Carbon Sponge Plant Database

	A	B	C	D	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AB	AC
1	Name (Common)	Name (Latin)	Image	Carbon Sponge	Type	Soil	pH	H20	Annual/Perennial/Biennial	Cool or Warm Season?	When to plant	When blooms	Harvest	Zone (if P)	Sunlight	Root Depth	Plant Height	Nitrogen Fixing	Scavenging	Carbon Biomass	Pollinator	Pests	Companion Planting	Not Companion	Human Food & Other Uses	Links	More Links	Comments

2	This is the Carbon Sponge Plant Database started in 2018. If you have suggestions, please email info@carbonsponge.org.
3	Alfalfa/ Lucerne	Medicago sativa		NYSCI, PW	Legume	Loose	6.8-7.5	Resilient	P		Spring (or in Fall)		At the early stage of flowering	3-7	Full sun	10' (and lateral 5" only)	2'				Yes				Sprouts			Eat as a herb. Often mix with oats to suppress weed. Improve drainage & encourage fungi for soil structure. Plant releases acid exudates to break the bond between calcium and phosphate in your soil. Holds moisture and prevents erosion. High nitrogen and therefore a great mulch or to heat up compost pile.
4	Alyssum	Lobularia maritima		NOT YET	Flowering plant	Well amended with good drainage. Older varieties are tolerant of poorer soils and somewhat dry conditions.	6-7	Well drained	A	W	Direct sow when a slight risk of frost still exists. Does not need to start inside. Alyssum needs light to germinate, just press them into the top of the soil and do not burry them. Keep the soil evenly moist but not wet.	Summer		Annual up to Zone 8; short-lived perennial in Zones 9-11.	Full sun to partial shade		4-10" tall, sprawls			Yes	Yes							Fast-growing, low (20-30cm) pretty white flowered plant. Alyssum can be seeded densely to protect soil and suppress weeds, and is great for drawing in beneficial insects. Broadcast to smoother weeds. Alyssum can be tilled under or cut and composted at the end of the season. Avoid following this cover crop with other Brassicas. Excess moisture in the soil causes Alyssum to grow very vigorously.
5	Barley, Winter	Hordeum vulgare		NOT YET	Grass, cereal grain	Wide-range	6-8.5	Dry	A	Cool	September 1 - October 15			8 or warmer		6.5'	2-4'		Yes	Yes			Protects vegetable crops such as carrots and onions that are vulnerable to wind damage. Provide protection to fragile red clover or sweet clover seedlings. Does not compete with alfalfa.			https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/ccpg_horde.pdf	https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Nonlegume-Cover-Crops/Barley	Excellent scavenger of N, more tolerant of low fertility, excellent drought tolerance, exceptional erosion control and excellent weed suppression. Thick and deep roots. Phytolith.
6	Black-eyed Susan/Rudbeckia	Rudbeckia hirta		WFF	Flowering plant	Wide-range	<6.8	Medium, Dry, Moist, Well drained	B		early fall or spring	June-Sept		4-9	Sun but tolerate shade	8"	1-3"			Yes	Yes					https://www.herbal-supplement-resource.com/black-eyed-susan.html	https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/rudhir/all.html	Erosion control. Do fine in clay. Good for raingarden. Can be heavy seeders. Native to eastern US and has been used for centuries as a medicinal herb by various native North American tribes. Mycorrhizal species.
7	Buckwheat	Fagopyrum esculentum		NYSCI, PW	Flowering plant, Pseudo-ceral or non-grass course grain	Wide-range	Tolerant	Well drained	A		Spring		70-90 days. (Buckwheat has to be chopped or mowed after flower blooms. Otherwise, the plant will go to seed and spread. Going to seed has ecological advantages but may want to be avoided. Buckwheat grows quickly in early summer which is why it is so useful. After planting it will flower in six weeks. You can mow it and let it regrow several times a season to extend benefits.)		Warm season (not frost tolerant)	Shallow depth (laterals 3-4')	3'	Yes		Yes	Yes		Brussels Sprouts and Kale. Mixes well with upright flowers		Kasha, Soba noodles. Honey made by bees that collect nectar from buckwheat flowers is highly nutritious.	http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2014/02/05/permaculture-plants-buckwheat/	https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g4163	Suppresses weeds and grubs by plant-produced natural herbicides (allelopathy). Mines phosphorus and calcium from deep in the soil. Possibly secretes acids into the soil that put P into a more soluble, plant-usable form. Fast growing and fast to flower/seed. Supports high densities of beneficial insects. Gluten free. Roots exudates are specially acidic. Almost always have more available P after a buckwheat crop.
8	Cereal, Rye	Secale Cereale			Cereal grain		5.5-7.0	Dry, Moist	A	Cool	Early Fall	Fall, within 7 days	120-150 days	3-7
9	Clover, Berseem (Egyptian Clover)	Trifolium alexandrinum			Legume	Wide-range but silt loam best	6.2-7	Low to medium	A	Either	early spring or early fall					6-8"	1-3'	Yes		Yes	Yes		Oat, ryegrass					Nitrogen heavy, fast growing, won't over winter or reseed. Provides good ground cover. Outcompetes weeds. Multiple cuttings/mows to achieve highest N. Ideal winterkilled cover before corn or other nitrogen-demanding crops.
10	Clover, Crimson	Trifolium incarnatum		NYSCI, PW	Legume	Wide-range but best in sandy loam	Mid-range	Well drained	A (reseed)		late summer			6-10	Full Sun	1'	1-3'	Yes		Yes	Yes	Rabbits	Rye and other cereals, vetches, annual ryegrass, subclover, red clover, black medic			https://aggieclover.tamu.edu/seed_plant/		Weed/grub suppressor, Provides good groundcover and weed control as it fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere and scavenges nitrogen from the soil; buy inoculated seed; provides nitrogen and carbon to soil.
11	Clover, Red	Trifolium pratense		NOT YET	Legume	Moist	5.5-7.5	Well drained, resilient	B		Spring, Summer or Fall			3-9	Full sun	2-3' (big root mass and deep for only 2" above ground)	1-3'	Yes		Yes	Yes		Potatoes, cucumbers, corn, strawberries, celery, summer savory.	Do not plant with onions or garlic.		http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2014/06/15/permaculture-plants-red-clover/	https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Legume-Cover-Crops/Red-Clover	Weed/grub suppressor, deep roots and big biomass. Aleviates compaction near surface. Medicinal properties.
12	Cow pea (field pea, black-eyed peas)	Vigna unguiculata		NYSCI, PW	Legume	Wide-range	5.5-6.5	Low to medium	A		Spring (after frost)				Warm season	8'	3'	Yes		Yes			oilseed radish		Hoppin Joe, Lobia curry			Grow very quickly; quickly shade the soil to block out weeds; Hoppin' John dish popular with African slaves and served for good luck on New Year's Day. Not really a pea. Drought tolerant.
13	Daikon	Raphanus sativus		NYSCI	Brassica	Aerated, rich (when grown for food)	5.8-6.8	Dry	A	Cool	Mid summer- Early fall			2-11	Full to partial	1-2'	2-6"	No	Yes						Food			Fukuoka wrote that the name for the wild ancestor of daikon translates as "the herb that soften’s one’s disposition". Topping its mighty roots, daikon wears a crown of broad, 2-3 foot long leaves. Quick-growing, these leaves cover up to 80% of the soil surface, keeping it weed-free and mulched over the winter. We have used daikon in our winter covercrop mix to help aerate the soil and also scavenge nutrients to prevent from leaching. The broad leaves also cover soil to protect, prevent weeds and create green mulch for spring.
14	False Indigo Bush	Amorpha fruticosa		NOT YET	Legume, Shrub	Wide range	5-8.5	Low to medium, resilient	P		Scarify seeds, best started indoors, plant outside during Spring to Fall	April-June		4 to 9	Sun , Part Shade		6-14'	Medium (http://www.perennialsolutions.org/all-nitrogen-fixers-are-not-created-equal)		Yes		No serious insect or disease problems. Susceptible to leaf spot, powdery mildew and rust				http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280343	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AMFR	Tolerant of occasional flooding as well as poor, sandy, somewhat dry soils. It is considered weedy/invasive in some parts of northeastern an northwestern. Erosion control.
15	Fava bean (or broad bean)	Vicia faba		NOT YET	Legume	Wide-range	4.5-8.3	Well drained	A		April				Full sun to partial shade	3-4'	2-5'	Yes		Yes			carrots, lettuce, marigolds, celery, peas, potatoes, parsnip, cabbage, parsley, eggplant.	beetroot, onions & garlic, kohl rabi, sunflowers and Jerusalem artichokes.	Ful medames, fava bean dip, faba bean pasta			Broad beans, need good levels of calcium and magnesium to grow successfully, cool and damp conditions needed. Weed suppression, water filtration qualities and prevents soil erosion.
16	Flax	Linum usitatissimum		PW	Flowering plant	Rich	5	Low to medium		Cool	Early spring	May				Shallow							Sorghum		flax seed, linseed oil, textiles	https://www.americanmeadows.com/wildflower-seeds/wildflower-species/how-to-grow-flax		Cultivated for both fibre (production of fabrics, health food (rich in Omega-3), grows best in temperate climates, adapts to a variety of soils. As a cover crop, flax helps to mobilize phosphorus in the soil and add organic matter. A good companion seeding crop for use with small seeded grasses and legumes due to its early maturity, limited leaf area, and less extensive root system.
17	Gray Alder	Alnus incana		NOT YET	Shrub Tree	Wide-range	6.8-7.2	Moist	P		Saplings can be planted in Spring/Fall	March-May		2 to 6	Sun, Part Shade		12-36'	Yes			Yes					https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ALIN2	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ALIN2	Fast-growing and flood tolerant, good for erorsion control, Native Americans used for medicine
18	Groundnut	Apios americana		NOT YET	Herb Vine	Well-drained sandy soil	4.5 - 7.0	Medium	P		Fall through Winter	July-Sep		3 to 10	Shade		0-1'	Yes			Yes					https://www.pfaf.org/USER/plant.aspx?LatinName=Apios+americana	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=APAM	Plants can be invasive once they are established and have become a weed of cultivated cranberry crops in N. America
19	Honeybush	Melianthus major		NOT YET	Shrub				P		Sow seeds indoors 6-8 weeks beforre last frost.	Late spring - mid summer		8-10							Yes							Native of South Africa, Will Grow in Southern US or milder climates; All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested
20	Kenaf (Indian Hemp)	Hibiscus cannabinus		MS, WFF		Heavy, well drained (but does OK on various types)		Medium		Warm	Early May through mid June						8-14'											A fiber plant native to east-central Africa where it has been grown for several thousand years for food and fiber. Source of textile fiber for such products as rope, twine, bagging and rugs. Kenaf absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than any other crop
21	Kohlrabi	Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes		NOT YET	Brassica	Well drained and fertile	6-7.5	Well drained	A	Cold	Early spring or late summer												Beans, beets, dill, nasturtium, sweet alyssum
22	Lentil, Field	Lens culinaris		NOT YET	Legume			Low to medium	A	Cold	Early spring	Spring - 10 days	80-110 days				1-2.5'	Yes										Low growiing nitrogen fixer. Some varieties cold hardy. Lentils may deplete soil moisture if not terminated before pod set and they are not very weed competitive.
23	Medic, Burr or Black	Medicago lupulina		NOT YET	Legume			Low			Early spring	Spring						Yes							Antibacterial qualities and may be effective as a mild laxative	https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Legume-Cover-Crops/Medics#spotted		Considered a weed, N source, soil quality builder, weed suppressor, erosion fighter
24	Millet, Browntop	Urochloa ramosa		NOT YET	Grass			Low			Late Spring, Summer										Attracts birds							Sometimes grouped with cereal but a grass; It was introduced to the United States from India in 1915. Fast growing. Allelopathic. Prevent erosion. Accumulates lead and zinc making it an important plant for remediation of contaminated soils.
25	Mung Bean	Vigna radiata		NYSCI, PW	Legume	Wide-range	6.0-6.9	Drought tolerant	A		May - early June	Summer			Full	2-4'	3'	Yes				Major pests: Helicoverpa, Pod-sucking bugs, Mirids, Bean-pod-borer			Dal, curry, patties	https://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=VIRA4	https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/business-priorities/plants/field-crops-and-pastures/broadacre-field-crops/integrated-pest-management/ipm-information-by-crop/mungbeans#Cluster_caterpillar	Ancient crop, health benefits due to high antioxidant levels, can be used as green manure crop, hosts nitrogen fixing bacteria.
26	Mustard, Yellow (Indian)	Brassica juncea or Sinapis alba		NYSCI, PW	Brassica	Range (but not good in sandy)	6-7.5	Well drained	A		Spring or Fall	Blooms approximately 6 weeks after sown			Sun (but can withstand some shade)	Large taproot 5" long, 18"	3-5'	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Flea beetles.			Condiment, seeds, salad	https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Nonlegume-Cover-Crops/Brassicas-and-Mustards		Prehistoric man chewed mustard seeds; Nematode and weed supression; Many people eat leafy greens but not root, many species. Produces large amounts of biomass containing high levels of glucosinates that break down into compounds toxic to nematodes and soil-borne disease-causing organisms. Rapid growth. Scavenging nutrients. Deep roots. Brassicas produce compounds, called glucosinolates, which are toxic to soil-borne pests and pathogens. Mustards usually have higher concentrations of these chemicals. More than 100 different glucosinolates are found in brassicas. Breakdown products from glucosino- lates are volatile and similar to the ac- tive chemical in the fumigant Vapam. Glucosinolate concentrations differ according to plant part, age, health, and nutrition. Despite this complex- ity, Gruver said there is evidence that brassica cover crops can be used to reduce pests, pathogens, and weeds if the right species/cultivar is planted and managed strategically.
27	New Jersey tea, redroot	Ceanothus americanus		NOT YET	Shrub	Well-drained	6.8-7.2	Low to medium	P		Fall - early Winter	Mar - Apr		4-8		>14"	1-3'	Low			Yes				Tea	https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CEAM	https://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=CEAM	Its dried leaves can be made into tea (popular during Revolutionary War). Also very adaptable. Its deep roots make already-established plants difficult to transplant.
28	Oat	Avena sativa		MS, WFF	Cereal, Grain	Wide-range	4.5 - 6	Medium	A	C	Spring or Fall	Late Spring			Full Sun	8"	2-4'	No	Yes	Yes	wind pollinated		Winter Peas and Winter Field Beans		Oatmeal	https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/champion_of_cover_crops_oats	https://www.growveg.com/plants/us-and-canada/how-to-grow-oats/	scavenger, soil softener, fast growing (especially in fall).
29	Pigeon Pea	Cajanus cajan		NYSCI	Shrub	Wide-range	7.5-8.5	Low to medium	P		After last frost	Two months affter sown			Partial Sun	5-6'	1-12ft (Depends on cultivar)	Yes			Attract bees	moths, cutworms, thrips, mirids, green stink bugs, caterpillars			Dal	https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_caca27.pdf		Indian origins wherer it is grown as food crop. Is often grown a cover crop. Short perennial shrub and lives about 5 years. Has yellow or red flowers.
30	Radish, Field or Forage	Raphanus sativus L. var. niger J. Kern.		NYSCI	Brassica			well drained	A	C/W	Early Fall								Y	Y						https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_022940.pdf		Reduce compaction, aerate soil, ground cover but does not compeat. hey are excellent at breaking up shallow layers of compacted soils, earning them the nickname “biodrills” or “tillage rad- ishes.” Once planted in late summer, the radishes are not harvested but die in the winter, decay, and contribute a nitrogen store for spring planting. Dying off in the winter, the radishes leave root channels so that soil dries and warms up faster in the spring.
31	Radish, Oilseed	R. sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.		NOT YET	Brassica			Well drained	A	C/W									Y	Y								Like field or forage radish but a bit more winter hardy. hey are excellent at breaking up shallow layers of compacted soils, earning them the nickname “biodrills” or “tillage rad- ishes.” Once planted in late summer, the radishes are not harvested but die in the winter, decay, and contribute a nitrogen store for spring planting. Dying off in the winter, the radishes leave root channels so that soil dries and warms up faster in the spring.
32	Rapeseed, Canola	Brassica napus		NOT YET	Brassica	Loamy, clay-loam, or gravel	6.0-7.2	Medium	A		Fall or Spring	Fall, Winter and Spring			Full Sun	6"	3-5'	No			Yes by bees					https://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=BRNA	http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/rape_mustard.htm	Biological activity against plant parasitic nematodes as well as weeds. Some winter-type cultivars are able to withstand quite low temperatures.
33	Rattlesnake master	Eryngium yuccifolium		NOT YET	Herb	Wide range		Low to medium	P		Fall	June-Sept		3-8	Full Sun	Deep tap root		No			Provides habitat					https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=ERYU		North American Prairie Native; carrot family (Apiaceae). Can be an aggressive self seeder, remove seed heads if neede, can grow in bog or pond area, attracts native bees
34	Roundhead bush clover	Lespedeza capitata		NOT YET	Herb	Loamy sand or rocky	6.5- 8	Dry	P		Late Summer - Early Fall	Jul-Sep		4 to 8	Full Sun	2.5 meters	3-6'.	Yes			Yes (bumblees)					http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/rh_bushcloverx.htm	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LECA8	It mixes well in a naturalized setting with a mix of wildflowers.
35	Silver buffaloberry	Shepherdia argentea		NOT YET	Deciduous shrub	Wide-range	7.00-8.00	Low to medium	P			March		3 to 9	Full sun to part shade		8-12'	Yes			Yes	May be subject to a heart rot disease which can cause serious problems. There are no known serious insect problems.				http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=302360&isprofile=0&	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SHAR	Tolerates poor dry soils, drought and some flooding
36	Sorghum	Sorghum bicolor		PW	Grass	Wide-range	6-7.5	Resilient	A/P	Warm	Mid May - early June		110-120 days			4-6'				Yes			mung beans, guar, crimson clover, flax and buckwheat		Popped, coffee			Phytolith-occluded organic carbon plant, one of the oldest heritage grains, Eqyptians grew sorghum.
37	Sorghum Sudan Grass	Sorghum drummondii		NYSCI	Grass		5.5-7.5	Resilient	A	Warm	Spring	Mid-June	Cut late summer when 20-30 inches tall, leaving a 6 inch stubble.		Heat tolerant	Fast growing	5-12'	Yes		Yes			Buckwheat, sesbania, sunnhemp, forage soybeans or cowpeas			http://covercrops.cals.cornell.edu/sudangrass.php	https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Nonlegume-Cover-Crops/Sorghum-Sudangrass	Hybrid between sorghum and sudangrass, weed/nematode control, subsoil loosner, biomass booster. Leave residue on the soil surface for weed suppression and incorporate biomass into soil. Phytolith-occluded organic carbon plant.
38	Sunn Hemp	Crotalaria Juncea		NYSCI	Legume	Wide-range	5-7.5	Well drained	A		Early June (use cowpea inoculate)			Tropical (but can grow in summer in US)		Large, strong taproot	3-9'	Yes			No	No						Fights Nematodes, biofertilizer or mutual relationship with Rhizobacteria (hence N fix)
39	Sunflower	Helianthus		NYSCI	Flowering plant	Loose, needs depth; loamy sandy	5-8	Well drained, drought tolerant	A	Warm	After last frost, continuous planting in summer and even late summer or early fall	Summer or Fall			Full sun	1-3'	2-10'	No	Yes		Yes	It is best to not plant sunflowers more than once every three years in a given field to help minimize any potential diseases or other pest problems.	Starting to be used in cover crop mixes for deeptap root, bird attractor and beauty.		Oil, seed	https://extension2.missouri.edu/g4701		Harvest seeds when back of the flowers turn brown, myth that they are efffective phytoremediators (remove toxins); native to US, deep taproots, suppress certain weeds
40	Sweet fern	Comptonia peregrina		NOT YET	Shrub	Sandy, acidic soils	<6.8	Dry	P			May-Aug		2 to 6	Part Shade		1-3'	Yes			Yes (butterflies)	No serious disease or insect problems.				https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=cope80	https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=COPE80	Sweetfern does not tolerate shading well, so removing competing vegetation is important.
41	Switchgrass	Panicum virgatum		NOT YET	Grass	Wide-range	5 or higher	Resilient	P		June	Mid-summer		3-10	Full sun	10-11'				Yes	Dense cover for wildlife, esp in winter							Widespread in US before settlers, plains, grows in clumps, can grow to 6' tall, sturdy and cold weather resistant
42	Thistle, Blue Glow Globe	Echinops bannaticus		NOT YET	Flowering plant	Wide-range	6.1-6.5	Well drained, dry, reslient	P			Mid to late Summer		3-9	Full Sun		2-4'				Yes		beardtongue and yarrows					Native, good for liver health, Canadian thistle deep and expansive root system & considered invasive
43	Vetch	Vicia		NYSCI, PW	Legume	Wide-range	6-7	Moist	A		Summer orr Fall	Early Spring			full-partial	12"	4'	low			Yes (bumble bees)					https://plants.usda.gov/java/charProfile?symbol=VISA	http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/cm_vetch.html	Common vetch helps with the suppression of spring weeds. Weed suppression is increased when the legume is associated with a cereal companion crop. Research has shown that hairy vetch mulch can increase main crop disease resistance and prolong leaf photosynthesis of the following crop.
44	Violet Bush Clover	Lespedeza violacea		NOT YET	Herb	Dry, sandy	4.1-4.3	Dry	P			June-July			partial sun		0.5–2'	Yes								http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/violet_bushclover.html	https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/EndangeredResources/Plants.asp?mode=detail&SpecCode=PDFAB27080	Competition from taller and more aggressive ground vegetation is not well-tolerated.
45	Virginia springbeauty	Claytonia virginica		NOT YET	Herb	Rich, moist soils. Prefers high humus	<6.8	Moist	P		Propagate seeds and sow as soon as seeds ripen	Jan - May		3-8	Part shade		0-1'	No			Yes (bumble bees)	Can become weedy if conditions are too good			Grows from a tuber that is edible (its flavor being described as sweet and chestnut-like).	https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=CLVI3	http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j800	Tolerates a variety of soils. Grows rapidly. Grown from tuber. Disappears from above ground after seed capsules ripen, but doesn't leave a gap in the garden. First Nations and colonists used them for food and they are still enjoyed by those interested in edible wild plants. (Niering)
46	Winter Peas (Austrian, field)	Pisum sativum (subspecies arvense)		NYSCI	Vine, legume	Wide-range but grow best on fertile, light-textured, well-drained soils	5.5-7.0	Well drained	A		Spring	Summer			Full		2-9'	Yes					Cereal, Wheat, Rye and Oats	Weeds	Not peas for eating	https://www.growveg.com/plants/us-and-canada/how-to-grow-winter-peas/
47	Winter Rye Grass	Lolium perenne		NYSCI	Grass	Wide-range	5-7	Resilient	A	Cool	Fall					3-5'	12-18"	No	Yes	Yes			Can be grown in mixtures with a legume such as hairy vetch and/or crimson clover.			https://www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/Nonlegume-Cover-Crops/Cereal-Rye		The hardiest of cereals, rye can be seeded later in fall than other cover crops and still provide considerable dry matter, an extensive soil-holding root system, significant reduction of nitrate leaching and exceptional weed suppression. Thick roots.
48	Yarrow	Achillea millefolium		NYSCI	Flowering plant		4.7-8	Drought tolerant, resilient	P		June-Oct	Through summer		3-9	Full sun, heat	8"	.5-3'						liatris, penstemon, and Veronica					Native, hearty, deadhead to make bloom more, used to treat wounds
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56	Buffaloberry, Bullberry																									https://aihd.ku.edu/foods/buffaloberry.html
57	Black Locust																									https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/2018/01/black-locust/
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