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TitleYearAuthor (surname, first name)Institution of AuthorPublication TypePublicationVolume/Issue/Page Numbers/PublisherAbstractLink to PublicationOpen Access (Yes/No)
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IMPUNITY NO MORE: Unpunished Crimes Against Journalists
1998Trotti, R. UnknownBookIMPUNITY NO MORE: Unpunished Crimes Against Journalists
Inter American Press AssociationN/Ahttps://library.deakin.edu.au/search~S11?/dFreeman%2C+Derek+--+Drama./dfreeman+derek+drama/-53%2C-1%2C0%2CB/frameset&FF=dfreedom+of+the+press+latin+america&1%2C1%2CNo
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"‘Enough is Enough ’ : an
ethnography of the struggle
against impunity in Burkina Faso"		2002Hagberg, StenUppsala UniversityArticleJournal of Modern African Studies40(2), pp. 217-246"This article analyses the ways in which socio-political opposition is expressed
by looking into the morally loaded discourse of political legitimacy in Burkina Faso that emerged after the assassination of the journalist Norbert Zongo in December. Through the analysis of different political statements,
newspapers and various comments from the ‘ street’, it locates the struggle
against impunity in a social and political undercurrent in Burkinabe society.
In this context, notions of the public space are central, because the public
space defines both the boundaries of public debate and the behaviour of key
political actors. Two recurrent themes in Burkinabe political discourse,
namely ideas of truth and courage, and the legitimacy of White people, illustrate the various ways in which socio-political opposition seeks to define
the public space within which politics is to be practised and the behaviour
to be observed by those acting there. But the struggle against impunity also
takes place on a symbolic level at which key symbols are appropriated, interpreted and incorporated into political discourse."		https://www.jstor.org/stable/3876278#metadata_info_tab_contentsNo
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Protecting Press Freedom in an Environment
of Violence and Impunity 		2010Estévez, DoliaJournalistWorking PaperWorking Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation of Violence and Impunity U.S.-Mexico Security
Cooperation coordinated by the Mexico Institute at the Woodrow Wilson Center and the
Trans-Border Institute at the University of San Diego		"This chapter reviews the situation of violence against the press in Mexico and what each
of the different actors involved is doing, or not doing, to address a problem that in some
Mexican states has reached alarming crisis levels. The essay examines the political
willingness and steps taken by the federal and legislative branches of government to
protect freedom of expression, through the exercise of journalism. It discusses measures
taken by reporters, editors, media companies and civil society, to defend that right.
Special attention is given to explain how the failure of federal and local authorities to
effectively prosecute crimes against reporters has resulted in almost total impunity. Most
crimes againts reporters remain unsolved, authorities rarely determine who perpetrated
the crime and there are no prosecutions much less convictions. The report also examines
the extent to which editors and journalists, working in states overwhelmed with violence,
have engaged in widespread self-censorship out of fear for their lives. The report
emphasizes freedom of expression and a free press as fundamental and universal rights
protected by international law. These rights are also consider an effective way to
measure the strength of a democracy."		https://www.casede.org/BibliotecaCasede/Protecting_Press_Freedom%20_Estevez.pdfYes
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Murdering with impunity: The rise in terror tactics against news reporters2010Smyth, FrankUnknownArticleHarvard International Review32(3) pp. 41-45More journalists were killed last year than ever before. No doubt the world has become a more dangerous place for journalists, but not necessarily in ways that people might expect. The risks to foreign journalists, especially for (but hardly limited to) Western correspondents, have risen dramatically. Some of us are old enough to recall a time back in the 1980s when raising a white flag and writing TV in masking tape on a vehicle might help keep one safe. But in recent years reporters for outlets from The Wall Street Journal to Al-Arabiya have been attacked in ways which demonstrate that being a journalist may only make one more of a target.https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA240918443&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=07391854&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Eb6465b7ano
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The culture of impunity: What
journalists need to know about
international humanitarian law		Alley, RodericVictoria University of WellingtonArticlePacific Journalism Review16(1) pp. 78-95Whether they are nationals reporting wars occurring within their countries
or international news media staff, journalists are facing growing dangers
when covering conflict events. As civilians, they are protected to some
extent by international humanitarian law (IHL). But what are these rules
and how adequate is such coverage? The article details the core elements
of IHL, its relevance for journalists and key issues of implementation and
compliance. The news media profession has attempted in the last decade to
strengthen normative protections which are discussed. The issue is viewed
as one of continuing salience for the Pacific. The article concludes by observing that the issue of protection in combat for journalists is something
that the profession has to confront systematically.		https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287161989.pdfYes
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The Initiative on Impunity and
the Rule of Law		2011Horsley, WilliamCFOMWorking Conference Paper"Conference: Working Conference “Safety and Protection of Journalists: A
Responsibility for the World”,"		N/A"The Initiative on Impunity and the Rule of Law is a global project of the Centre for
Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield and the Centre for Law,
Justice and Journalism (CLJJ) at City University, London.
Our aims are to provide an independent platform to assess the effectiveness of
existing legal, political and institutional safeguards against violence directed at
journalists because of their professional work; and to present the case for more
effective international mechanisms to counter such crimes of violence and to end
impunity"		https://cfom.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Impunity-political-study.pdfYes
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Legal avenues for ending impunity for the death of journalists in conflict zones: Current and proposed international agreements2013Davies, Kayt and Crawford, EmilyUniversity of SydneyArticleInternational Journal of Communication7, pp. 2157-2177"Every bullet that kills a journalist in a warzone adds passion and urgency to calls for
“something” to be done to better protect frontline media workers. International humanitarian
law (the body of law that includes the Geneva Conventions) offers some avenues for legal
redress, but problems with compliance and policing have contributed to a sense of impunity
among perpetrators of these crimes. Consequently, calls for additional laws have reemerged. This article analyzes the current legal protections, examines a proposed new
international convention, and discusses obstacles to ending impunity. It also analyzes
whether a new convention would be a useful addition to international law and concludes that
advocacy energies would be better spent promoting enforcement of existing laws."		https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2155/993Yes
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Combating Impunity of Crimes against Press Freedom 2014Nsereka, Barigbon Gbara and Orlu-Orlu, Hyacinth ChimeneRivers State University of Science and Technology/University of Port HarcourtArticleNew Media and Mass Communication21, pp. 29-39Worried by the rising incidence of arrests, detention, jail, harassment and even murder of journalists across the world, all of which are crimes against press freedom, this paper takes a look at the reasons for the unpunished offences against press men and women and examines the efforts made to combat the impunity of such crimes. To accomplish this objective, the paper reviews the place of the press in society as the Forth Estate of the Realm; and discusses the specific roles of the media for the state, politics and religion. The work which is anchored on the social Responsibility Theory of the press, does an overview of press freedom, presents a roll call of past and contemporary cases of assault on the media; and lists possible causes of impunity of offenders against press freedom. Stating the efforts made to combat impunity of offenders against press freedom, it mention the handicaps of the efforts to combat impunity and adduces suggestions for combating the impunity of crimes against press freedomhttps://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.955.8079&rep=rep1&type=pdfYes
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Anticipating the Struggle against Everyday Impunity in
Myanmar through Accounts from Bangladesh and Thailand		2016Cheesman, Nick., D'Costa, Bina and Haberkorn, T. Australian National UniversityArticleAsia & The Pacific Policy Studies3(1) pp. 48-61Work done internationally to address impunity concentrates on removing blanket amnesties and establishing commissions of inquiry
into past atrocities. Everyday impunity—the
impossibility of bringing state officers to account for routinized violent crimes against
other individuals—gets less attention, even
though its effects on public life are insidious.
Studying the 2014 killing of a journalist, we
identify modes for the production of everyday
impunity in Myanmar that emerge from earlier periods of unmediated military rule but
that today are coming to resemble practices
in neighbouring countries. Accounts from
Bangladesh and Thailand reveal how impunity
can persist in new political conditions, producing insecurity and hampering efforts for
more inclusive forms of government. We close
by urging scholars to remain attentive to their
responsibilities in the face of impunity, calling
on them not to participate in projects that have
the effect of concealing violent crime by state
officers, and denying victims justice.		https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/app5.118Yes
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Press Freedom, Governance, and Culture of Impunity: The Alarming Case of the Philippines
2016Arao, Danilo ArañaUniversity of the Philippines Diliman

Conference/ArticleThe 4th International Conference on Magsaysay Awardees: Good Governance and Transformative Leadership in Asiapp. 225-234Ending the culture of impunity requires strengthening the culture of resistance. Impunity results in the dearth or absence of press freedom which, in turn, has deleterious effects on the practice of journalism as the people are deprived of relevant information that could help shape public opinion. Effective governance can only be achieved if there is an atmosphere conducive to press freedom and other basic freedoms. The local and global campaigns to end impunity should continue so that the culture of resistance would be strengthened and the specter of the culture of impunity would be finally gone. The Philippines proves to be an interesting case study as it is one of the freest press in Asia but has one of the most number of journalists killed worldwide. The most notable example of media killings is the massacre in Ampatuan, Maguindanao (located in the southern part of the Philippines) where 32 journalists and media workers were among the 58 people killed. The situation in the Philippines is alarming given the prevailing culture of impunity.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3708102Yes
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GLOBAL VIOLENCE AGAINST JOURNALISTS The power of impunity and emerging initiatives to evoke social change2017Relly, Jeannine E and de Bustamante, Celeste GonzalezUniversity of ArizonaBook ChapterROUTLEDGE COMPANION TO MEDIA AND HUMAN RIGHTSRoutledgeCivic organizations, groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, play a key role in the production and circulation of human rights discourses. Scholars have examined the strategies civic organizations use to attract media coverage, the permeability of the news media to human rights messages, and the effects of these interactions on civic organizations, journalism and human rights discourses more generally. This chapter explores several questions by reviewing the available scholarship on civic organizations and the news media. It suggests that despite new developments in journalism and advocacy, civic organizations continue to face an uphill, and uneven, battle in the struggle for publicity. The chapter reviews the key changes in media, human rights and civic organizations that drive growing interest in their interrelations. Scholars of human rights organizations and the news media are still working to put together a parsimonious explanation for this state of affairs.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315619835-23/global-violence-journalists-jeannine-relly-celeste-gonz%C3%A1lez-de-bustamanteNo
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Tribal Journalists under Fire: Threats, impunity and decision making in reporting on conflict in Pakistan2017Ashraf, Syed Irfan and Brooten, LisaUniversity of Peshawar; Southern Illinois University CarbondaleBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 147-158This study investigates the challenges faced by local journalists caught between the global “war on terror” and its local consequences in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Threats and impunity are commonplace in this buffer zone bordering Pakistan and Afghanistan, compelling scores of native journalists to flee with their immediate families to the relative peace of nearby Peshawar, where they continue to report on issues back home. In-depth interviews with local journalists reveal how threats and impunity work as structural constraints that affect reporting. Working under the logic of neoliberalism, media outlets extract what they can out of these reporters, but the risks are often considered journalists’ personal responsibility and add to their dependence on colleagues. This chapter offers valuable insight into the concerns of local journalists, and demonstrates how they resist the power holders in Pakistan and adapt to the complicated intersections of state, militant and foreign interests.http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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The politics of impunity: A study of journalists’ experiential accounts of impunity in Bulgaria, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Mexico and Pakistan
2018Harrison, Jackie and Pukallus, StefUniversity of SheffieldArticleJournalism22(2) pp. 303-319Definitions of impunity regarding crimes against journalists have thus far been too narrow. Therefore, we propose a new approach to understanding impunity as also being grounded in journalists’ lived reality and perceptions to better understand the complexity and breadth of impunity. It is based on the findings obtained through a set of semi-structured interviews with 40 editors and senior journalists in five countries and expressed in a new typology of impunity. We argue that what we call the ‘Politics of Impunity’ is a policy of governance whereby impunity is used as a political tool by the state and state-sponsored actors to achieve journalistic self-censorship. This is done through the deliberate deprivation of private autonomy brought about by the enforced exile of journalists into a ‘space of exception’ where they are both within and beyond the law. The exercise of the ‘Politics of Impunity’ in an increasing number of states creates an environment that only allows for politically compliant journalism.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1464884918778248No
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Killing Journalists is Not Media Regulation: Private
Rights, Collective Wrongs and the Impact of Impunity		2019Draghici, Carmen and Woods, LornaCity University/University of EssexArticleTransnational Law and Contemporary Problems29(1) pp. 263-306
This article maintains that current international law fails to recognize the specific risks associated with the journalistic
profession, and that the fragmented, non-binding and unenforceable initiatives on journalists' rights adopted to date
have proven ineffective. It argues that a dedicated international instrument targeting violence against journalists, accompanied
by a compliance- monitoring mechanism, would significantly improve the protection of journalists and recognize the impact
of impunity for attacks against them on audiences' rights and society at large. The article supports this position by
highlighting the weaknesses in UN and regional human rights instruments and interpretive jurisprudence, as well as
loopholes in humanitarian law. It concludes with suggestions for a new instrument, demonstrating why it would ensure better
safeguards for journalists and societal interests in the media		https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/20223/Yes
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Journalists as Human Rights Defenders: International Protection of Journalists in Contexts of Violence and Impunity2019Mitchell, TamsinUniversity of YorkBook ChapterReporting Human Rights, Conflicts, and Peacebuilding Springer, pp. 221-242Many local journalists covering issues like corruption and organised crime can be considered human rights defenders (HRDs) exposed to high levels of violence and impunity. In this chapter, Mitchell examines what protection is available for such journalists via the dedicated international normative framework. She then explores the overlap between such journalists and the HRD concept, before outlining the international protection regime for HRDs and how it compares to the equivalent journalists’ system. Given the similarities between the security situations of such journalists and HRDs and the challenges faced by the regimes, she suggests there are ways international actors can better collaborate that could potentially lead to improved protection for both groups—albeit on a small scale in the absence of increased resources and political will.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-10719-2_14
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Culture of impunity and safety of journalists:
Is safe journalism a distant dream in Pakistan?		2019Jamil, SadiaKhalifa University of Science & TechnolgyArticleJournal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies1, pp. 51-66Pakistan’s journalists confront fatal safety risks in the line of their duty and are
at the mercy of various types of pressure and extremist groups that threaten,
kidnap and even murder them with almost total impunity. Despite the growing
violence against journalists in Pakistan, there is a dearth of national academic
studies that offer insights into threats to journalists’ safety and the country’s
rampant culture of impunity. Therefore, using the system theory, this study
explores Pakistan’s issues of impunity and threats to journalists’ safety in conflict
and non-conflict situations. The study also analyses the country’s laws for the
protection of journalists’ rights to freedom of expression, access to information,
online and offline safety, fair trial and equal pay-scales. In addition, the study
unpacks the journalists’ lived experiences of safety risks in Pakistan and their
perceptions regarding the country’s culture of impunity. To achieve these
objectives, this study uses the qualitative methods of document review and indepth interviews (face-to-face). Moreover, the study uses thematic analysis to
analyse the gathered data.		http://worldofmedia.ru/World%20of%20Media_1-2019_print.pdf#page=51Yes
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The Politics of Impunity and the Shifting Media
Landscape in Kenya		2021Onguny, PhilipSaint Paul UniversityArticleAthens Journal of Mass Media and Communications 7(1) pp. 61-78This article focuses on state-media relations and the shifts in the overall media landscape in Kenya. Drawing on a political economy approach to media operations in Kenya, it argues that while there are competing meanings over what constitutes "news values", "editorial independence", and "critical media", changes in political regimes and unclear media regulations contribute to political and/or corporate interference on media coverage of corruption and political impunity. This renders media operations problematic at the normative and operational levels. The discussion situates these arguments within the contexts of "policy laundering" and "critical junctures", seeking to establish whether the shifting media landscape is a function of increased information and communication affordability or, instead, an indication that critical media are on the decline. Overall, the article provides an assessment of key temporal periods that have shaped media regulatory frameworks to show how political and/or corporate interests have influenced journalistic practices and editorial independence over time and space.https://www.athensjournals.gr/media/2021-7-1-4-Onguny.pdfYes
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Online harassment of journalists as a consequence of populism, mis/disinformation, and impunity2021Relly, Jeannine E. University of ArizonaBook ChapterThe Routledge Companion to Media Disinformation and PopulismRoutledgeThis chapter aims to examine additional factors associated with populism, disinformation and online harassment of journalists in an environment of impunity, though the relationship between digital communication and populism has been analysed since the late 1990s. It considers strategies that have been utilised or suggested to combat online harassment of journalists on the path forward. Online harassment of women journalists has been documented more frequently than of male journalists, who often are attacked because of their coverage. Online harassment has risen in recent years via comment sections under online news articles barraging journalists’ emails and social media accounts with defamatory, threatening, demeaning, or even pornographic material. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe recommends that countries consider prosecuting the online harassment of journalists through existing harassment laws. One cross-country study found that online harassment disrupts routine practices and the extent that women journalists can interact with audiences.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003004431-20/online-harassment-journalists-consequence-populism-mis-disinformation-impunity-jeannine-rellyNo
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Globalizing the Battle Against Impunity2021Simon, Joel and Witchel, ElisabethN/ABook ChapterRegardless of FrontiersColombia University PressWhen press freedom groups began a campaign against impunity, they set out to gain justice in individual cases of journalists murdered for their work. Did a global norm evolve in the process?Among the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, is notable for its elegance and simplicity. It states, “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart informa-tion and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.”1 It would seem elemental that this right cannot be exercised in practice when those who express critical views are systematically murdered with impunity. Yet between 1992 and 2020, 870 journalists were murdered in direct reprisal for their work. Each of these killings was more than a murder; it was an effective form of censorship that deprived whole societies of essential information and protected powerful figures from the scrutiny that would make them accountable to the people.https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/boll19698-013/htmlNo
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Using Journalism for Self-Protection: Profession-Specific and Journalistic Measures and Strategies for Countering Violence and Impunity in Mexico and Honduras2022Mitchell, TamsinUniversity of YorkArticleJournalism StudiesDOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2080754In Mexico and Honduras, journalists face violence from state and non-state actors and almost complete impunity. Given a lack of effective state protection, some resort to alternative means of (self-)protection and justice-seeking. Via analysis of 67 interviews with journalists and protection actors, this article shows how many reporters use journalistic and profession-specific forms of self-protection and analyses their benefits and challenges. It adopts a novel analytical approach building on insights from diverse areas of research on people’s responses to violence and insecurity. Scholarship on civilian responses to armed conflict offers a relevant framework for understanding self-protection measures. Although measures such as “avoidance” and “accommodation” of violent actors are a means of survival and short-term physical protection, they bring significant new risks. Above all, they can undermine trust from the public and within the profession and the usefulness of journalism for society. Drawing on literature on the protection of human rights defenders, the analytical framework is extended to show how some journalists also engage in broader self-protection strategies around transforming their work. These strategies combine protection and professionalisation and aim to boost journalists’ internal and external support and credibility.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2080754No
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Tackling Impunity: Lessons from the Public Inquiry into the assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia2022ARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationReportTackling Impunity: Lessons from the Public Inquiry into the assassination of Daphne Caruana GaliziaARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationThis report analyses the model of a Public Inquiry – or a similarly independent
process such as a parliamentary inquiry – that can run in parallel with a criminal
investigation, but has the broader remit of investigating the circumstances that
led to murder, and the political climate within which it happened. To this end, it
will explore the efficacy of the Maltese Public Inquiry model as a good practice.
It will highlight how it – or elements of it – can be followed by other countries
in order to combat impunity for other cases of violence against journalists
and, ultimately, prevent such cases. In particular, this report will identify the
elements that allowed the Inquiry to function independently from the State,
and from the ongoing criminal investigation. This report will also look at the
recommendations made by the Public Inquiry and some of the steps required to
implement them. 		https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Tackling-Impunity_Public-Inquiry-into-the-assassination-of-Daphne-Caruana-Galizia.pdfYes
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Violence, impunity and their impact on press freedom
2024Trifonova Price, LadaUniversity of SheffieldBook ChapterThe Routledge Companion to Freedom of Expression and Censorship
RoutledgeThe right of journalists to work in a secure environment, without being intimidated, harassed, attacked, abused or murdered, is of fundamental importance to freedom of expression globally. Yet, in many countries around the world, journalism has become a deadly occupation and those who practise it often risk their lives to inform the public. This is especially the case for investigative reporters whose work is vital for the functioning of democratic societies. This chapter examines the main challenges that investigative reporters face by focusing on three case studies that illustrate the threats to safe journalism practice and the broad impact of violence and impunity for crimes against journalists on press freedom.


https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429262067-31/violence-impunity-impact-press-freedom-lada-trifonova-priceNo
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