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Machinery and Machine Elements

Engineering Mechanics

Introduction.- Antiquity.- The Industrial Revolution in the Middle Ages: Mechanization and the Triumph of Cams.- Fulling Mills, Paper Mills, Threshing Machines and Rice Husking Mills, Pestles.- Bellows, Hammers, Pumps.- Watches and Mechanical Musical Instruments.- Automata.- Internal Combustion Engines.- Machine Tools.- Automatic Machines.- Textile and Sewing Machines.- Analog computers.- Miscellaneous Applications.- Evolution of Cams.

This book offers a description of the evolution of cams and their uses from the Middle Ages to the present day, highlighting their contribution to the development of technology. Usually, in the history of technology the diverse types of machines are taken into account, but the importance of cams is not emphasized, which are often fundamental for the operation of such machines. In this book the focus is instead on cams, understood as important, and often essential, components of machines that have had significant importance in the development of technology. It treats technical aspects at a level easily accessible even to non-experts in mechanics and the various applications are illustrated with many figures. The book serves as a reference work for those interested in both the history of technology and machines in general, and it helps them deal with certain mechanical problems, even starting from solutions already obtained with cams and, perhaps, overcoming them with others suggested by current developments in technology.

The Modern Machine Intelligence Approach for Financial and Economic Inclusion

Machinery and Machine Elements

Navigating the Complexities of Translation Studies in the Legal Field.- The Impact of COSO System Implementation of Internal Control on Improving the Quality of Financial Statements in Jordanian Commercial Banks Listed in Amman Stock Exchange.- The Effect of Arabi Islami Smart Mobile Application on Customer Satisfaction: A Field Study on Clients of the Islamic International Arab Bank in Zarqa, Jordan.- The Impact of Applying Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) on Stock Price in Industrial Companies.- The Impact of Technical Provisions for Insurance Operations on the Financial Statements in Insurance Companies Listed in Amman Stock Exchange.

The world is on a cusp of something great. Technology has advanced from solving simple issues to complex issues in both human life and other aspects such as social, economic, and environmental issues. The significance of machine intelligence as a tool to propel human as well as economic development is an important and hot topic today. This book is about how modern machine intelligence, AI, and machine learning applications can be used by governments and firms for financial and economic inclusion, as well as for providing solutions to bridge the digital divide. It aims to cover philosophical discussions, frameworks, and applications on central topics in machine intelligence, deep learning, mesh networks, frugal engineering, frugal innovation, blockchain technology, alternate networks, and intelligent digital financial inclusion system architectures. This book also aims to discuss the initiatives, policies, strategies, and governance issues related to furnishing technologies for technology access, financial inclusion and in turn economic growth. Financial inclusion is defined as the proportion of people and corporations that use  financial services. It further describes the fair, equal, and attainable access to financial services (Rawat et al., 2023). Financial inclusion is key to economic inclusion and economic growth as it enables the poor to improve their lives. Chapters in the book will improve our understanding of the advances and challenges of applying machine intelligence for financial inclusion and economic growth in different contexts including financial markets, governments, and corporations in both developing and developed countries. Access to financial services is essential to development efforts of markets, economies and eventually societies. Hence, in this context, financial inclusion can be explained as the process of ensuring that individuals particular impoverished people have access to essential financial services in the formal financial sector. Financial inclusion, recently, has been receiving traction from scholars and policymakers whereby it is one of the major strategies used by economies and societies in achieving UN’s sustainable development goals. Rawat et al. (2023) argues that it is vital to increase the use of “low-cost digital methods” for the economically marginalized and under-served people and sectors.  There is a need for financial inclusion for the rapidly dynamic Industry 4.0. Therefore, linking technology, more particularly machine intelligence with financial inclusion and technology access is quite crucial given the current technological environment. Additionally, financial inclusion helps in enhancing the level of economic and social inclusion in many societies and developing countries as well as help in reducing poverty levels. Policy makers in several countries continue to commit significant resources and technologies to increase the level of financial inclusion in their countries to reduce financial exclusion. In developing countries, financial inclusion remains below potential in part due to the digital divide, limited technology access and the challenge for financial institutions in developing products for the low-income mass market (Hook IV, 2019; Marimuthu et al., 2022). These matters are important topics to be researched and discussed, especially with the advancement of technology such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, business intelligence, online education, in the current post-pandemic environment which catalysed these digital transformations.  Therefore, this book has been proposed to discuss a very important and emerging topics which contributes significantly to policy and the SDGs in the digital economy.

A Treatise on Gear Noise Excitation, Vibration Generation, and Dynamics of Operation

Machinery and Machine Elements

Foundations of Low-Noise Gearing.- Theory and Practice of Low-Noise Gear Transmissions.- Future Work.- Appendices.- Conclusion.- Notation.- Glossary.

This book provides a comprehensive profile the range of developments in gear science and gear engineering mainly those related to noise emission and vibration generation.  The problem of noise emission and vibration generation is a challenging one.  This scientific and engineering problem requires efforts of gear experts of different areas, and it got no satisfactory solution yet. Gear experts of different countries (USA, Israel, Poland, and Ukraine) have contributed to this volume.  The latest accomplishments in scientific theory of gearing, gear design, production, inspection, and application are covered by this volume.  The readers’ attention is focused mainly on the achievements in the field that lead to a significant reduction of gear noise excitation and vibration generation in gearing of all designs, namely, in parallel-axes gearing, in intersected-axes gearing, and in crossed-axes gearing.  The concept of geometrically-accurate gearing (parallel-axes gearing, intersected-axes gearing, and crossed-axes gearing) is lays in the foundation of the undertaken research on gear noise emission and vibration generation. To the best possible extent, the kinematical and geometrical components of the problem under consideration are outlined at the beginning of this volume of the book when the accuracy of gears are discussed.  The illustration of the various aspects of the problem is provided in the rest sections of the book volume.  In particular, the readers’ attention is focused here also on the key problems, the poor knowledge of the scientific theory of gearing may lead to.  This latter issue arouses even in leading gear manufacturing companies. The bottom line is as follows: In order to succeed in solving the noise excitation, and the vibration generation problem in gearing, high level of proficiency in the scientific theory of gearing is a must, as this theory provides the user with an in-depth understanding of meshing of the gear teeth, as well as with powerful tools to solve gear problems of this sort in cases when something goes wrong.

Machinery and Machine Elements

1.Introduction.- 2.General Epistemological Issues in the Sciences.- 3.Some Difficulties and Impasses in Current Epistemology.- 4.Mechanics and Copernican Revolution.- 5.Leonardo da Vinci and Mechanics in Renaissance.- 6.Newton & Leibniz and the Science of 17th  Century.- 7.Mechanics during the Enlightenment.- 8.19th Century´s Mechanics and Engineering.- 9.Mechanics in the Present Day.- 10.Conclusions.

This book investigates the development of mechanical sciences with a focus on epistemological issues. It examines the precursors and fundamental milestones of Newton's theory of motion, a geometry of motion since Greek antiquity, the influences of Robert Hooke on Newton's studies on the orbital motion of the planets, and finally, the orbital motion model with a central force inversely proportional to the square of the distance to this centre. By looking at the development of mechanics throughout history, especially with a careful look at epistemological issues, the book highlights the multiple relationships that the mechanical sciences build with other sciences, the economy, and the popular culture.

Machinery and Machine Elements

Machines, Tools, Processes

Undergraduate textbook

Chapter 1. Structures, Mechanisms, and Machines.- Chapter 2. Mechanisms and Their Features.- Chapter 3. Position Analysis.- Chapter 4. Velocity Analysis.- Chapter 5. Acceleration Analysis.- Chapter 6. Spur Gear.- Chapter 7. Fixed-Axis and Planetary Gear Train.- Chapter 8. Helical, Worm, and Bevel Gears and Gear Trains.- Chapter 9. Function Generation and Mechanism Design.- Chapter 10. Planar Static Force Analysis.- Chapter 11. Mechanical Advantage.- Chapter 12. Review of Planar Dynamics.- Chapter 13. Inverse Planar Dynamics.- Chapter 14. Static and Dynamic Unbalance and Balancing.- Chapter 15. Three-Dimensional Dynamic.

This book introduces machine dynamics, an essential competency important for many applications such as designing robots for manufacturing/materials handling or the landing gear of an airplane, analyzing the motion of a piston in an internal combustion engine or a compressor, and designing a Mars Rover.  Wherever a machine is used for force or power transmission, or a mechanism creates a desired motion, the methods studied in this book provide the fundamental knowledge needed for optimal design.  Specific sections are provided on different types of mechanisms and conditions that should be met for obtaining a desired performance, including kinematic analysis of mechanisms using direct differentiation, relative motion, kinematic coefficients, and instantaneous centers. The Newton-Raphson method for solving complex nonlinear position analysis problems is discussed and the determination of dead and limit positions in mechanisms is presented.  The relation between the angular velocity ratio theorem and the fundamental law of gearing is shown to provide a bridge between the concept of instantaneous centers and analyzing gears.  Gears and gear trains are covered in detail and calculation of gear ratios in fixed-axis and planetary gear trains using the rolling contact equations is illustrated.  Finally, power and force transmission in machines is covered.  Static and dynamic cases are analyzed, and the author shows how the static solutions can provide approximations for the dynamic problems where inertia effects are not significant (low inertia and low accelerations).  Application of matrix algebra for solving the system of equations of equilibrium (in statics) or equations of motion (in dynamics) is also illustrated.  Because of the importance of balancing in any application involving rotating machinery, static and dynamic balancing are analyzed. The book concludes with a brief coverage of three-dimensional dynamics including Euler’s equations and gyroscopic effect. Aimed at engineering students interested in machine dynamics across a range of disciplines, the book is also ideal as a reference for practicing engineers with a good understanding of statics, dynamics, and matrix algebra.

Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Manufacturing and Beam Processes

Characterization and Analytical Technique

Graduate/advanced undergraduate textbook

Introduction.- Electrical discharge machining (EDM).- Chemical material removal.- Electrochemical machining (ECM).- Electroplating.- Material machining with laser beams.- Material machining with electron beams (EBM).- Material machining with high-pressure water jets.- Technology comparisons and process combinations.

This textbook is part of the five-volume work on manufacturing processes. This volume focuses on the presentation of process fundamentals and applications of electrical discharge machining and electrochemical manufacturing processes (electrochemical machining and electroplating) as well as laser, electron and water jet processes. Fundamental insights into the physical principles are provided and modelling and optimization methods are presented. Practical examples are used to show how technological knowledge can be used in product development and process (chain) design. In this first English edition, latest results from research have been added to the existing content of former German editions. New additions include principles for building models, optimization strategies and the application of machine learning. In addition to use in (self) study and technical training, the book is also suitable as a reference work in product development and production planning. Technical personnel responsible for manufacturing will find a wide range of approaches for setting up processes, monitoring, control and optimization.  

Chapter 1 Cutting mechanism in machining Single Crystal Materials.- Chapter 2 Surface generation in machining Single Crystal Materials.- Chapter 3 Cutting process in machining Polycrystalline Materials.- Chapter 4 Cutting process in machining Amorphous Materials.- Chapter 5 Tool wear mechanism and suppression in machining Ferrous Materials.- Chapter 6 Cutting process in machining Ferrous Materials.- Chapter 7 Size effect on cutting process in precision machining.- Chapter 8 Synthetic diamond and application in precision machining.

This book studies the influence of material properties on the precision machining process from a microscopic perspective. In the present book, the properties of single crystal materials, polycrystalline materials, amorphous materials, ferrous materials, diamond tool materials, size effects and their influence on the cutting process and performance in precision machining are proposed. Moreover, the cutting mechanism and surface generation as machining different materials are presented, also some cutting process optimizations are suggested to improve the cutting processes. This book aims to provide a variety of feasible machining technology and advanced cutting processes for machining different kinds of materials. Since the book focuses on the materials' oriented precision processes, it encompasses both materials science and machining technologies. Graduate students, researchers and engineering technicians in related research fields will benefit from this book.

Machinery and Machine Elements

Undergraduate textbook

Introduction to the Theory of Mechanisms.- Introduction.- Mobility.- Mechanism Analysis.- Four-bar Linkages.- Structural Analysis.- Kinematic Analysis.- Mechanism Synthesis.- Number and Type Syntheses.- Dimensional Synthesis of a Four-bar Linkage for Two Finitely Separated Positions (2 FSP).- Dimensional Synthesis of a Four-bar Linkage for Three Finitely Separated Positions (3 PFS).- Function Generation and Crank-rocker Dimensional Syntheses.

This book serves as an introductory course on mechanisms with robotics concepts for undergraduate students. New concepts are presented that support the mechanical design of robots. Basic concepts from mechanism theory are presented to provide a base for designing mechanisms in general. Part I of the book examines the introductory concepts of mechanisms theory and serves as basis for analyzing and designing mechanisms. Part II presents the analysis of four-bar linkages, including the Grashof criterion and the transmission quality; structural analysis of mechanisms, including concepts used in robot design such as connectivity and redundancy; and kinematic analysis of mechanisms, including analysis of position, velocity, and acceleration. Part III describes the number and type syntheses of mechanisms; dimensional synthesis of four-bar linkages for two and three positions; dimensional synthesis for function generation and crank-rocker mechanism. Chapter-wise teaching examples are shown, and specific references for each topic are listed. At the end of each chapter, a list of exercises with gradually increasing difficulty is presented, designed to help undergraduate students understand the contents.

Secondary Processing of Tubes for Weight Reduction and High Functionality

Introduction.- Materials for Tube Forming.- Bending.- Hydroforming.- Tube End Forming.- Spinning, Ironing, and Rotary Forming.- Cutting, Contouring, Piercing, and Burring.- Joining.- Distinctive Processing Examples.

This book Tube Forming systematically describes the manufacturing techniques used to process tubes into finished products. It provides a comprehensive overview of tube processing technologies, including materials, tribology, cutting, bending, flaring, necking, bulging, piercing, and joining. While textbooks on primary tube processing exist, there is no comprehensive textbook that covers secondary tube processing. With the increasing use of tubes as structural components in office equipment, automobiles, and other fields, there has been a growing demand for secondary tube processing technologies that allow for more complex forming, including tube hydroforming. This textbook systematically incorporates both fundamental and the latest technologies in response to these demands for greater complexity, lighter weight, and higher strength in tube processing. The textbook is authored by university professors and industry engineers, and it systematically covers everything from basic theory and processing methods to practical examples and important considerations during processing. As a result, it is a valuable resource not only for undergraduate and graduate students but also for working engineers. While various information can be obtained through internet searches, the quality of online information varies greatly, requiring users to have the ability to judge its quality. Although special issues in academic journals provide high-quality information, they typically consist of fragmented content, making them less suitable for mastering the technology. Therefore, this textbook was compiled as a systematic and high-quality resource. This textbook was originally published in Japanese in 2019, and it has now been translated into English to make it accessible to readers outside Japan.