antibodies represent important recent advances against seasonal and pandemic influenza illness. Continued innovation is critical to reduce influenza morbidity and mortality. | https://www.healthline.com/health-news/this-years-flu-shot-was-updated-to-be-more-effective-what-you-need-to-know https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/news/20221027/fda-oks-first-inhalable-antiviral-for-flu https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2794043 https://www.contagionlive.com/view/long-acting-antibody-shows-promise-for-universal-influenza-prevention-treatment | ||||||||||||||
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14 | 2: Simple Version | Comprehension Questions | ||||||||||||||
15 | This year's flu shot was changed to work better against the kinds of flu going around now. The new shot has parts from the main H3N2 flu and both B flu types. Early signs show the new shot works better than last year's. Anyone over 6 months old should get it. Older adults 65+ can get a high-dose shot for better protection. Pregnant women and people with health problems need the shot most because flu is very bad for them. The FDA OK'd Xofluza, the first flu medicine you inhale through your mouth. Inhaling gets the drug into the lungs faster than swallowing pills. In studies, inhaled Xofluza made people feel better 1 day sooner than fake medicine. It also cut how long they had fever and spread flu. The inhaled drug is easy to take but doesn't replace the flu shot. The shot is still the best way to avoid getting sick. Two new antibodies look promising to prevent and treat any flu type in animal tests. The antibodies target a protein piece that doesn't change much in flu viruses. One antibody protected mice and ferrets against common flu types like H1N1 and bird flu. The other reduced symptoms and flu virus in ferret lungs. More research is needed to make sure they are safe and work in people. Universal antibodies could mean no more yearly flu shots. In summary, better flu shots, new inhaled drugs like Xofluza, and wide-ranging antibodies are important latest advances against seasonal and pandemic flu. More innovation is key to lessen flu's burden of illness and death. | 1) Which groups are recommended to get the updated 2022-2023 flu shot? 2) What are two benefits observed so far with the new influenza vaccine compared to previous years? 3) How does Xofluza, the new inhaled antiviral, differ in mechanism and delivery from oral flu medications? 4) What is a potential future benefit of developing universal flu antibodies? 5) Why is ongoing innovation against influenza important from a public health perspective? | ||||||||||||||
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18 | This year's flu shot was changed to work better against the kinds of flu going around now. The new shot has parts from the main H3N2 flu and both B flu types. Early signs show the new shot works better than last year's. Anyone over 6 months old should get it. Older adults 65+ can get a high-dose shot for better protection. Pregnant women and people with health problems need the shot most because flu is very bad for them. The FDA OK'd Xofluza, the first flu medicine you inhale through your mouth. Inhaling gets the drug into the lungs faster than swallowing pills. In studies, inhaled Xofluza made people feel better 1 day sooner than fake medicine. It also cut how long they had fever and spread flu. The inhaled drug is easy to take but doesn't replace the flu shot. The shot is still the best way to avoid getting sick. Two new antibodies look promising to prevent and treat any flu type in animal tests. The antibodies target a protein piece that doesn't change much in flu viruses. One antibody protected mice and ferrets against common flu types like H1N1 and bird flu. The other reduced symptoms and flu virus in ferret lungs. More research is needed to make sure they are safe and work in people. Universal antibodies could mean no more yearly flu shots. In summary, better flu shots, new inhaled drugs like Xofluza, and wide-ranging antibodies are important latest advances against seasonal and pandemic flu. More innovation is key to lessen flu's burden of illness and death. | 1) Should the flu shot be mandatory for certain groups like healthcare workers? Why or why not? 2) How effective are current flu vaccines compared to vaccines for other viruses like measles or polio? 3) What other antiviral drug delivery methods could be explored beyond oral pills and inhalers? 4) How close do you think we are to developing a universal flu vaccine that provides long-lasting protection? 5) What public health measures, beyond vaccines and treatment, are important for controlling influenza outbreaks? | ||||||||||||||
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21 | This year's flu shot got a makeover to be a better match against the flu bugs going around now. Early peeks show the new shot packs more of a punch than last year's. Everyone over 6 months old should roll up their sleeves and get it. Old timers over 65 can get a souped up high-dose version for extra protection. Pregnant gals and folks with health woes need the shot the most since the flu hits them hardest. The FDA gave a thumbs up to Xofluza, the first flu medicine you huff through your pie hole. Inhaling gets the drug to the lungs lickety-split compared to swallowing pills. Studies show inhaled Xofluza helped folks feel chipper 1 day sooner than fake meds. It also cut how long they were laid low with fever and spread flu cooties. The inhaled meds are a breeze to take but don't replace the flu shot. The shot is still the cat's meow for dodging the flu. Two new antibodies look promising to ward off and whip any flu strain in animal tests. The antibodies target a piece of protein that doesn't change much in flu bugs. One antibody protected mice and ferrets against common flu types like H1N1 and bird flu. The other reduced symptoms and flu virus in ferret lungs. More research is needed to make sure they're safe and work in people. Universal antibodies could mean no more yearly shots in the arm. In a nutshell, better flu shots, new inhaled meds like Xofluza, and broad antibodies are big advances against seasonal and pandemic flu. More innovation is key to lighten flu's blow and save lives. | 1. makeover - updating or redesigning the appearance of something 2. packs more of a punch - has greater power or impact 3. roll up their sleeves - prepare to start working 4. old timers - people who have been around for a long time 5. souped up - enhanced or modified to improve performance 6. thumbs up - approval or agreement 7. huff - breathe in or inhale 8. pie hole - mouth 9. lickety-split - very fast, quickly 10. laid low - sick or incapacitated 11. cooties - germs or microbes 12. breeze - something easy or effortless 13. cat's meow - something excellent or first-rate 14. dodging - avoiding 15. whip - defeat or conquer 16. peeks - quick looks 17. nutshell - brief summary 18. blow - negative impact 19. lighten - reduce or diminish | ||||||||||||||
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24 | 今年のインフルエンザワクチンは、現在流行している株との整合性を高めるため改訂されました。新しいワクチンにはH3N2と2種のB型インフルエンザの主要株が含まれています。初期のデータでは、更新されたワクチンのH3N2とB型インフルエンザのヴィクトリア系統に対する有効性は、昨年のワクチンより高いことが示唆されています。6カ月以上の方は新しいインフルエンザワクチンの接種が推奨されます。65歳以上の高齢者は、強力な免疫力を得るため、高用量ワクチンを選択できます。妊婦や慢性疾患のある方は重症化リスクが高いため、特にワクチンの予防が必要です。 FDAは、吸入式のインフルエンザ治療薬Xofluzaを初めて承認しました。肺に直接送達されることで、経口薬よりも速効します。臨床試験では、プラセボと比較して、吸入Xofluzaはインフルエンザ症状を平均1日早く改善させました。発熱期間とウイルス排出期間も短縮しました。Xofluzaは錠剤の服用に代わる便利な吸入薬ですが、予防接種が感染防止の最善策であることに変わりありません。 新たに2つの抗体が、動物モデルでの全インフルエンザ株の予防と治療に有望性を示しました。これらの抗体はウイルスの比較的保存された部分を標的としています。1つはH1N1や鳥インフルエンザを含む1型インフルエンザに対して、マウスとフェレットでの保護効果を示しました。もう1つは、フェレットの症状と肺内ウイルス量を減少させる治療効果がみられました。ヒトでの安全性と有効性を評価する更なる研究が必要です。万能インフルエンザ抗体は、年次ワクチン接種の必要性をなくす可能性があります。 要約すると、改良ワクチン、Xofluzaのような新規治療法、広範な抗体の開発は、季節性およびパンデミックインフルエンザ対策における重要な進歩を表しています。インフルエンザの疾病負担と死亡率を減らすため、継続的なイノベーションが不可欠です。 | |||||||||||||||
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26 | 6: Dialogue | A hypothetical exchange between a reporter and an expert in this field. | ||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What are the key takeaways from recent advances in influenza treatment and prevention? 🟩 — The main developments are improved flu vaccines to better match circulating strains, new antiviral delivery methods like an inhalable drug called Xofluza, and research on universal antibodies that can protect against multiple influenza types. 🟥 — How was this year's flu shot changed compared to previous years? 🟩 — The 2022-2023 shot was updated to include components of the dominant H3N2 strain as well as both influenza B virus lineages. This helped improve efficacy over last season's vaccine. 🟥 — What evidence do we have so far that the new flu shot formulation is more effective? 🟩 — Early immunogenicity data indicates the updated vaccine performs better against H3N2 and the Victoria lineage B strain specifically. 🟥 — Who is recommended to get the new flu shot? 🟩 — The CDC recommends everyone over 6 months old get an annual flu vaccination, especially higher risk groups like adults over 65, pregnant women, and those with chronic medical conditions. 🟥 — What is the benefit of the high-dose flu shot for seniors? 🟩 — The high-dose vaccine contains 4 times the antigen as the standard dose, which creates a stronger immune response in older adults with naturally waning immunity. 🟥 — How does the new antiviral Xofluza work and differ from current flu medications? 🟩 — Xofluza is the first inhalable flu antiviral that is delivered directly to the lungs and acts quicker than oral pills. In trials it reduced symptoms by about 1 day on average compared to placebo. 🟥 — What are the potential advantages of an inhaled antiviral treatment? 🟩 — Inhaled antivirals can reduce time to symptom relief, fever, and viral shedding. They also provide easier drug delivery directly into the respiratory tract. 🟥 — Does Xofluza replace the need for flu vaccines? 🟩 — No, the flu shot is still the primary defense and Xofluza serves as a supplementary treatment option if someone becomes infected. Vaccination remains the best way to avoid illness. 🟥 — Can you explain what universal flu antibodies are? 🟩 — These are antibodies that target conserved parts of the influenza virus and can neutralize multiple strains, including those with pandemic potential. This could eliminate the need for annual flu shots. 🟥 — How were the new universal antibodies tested? 🟩 — In animal models including mice and ferrets, the antibodies showed protective effects against group 1 flu viruses like H1N1 and bird flu as well as therapeutic benefits in reducing symptoms and lung viral load. 🟥 — When might universal flu antibodies become available for humans? 🟩 — More clinical trials are needed to establish safety and efficacy in people first. If those are successful, the antibodies could be approved within the next 5-10 years. 🟥 — Why are new innovations against flu so important for public health? 🟩 — Influenza causes millions of illnesses, hundreds of thousands of hospitalizations, and tens of thousands of deaths each year. Improvements in prevention and treatment help reduce this significant burden of disease. 🟥 — What should people do in addition to getting vaccinated to protect against flu? 🟩 — Washing hands frequently, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and proper cough hygiene help limit spread. Seeking antiviral treatment early when infected is also important, especially for those at higher risk of complications. 🟥 — Where can people find the latest flu shot recommendations and information? 🟩 — The CDC website provides updated influenza guidance each season. People should also check with their healthcare provider or local health department for the most current flu prevention advice. 🟥 — What research priorities remain for influenza treatment and prevention? 🟩 — More work is needed to build broader spectrum vaccines and antibodies. Improving vaccine uptake and disparity reduction are also key goals. Continued progress relies on ongoing public health funding and innovation. | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
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32 | This year's flu shot has been updated to better match currently circulating influenza 1✶. The new shot contains components from the 2✶ H3N2 strain and both influenza B 1✶. Early data indicates the updated vaccine is more effective against H3N2 and the Victoria 3✶ flu B strain compared to last year's vaccine. People over 6 months old should get the new flu shot. Those 65 and older can opt for a high-dose version for stronger immunity. Pregnant women and those with 4✶ conditions especially need the protection as they are high-risk for complications. The FDA has approved Xofluza, the first antiviral influenza treatment that patients can inhale. Delivered directly to the lungs via an inhaler, Xofluza acts quicker than oral medication. In 5✶ trials, the inhaled antiviral reduced flu symptoms by a day on average compared to placebo. It also decreased the duration of fever and viral 6✶. Xofluza provides a convenient alternative to swallowing pills for flu patients. However, it is not meant to replace the flu vaccine which remains the best protection against infection. Two new antibodies have shown promise in universal prevention and treatment of influenza 1✶ in animal models. The antibodies target the stalk region of the viral hemagglutinin protein which is more 7✶ than the head region. One antibody provided protection in mice and ferrets against group 1 influenza A viruses like H1N1 and avian flu 1✶. The other showed therapeutic potential by reducing symptoms and lung viral load in ferrets. Further research is needed to evaluate safety and 8✶ in humans. Universal flu antibodies could eliminate the need for annual flu shots. In summary, improved flu vaccines, new treatment options like Xofluza, and development of 9✶ protective antibodies represent important recent advances against seasonal and pandemic influenza illness. Continued innovation is critical to reduce influenza 10✶ and mortality. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | broadly | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | chronic | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | clinical | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | conserved | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | efficacy | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | lineage | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | morbidity | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | predominant | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | shedding | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | strains | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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7 | ✺ N E W E S T ► | This is a free version of a tool Phil has developed for his students. The five article summary versions shown below were constructed by the AI tool "Claude 2" based on multiple source articles. There are four different English versions, plus a Japanese version. Below that is a dialogue. Included on the right side are five comprehension questions, five discussion questions, a list of idioms. A "cloze" quiz is offered at the very bottom. | English Ladder's Free Weekly Essay Coach: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||
8 | (Refresh this page to ensure you have the most recent article.) | |||||||||||||||
9 | #10 | Shifts in Moral Standards | Topic Category: | Philosophy | October 15, 2023 | |||||||||||
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11 | 1: Original Summary | (Based on 4 source articles.) | Source Articles | |||||||||||||
12 | Morality is complex and dynamic, shaped by a mix of innate intuitions and social learning. Research shows that moral values evolve over history and differ across cultures, though some universal foundations persist. In America today, there is deep polarization in moral worldviews, centered around issues like sexuality and social justice. Moral intuitions emerge early, as babies display distress at others’ suffering. But culture powerfully shapes morality too. Evidence shows moral values have changed radically over centuries in the West, with less emphasis on community and divinity, and more on fairness and caring for those outside one's tribe. Still, five innate psychological systems ground moral values worldwide: harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. American morality is fracturing along ideological lines. Conservatives emphasize purity, authority, and loyalty foundations more, while liberals focus on fairness and harm. Polarization is stark regarding sexuality, with growing acceptance of homosexuality in the West, but widespread disapproval in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Debates over racism, sexism, and social justice have also split America's moral landscape. These divisions reflect not just politics, but profound differences in moral psychology. However, some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see trait fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and caring for the vulnerable as essential to morality. And moral exemplars from Jesus to Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps nurturing universal moral intuitions while recognizing diversity is the path forward. But bridging today's moral divides will not be quick or easy. | https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/morality-play/201105/how-morality-changes https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2020/06/19/how-do-americans-view-moral-values/ https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/04/modern-morality-jonathan-haidt/622867/ https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/06/25/global-divide-on-homosexuality-persists/ | ||||||||||||||
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15 | Morality is complicated and changing. It comes from both innate instincts and learning from society. Research shows moral values change over time and differ between cultures. But some basic foundations stay the same. In America today, there are big disagreements about moral issues like sexuality and social justice. Babies show distress when others are hurt. This suggests basic moral intuitions. But culture also shapes morality in big ways. Studies show moral values in the West have changed a lot over centuries. People focus less on community and God, and more on fairness and helping outsiders. Still, five basic moral systems are universal: avoiding harm, fairness, loyalty, respect for authority, and purity. American moral views are splitting along political lines. Conservatives care more about purity, authority and loyalty. Liberals focus on fairness and not harming. There is a big gap on sexuality. Acceptance of homosexuality is growing in the West. But in parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, most people still disapprove. Debates about racism, sexism and social justice also divide America's moral landscape. These splits show deep differences in moral psychology, not just politics. But some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see fairness, consistency, and caring for the vulnerable as morally important. And moral leaders like Jesus and Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps recognizing both common and diverse moral intuitions is needed. But bridging today's moral divides will take time and effort. | 1) What are the two main influences that shape the development of human morality? 2) How have moral values in Western cultures changed over recent centuries? 3) What are the main differences between conservative and liberal moral psychologies according to research? 4) Why does the article suggest bridging moral divides in the US will require time and wisdom? 5) What are some steps the article proposes for improving moral discourse in society? | ||||||||||||||
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17 | 3: Technical Version | Discussion Questions | ||||||||||||||
18 | Morality arises from an intricate interplay of innate cognitive modules and sociocultural learning. Research demonstrates that moral values exhibit both diachronic flux and synchronic variation, though certain Platonic forms persist. Contemporary American society evinces deep axiological polarization surrounding sexuality and social justice. Infants exhibit distress responses to perceived harm, evidencing nascent moral cognition. However, acculturation profoundly informs ethical orientations. Longitudinal data reveals shifting prioritization of loyalty, authority, and sanctity over harm avoidance and fairness in the Western moral zeitgeist. Nevertheless, Moral Foundations Theory posits universal cognitive substrates for virtue ethics, deontology, and consequentialism. Ideological factions display divergent moral psychologies. Conservatives exhibit greater valuation of loyalty, authority, and purity, while liberals prioritize harm reduction and proportionality. Divergence is salient regarding sexual mores, with increasing Western acceptance of homosexuality contrasting with ongoing disapprobation in the Global South. Discourse surrounding racism, sexism, and equity also betrays axiological bifurcation. Current polarization partly reflects visceral intuitions exceeding rationalist ethics. However, fairness, consistency, and humanism may allow rapprochement between Hegelian theses and antitheses. Syncretic thinkers from religious traditions illustrate integrative paths. Cultivating pluralistic meta-ethics while reinforcing shared values could enable social cohesion. However, bridging incommensurate moral paradigms requires patience and wisdom. | 1) To what extent do you think morality is innate versus learned? What examples can you think of to support both sides? 2) How much variability have you observed in moral values across different cultures or within your own country? What factors might explain this? 3) Do you think the ideological differences in moral psychology described in the summary are accurate? Why or why not? 4) How optimistic or pessimistic are you about the prospect of bridging moral divides in the United States? Why? 5) What role do you think individuals should play in trying to improve moral discourse? How might we balance free expression with compassion? | ||||||||||||||
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20 | 4: Idiomatic Version | |||||||||||||||
21 | Morality is tricky and always changing. It comes from gut feelings we're born with and lessons we soak up from society. Studies show moral values shift over time and differ between cultures. But some basic blocks stay constant. In America today, folks are divided over moral hot buttons like sexuality and social justice. Babies get upset when someone's hurt, showing moral instincts kick in early. But culture shapes our morals big time too. Research shows moral values in the West have changed a ton over centuries. Folks care less about duty to community and God, more about fairness and helping outsiders. Still, five moral alarm bells ring worldwide: don't hurt others, play fair, stay loyal, respect authority, and keep pure. American moral views are splitting down political lines. Conservatives harp more on purity, authority and loyalty. Liberals hammer on fairness and not causing harm. There's a huge gap on sexuality. Acceptance of homosexuality is catching on in the West. But in parts of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, most still thumb their noses at it. Debates about racism, sexism and social justice also divide America’s moral landscape. These splits show deep differences in moral wiring, not just politics. But some common ground may remain. Most Americans still see fairness, walking the talk, and caring for the vulnerable as morally upright. And moral giants like Jesus and Gandhi light the way. Maybe recognizing both shared and varied moral compasses is needed. But bridging today's moral divides will take time and elbow grease. | 1. tricky - difficult to deal with or understand 2. soak up - absorb or take in 3. hot buttons - controversial issues that provoke strong reactions 4. gut feelings - instinctive emotional reactions 5. kick in - start to take effect or apply 6. big time - very much or to a great degree 7. tone down - make less strong or intense 8. catching on - becoming popular or widely accepted 9. thumb their noses - express contempt or disapproval 10. light the way - provide inspiration or guidance 11. walking the talk - behaving according to one's own words or principles 12. elbow grease - hard work and effort | ||||||||||||||
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23 | 5: Japanese Version | |||||||||||||||
24 | 道徳は、生まれつきの直感と社会からの学習の複雑な相互作用から生じます。 研究では、道徳的価値観は時間的な流動性と文化的な多様性を示しつつ、ある普遍的な形式が持続することが示されています。 現代のアメリカ社会は、セクシュアリティや社会正義をめぐって、深刻な価値観の隔絶が存在します。 乳児は、他者の害を察知すると苦痛を示すことから、道徳認知の萌芽が見て取れます。しかし、文化の影響は道徳観を大きく形作ります。 長期的データは、西洋の道徳的精神において、害回避と公正さよりも忠誠心、権威、純粋さが優先される価値観の変遷を示唆しています。それでも、道徳的基盤理論は徳倫理、義務論、結果主義の普遍的な認知的基盤を提唱しています。 イデオロギー的集団は、相違する道徳心理を示しています。 保守派は忠誠心、権威、純粋さをより重視する一方、リベラルは害の回避と均衡を優先させます。 性的道徳に関しては、西洋における同性愛の受容拡大がグローバル南部の否定的態度と対照的です。 人種差別、性差別、公正に関する言説もまた、価値観の二極化を露呈させています。 この極化は、合理的倫理を超える本能に部分的に起因しています。 しかし、公正、一貫性、人道主義は和解の契機となりうるでしょう。 宗教的伝統からの思想家は、統合の道を例証しています。 共有価値を強化しつつ相対的道徳観を培うことが社会的融和を可能にします。 しかし、非両立的な道徳パラダイムの架橋には忍耐と知恵が必要です。 | |||||||||||||||
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26 | 6: Dialogue | A hypothetical exchange between a reporter and an expert in this field. | ||||||||||||||
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28 | 🟥 — What are the key factors that influence the development of morality in humans? 🟩 — There are two primary influences on moral development - innate intuition and social learning. Infants display moral instincts from a very young age by showing distress when others are harmed. However, culture also plays a huge role, as norms and values differ greatly across societies and evolve over time. 🟥 — How much does culture affect morality versus human nature? 🟩 — Culture affects morality profoundly, as research shows moral values changing radically over history in many cultures. However, there seem to be universal foundations as well, rooted in innate cognitive systems for things like fairness, harm avoidance, loyalty and authority. 🟥 — What are some examples of moral values that have changed over time? 🟩 — Emphasis on community, divinity, and tradition has declined in recent centuries in the West, while concern for human rights, individual freedom, and marginalized groups has increased. Sexual mores have also changed dramatically, with greater acceptance of behaviors historically seen as taboo. 🟥 — Why is American morality so divided right now? 🟩 — There are deep differences emerging in moral psychology tied to ideological identities. Conservatives emphasize loyalty, authority, and purity more, while liberals focus on care and fairness. These translate to polarization on sexuality, racism, and social justice. 🟥 — What issues best illustrate these moral divides in America? 🟩 — Attitudes about LGBTQ rights and treatment of minorities, especially in policing and the legal system, are big flashpoints. Disagreements over gender equality, immigration, and economic fairness also betray very different moral frameworks. 🟥 — Are there any areas of agreement that could unite people morally? 🟩 — Most Americans still see fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and compassion as virtuous. Appreciating moral exemplars from religious figures like Jesus to humanitarians like Gandhi also offers common ground. Basic humanism essentially. 🟥 — Is bridging moral divides in society possible or advisable? 🟩 — Some shared moral intuitions persist, which could be starting points for dialogue. But differences run deep, and some polarization in pluralistic democracies is likely inevitable. The focus should be on retaining shared ethical foundations while allowing diversity in moral worldviews. 🟥 — What steps can individuals or institutions take to improve moral discourse? 🟩 — Listening sincerely to different perspectives, searching for shared values, and discussing complex moral issues with nuance and compassion. Also structuring communities and policies to affirm common humanity despite differences. 🟥 — Do you see any risks or downsides to trying to shape moral values in society? 🟩 — Moral mandates imposed without consent often backfire or breed resentment. The emphasis should be on open dialogue and leading by enlightened example, not coercion. Change takes time, and some moral variation across groups may be natural. 🟥 — How might advancements in science and technology affect human morality in the future? 🟩 — Technologies will continue raising complex ethical issues we haven't confronted before, so moral reasoning must evolve. But research on innate morality suggests core human values of cooperation, fairness and mercy are unlikely to disappear. 🟥 — What advice would you give to parents or teachers hoping to foster strong moral development in the next generation? 🟩 — Guide children's behavior through exemplifying values, not just rules. Encourage empathy and service to others. Expose them to diverse people and ideas. Discuss complicated moral choices openly without judgement. And ultimately, lead by ethical example in your own life. | |||||||||||||||
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30 | 7: Vocabulary Quiz | |||||||||||||||
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32 | Morality is complex and dynamic, shaped by a mix of innate 1✶ and social learning. Research shows that moral values evolve over history and differ across cultures, though some universal foundations 2✶. In America today, there is deep polarization in moral worldviews, centered around issues like sexuality and social justice. Moral 1✶ emerge early, as babies display 3✶ at others’ suffering. But culture powerfully shapes morality too. Evidence shows moral values have changed 4✶ over centuries in the West, with less emphasis on community and divinity, and more on fairness and caring for those outside one's tribe. Still, five innate psychological systems ground moral values worldwide: harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and purity. American morality is 5✶ along ideological lines. Conservatives emphasize purity, authority, and loyalty foundations more, while liberals focus on fairness and harm. Polarization is stark 6✶ sexuality, with growing acceptance of homosexuality in the West, but widespread disapproval in Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Debates over racism, sexism, and social justice have also split America's moral landscape. These divisions 7✶ not just politics, but profound differences in moral psychology. However, some shared ground may remain. Most Americans still see trait fairness, lack of hypocrisy, and caring for the 8✶ as essential to morality. And moral exemplars from Jesus to Gandhi offer inspiration. Perhaps 9✶ universal moral 1✶ while recognizing diversity is the path forward. But 10✶ today's moral divides will not be quick or easy. | Match the numbers in the essay on the left to the terms below. | ||||||||||||||
33 | bridging | 10✶ | ||||||||||||||
34 | distress | 3✶ | ||||||||||||||
35 | fracturing | 5✶ | ||||||||||||||
36 | intuitions | 1✶ | ||||||||||||||
37 | nurturing | 9✶ | ||||||||||||||
38 | persist | 2✶ | ||||||||||||||
39 | radically | 4✶ | ||||||||||||||
40 | reflect | 7✶ | ||||||||||||||
41 | regarding | 6✶ | ||||||||||||||
42 | vulnerable | 8✶ | ||||||||||||||
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51 | ◀︎ | Scan the QR Code with your smart phone or click this blue link to access the folder containing all of the original summary audio files for each weekly essay. | ||||||||||||||
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61 | ©️ English Ladder 2023 | Creator: Phil Stilwell | |||||||||||||||
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