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IDTitleAuthor(s)Publication DateURLPurposeMethodologyProsConsSimilaritiesDifferencesConclusionKeywordsTheme
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1Are Saudi Arabian banks’ mobile applications accessible for blind or
partially sighted users?		Alayed, A.2024https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-023-01082-yTo explore the accessibility barriers faced by visually impaired Arabic speakers in using mobile banking applications in Saudi Arabia, particularly due to non-compliance with WCAG 2.1 guidelines, and its impact on their independence and privacy in financial management.Mixed-Method

Qualitative - Manual accessibility inspections
These inspections follow WCAG 2.1 guidelines to identify violations and barriers in the mobile banking apps.

Quantitative - Usability testing
This involves 12 blind Arabic-speaking participants, measuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction of users performing typical banking tasks (e.g., logging in, transferring money, paying bills, checking account statements).		1 - Focus on Under-Researched Demographic
The study addresses Arabic-speaking visually impaired users in Saudi Arabia, a demographic that has received limited research attention.

2 - Cultural and Linguistic Considerations
The emphasis on cultural and linguistic factors enriches the understanding of accessibility challenges specific to this population.

3 - Practical Recommendations
The study provides actionable insights
for developers, such as using descriptive alternative text for images and ensuring
screen reader operability, which can help
create more accessible applications.		1 - Limited Generalizability
The findings may not be applicable to regions or languages outside the scope of the study, as factors like regulatory frameworks and technological landscapes can vary significantly.

2 - Exclusive Reliance on WCAG 2.1
The study relies solely on WCAG 2.1 for its manual inspection process, potentially overlooking other accessibility criteria that could offer a more comprehensive evaluation.

3 - Narrow Accessibility Evaluation
A broader inclusion of additional standards
or guidelines could lead to a more thorough identification of accessibility issues, improving
the overall effectiveness of the study’s recommendations.		Review 1 & 2

Both focus on accessibility for visually impaired users.

Both employ user-centered design principles, ensuring the needs of visually impaired users are considered in the design process.

Both use qualitative methods to collect data (e.g., interviews or surveys).		Review 1 & 2

Alayed’s study is focused on mobile banking applications, while Dunn’s study is about assistive technology in education.

Alayed uses a mixed-method approach (manual inspections and usability testing), while Dunn employs a qualitative single case study.

Alayed follows WCAG 2.1 guidelines, while Dunn focuses on the input of students with visual impairments in choosing assistive technology.		The study employed a mixed-method approach to assess the accessibility of Saudi Arabian banking applications for individuals with visual impairments. AlRajhi, SNB, and Riyad Bank were the top three banks in terms of clientele. Significant accessibility challenges were identified through manual inspections and usability testing with twelve
blind users. The most frequently violated principle in the tested applications was operability, failing to meet the basic requirements of WCAG 2.1. Limitations included a small sample size of blind participants, restricted testing services, and a focus on completely blind individuals. To comprehensively address accessibility challenges, future studies aim to involve individuals with a broader spectrum of disabilities and banking services.		1 - Mobile Banking Accessibility

2 - Visually Impaired Users

3 - WCAG 2.1 Guidelines

4 - Usability Testing

5 - Financial Transactions		Improving accessibility for visually impaired users in the context of mobile banking, evaluating compliance with WCAG guidelines, and identifying usability barriers to ensure inclusive financial services.
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2Assistive technology for students with visual impairmentsDunn, K.2023https://www.proquest.com/openview/b783c18b26b029fb4e3d51086c586b67/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=yThe purpose of Kelly Dunn's study is to explore the challenges that students with visual impairments (VI) face in accessing the educational curriculum and to highlight the importance of including student input in the selection of assistive technology (AT). The study aims to address how the lack of end-user involvement can result in the use of AT tools that do not fully meet students' needs, thereby limiting their effectiveness in enhancing educational accessibility and academic performance.
Qualitative:

1 - Open-ended survey
To gather detailed responses from participants.

2 - Semi-structured interviews
To collect in-depth evidence through flexible, guided conversations.

The qualitative focus is reinforced by the use of a small, specific sample (13 students) and the emphasis on understanding personal experiences and perceptions. This approach aims to provide a deep, contextualized understanding of how these students use assistive technology in their educational settings.		1 - User-Centered Design Emphasis
The study promotes involving students in the evaluation of assistive technology, aligning with user-centered design principles that enhance the development of effective tools.

2 - Integration of User Feedback
By incorporating user feedback, developers can create more intuitive and functional interfaces, improving both accessibility and user experience for visually impaired users.

3 - Identification of Key Themes
Highlighting key themes like enlargement and magnification provides valuable insights for designing web accessibility features that enhance visibility and usability.

4 - Inclusive Approach
The recommendation to expand the study to include a broader variety of consumers and contexts enhances its overall impact and relevance to a wider audience.

5 - Consideration of Technological Advancements
Acknowledging the importance of integrating insights with emerging technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence can lead to more effective strategies for web accessibility.		1 - Limited Scope
The current focus may overlook the experiences and needs of a broader range of users, which could limit the comprehensiveness of the findings.

2 - Rapid Technological Changes
While the study recognizes the importance of staying informed about technological advancements, it face challenges in keeping pace with the rapid evolution of technology and its impact on accessibility.

3 - Potential Overemphasis on AT
There may be a risk of placing too much focus on assistive technologies at the expense of considering other factors influencing web accessibility, such as design standards or policies.		Review 1 & 3

Both studies address the issue of accessibility for persons with disabilities, specifically visually impaired users.

Both incorporate usability testing to measure how effectively visually impaired users can perform tasks using technology.

Both studies are concerned with web or app accessibility, evaluating the barriers to digital services for users with disabilities.		Review 1 & 3

Alayed is specific to mobile banking apps for financial transactions, while Macedo focuses on creating accessible web platforms for acquiring offline services.

Macedo uses a participatory design methodology, involving users throughout the design process, while Alayed relies on manual accessibility inspections based on WCAG 2.1 guidelines.

Macedo evaluates multimodal web interfaces (different input/output methods), while Alayed focuses on mobile banking usability.		The study's conclusion underscores the profound impact of assistive technology (AT) on the academic experiences and outcomes of students with visual impairments. Through the delineation of themes such as enlargement, accessibility, and magnification, the research elucidates the indispensable role of AT in facilitating these students' educational participation and success. Furthermore, the study advocates for future research endeavors to broaden their scope by exploring the effects of assistive technology on other categories of learning disabilities. It also underscores the imperative of incorporating student feedback into the assessment and selection processes of AT tools. Such an approach is deemed essential to ensure the alignment of selected technologies with the diverse needs and preferences of students, thereby enhancing their efficacy and educational impact.1 - Assistive Technology (AT)

2 - Visually Impaired Users

3 - Educational Accessibility

4 - Student Input

5 - User-Centered Design
Understanding how students with visual impairments engage with assistive technology in educational settings, focusing on the importance of involving students in the selection process to enhance accessibility.
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3Adaptive
web interfaces for inclusive services: A study on designing for persons with
disabilities		Macedo, P., Neves Madeira, R., Miranda, P., & Albuquerque Santos, P.2024https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3834212/v1The purpose of this research is to explore the viability of designing and implementing accessible multimodal web user interfaces that enable persons with disabilities (PwD) to efficiently interact and acquire offline services. The study aims to determine whether it is possible to create an inclusive web platform that meets the diverse needs of PwD, ensuring barrier-free access to services.Mixed-Method

Qualitative: The interviews with
experts and participatory design aspects involve gathering insights about user needs and preferences, which are more exploratory and descriptive in nature.

Quantitative: The use of questionnaires and the System Usability Scale (SUS) to measure satisfaction and usability provides numerical data for analysis, making this part quantitative.		1 - Focus on Accessibility Innovations
The research highlights the platform's use of multimodal interfaces and innovative features like face recognition, which enhance accessibility for visually impaired users.

2 - Empowerment through Autonomy
It emphasizes the positive impact of advanced technology, such as face recognition, in giving visually impaired users more independence
and ease of use.

3 - Comprehensive Service Information
The research underscores the platform's effort to provide clear and comprehensive service information, which helps visually impaired users make informed decisions and fosters inclusivity.

4 - Contribution to Inclusive Design
By exploring the benefits of accessibility features, the research contributes to understanding how technology can create more equitable user experiences.		1 - Over-Reliance on Advanced Technology
The research points out a limitation in the platform's reliance on technologies like face recognition, which may exclude users with limited access to such features, particularly in underserved communities.

2 - Challenges in Serving Diverse Disability Groups
The research highlights the complexity of balancing the needs of different disability groups, potentially resulting in less optimal solutions for visually impaired users compared to others.

3 - Limited Accessibility for All
Despite advancements, the research identifies a need for further efforts to address disparities and ensure equal access to all features and services, which remains a challenge in achieving genuine inclusivity.		Review 2 & 3

Both studies emphasize improving accessibility for visually impaired users.

Both use user feedback and usability testing to assess the effectiveness of the technology being evaluated.

Both aim to create inclusive technologies by incorporating user-centered design principles.		Review 2 & 3

Dunn focuses on assistive technology in education, while Macedo focuses on multimodal web interfaces for acquiring services.

Macedo uses a participatory design process, while Dunn uses a qualitative case study involving interviews and surveys.

Dunn specifically targets students with visual impairments, while Macedo addresses a broader user base of people with disabilities (PwD).		Designing a web interface that is accessible and adaptable for users with distinct disabilities is viable and promising. The preliminary study with experts and PwD indicates they consider it an added value. However, the adaptations for users with cognitive impairments need a deeper study to achieve more efficient solutions. The development of a mobile application interface was suggested by the end users, as most of them use smartphones in everyday life’.1 - Participatory Design

2 - Web Accessibility

3 - Multimodal Interfaces

4 - Persons with Disabilities (PwD)

5 - Usability Testing
Creating accessible multimodal web platforms for people with disabilities by involving users in the design process, addressing usability issues and enhancing digital service accessibility.
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4University Website
Accesibility For Totally Blind Users		Hassouna, M. S., Sahari, N., & Ismail, A.2017https://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jict/article/view/8218
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