feedstock_tags

output_products

output_products_tags

price_sensitivity

initial_metadata

https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01612B

["acetic_acid", "ammonia_synthesis", "cellulose", "ethanol", "fermentation_products", "fructose", "furfural", "glucose", "glycerol", "hemicellulose", "lactic_acid", "lignin", "lipids", "methanol_h4", "protein", "starch", "sucrose", "xylose"]

Algal biomass (Scenedesmus and Chlorella)

Soluble sugars, fatty acids, protein-enriched residue

The analysis indicated sensitivity to biomass composition and price, underscoring the importance of optimizing the pretreatment process and harvest timing to maximize conversion yields and reduce costs.

The techno-economic analysis for the combined product yields indicates a potential to improve per-gallon fuel costs by up to 33% compared to a lipids-only process for Scenedesmus biomass, grown to mid-point harvest condition.

{"osti_id": "1220598", "title": "Acid-Catalyzed Algal Biomass Pretreatment for Integrated Lipid and Carbohydrate-Based Biofuels Production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C4GC01612B", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "One of the major challenges associated with algal biofuels production in a biorefinery-type setting is improving biomass utilization in its entirety, increasing the process energetic yields and providing economically viable and scalable co-product concepts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of a novel, integrated technology based on moderate temperatures and low pH to convert the carbohydrates in wet algal biomass to soluble sugars for fermentation, while making lipids more accessible for downstream extraction and leaving a protein-enriched fraction behind. We studied the effect of harvest timing on the conversion yields, using two algal strains; Chlorella and Scenedesmus, generating biomass with distinctive compositional ratios of protein, carbohydrate, and lipids. We found that the late harvest Scenedesmus biomass had the maximum theoretical biofuel potential at 143 gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) combined fuel yield per dry ton biomass, followed by late harvest Chlorella at 128 GGE per ton. Our experimental data show a clear difference between the two strains, as Scenedesmus was more successfully converted in this process with a demonstrated 97 GGE per ton. Our measurements indicated a release of >90% of the available glucose in the hydrolysate liquors and an extraction and recovery of up to 97% of the fatty acids from wet biomass. Techno-economic analysis for the combined product yields indicates that this process exhibits the potential to improve per-gallon fuel costs by up to 33% compared to a lipids-only process for one strain, Scenedesmus, grown to the mid-point harvest condition.", "publication_date": "2014-11-12T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-12-30T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "2", "journal_volume": "17", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1145-1158", "authors": ["Laurens, L. M. L. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Nagle, N. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Davis, R. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Sweeney, N. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Van Wychen, S. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Lowell, A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Pienkos, P. T. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Algae", "biorefinery", "fractionation", "lipids", "carbohydrates", "bioethanol", "renewable diesel", "process economics", "TEA"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1220598"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220598"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-62000", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220598", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1220598.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.093

["lignocellulose", "xylose", "ethanol", "hemicellulose", "techno-economic analysis", "glucan", "xylan", "arabinan", "galactan", "lignin", "phosphoric_acid", "ammonia", "Escherichia_coli", "cellulase", "hexoses", "pentoses", "glucose", "galactose", "xylose", "furfural", "sugarcane_bagasse"]

Sugarcane bagasse

['sugarcane_bagasse']

Ethanol, electricity, fertilizer

The paper demonstrates a significant sensitivity of the MESP to overall ethanol yield, where a 10% increase in yield could lead to savings of more than 5 US cents/L, illustrating the paramount importance of high ethanol yield in reducing production costs.

{"osti_id": "1770945", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of ethanol production from sugarcane bagasse using a Liquefaction plus Simultaneous Saccharification and co-Fermentation process", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.093", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": NaN, "publication_date": "2016-02-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-07-03T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Bioresource Technology", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "208", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 42-48", "authors": ["Gubicza, Krisztina [Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics (Hungary)]", "Nieves, Ismael U. [Univ. of Florida, Perry, FL (United States)]", "Sagues, William J. [Univ. of Florida, Perry, FL (United States)]", "Barta, Zsolt [Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics (Hungary)]", "Shanmugam, K. T. [Univ. of Florida, Perry, FL (United States); Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)]", "Ingram, Lonnie O. [Univ. of Florida, Perry, FL (United States); Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "lignocellulose", "xylose", "ethanol", "hemicellulose", "techno-economic analysis", "L+SScF"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of International Affairs (IA)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1770945"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1770945"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "PI0000031", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1770945", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/furfural/1770945.pdf", "building_blocks": ["furfural"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC01688C

["cellulose", "5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "thf", "glucose", "lactic_acid", "formic_acid", "furfural", "levulinic_acid", "sulfuric_acid", "h2so4", "hcl", "h3po4", "hcooh", "water"]

Levoglucosenone, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

['5_hydroxymethylfurfural']

The study explores the sensitivity of the production cost to cellulose feedstock prices, identifying optimal conditions of cellulose loading and water content that minimize production costs across a range of feedstock prices.

{"osti_id": "1475401", "title": "Production of levoglucosenone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from cellulose in polar aprotic solvent\u2013water mixtures", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC01688C", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In this paper, we demonstrate a process to produce levoglucosenone (LGO) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from cellulose in up to 65% carbon yield using sulfuric acid as catalyst and a solvent consisting of a mixture of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with water. In pure THF, LGO is the major product of cellulose dehydration, passing through levoglucosan as an intermediate. Increasing the water content (up to 5 wt%) results in HMF as the major product. HMF is formed both by glucose dehydration and direct dehydration of LGA. The maximum combined yield of LGO and HMF (~65 carbon%) is achieved in the presence of 1\u20132.5 wt% H₂O, such that comparable amounts of these two co-products are formed. THF gave the highest total yields of LGO and HMF among the solvents investigated in this study (i.e., THF, diglyme, tetraglyme, gamma-valerolactone (GVL), cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME), 1,4-dioxane, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). Furthermore, the rate of LGO and HMF degradation in THF was lower than in the other solvents. LGO/HMF yields increased with increased strength of the acid catalyst (H₂SO₄ > H₃PO₄ > HCOOH), and HMF was produced more selectively than LGO in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Finally, techno-economic analysis for LGO and HMF production from cellulose shows that the lowest LGO/HMF production costs are less than $3.00 per kg and occur at a cellulose loading and water content of 2\u20133% and 1.5\u20132.5% respectively.", "publication_date": "2017-06-22T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "15", "journal_volume": "19", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 3642-3653", "authors": ["He, Jiayue [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering] (ORCID:0000000264989538)", "Liu, Mingjie [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering]", "Huang, Kefeng [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering] (ORCID:0000000239726074)", "Walker, Theodore W. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering]", "Maravelias, Christos T. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering] (ORCID:0000000249291748)", "Dumesic, James A. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering]", "Huber, George W. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering] (ORCID:0000000278386893)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1475401"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1475401"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "EE0006878", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1475401", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1475401.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.076

["biochar", "briquettes", "torrefied briquettes", "forest residues"]

['forest residues']

Woodchips briquettes, Torrefied-woodchips briquettes, Biochar

['briquettes', 'torrefied briquettes', 'biochar']

The study identifies moisture content, plant throughput, and operational hours as sensitive factors affecting the minimum selling prices (MSPs) of biofuels and biochar. It suggests that improvements in system performance and productivity could significantly reduce MSPs.

{"osti_id": "1613337", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of producing solid biofuels and biochar from forest residues using portable systems", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.076", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "publication_date": "2018-11-10T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-25T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "235", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 578-590", "authors": ["Sahoo, Kamalakanta [United States Forest Service, Madison, WI (United States); Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000277635296)", "Bilek, Edward [United States Forest Service, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Bergman, Richard [United States Forest Service, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000317981717)", "Mani, Sudhagar [Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000319208381)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0006297", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Energy & Fuels", "Engineering", "Portable biomass conversion technology (BCT)", "Briquettes", "Torrefied briquettes", "BiocharTechno-economic analysis", "And forest residues"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Humboldt State Univ., Arcata, CA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1613337"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613337"}], "description": "Wildfires are becoming extreme and more frequent because of increased fuel loads in the forest and extended dry conditions. Prevention of wildfire by fuel treatment methods will generate forest residues in large volumes, which in addition to available logging residues, can be used to produce biofuels and bioproducts. In this study, the techno-economic assessment of three portable systems to produce woodchips briquettes (WCB), torrefied-woodchips briquettes (TWCB) and biochar from forest residues were evaluated using pilot-scale experimental data. A discounted cash flow rate of return method was used to estimate minimum selling prices (MSPs) for each product, to conduct sensitivity analyses, and to identify potential cost-reduction strategies. Using a before-finance-and-tax 16.5% nominal required return on investment, and a mean transport distance of 200 km, the estimated delivered MSPs per oven-dry metric ton (ODMT) of WCB, TWCB, and biochar were $162, $274, and $1044 respectively. The capital investment (16\u201330%), labor cost (23\u201328%), and feedstock cost (10\u201313%) without stumpage cost were the major factors influencing the MSP of solid biofuels and biochar. However, the MSPs of WCB, TWCB, and biochar could be reduced to $65, $145, and $470/ODMT respectively with technologically improved portable systems. In addition, the MSPs of solid biofuels and biochar could be further reduced by renewable energy and carbon credits, if the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potentials are quantified and remunerated. In conclusion, portable systems could be economically feasible to use forest residues and make useful products at current market prices while simultaneously reducing potential wildfires and GHG emissions.", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613337", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/fischer-tropsch liquids/1613337.pdf", "building_blocks": ["fischer-tropsch liquids"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03266a

["lignocellulosic_biomass", "biomass_sorghum", "ionic_liquid", "limonene", "1_8_cineole", "tetrahydromethylcyclopentadiene_dimer", "bisabolane", "epi_isozizaane", "glucose", "xylose", "saccharification", "bioconversion", "E_coli", "hydrogenation", "oligomerization", "lignin", "natural_gas", "carbon_market", "ghg_emissions", "jet_fuel_blendstocks"]

Biomass sorghum

['biomass_sorghum']

Limonane, bisabolane, epi-isozizaane, RJ-4

['limonene', 'bisabolane', 'epi_isozizaane']

The study provides a comprehensive sensitivity analysis identifying the yield of jet fuel precursors from sugars and the quality of the biomass feedstock as the primary drivers for achieving economic competitiveness. It highlights that significant process improvements and near-theoretical yields for biologically-produced intermediates are essential to reduce the minimum selling prices.

{"osti_id": "1528903", "title": "Techno-economic analysis and life-cycle greenhouse gas mitigation cost of five routes to bio-jet fuel blendstocks", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ee03266a", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Decarbonizing the air transportation sector remains one of the most challenging hurdles to mitigating climate change. Lignocellulosic biomass-derived jet fuel blendstocks can contribute to the shift toward renewable, low-carbon energy sources for aircrafts. Producing these renewable jet fuel molecules from biomass requires advanced pathways with the potential for efficient and affordable conversion routes. Here, this paper presents a detailed techno-economic analysis and sensitivity analysis, including estimated minimum selling price (MSP), and life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation costs for five routes to four potential bio-jet fuel molecules \u2013 limonane via limonene, limonane via 1,8-cineole, tetrahydromethylcyclopentadiene dimer (RJ-4), bisabolane, and epi-isozizaane. The simulated biorefineries utilize biomass sorghum and an integrated high-gravity ionic liquid-based biomass deconstruction process. We present results reflecting the current state of the technology and potential future scenarios with improved yields. Among the conversion pathways and the fuel molecules evaluated in this study, limonane, bisabolane, and epi-isozizaane could reach an MSP of 0.73\u20130.91 dollars per L-Jet A (2.75\u20133.45 dollars per gal-Jet A) in optimized future cases, without a hypothetical lignin-derived co-product. RJ-4 requires a more costly upgrading process and catalysts, resulting in a comparatively higher MSP (1.33 dollars per L-Jet A or 5.04 dollars per gal-jet A). Based on the GHG footprints of each fuel, the minimum achievable carbon mitigation cost relative to conventional Jet-A is 29 dollars per metric ton CO_2e, which is just under double the current cap-and-trade market price in California. In the absence of any policy support, the economics could be improved through high-value uses for lignin. To reach a target selling price of 0.66 dollars per L-Jet A (2.50 dollars per gal), lignin-derived products would need to be sold for at least 1.9 dollars per kg. However, the higher energy density of these bio-based blendstocks offers valuable improvements in aircraft efficiency/range; we find that commercial airlines may be willing to pay a 4\u201314 cent per L premium for these bio-jet fuels. In conclusion, our results highlight the need for improvements beyond currently-reported yields for the biologically produced intermediates, identification of ideal microbial hosts, selection of metabolic pathways to achieve competitive production costs, and a focus on fuels with attractive properties that increase their value.", "publication_date": "2019-02-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Energy & Environmental Science", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "12", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 807-824", "authors": ["Baral, Nawa Raj [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000209429183)", "Kavvada, Olga [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:000000029801144X)", "Mendez-Perez, Daniel [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)]", "Mukhopadhyay, Aindrila [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000265137425)", "Lee, Taek Soon [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000207642626)", "Simmons, Blake A. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000213321810)", "Scown, Corinne D. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320781126)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1528903"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1528903"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC02-05CH11231", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1528903", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1528903.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700178

["1_5_pentanediol", "furfural", "dehydration", "hydration", "hydrogenation", "tetrahydrofurfuryl_alcohol", "dihydropyran", "2_hydroxytetrahydropyran", "5_hydroxyvaleraldehyde", "\u03b1_\u03c9_diols", "catalysis", "sustainable_chemistry", "hemicellulose", "biomass"]

['1_5_pentanediol']

A sensitivity analysis on the price of furfural indicates that the minimum selling price (MSP) of 1,5-PD can range between $1,500 to $3,000, making it competitive with similar diols in the market despite fluctuations in feedstock cost.

{"osti_id": "1533152", "title": "Chemicals from Biomass: Combining Ring-Opening Tautomerization and Hydrogenation Reactions to Produce 1,5-Pentanediol from Furfural", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201700178", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>A process for the synthesis of 1,5\u2010pentanediol (1,5\u2010PD) with 84\u2009% yield from furfural is developed, utilizing dehydration/hydration, ring\u2010opening tautomerization, and hydrogenation reactions. Although this process has more reaction steps than the traditional direct hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA), techno\u2010economic analyses demonstrate that this process is the economically preferred route for the synthesis of biorenewable 1,5\u2010PD. 2\u2010Hydroxytetrahydropyran (2\u2010HY\u2010THP) is the key reaction pathway intermediate that allows for a decrease in the minimum selling price of 1,5\u2010PD. The reactivity of 2\u2010HY\u2010THP is 80\u2005times greater than that of THFA over a bimetallic hydrogenolysis catalyst. This enhanced reactivity is a result of the ring\u2010opening tautomerization to 5\u2010hydoxyvaleraldehyde and subsequent hydrogenation to 1,5\u2010PD.</p>", "publication_date": "2017-03-09T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "ChemPubSoc Europe", "journal_name": "ChemSusChem", "journal_issue": "7", "journal_volume": "10", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1351-1355", "authors": ["Brentzel, Zachary J. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Barnett, Kevin J. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Huang, Kefeng [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Maravelias, Christos T. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Dumesic, James A. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Huber, George W. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "09 BIOMASS FUELS", "chemistry", "science & technology", "\u03b1,\u03c9-diols", "biomass", "catalysis", "hydrogenation", "sustainable chemistry"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1533152"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1533152"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "EE0006878", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1533152", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1533152.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01872C

["lignin", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "hydrogenation_products", "hydrodeoxygenation", "aromatic_hydrocarbons", "olefins", "cyclopentanones", "phenols", "methoxyphenols", "anhydrosugars", "cyclohexanes", "cyclopentanes", "naphthenes", "naphthalenes", "tetralins", "decalins"]

Lignocellulosic biomass (pine)

['lignin', 'cellulose', 'hemicellulose']

Bio-oil, Hydrotreated bio-oil

['hydrodeoxygenation']

The technoeconomic analysis identifies catalyst cost as a significant determinant of minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), underscoring the potential for cost reduction through catalyst optimization. Further experiments with lower-cost Mo 2C and high-dispersion 0.5 wt% Pt/TiO2 catalysts exhibited similar CFP performance to the 2 wt% Pt/TiO2 catalyst, suggesting pathways to reduce the MFSP to $3.86-$3.91 GGE-1.

{"osti_id": "1468521", "title": "Driving towards cost-competitive biofuels through catalytic fast pyrolysis by rethinking catalyst selection and reactor configuration", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01872C", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Catalytic fast pyrolysis (CFP) has emerged as an attractive process for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable fuels and products. Considerable research and development has focused on using circulating-bed reactors with zeolite catalysts (e.g., HZSM-5) for CFP because of their propensity to form gasoline-range aromatic hydrocarbons. However, the high selectivity for aromatics comes at the expense of low carbon yield, a key economic driver for this process. In this contribution, we evaluate non-zeolite catalysts in a fixed-bed reactor configuration for an integrated CFP process to produce fuel blendstocks from lignocellulosic biomass. These experimental efforts are coupled with technoeconomic analysis (TEA) to benchmark the process and guide research and development activities to minimize costs. The results indicate that CFP bio-oil can be produced from pine with improved yield by using a bifunctional metal-acid 2 wt% Pt/TiO₂ catalyst in a fixed-bed reactor operated with co-fed H-2 at near atmospheric pressure, as compared to H-ZSM5 in a circulating-bed reactor. The Pt/TiO₂ catalyst exhibited good stability over 13 reaction-regeneration cycles with no evidence of irreversible deactivation. The CFP bio-oil was continuously hydrotreated for 140 h time-on-stream using a single-stage system with 84 wt% of the hydrotreated product having a boiling point in the gasoline and distillate range. This integrated biomass-to-blendstock process was determined to exhibit an energy efficiency of 50% and a carbon efficiency of 38%, based on the experimental results and process modelling. TEA of the integrated process revealed a modelled minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of $4.34 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE), which represents a cost reduction of $0.85 GGE(-1) compared to values reported for CFP with a zeolite catalyst. TEA also indicated that catalyst cost was a significant factor influencing the MFSP, which informed additional CFP experiments in which lower-cost Mo₂C and high-dispersion 0.5 wt% Pt/TiO2 catalysts were synthesized and evaluated. These materials demonstrated CFP carbon yield and oil oxygen content similar to those of the 2 wt% Pt/TiO₂ catalyst, offering proof-of-concept that the lower-cost catalysts can be effective for CFP and providing a route to reduce the modelled MFSP to $3.86-3.91 GGE(-1). This report links foundational science and applied engineering to demonstrate the potential of fixed-bed CFP and highlights the impact of coupled TEA to guide research activities towards cost reductions.", "publication_date": "2018-08-21T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-01-03T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Energy & Environmental Science", "journal_issue": "10", "journal_volume": "11", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 2904-2918", "authors": ["Griffin, Michael B. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000302311876)", "Iisa, Kristiina [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:000000031326901X)", "Wang, Huamin [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000230362649)", "Dutta, Abhijit [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000342587287)", "Orton, Kellene A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "French, Richard J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000217175523)", "Santosa, Daniel M. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000324199176)", "Wilson, Nolan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000290023585)", "Christensen, Earl [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000178429294)", "Nash, Connor [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000239490110)", "Van Allsburg, Kurt M. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000345536709)", "Baddour, Frederick G. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000258375804)", "Ruddy, Daniel A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000326543778)", "Tan, Eric C. D. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000291102410)", "Cai, Hao [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000205669411)", "Mukarakate, Calvin [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000239197977)", "Schaidle, Joshua A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000321895678)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "catalytic fast pyrolysis", "biomass", "bio-oil"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)", "Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)", "Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1468521"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468521"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-71877; PNNL-SA-136791", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; AC02-06CH11357; AC06-76RL01830; AC05-76RL01830", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468521", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1468521.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1640

["biodiesel", "ethanol", "lipid", "sugarcane", "soybean", "techno-economic_analysis"]

Lipid-producing sugarcane (lipid-cane)

['lipid', 'sugarcane']

Biodiesel, Ethanol

['biodiesel', 'ethanol']

Sensitivity analyses on biodiesel production costs indicated that feedstock prices and lipid extraction efficiencies are critical parameters. Particularly for lipid-cane, variations in cane price and lipid extraction rate significantly impact the biodiesel production cost, underscoring the importance of optimizing feedstock yield and processing efficiency.

The study found the IRR for soybean biodiesel production to be 15.0%. For lipid-cane biodiesel production, the IRR ranged from 13.7 to 24.0% as lipid content increased from 2 to 20%, highlighting the potential economic feasibility of lipid-cane as a feedstock at higher lipid concentrations.

{"osti_id": "1437267", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel and ethanol co-production from lipid-producing sugarcane: Biodiesel and Ethanol Co-Production from Lipid-Producing Sugarcane", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1640", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Biodiesel production from vegetable oils has progressively increased over the past two decades. However, due to the low amounts of oil produced per hectare from temperate oilseed crops (e.g. soybean), the opportunities for further increasing biodiesel production are limited. Genetically modified lipid-producing sugarcane (lipid-cane) possesses great potential for producing biodiesel as an alternative feedstock because of sugarcane\u2019s much higher productivity compared with soybean. In this study, techno-economic models were developed for biodiesel and ethanol coproduction from lipid-cane, assuming 2, 5, 10, or 20% lipid concentration in the harvested stem (dry mass basis). The models were compared with a conventional soybean biodiesel process model to assess lipid-cane\u2019s competiveness. In the lipid-cane process model, the extracted lipids were used to produce biodiesel by transesterifi cation, and the remaining sugar was used to produce ethanol by fermentation. The results showed that the biodiesel production cost from lipid-cane decreased from $0.89/L to $0.59 /L as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%; this cost was lower than that obtained for soybeans ($1.08/L). The ethanol production costs from lipid-cane were between $0.40/L and $0.46/L. The internal rate of return (IRR) for the soybean biodiesel process was 15.0%, and the IRR for the lipid-cane process went from 13.7 to 24.0% as the lipid content increased from 2 to 20%. Because of its high productivity, lipid-cane with 20% lipid content can produce 6700 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land, whereas soybean can only produce approximately 500 L of biodiesel from each hectare of land. This would indicate that continued efforts to achieve lipid-producing sugarcane could make large-scale replacement of fossil-fuel-derived diesel without unrealistic demands on land area.", "publication_date": "2016-03-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-10-25T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "10", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 299-315", "authors": ["Huang, Haibo [Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)]", "Long, Stephen [University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)]", "Singh, Vijay [University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AR0000206", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "lipid", "sugarcane", "biodiesel", "ethanol", "techno-economic analysis", "soybean"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1437267"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1437267"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1437267", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1437267.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0500-z

["ex_situ_catalytic_fast_pyrolysis", "biofuel", "process_design", "techno-economic_assessment", "fixed_bed_reactor", "vapor_phase_upgrading", "hot_gas_filter", "aspen_plus", "feedstock", "fast_pyrolysis", "hydroprocessing", "hydrogen_production", "heat_power_and_utilities", "wastewater_management", "deoxygenation", "hydrogenation", "c_c_coupling", "catalyst_development", "catalyst_maintenance", "metal_recovery", "sensitivity_analysis"]

Blended woody biomass

Hydrocarbon fuel blendstocks

The study presents a sensitivity analysis indicating that significant variables impacting the economic outcome include catalyst recovery cost, hot gas filter capital cost, and catalyst lifetime. It underscores the importance of catalyst efficiency and cost over its lifetime for the process's economic viability.

{"osti_id": "1235666", "title": "Conceptual process design and techno-economic assessment of ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass: A fixed bed reactor implementation scenario for future feasibility", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0500-z", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising route for the production of fungible liquid biofuels. There is significant ongoing research on the design and development of catalysts for this process. However, there are a limited number of studies investigating process configurations and their effects on biorefinery economics. Herein we present a conceptual process design with techno-economic assessment; it includes the production of upgraded bio-oil via fixed bed ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by final hydroprocessing to hydrocarbon fuel blendstocks. This study builds upon previous work using fluidized bed systems, as detailed in a recent design report led by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL/TP-5100-62455); overall yields are assumed to be similar, and are based on enabling future feasibility. Assuming similar yields provides a basis for easy comparison and for studying the impacts of areas of focus in this study, namely, fixed bed reactor configurations and their catalyst development requirements, and the impacts of an inline hot gas filter. A comparison with the fluidized bed system shows that there is potential for higher capital costs and lower catalyst costs in the fixed bed system, leading to comparable overall costs. The key catalyst requirement is to enable the effective transformation of highly oxygenated biomass into hydrocarbons products with properties suitable for blending into current fuels. Potential catalyst materials are discussed, along with their suitability for deoxygenation, hydrogenation and C\u2013C coupling chemistry. This chemistry is necessary during pyrolysis vapor upgrading for improved bio-oil quality, which enables efficient downstream hydroprocessing; C\u2013C coupling helps increase the proportion of diesel/jet fuel range product. One potential benefit of fixed bed upgrading over fluidized bed upgrading is catalyst flexibility, providing greater control over chemistry and product composition. Since this study is based on future projections, the impacts of uncertainties in the underlying assumptions are quantified via sensitivity analysis. As a result, this analysis indicates that catalyst researchers should prioritize by: carbon efficiency > catalyst cost > catalyst lifetime, after initially testing for basic operational feasibility.", "publication_date": "2015-10-06T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Springer", "journal_name": "Topics in Catalysis", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "59", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 17 p.", "authors": ["Dutta, Abhijit [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Schaidle, Joshua A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Humbird, David [DWH Process Consulting, Centennial, CO (United States)]", "Baddour, Frederick G. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Sahir, Asad [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "ex situ catalytic fast pyrolysis", "biofuel", "process design", "techno-economic assessment", "fixed bed reactor", "vapor phase upgrading", "Aspen Plus"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1235666"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1235666"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-64796", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1235666", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1235666.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16172

["biomass", "cellulose", "glucose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "furfural", "levulinic_acid", "1_5_pentanediol", "2_methyl_thf", "\u03b3_butyrolactone", "1_6_hexanediol", "furfuryl_alcohol", "tetrahydrofuran", "polyesters", "polyurethanes"]

Cellulose, glucose, other carbohydrates, biomass-derived xylose (or hemicellulose)

['cellulose', 'glucose', 'hemicellulose']

Levoglucosenone (LGO), 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), Furfural, α,ω-diols (e.g., Tetrahydrofurandimethanol, 1,6-Hexanediol), Polyols (e.g., 1,2,6-Hexanetriol), Renewable solvents (e.g., Cyrene, MTHF)

['5_hydroxymethylfurfural', 'furfural', '1_6_hexanediol', '2_methyl_thf']

The paper highlights the relationship between production scale and the cost viability of oxygenated chemicals, underlining that larger-scale production significantly lowers the minimum selling price, thus addressing the critical 'chicken-and-egg' problem of scalability versus economic feasibility. However, specific numbers or sensitivity analysis results regarding price versus production scale or volume are not provided.

{"osti_id": "1477863", "title": "Oxygenated commodity chemicals from chemo-catalytic conversion of biomass derived heterocycles", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.16172", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Biomass is an abundant source of renewable carbon, which could form the basis for sustainable fuels and chemicals to replace those derived from fossil fuel resources. During the past decade there have been multiple large projects focused on producing renewable fuels from biomass. These pioneer processes have often struggled to reach commercialization due to operational challenges, scale up challenges, and the low margins and high product volumes required for economic viability. The production of oxygenated chemicals from biomass offers several advantages compared to production of biofuels including: (1) chemicals are higher value, allowing for profitability at moderate scale (10\u201330 kton/yr) and sometimes even small scale (<1 kton/yr); (2) oxygenated chemicals require less deoxygenation, and therefore less hydrogen input and higher product mass yields compared to completely deoxygenated fuels; and, (3) target chemicals use the inherent functionalities (e.g., alcohols, cyclic ethers, C = C and C = O bonds, chiral centers) present in biomass. Furthermore bio-based chemicals can also be coproduced with biofuels thereby improving the economics of bio-refineries. Synergies between bio-refineries and conventional refineries (e.g., utilizing hydrogen surplus for hydrogenation; integrating refinery waste heat) could further improve economic viability.", "publication_date": "2018-04-06T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Institute of Chemical Engineers", "journal_name": "AIChE Journal", "journal_issue": "6", "journal_volume": "64", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1910-1922", "authors": ["Krishna, Siddarth H. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "Huang, Kefeng [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "Barnett, Kevin J. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "He, Jiayue [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "Maravelias, Christos T. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "Dumesic, James A. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "Huber, George W. [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)]", "De bruyn, Mario [Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States); Utrecht Univ., Utrecht (The Netherlands)]", "Weckhuysen, Bert M. [Utrecht Univ., Utrecht (The Netherlands)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "biomass", "commodity chemicals", "catalysis", "renewable", "technoeconomics", "scale up"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison. Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1477863"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1477863"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "EE0006878", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1477863", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1477863.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02800D

["1_3_pdo", "1_3_propanediol", "1_4_butanediol", "1_4_diols", "1_5_diaminopentane", "1_5_pentanediol", "2_amino_1_3_pdo", "2_aminomalonic_amino_3_hp", "2_methyl_thf", "3_hydroxy_butyrolactone", "3_hydroxyproprionate", "4_4_bionelle", "5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "8_aminolevulinate", "acetic_acid", "acetoin", "acrylamides", "acrylates", "adipic_aci", "amines", "amino_diols", "amino_succinate_derivatives", "ammonia_synthesis", "antifreeze_and_deicers", "arabinose", "aspartic_acid", "biobased_syn_gas_sg", "bisphenol_a_replacement", "butanediols", "butenoic_acid", "butenols", "caprolactam", "cellulose", "chelating_agents", "citric_aconitic_acid", "derivatives", "diacids", "dialdehyde", "diamines", "diamino_alcohols", "dilactones", "dimethylcarbonate", "dimethylether", "diols", "dioxanes", "eg", "emulsifiers", "epoxides", "epoxy_\u03b3_butyrolactone", "esters", "fermentation_products", "ferulic_aci", "fischer_tropsch_liquids", "food_additives", "formaldehyde", "fructose", "fuel_oxygenate", "fumaric_acid", "furans", "furfural", "gallic_aci", "gasoline", "glucaric_acid", "gluconic_acid", "gluconolactones", "glucose", "glutamic_acid", "glutaric_acid", "glycerol", "glycols_eg_pg", "glyconic_acid", "green_solvents", "h2", "hemicellulose", "higher_alcohols", "hydrogenation_products", "hydrox", "hydroxy_succinate_derivatives", "hydroxybutyrates", "hydroxybutyric_acid", "hydroxybutyrolactone", "indeterminant", "iso_c4_molecules", "iso_sytnehsis_products", "isobutene_and_its_derivatives", "isosorbide", "itaconic_acid", "ketone_derivatives", "l_propylene_glycol", "lactate", "lactic_acid", "lactide", "lactones_esters", "lactose", "levulinic_acid", "lignin", "linear_and_branched_1_alcohols_and_mixed_higher_alcohols", "lysine", "malic_acid", "malonic_acid", "malonic", "many_furan_derivatives", "methanol_h4", "methyl_amines", "methyl_esters", "methyl_succinate_derivatives_see_above", "mixed_alcohols", "monolactones", "mtbe", "numerous_furan_derivatives", "nylons_polyamides", "oil", "olefin_hydroformylation_products_aldehydes_alcohols_acids", "olefins", "other_products", "oxo_synthesis_products", "pet_polymer", "pg", "p_h_control_agents", "pharma_intermediates", "phenol_formaldehyde_resins", "phenolics", "phthalate_polyesters", "plasticizers", "polyacrylamides", "polyacrylates", "polyaminoacids", "polycarbonates", "polyesters", "polyethers", "polyhydroxyalkanoates", "polyhydroxypolyamides", "polyhydroxypolyesters", "polypyrrolidones", "polysaccharides", "polyurethanes", "polyvinyl_acetate", "polyvinyl_alcohol", "proprionic_acid", "propyl_alcohol", "propylene_glycol", "protein", "pyrrolidones", "reagent_propionol_acrylate", "reagents_building_uni", "resins", "serine", "solvents", "sorbito", "specialty_chemical_intermediate", "starch", "substituted_pyrrolidones", "succinate", "succinic_acid", "sucrose", "sugar_acids", "thf", "threonine", "unsaturated_esters", "unsaturated_succinate_derivatives_see_above", "xylitol_arabitol", "xyloni_acid", "xylose", "\u03b1_olefins_gasoline_waxes_diesel", "\u03b3_butyrolactone"]

corn grain, corn stover

jet fuel, gasoline, diesel

The sensitivity analysis highlights feedstock cost, total installed capital costs, and the internal rate of return (IRR) as significant influencers on the minimum jet selling price (MJSP). The variability in these factors underscores their critical role in the economic viability of the process, suggesting avenues for optimization and cost reduction.

The paper incorporates pioneer plant analysis, demonstrating possible cost increments ranging from 31% to 178% for ethanol derived from corn grain and 69% to 471% for ethanol from corn stover, against nth-plant assumptions, based on the perceived technological maturity and capital investment variances. However, specific IRR outcomes are not directly analyzed.

{"osti_id": "1345118", "title": "Techno-economic analysis for upgrading the biomass-derived ethanol-to-jet blendstocks", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC02800D", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Here, this study summarizes the detailed techno-economic analysis of the ethanol-to-jet (ETJ) process based on two different feedstocks (corn grain and corn stover) at the plant scale of 2000 dry metric tons per day. Ethanol biologically derived from biomass is upgraded catalytically to jet blendstocks via alcohol dehydration, olefin oligomerization, and hydrotreating. In both pathways, corn-grain-derived ethanol to jet (corn mill ETJ) and corn-stover-derived ethanol to jet (corn stover ETJ), there are portions of gasoline and diesel produced as coproducts. Two cost bases are used in this study: the minimum jet fuel selling prices (MJSP) for jet-range blendstocks and the minimum fuel selling prices (MFSP) for all the hydrocarbons (gasoline, jet, and diesel) produced using a gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE) basis. The <i>n</i>^th-plant MJSPs for the two pathways are estimated to be 4.20 per gal for corn mill and 6.14 per gal for corn stover, while MFSPs are 3.91 per GGE for corn mill and 5.37 per GGE for corn stover. If all of the hydrocarbon products (gasoline, jet, and diesel ranges) can be considered as fuel blendstocks using a GGE basis, the total hydrocarbon yield for fuel blendstock is 49.6 GGE per dry ton biomass for corn stover and 71.0 GGE per dry ton biomass for corn grain. The outcome of this study shows that the renewable jet fuel could be cost competitive with fossil derived jet fuel if further improvements could be made to increase process yields (particularly yields of sugars, sugar to ethanol, and ethanol to hydrocarbons), research and development of sustainable feedstocks, and more effective catalytic reaction kinetics. Pioneer plant analysis, which considers the increased capital investment and the decreased plant performance over the nth-plant analysis, is also performed, showing a potential 31%\u2013178% increase in cost compared to the <i>n</i>^th-plant assumptions for the dry mill pathway, but with a much wider range of 69%\u2013471% cost increase over the <i>n</i>^th-plant assumptions for the corn stover pathway. While there are large differences between the estimated first of a kind plant cost and the targeted nth-plant case, reduction of costs is possible through improvement of the overall process efficiency, yields, reduction in overall capital, co-product revenues and strategically improve performance by process learnings.", "publication_date": "2016-12-30T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-10-25T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "4", "journal_volume": "19", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1082-1101", "authors": ["Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Markham, Jennifer N. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Haq, Zia [Dept. of Energy, Washington, D.C. (United States)]", "Biddy, Mary J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "techno-economic analysis", "alcohol-to-jet", "biomass", "bioenergy", "jet fuel", "conversion technology", "minimum fuel selling price", "dry mill", "cellulosic ethanol", "pioneer plant", "JP-5", "JP-8", "Jet A"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1345118"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1345118"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-62323", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1345118", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1345118.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1952

["lignin", "jet_fuel", "ethanol", "biomass", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "phenolics", "polyhydroxyalkanoates", "benzene", "toluene", "xylene", "vanillin", "carbon_fiber", "hydrodeoxygenation", "fischer_tropsch_liquids"]

Biorefinery waste lignin

Jet fuel range hydrocarbons

The paper employed the Discounted Cash Flow Rate of Return method to evaluate the internal rate of return but did not provide explicit IRR values. Hence, specifics on IRR outcomes are not discussed.

{"osti_id": "1489324", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of jet-fuel production from biorefinery waste lignin", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1952", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Utilizing lignin feedstock along with cellulosic ethanol for the production of high-energy-density jet fuel offers a significant opportunity to enhance the overall operation efficiency, carbon conversion efficiency, economic viability, and sustainability of biofuel and chemical production. A patented catalytic process to produce lignin-substructure-based hydrocarbons in the jet-fuel range from lignin was developed. Comprehensive techno-economic analysis of this process was conducted through process simulation in this study. The discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) method was used to evaluate a 2000 dry metric ton/day lignocellulosic ethanol biorefinery with the co-production of lignin jet fuel. The minimum selling price of lignin jet fuel at a 10% discount rate was estimated to be in the range of $6.35-$1.76/gal depending on the lignin and conversion rate and capacity. With a production capacity of 1.5-16.6 million gallon jet fuel per year, capital costs ranged from $38.0 to $39.4 million. On the whole, the co-production of jet fuel from lignin improved the overall economic viability of an integrated biorefinery process for corn ethanol production by raising co-product revenue from jet fuels.", "publication_date": "2018-12-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-01-03T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "13", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 486-501", "authors": ["Shen, Rongchun [Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)]", "Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Yang, Bin [Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000316868800)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "techno-economic analysis", "biomass", "lignin", "jet fuel", "ethanol biorefinery"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1489324"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1489324"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-73018", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; AC36\u201008GO28308", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1489324", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1489324.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33504-w

["amino_acids", "ammonia", "carbon_dioxide", "diammonium_phosphate", "ethanol", "hexane", "lipids", "microalgae", "protein", "shrimp_feeds"]

Marine microalgae

The profitability of the algae production is sensitive to the sale prices of algae products. If aquafeed prices increase, profitability rises. Conversely, valuing algae products at current market prices for soy results in a negative NPV.

The paper reports a 92% return on investment for the modeled algae production facility, indicating a profitable venture over its 30-year lifetime.

{"osti_id": "1483567", "title": "Marine microalgae commercial production improves sustainability of global fisheries and aquaculture", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33504-w", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "A method is described for saving 30% of the world fish catch by producing fishmeal and fish oil replacement products from marine microalgae, the natural source of proteins and oils in the marine food web. To examine the commercial aspects of such a method, we adapt a model based on results of microalgae production in Hawaii and apply it to Thailand, the world\u2019s fourth largest producer of fishmeal. A model facility of 111 ha would produce 2,750 tonnes yr^-1 of protein and 2,330 tonnes yr^-1 of algal oil, at a capital cost of $\\$29.3$ M. Such a facility would generate $\\$5.5$ M in average annual net income over its 30-year lifetime. Deployment of 100 such facilities in Thailand would replace all domestic production of fishmeal, 10% of world production, on ~1.5% of the land now used to cultivate oil palm. Such a global industry would generate ~$\\$6.5$ billion in annual net income.", "publication_date": "2018-10-10T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "journal_name": "Scientific Reports", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "8", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 15064", "authors": ["Beal, Colin M. [B & D Engineering and Consulting LLC, Lander, WY (United States); Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center]", "Gerber, L\u00e9da N. [Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center]", "Thongrod, Supis [Thai Union Feedmill Co., Ltd., Samutskorn Province (Thailand)]", "Phromkunthong, Wutiporn [Prince of Songkla Univ. (Thailand). Dept. of Aquatic Science]", "Kiron, Viswanath [Nord Univ., Bodo (Norway). Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture] (ORCID:0000000346401910)", "Granados, Joe [Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center]", "Archibald, Ian [Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center; Cinglas Ltd., Chester (United Kingdom)]", "Greene, Charles H. [Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center; Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Dept. of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences]", "Huntley, Mark E. [Univ. of Hawaii, Hilo, HI (United States). Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center; Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States). Dept. of Animal Sciences]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "Marine Microalgae", "World Fish Catch", "Energy Return On Investment (EROI)", "Cumulative Discounted Cash Flow", "Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFA)"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office"], "research_orgs": ["Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)", "Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)", "B & D Engineering and Consulting LLC, Lander, WY (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1483567"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1483567"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0003371; EE0007091", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1483567", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1483567.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.007

["hydrogen_carbonate", "cellulosic_sugar", "co2_utilization", "microalgae", "biofuel"]

Atmospheric CO2, CO2 from chemical or power plant waste emissions, concentrated and compressed CO2, hydrogen carbonate, cellulosic sugars from corn stover.

['co2_utilization', 'hydrogen_carbonate', 'cellulosic_sugar']

Diesel, naphtha, excess electricity, recycled nutrients

The study finds that the economic viability of carbon delivery methods significantly influences the minimum biofuel selling price (MFSP), with pure gaseous CO2 sources with short pipeline transport emerging as the most economically feasible option.

{"osti_id": "1613442", "title": "Sustainability of carbon delivery to an algal biorefinery: A techno-economic and life-cycle assessment", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2019.01.007", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Supplementation of carbon is critical for high productivity cultivation of most microalgae. Moreover, using microalgae for atmospheric CO₂ mitigation to combat climate change is promising as waste sources and atmospheric CO₂ can be utilized to produce useful products. The challenge is developing technologies, processes, and strategies that utilize carbon efficiently such that the overall system is sustainable. Through engineering system modeling combined with techno-economic and life-cycle assessments, this study examined the implications of various delivery methods of carbon to a production-scale algal biorefinery. Five primary carbon sources were considered: atmospheric CO₂; CO₂ from direct chemical or power plant waste emissions; CO₂ that has been concentrated from waste sources and compressed; inorganic carbon in the form of hydrogen carbonate; and organic carbon in the form of cellulosic sugars derived from corn stover. Each source was evaluated assuming co-location as well as pipeline transportation up to 100 km. Sustainability results indicate that economics are more prohibitive than energy and emissions. Furthermore, of the scenarios evaluated, only two met both the economic and environmental criteria of contributing less than 0.50 US-$ GGE^-1 and 20 _g CO_2-eqMJ^-1 to the overall system, respectively: uncompressed, pure sources of gaseous CO₂ with pipeline transportation of 40 km or less; and compressed, supercritical CO₂ from pure sources for pipeline transportation up to 100 km. A first order scalability assessment of algal biofuels based on these results shows carbon to be a limiting nutrient in an algal biorefinery with a total US production capability of 360 million gallons of fuel per year.", "publication_date": "2019-02-21T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-06-30T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Journal of CO2 Utilization", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "30", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 193-204", "authors": ["Somers, Michael D.", "Quinn, Jason C."], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["42 ENGINEERING", "hydrogen carbonate", "cellulosic sugar", "utilization", "microalgae", "biofuel"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1613442"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613442"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0007562", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613442", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1613442.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.001

["biomass", "pellets", "techno-economic_model", "production_cost", "steam_pretreatment", "economic_optimum_size", "forest_residue", "agricultural_residue", "energy_crops", "switchgrass"]

Forest residue, agricultural residue, switchgrass

['forest_residue', 'agricultural_residue', 'switchgrass']

Regular pellets, steam pretreated pellets

['pellets', 'steam_pretreatment']

The study conducted a sensitivity analysis revealing that field and transportation costs are the most sensitive factors affecting pellet production costs. A variation of ±20% in these costs could lead to significant changes in production expenses, indicating the importance of high yield and process efficiency in reducing overall costs.

{"osti_id": "1328343", "title": "Techno-economic assessment of pellets produced from steam pretreated biomass feedstock", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.03.001", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Minimum production cost and optimum plant size are determined for pellet plants for three types of biomass feedstock e forest residue, agricultural residue, and energy crops. The life cycle cost from harvesting to the delivery of the pellets to the co-firing facility is evaluated. The cost varies from 95 to 105 t^-1 for regular pellets and 146\u2013156 t^-1 for steam pretreated pellets. The difference in the cost of producing regular and steam pretreated pellets per unit energy is in the range of 2e3 GJ^-1. The economic optimum plant size (i.e., the size at which pellet production cost is minimum) is found to be 190 kt for regular pellet production and 250 kt for steam pretreated pellet. Furthermore, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were carried out to identify sensitivity parameters and effects of model error.", "publication_date": "2016-03-10T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-21T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "87", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 131-143", "authors": ["Shahrukh, Hassan [Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)]", "Oyedun, Adetoyese Olajire [Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)]", "Kumar, Amit [Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)]", "Ghiasi, Bahman [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]", "Kumar, Linoj [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]", "Sokhansanj, Shahab [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "pellets", "techno-economic model", "production cost", "steam pretreatment", "economic optimum size"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1328343"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1328343"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1328343", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/furfural/1328343.pdf", "building_blocks": ["furfural"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1611

["biomass", "methanol", "dimethylether", "high-octane_gasoline", "syngas", "gasification", "tar_reforming", "methanol_synthesis", "dme_synthesis", "hydrocarbon_synthesis", "catalytic_conversion", "zeolite_catalyst", "gasoline_blendstock", "techno-economic_analysis", "sustainability_metrics", "ghg_emissions", "fossil_energy_consumption", "water_consumption", "wastewater_generation", "carbon_conversion_efficiency", "biorefinery", "thermochemical_conversion", "life_cycle_assessment", "biogenic_co2", "energy_self-sufficient", "biomass-derived_fuel_technologies", "indirect_liquefaction", "mixed_alcohols_synthesis", "biomass_to_liquids", "alkylate", "gasoline_blending", "astm_standards", "distillation_curve", "environmental_sustainability", "bioenergy_technologies_office", "national_renewable_energy_laboratory", "pacific_northwest_national_laboratory"]

Blended biomass (pulpwood, wood residues, switchgrass, construction and demolition waste)

High-octane gasoline blendstock

['high-octane_gasoline']

The sensitivity analysis shows that the minimum fuel selling price can vary significantly with changes in feedstock cost, biomass yield, and capital costs, but remains competitive with similar processes and fossil-derived gasoline.

{"osti_id": "1236955", "title": "Conceptual process design and economics for the production of high-octane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass through methanol/dimethyl ether intermediates", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1611", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "This paper describes in detail one potential conversion process for the production of highoctane gasoline blendstock via indirect liquefaction of biomass. The processing steps of this pathway include the conversion of biomass to synthesis gas via indirect gasifi cation, gas clean-up via reforming of tars and other hydrocarbons, catalytic conversion of syngas to methanol, methanol dehydration to dimethyl ether (DME), and the homologation of DME over a zeolite catalyst to high-octane gasoline range hydrocarbon products. The current process confi guration has similarities to conventional methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) technologies, but there are key distinctions, specifi cally regarding the product slate, catalysts, and reactor conditions. A techno-economic analysis is performed to investigate the production of high-octane gasoline blendstock. The design features a processing daily capacity of 2000 tonnes (2205 short tons) of dry biomass. The process yields 271 liters of liquid fuel per dry tonne of biomass (65 gal/dry ton), for an annual fuel production rate of 178 million liters (47 MM gal) at 90% on-stream time. The estimated total capital investment for an n^th-plant is $438 million. The resulting minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) is $0.86 per liter or $3.25 per gallon in 2011 US dollars. A rigorous sensitivity analysis captures uncertainties in costs and plant performance. Sustainability metrics for the conversion process are quantifi ed and assessed. The potential premium value of the high-octane gasoline blendstock is examined and found to be at least as competitive as fossil-derived blendstocks.", "publication_date": "2015-10-28T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-08-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "10", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 19 p.", "authors": ["Tan, Eric C. D. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Talmadge, Michael [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Dutta, Abhijit [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Hensley, Jesse [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Snowden-Swan, Lesley J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Humbird, David [DWH Process Consulting LLC, Centennial, CO (United States)]", "Schaidle, Joshua [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Biddy, Mary [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "thermochemical conversion", "indirect gasification", "dimethyl ether homologation", "high-octane gasoline", "process design", "techno-economic analysis", "sustainability"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)", "Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1236955"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1236955"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-65305; PNNL-SA-113776", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; AC05-76RL01830", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1236955", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1236955.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01981

["muconic_acid", "nylons_polyamides", "pet_polymer", "polyesters", "polyamides", "polyurethanes", "glucose", "lignin", "cis_cis_muconic_acid", "adipic_acid", "terephthalic_acid", "trans_3_hexenedioic_acid", "electrochemical_conversion", "fermentation_products", "saccharomyces_cerevisiae", "escherichia_coli", "pseudomonas_putida", "caprolactam", "1_6_hexanediol", "1_6_hexamethylenediamine"]

trans-3-Hexenedioic acid

['trans_3_hexenedioic_acid']

The technoeconomic analysis indicates that the minimum selling price (MSP) of t3HDA is highly sensitive to the feedstock cost and fermentation yield, suggesting significant potential for cost reduction with improved yields or cheaper feedstocks.

{"osti_id": "1355400", "title": "Electrochemical Conversion of Biologically Produced Muconic Acid: Key Considerations for Scale-Up and Corresponding Technoeconomic Analysis", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b01981", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "We present muconic acid, an unsaturated diacid that can be produced from cellulosic sugars and lignin monomers by fermentation, emerges as a promising intermediate for the sustainable manufacture of commodity polyamides and polyesters including Nylon-6,6 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Current conversion schemes consist in the biological production of cis,cis-muconic acid using metabolically engineered yeasts and bacteria, and the subsequent diversification to adipic acid, terephthalic acid, and their derivatives using chemical catalysts. In some instances, conventional precious metal catalysts can be advantageously replaced by base metal electrocatalysts. Here, we show the economic relevance of utilizing a hybrid biological\u2013electrochemical conversion scheme to convert glucose to trans-3-hexenedioic acid (t3HDA), a monomer used for the synthesis of bioadvantaged Nylon-6,6. Potential roadblocks to biological and electrochemical integration in a single reactor, including electrocatalyst deactivation due to biogenic impurities and low faradaic efficiency inherent to side reactions in complex media, have been studied and addressed. In this study, t3HDA was produced with 94% yield and 100% faradaic efficiency. With consideration of the high t3HDA yield and faradaic efficiency, a technoeconomic analysis was developed on the basis of the current yield and titer achieved for muconic acid, the figures of merit defined for industrial electrochemical processes, and the separation of the desired product from the medium. On the basis of this analysis, t3HDA could be produced for approximately $2.00 kg^\u20131. The low cost for t3HDA is a primary factor of the electrochemical route being able to cascade biological catalysis and electrocatalysis in one pot without separation of the muconic acid intermediate from the fermentation broth.", "publication_date": "2016-10-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "journal_issue": "12", "journal_volume": "4", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 7098-7109", "authors": ["Matthiesen, John E. [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States); Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)]", "Su\u00e1stegui, Miguel [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Wu, Yutong [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Viswanathan, Mothi [NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States); Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering]", "Qu, Yang [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemistry; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Cao, Mingfeng [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Rodriguez-Quiroz, Natalia [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Okerlund, Adam [NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Kraus, George [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemistry; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States)]", "Raman, D. Raj [NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States); Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering]", "Shao, Zengyi [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States); Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)]", "Tessonnier, Jean-Philippe [Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; NSF Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, IA (United States); Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "3-Hexenedioic acid", "Biorenewable chemicals", "Cascade catalysis", "Electrocatalysis", "Electrochemical hydrogenation", "Hydromuconic acid", "Muconic acid", "Nylon"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1355400"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355400"}], "report_number": "IS-J-9181", "doe_contract_number": "AC02-07CH11358; 1101284; EEC-0813570; CBET-1512126", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1355400", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1355400.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26229

["lignin", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "ethanol", "glucose", "xylose", "sorbitol", "glycerol", "ammonia_synthesis", "fermentation_products"]

AFEX pretreated corn stover

['cellulose', 'hemicellulose']

The paper performs a techno-economic analysis illustrating that low-cost in-situ removal of ethanol during SSCF significantly improves the economic potential of high solids loading processes by lowering the minimum ethanol selling price. Various scenarios were examined, indicating that higher solids loading could be more profitable if ethanol yield is not decreased, emphasizing the importance of in-situ ethanol removal technologies.

{"osti_id": "1533123", "title": "Toward high solids loading process for lignocellulosic biofuel production at a low cost: Biofuel Production at High Solids Loading", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26229", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "High solids loadings (>18 wt%) in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are desired for lignocellulosic biofuel production at a high titer and low cost. However, sugar conversion and ethanol yield decrease with increasing solids loading. The factor(s) limiting sugar conversion at high solids loading is not clearly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of solids loading on simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of AFEX\u2122 (ammonia fiber expansion) pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using a xylose fermenting strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Decreased sugar conversion and ethanol yield with increasing solids loading were also observed. End-product (ethanol) was proven to be the major cause of this issue and increased degradation products with increasing solids loading was also a cause. For the first time, we show that with in situ removal of end-product by performing SSCF aerobically, sugar conversion stopped decreasing with increasing solids loading and monomeric sugar conversion reached as high as 93% at a high solids loading of 24.9 wt%. In this work, techno-economic analysis was employed to explore the economic possibilities of cellulosic ethanol production at high solids loadings. The results suggest that low-cost in situ removal of ethanol during SSCF would significantly improve the economics of high solids loading processes.", "publication_date": "2016-11-26T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-03-31T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biotechnology and Bioengineering", "journal_issue": "5", "journal_volume": "114", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 980-989", "authors": ["Jin, Mingjie [Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing (China); Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Sarks, Cory [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Bals, Bryan D. [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Posawatz, Nick [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Gunawan, Christa [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Dale, Bruce E. [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Balan, Venkatesh [Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States); Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "FC02-07ER64494; BK20160823; 30916011202", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biotechnology & Applied Microbiology", "solids loading", "SSCF", "enzymatic hydrolysis", "AFEX", "corn stover", "ethanol", "AFEX is a trademark of MBI", "lansing", "Michigan"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC)", "Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province", "Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)", "Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1533123"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1533123"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1533123", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1533123.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.047

Microalgae Chlorella

Dried microalgae

The study reveals a direct correlation between the initial moisture content of the microalgae paste and the drying cost, highlighting the potential for significant cost reductions when the initial moisture is minimized. It showcases how starting with a lower moisture content can lead to more economical drying operations.

{"osti_id": "1468256", "title": "Economic analysis of drying microalgae <em>Chlorella</em> in a conveyor belt dryer with recycled heat from a power plant", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.06.047", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Here, the objective of this research is to estimate the cost of drying microalgae chlorella in a conveyor belt dryer using waste heat from an industrial source. The recycling system consists of a run around thermal fluid between two tube heat exchangers. The dryer is mathematically modeled and the mass transport coefficient is obtained from empirical thin-layer kinetic data.The dryer and heat recovery system are designed for the production of 1000 kg/h dried microalgae at a moisture content of 10% (wet basis, w.b.). The input moisture content can range from 35 to 75% (wet basis). Depending upon the applied Hand factor, the total cost to dry microalgae from 55% to 10% ranges from 46.13 to 109.64 per ton of dried product. Using natural gas assumed at 6.27/GJ, the drying cost increases to 83.47 per ton (using hand factor equal to 1). The drying cost using a commercial spray dryer is 109.05 per ton of dried product (using hand factor equal to 1). The paper discusses the sensitivity of drying costs to initial moisture content as well. The results show that integrating waste heat recovery with conveyor belt dryer decreases the drying costs of chlorella drying in comparison to two other drying methods.", "publication_date": "2017-06-11T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-27T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Thermal Engineering", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "124", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 525-532", "authors": ["Hosseinizand, Hasti [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]", "Lim, C. Jim [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada)]", "Webb, Erin [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000215018647)", "Sokhansanj, Shahab [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:000000030375277X)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "Microalgae", "Waste heat", "Economic analysis", "Conveyor belt dryer", "Heat recovery", "Co-location drying"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1468256"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468256"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468256", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1468256.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07920

["woody_biomass", "ethanol", "ionic_liquid", "saccharification", "fermentation", "glucose", "xylose", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "saccharomyces_cerevisiae", "biomass_to_ethanol_conversion", "technoeconomic_analysis", "carbon_footprint", "pretreatment", "enzyme_loading", "distillation", "cellulosic_biofuel", "biofuel_production", "renewable_liquid_fuels", "bioenergy", "biofuels", "cellulosic_biofuels", "biorefinery", "biomass_conversion", "biomass_deconstruction", "biomass_residues", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "lignocellulosic_biofuels"]

['woody_biomass']

The analysis predicts a minimum ethanol selling price of $8.8/gge based on current performance, with potential reduction to $3/gge through process improvements, notably in reducing enzyme loading. Price sensitivity is closely linked to enzyme costs, which are a significant portion of production expenses.

{"osti_id": "1844930", "title": "High-Efficiency Conversion of Ionic Liquid-Pretreated Woody Biomass to Ethanol at the Pilot Scale", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07920", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "We report that with a diverse and widely distributed global resource base, woody biomass is a compelling organic feedstock for conversion to renewable liquid fuels. In California, woody biomass comprises the largest fraction of underutilized biomass available for biofuel production, but conversion to fuels is challenged both by recalcitrance to deconstruction and by toxicity toward downstream saccharification and fermentation due to organic acids and phenolic compounds generated during pretreatment. In this study, we optimize pretreatment and scale-up of an integrated one-pot process for deconstruction of California woody biomass using the ionic liquid (IL) cholinium lysinate [Ch][Lys] as a pretreatment solvent. By evaluating the impact of solid loading, solid removal, yeast acclimatization, fermentation temperature, fermentation pH, and nutrient supplementation on final ethanol yields and titers, we achieve nearly full conversion of both glucose and xylose to ethanol with commercial C5-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We then demonstrate process scalability in 680 L pilot-scale fermentation, achieving >80% deconstruction efficiency, >90% fermentation efficiency, 27.7 g/L ethanol titer, and >80% ethanol distillation efficiency from the IL-containing hydrolysate post fermentation. This fully integrated process requires no intermediate separations and no intermediate detoxification of the hydrolysate. Using an integrated biorefinery model, current performance results in a minimum ethanol selling price of $\\$$8.8/gge. Reducing enzyme loading along with other minor process improvements can reduce the ethanol selling price to $\\$$3/gge. This study is the largest scale demonstration of IL pretreatment and biofuel conversion known to date, and the overall biomass-to-ethanol efficiencies are the highest reported to date for any IL-based biomass-to-biofuel conversion.", "publication_date": "2021-03-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "journal_issue": "11", "journal_volume": "9", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 4042-4053", "authors": ["Barcelos, Carolina A. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Oka, Asun M. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Yan, Jipeng [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Das, Lalitendu [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Achinivu, Ezinne C. [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Magurudeniya, Harsha [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Dong, Jie [National Corn to Ethanol Research Center, Edwardsville, IL (United States); Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville, IL (United States)]", "Akdemir, Simay [National Corn to Ethanol Research Center, Edwardsville, IL (United States); Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville, IL (United States)]", "Baral, Nawa Raj [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000209429183)", "Yan, Chunsheng [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)]", "Scown, Corinne D. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320781126)", "Tanjore, Deepti [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000165074359)", "Sun, Ning [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000296899430)", "Simmons, Blake A. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000213321810)", "Gladden, John [Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000269852485)", "Sundstrom, Eric [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Demonstration Unit, Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000349835415)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "woody biomass", "ionic liquid", "ethanol", "scale-up. pilot scale", "carbon footprint", "technoeconomic analysis"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)", "California Energy Commission"], "research_orgs": ["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1844930"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1844930"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC02-05CH11231; GFO-17-902", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1844930", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1844930.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.023

["microalgae_oil", "structured_triacylglycerols", "polyunsaturated_fatty_acid", "lipase", "microfluidic_bioconversion", "docosapentaenoic_acid", "docosahexaenoic_acid", "nutraceuticals", "transesterification", "functional_lipids", "batch_reactor", "packed_bed_microreactor", "enzyme_kinetics", "fatty_acids", "differential_scanning_calorimeter", "melting_point", "crystallization_point"]

Human milk fat-style structured triacylglycerols

['structured_triacylglycerols']

The main cost of the product was significantly reduced from $212.3 to $14.6 per batch when using the microreactor, showcasing the process's improved economic feasibility.

{"osti_id": "1326324", "title": "Selective synthesis of human milk fat-style structured triglycerides from microalgal oil in a microfluidic reactor packed with immobilized lipase", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.023", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Human milk fat-style structured triacylglycerols were produced from microalgal oil in a continuous microfluidic reactor packed with immobilized lipase for the first time. A remarkably high conversion efficiency was demonstrated in the microreactor with reaction time being reduced by 8 times, Michaelis constant decreased 10 times, the lipase reuse times increased 2.25-fold compared to those in a batch reactor. In addition, the content of palmitic acid at sn-2 position (89.0%) and polyunsaturated fatty acids at sn-1, 3 positions (81.3%) are slightly improved compared to the product in a batch reactor. The increase of melting points (1.7 \u00b0C) and decrease of crystallizing point (3 \u00b0C) implied higher quality product was produced using the microfluidic technology. The main cost can be reduced from 212.3 to 14.6 per batch with the microreactor. Altogether, the microfluidic bioconversion technology is promising for modified functional lipids production allowing for cost-effective approach to produce high-value microalgal coproducts.", "publication_date": "2016-08-18T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-20T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Bioresource Technology", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "220", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 132-141", "authors": ["Wang, Jun [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China); Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Liu, Xi [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Wang, Xu -Dong [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Dong, Tao [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Zhao, Xing -Yu [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Zhu, Dan [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Mei, Yi -Yuan [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]", "Wu, Guo -Hua [Jiangsu Univ. of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China); Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang (People's Republic of China)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "structured triacylglycerols", "coproduct", "polyunsaturated fatty acid", "microalgae oil", "microfluidic bioconversion"], "sponsor_orgs": ["Jiangsu Province", "Jiangsu University of Science and Technology", "Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1326324"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1326324"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-67110", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1326324", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1326324.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100642

["sugarcane_bagasse", "sequential_three-stage_pretreatment", "simultaneous_saccharification_and_co-fermentation", "production_cost", "minimum_ethanol_selling_price"]

Sugarcane bagasse

['sugarcane_bagasse']

Cellulosic ethanol

The paper conducted a sensitivity analysis on major operating parameters, indicating enzyme costs and solids loading during fermentation had significant impacts on the ethanol production costs and MESP.

{"osti_id": "1803423", "title": "Economic Analysis of Cellulosic Ethanol Production from Sugarcane Bagasse Using a Sequential Deacetylation, Hot Water and Disk-Refining Pretreatment", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7100642", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "A new process for conversion of sugarcane bagasse to ethanol was analyzed for production costs and energy consumption using experimental results. The process includes a sequential three-stage deacetylation, hot water, and disk-refining pretreatment and a commercial glucose-xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strain. The simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF) step used was investigated at two solids loadings: 10% and 16% w/w. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted for the major operating parameters. The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) varied between $\\$4.91$ and $\\$4.52$ gal ethanol. The higher SScF solids loading (16%) reduced the total operating, utilities, and production costs by 9.5%, 15.6%, and 5.6%, respectively. Other important factors in determining selling price were costs for fermentation medium and enzymes (e.g., cellulases). Hence, these findings support operating at high solids and producing enzymes onsite as strategies to minimize MESP.", "publication_date": "2019-09-20T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-08-02T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "MDPI", "journal_name": "Processes", "journal_issue": "10", "journal_volume": "7", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 642", "authors": ["Cheng, Ming-Hsun [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering]", "Wang, Zhaoqin [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering]", "Dien, Bruce S. [US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Peoria, IL (United States). ARS. National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Bienergy Research Unit]", "Slininger, Patricia J. W. [US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Peoria, IL (United States). ARS. National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research. Bienergy Research Unit]", "Singh, Vijay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Dept. of Agricultural and Biological Engineering]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["42 ENGINEERING", "Engineering", "sugarcane bagasse", "sequential three-stage pretreatment", "simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SScF)", "production cost", "minimum ethanol selling price"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)", "Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1803423"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1803423"}], "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1803423", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1803423.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.060

["algae", "biofuels", "techno-economic_analysis", "financial_forecasting", "food-energy_nexus"]

Biofuel, Fishmeal replacement

The analysis demonstrates significant sensitivity of the model outcomes to the prices of production inputs (energy, nutrients) and outputs (food, fuel), underlining the importance of market dynamics in determining the financial viability of algal biomass pathways. The potential of algal biomass as a fishmeal replacement is highlighted in particular, showing robustness in value even under varied price conditions.

{"osti_id": "2229444", "title": "Financial tradeoffs of energy and food uses of algal biomass under stochastic conditions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.060", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The industrial cultivation of microalgae can produce oil and protein rich biomass at areal yields higher than those of conventional agriculture. Given that algae has been demonstrated as both a potential biofuel and a food product, it is important to consider the environmental and economic tradeoffs associated with these uses. Here we evaluate the financial value of capital options for three processing strategies that produce food and fuel from algae. We show, in stochastic price regimes for production inputs and outputs, that the greatest returns are achieved when algal biomass is valorized as a high value fishmeal replacement. A co-production technology strategy that valorizes extracted oils as fuel and residual biomass as fishmeal replacement can enable the economic production of a renewable biofuel. Consistent with other studies, fuel-only production remains uneconomical, but becomes preferred if a low value commodity crop substitute is considered as the rendered food product. Potential improvements in capital and operational costs to enable economic production of fuel and low-value food are explored. Multimodal biorefineries ensure continued production during periods that are economically unfavorable with a single-mode approach, but have lower returns due to larger upfront capital investment. An analysis of a biorefinery with fuel, food, and coproduction modes demonstrated that mode selection was mostly influenced by output product prices when food and energy prices were competitive. Nitrogen fertilizer prices had a moderate influence on mode selection, while other inputs (phosphorus, electricity, natural gas) had negligible influence. The application of a carbon tax places a penalty on food production, but improves returns when renewable electricity is utilized in production. Furthermore, this analysis demonstrates an approach for evaluating financial tradeoffs at the food-energy nexus under uncertain market conditions.", "publication_date": "2017-08-23T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2024-01-09T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "210", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 591-603", "authors": ["Walsh, Michael J. [Bentley University, Waltham, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000309824105)", "Van Doren, L\u00e9da Gerber [University of Hawai\u2019i Hilo, HI (United States)]", "Shete, Nilam [Bentley University, Waltham, MA (United States)]", "Prakash, Akshay [Bentley University, Waltham, MA (United States)] (ORCID:000000024268512X)", "Salim, Usama [Bentley University, Waltham, MA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0007091", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Algae", "New food technology", "Biofuels", "Techno-economic analysis", "Financial forecasting", "Food-energy nexus"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)", "Bentley University, Waltham, MA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2229444"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2229444"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2229444", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/lysine/2229444.pdf", "building_blocks": ["lysine"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117260

["biomass_feedstock", "energy_crops", "bioenergy", "bioproducts", "supply_chain_management", "modeling_and_optimization", "forest_residues", "hybrid_willow", "switchgrass", "miscanthus"]

Forest residues, hybrid willow, switchgrass, Miscanthus

['forest_residues', 'hybrid_willow', 'switchgrass', 'miscanthus']

Optimized logistics and cost data for bioenergy production

The study reveals that procurement radius, facility capacity, and forest residue availability significantly influence biomass delivered costs. A 10% increase in facility capacity could increase delivered costs by 7.9%, while a similar reduction could decrease costs by 6.8%. Additionally, a 10km increase in transportation distance can alter the delivered cost by 8.6%.

{"osti_id": "1770569", "title": "Optimization of harvest and logistics for multiple lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks in the northeastern United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117260", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": NaN, "publication_date": "2020-02-27T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-11-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "197", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 117260", "authors": ["Wang, Yuxi [West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Wang, Jingxin [West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Schuler, Jamie [West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Hartley, Damon [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Volk, Timothy [State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY (United States)]", "Eisenbies, Mark [State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Biomass feedstock", "Energy Crops", "Bioenergy", "Bioproducts", "Supply chain management", "Modeling and optimization"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "Agriculture and Food Research Initiative", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1770569"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1770569"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "EE0006638; 2019-67020-29287", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1770569", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1770569.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1975

["biomass", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "miscanthus", "switchgrass", "corn_stover", "fermentable_sugars", "supply_chain_analysis", "biochemical_conversion", "sugar_production", "technoeconomic_analysis", "feedstock_supply_logistics", "nutrient_replacement", "storage", "transportation", "pellet_production", "biorefinery", "enzyme_loading_rate", "pretreatment", "enzymatic_hydrolysis", "sugar_clarification", "lignin_combustion", "minimum_selling_price"]

Corn stover, miscanthus, switchgrass

['corn_stover', 'miscanthus', 'switchgrass']

Lignocellulosic sugar

['fermentable_sugars']

The paper identifies that a strategic mix of feedstocks or a year-round switching strategy can reduce sugar production costs by 3.8% to 13.6%, indicating significant sensitivity to feedstock prices and their combination.

{"osti_id": "1500076", "title": "Supply and value chain analysis of mixed biomass feedstock supply system for lignocellulosic sugar production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1975", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>\n The sustainable supply of high\u2010quality, low\u2010cost biomass feedstock to cellulosic biorefineries is still a challenge. Utilizing corn stover as the single feedstock to a biorefinery also poses a source of risk to seasonal feedstock availability, affordability, and sustainability. Implementing a year\u2010round feedstock switching strategy or utilizing an optimal mixture of corn stover, miscanthus, and switchgrass is demonstrated to diminish these concerns while reducing the cost of sugar production by as much as 3.8% and 13.6%, respectively, when compared to a baseline sugar price of 441.9 $ metric ton\n ^\u22121\n (t) attributed to a fixed corn stover feedstock basis. This study determines that a mixing ratio of corn stover, miscanthus, and switchgrass of 36%, 50%, and 14%, respectively, minimizes the selling price of sugar. If miscanthus is sufficiently available in the future, its fraction could be further increased to 70% by reducing the fraction of corn stover. We find that the mixed feedstock considered in this study reduces the nutrient replacement and feedstock transportation costs and improves the quality of feedstock (determined by total carbohydrates and ash) relative to corn stover alone. Results suggest that a high\u2010quality feedstock with a high carbohydrate content is an important metric for consideration, beyond strictly the feedstock cost, to reduce the selling price of sugar and its uncertainties. In the future this may be supported by the increased availability of higher carbohydrate feedstocks such as miscanthus. \u00a9 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.\n </p>", "publication_date": "2019-02-14T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "13", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 104 p.", "authors": ["Baral, Nawa Raj [Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA; Biological Systems and Engineering DivisionLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA]", "Davis, Ryan [National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO USA]", "Bradley, Thomas H. [Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State University Fort Collins CO USA]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "mixed biomass feedstock", "transportation", "storage", "biomass blending", "biochemical conversion", "fermentable sugars", "supply chain analysis"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Clean Energy Manufacturing Analysis Center (CEMAC)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1500076"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1500076"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-72895", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1500076", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1500076.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115933

["biodiesel", "cane_lipids", "fatty_acid_compositions", "thermal_glycerolysis", "enzymatic_glycerolysis", "polar_lipid_separation", "free_fatty_acids", "phospholipids", "solvent_recovery", "membrane_technology", "techno-economic_analysis", "monte_carlo_simulation", "npv", "msp", "irr", "lipid_extraction", "glycerolysis", "transesterification", "fatty_acid_methyl_esters", "acetone", "methanol", "sodium_methoxide", "nitrogen_gas", "sodium_hydroxide", "electricity", "low_pressure_steam", "high_pressure_steam", "water", "enzyme_cost", "discount_rate", "income_tax", "capital_investment_cost", "operating_costs", "profitability_analysis", "sensitivity_analysis", "lipid_percentage", "lipid_procurement_price", "ffa_content", "pl_content"]

Engineered sugarcane lipids

Biodiesel, Glycerol

['biodiesel', 'glycerolysis']

The study's sensitivity analysis emphasizes the impact of cane lipid percentages and lipid procurement prices on the NPV and MSP, highlighting the economic feasibility bounds for biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids.

{"osti_id": "1764244", "title": "Biodiesel production from engineered sugarcane lipids under uncertain feedstock compositions: Process design and techno-economic analysis", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115933", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In this study, different process schemes were designed and evaluated for biodiesel production from engineered cane lipids with uncertain fatty acid compositions. Four different process schemes were compared under (i) thermal glycerolysis and (ii) enzymatic glycerolysis approaches. These schemes were based on the biodiesel yield and economic indicators such as the net present value (NPV) and the minimum selling price (MSP) of biodiesel. A scheme with polar lipid separation under thermal glycerolysis resulted in the maximum NPV ($\\$96.5$ million) and minimum MSP ($\\$1107$ /ton biodiesel), respectively. Through local sensitivity analysis, it was concluded that the cane lipid percentage is the most significant factor influencing process economics. A conjoint analysis of the lipid procurement price and cane lipid percent suggested that 15% cane lipids with a low lipid procurement price ($\\$0.536$ /kg) results in a positive NPV. When the cane lipid price is higher (> $\\$0.80$ /kg), a 20% lipid content should be considered to achieve a positive NPV. At 20% cane lipids, the worst-case and best-case scenarios were evaluated by analyzing the interplay of the three most important parameters, Here, the best-case scenario revealed that the minimum NPV under any process scheme could yield more than $\\$100$ million (or MSP: $\\$0.80$ /L), and the worst-case analysis showed that losses incurred by the plant could be as high as 80 million (MSP: $\\$1.36$ /L). A Monte Carlo simulation indicated that there is a 70% chance of the plant being profitable (NPV > 0).", "publication_date": "2020-10-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-08-04T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "280", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 115933", "authors": ["Arora, Amit [Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai (India); Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)]", "Singh, Vijay [University of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Biofuels", "Biodiesel", "Techno-economic analysis", "Engineered sugarcane", "Monte Carlo"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1764244"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1764244"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1764244", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1764244.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.09.007

["biomass", "resource_assessment", "crop_residues", "forest_residues", "energy_crops", "costs", "quantities", "supply_curves"]

Forest residues, crop residues, energy crops

['forest_residues', 'crop_residues', 'energy_crops']

Biomass for bioenergy and bioproducts

The study highlights the significance of price on the estimated supplies of biomass, showing fluctuating available resources based on varying farmgate or forest-landing prices. Energy crops, agricultural residues, and forest residues exhibit notable sensitivity to price changes, influencing their competitiveness with other land uses and commodity crops, and ultimately affecting the available biomass for bioenergy purposes.

{"osti_id": "1327570", "title": "The updated billion-ton resource assessment", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.09.007", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "This paper summarizes the results of an update to a resource assessment, published in 2005, commonly referred to as the billion-ton study (BTS). The updated results are consistent with the 2005 BTS in terms of overall magnitude. However, in looking at the major categories of feedstocks the forest residue biomass potential was determined to be less owing to tighter restrictions on forest residue supply including restrictions due to limited projected increase in traditional harvest for pulpwood and sawlogs. The crop residue potential was also determined to be less because of the consideration of soil carbon and not allowing residue removal from conventionally tilled corn acres. The energy crop potential was estimated to be much greater largely because of land availability and modeling of competition among various competing uses of the land. Generally, the scenario assumptions in the updated assessment are much more plausible to show a billion-ton resource, which would be sufficient to displace 30% or more of the country s present petroleum consumption.", "publication_date": "2014-10-03T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "70", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 149-164", "authors": ["Turhollow, Anthony [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000228159350)", "Perlack, Robert [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Eaton, Laurence [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Langholtz, Matthew [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Brandt, Craig [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Downing, Mark [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Wright, Lynn [WrightLink Consulting, Ten Mile, TN (United States)]", "Skog, Kenneth [Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Hellwinckel, Chad [University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)]", "Stokes, Bryce [CNJV, Golden, CO (United States)]", "Lebow, Patricia [WrightLink Consulting, Ten Mile, TN (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "resource assessment", "crop residues", "forest residues", "energy crops", "supply curves"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1327570"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327570"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327570", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1327570.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.029

["anaerobic_digestion", "biocrude_oil", "bioenergy", "hydrothermal_liquefaction", "manure", "methane", "techno-economic_analysis"]

Dairy waste (manure)

Electricity, biocrude oil, hydro-char

Electricity selling price proves to be critically sensitive; raising the price from wholesale ($0.06/kWh) to retail ($0.18/kWh) significantly increases the project's net present value from $395 million to $1.5 billion over a 40-year lifespan.

For a system scale of a 90 km buffer scenario, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) after 40 years is 7.4%, surpassing the discount rate. This suggests the project's economic viability, assuming wholesale electricity prices without additional subsidies or tax incentives.

{"osti_id": "2228441", "title": "Combining anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction in the conversion of dairy waste into energy: A techno economic model for New York state", "report_number": NaN, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.12.029", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "There is increasing global interest and policies being enacted to lower greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the agricultural sector. In the U.S. for example, states with large dairy operations may combine proven manure valorization technologies, such as anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal liquefaction. Sustainable manure treatment would increase the recovery of energy and other useful co-products, namely biogas, biocrude oil and hydro-char as well as lower the environmental impacts. In this study, the economic feasibility of implementing a centralized bioenergy system in New York State was investigated. Here, the feasibility of this transformation depends on many factors, including capital costs, discount rates, and other financing arrangements, electricity selling prices, incentives and farm sizes and locations. For a large-scale implementation in New York State accounting for nearly 50% of the state\u2019s dairy farms, our model of a distributed, hybrid anaerobic/hydrothermal system was shown to treat 590 million liters of wet manure per day, producing 607 million kWh of electricity, 162,000 L of biocrude oil and 117,000 kg of hydro-char per day. Electricity selling price is a critical factor. Increasing the electricity selling price from wholesale ($\\$0.06$ /kWh) to retail ($\\$0.18$ kWh) increased the net present value from $\\$395$ million to $1.5 billion (considering a 40-year project lifetime).", "publication_date": "2019-12-31T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-12-08T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "International Waste Working Group", "journal_name": "Waste Management", "journal_volume": "103", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 228-239", "authors": ["Kassem, Nazih [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States)]", "Sills, Deborah [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States); Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA (United States)]", "Posmanik, Roy [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States); Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center (Israel)]", "Blair, Calum [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States)]", "Tester, Jefferson W. [Cornell University, Ithaca, NY (United States)]"], "subjects": ["42 ENGINEERING", "Agriculture waste processing", "Dairy manure", "Anaerobic digestion", "Hydrothermal liquefaction", "Bioenergy", "Techno-economic analysis"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0007888", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["RAPID Manufacturing Institute, New York, NY (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2228441"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2228441"}], "journal_issue": NaN, "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2228441", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/lactic acid/2228441.pdf", "building_blocks": ["lactic acid"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2087

["sorghum", "bioenergy", "climate_change", "biofuels", "machine_learning", "yield_modeling"]

Bioenergy sorghum yields

The study conducted a sensitivity analysis considering the market price of grain sorghum as an additional input parameter but found that including price did not significantly improve predictive accuracy. Market price was ranked low in terms of variable importance, suggesting a limited influence of market forces on yield predictions in the model used.

{"osti_id": "1631977", "title": "Machine learning to predict biomass sorghum yields under future climate scenarios", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2087", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>\n Crop yield modeling is critical in the design of national strategies for agricultural production, particularly in the context of a changing climate. Forecasting yields of bioenergy crops at fine spatial resolutions can help to evaluate near\u2010term and long\u2010term pathways for scaling up bio\u2010based fuel and chemical production, and for understanding the impacts of abiotic stressors such as severe droughts and temperature extremes on potential biomass supply. We used a large dataset of 28,364\n <styled-content style='fixed-case'>\n <italic>Sorghum bicolor</italic>\n </styled-content>\n yield samples (uniquely identified by county and year of observation), environmental variables, and multiple approaches to analyze historical trends in sorghum productivity across the USA. We selected the most accurate machine learning approach (a variation of the random forest approach) to predict future trends in sorghum yields under four greenhouse gas (GHG) emission scenarios and two irrigation regimes. We identified irrigation practices, vapor pressure deficit, and time (a proxy for technological improvement) as the most important predictors of sorghum productivity. Our results showed a decreasing trend of sorghum yields over future years (on average 2.7% from 2018 to 2099), with greater decline under a high GHG emissions scenario (3.8%) and in the absence of irrigation (4.6%). Geographically, we observed the steepest predicted declines in the Great Lakes (8.2%), Upper Midwest (7.5%), and Heartland (6.7%) regions. Our study demonstrates the use of machine learning to identify environmental controllers of sorghum biomass yield and predict yields with reasonable accuracy. These results can inform the development of more realistic biomass supply projections for bioenergy if sorghum production is scaled up. \u00a9 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd\n </p>", "publication_date": "2020-02-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-05-30T00:00:00Z", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 566-577", "authors": ["Huntington, Tyler [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000232130382)", "Cui, Xinguang [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Huazhong Univ. of Science and Technology, Wuhan (China)]", "Mishra, Umakant [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]", "Scown, Corinne D. [Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320781126)"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Bioenergy", "Biofuels", "Climate Change", "Machine Learning", "Sorghum", "Yield Modeling"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC02-06CH11357; AC02-05CH11231", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)", "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1631977"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631977"}], "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "14", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1631977", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/food additives/1631977.pdf", "building_blocks": ["food additives"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC01083K

["ethylene", "biofuel", "photosynthetic_recombinant_cyanobacteria", "bioethylene", "carbon_fixation", "ethylene_forming_enzyme", "EFE", "renewable_fuels", "cryogenic_distillation", "Ziegler_oligomerization", "anaerobic_digestion", "minimum_fuel_selling_price", "GGE", "sensitivity_analysis", "techno-economic_analysis", "photobioreactors", "algae", "hydrocarbon_fuels", "gasoline", "diesel", "jet_fuels", "biomass", "carbon_dioxide", "sugarcane", "solar_irradiance", "quantum_requirement", "photon_transmission_efficiency", "energy_partitioning", "algae_products", "cyanobacterial_biomass", "biogas", "hydrocarbons", "olefin_hydroformylation_products_aldehydes_alcohols_acids", "polymer_production"]

CO2 and biomass

['carbon_dioxide', 'biomass']

The study conducts sensitivity analyses on the MFSP, demonstrating that ethylene productivity from cyanobacteria is the most influential factor on production costs. Other significant variables include the quantum requirement for ethylene production and the method of ethylene separation. The analysis identifies the potential for substantial cost reductions through advancements in cyanobacterial bioengineering and process optimizations.

An internal rate of return (IRR) of 10% was stipulated for the calculation of the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP). The analysis adjusts various operational and capital cost variables to achieve this IRR across different projection scenarios (near-term to long-term).

{"osti_id": "1334245", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of a conceptual biofuel production process from bioethylene produced by photosynthetic recombinant cyanobacteria", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC01083K", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Ethylene is a petrochemical produced in large volumes worldwide. It serves as a building block for a wide variety of plastics, textiles, and chemicals, and can be converted into liquid transportation fuels. There is great interest in the development of technologies that produce ethylene from renewable resources, such as biologically derived CO₂ and biomass. One of the metabolic pathways used by microbes to produce ethylene is via an ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE). By expressing a bacterial EFE gene in a cyanobacterium, ethylene has been produced through photosynthetic carbon fixation. Here, we present a conceptual design and techno-economic analysis of a process of biofuel production based on the upgradation of ethylene generated by the recombinant cyanobacterium. This analysis focuses on potential near-term to long-term cost projections for the integrated process of renewable fuels derived from ethylene. The cost projections are important in showing the potential of this technology and determining research thrusts needed to reach target goals. The base case for this analysis is a midterm projection using tubular photobioreactors for cyanobacterial growth and ethylene production, cryogenic distillation for ethylene separation and purification, a two-step Ziegler oligomerization process with subsequent hydrotreatment and upgradation for fuel production, and a wastewater treatment process that utilizes anaerobic digestion of cyanobacterial biomass. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for the midterm projection is 15.07 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE). Near-term and long-term projections are 28.66 per GGE and 5.36 per GGE, respectively. Single- and multi-point sensitivity analyses are conducted to determine the relative effect that chosen variables could have on the overall costs. This analysis identifies several key variables for improving the overall process economics and outlines strategies to guide future research directions. Finally, the productivity of ethylene has the largest effect on cost and is calculated based on a number of variables that are incorporated into this cost model (i.e., quantum requirement, photon transmission efficiency, and the percent of energy going to either ethylene or cyanobacterial biomass production).", "publication_date": "2016-08-25T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-21T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "23", "journal_volume": "18", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 16 p.", "authors": ["Markham, Jennifer N. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Davis, Ryan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Voulis, Nina [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)]", "Angenent, Largus T. [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)]", "Ungerer, Justin [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Yu, Jianping [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "biofuel production", "techno-economic analysis", "bioethylene", "photosynthetic", "recombinant cyanobacteria", "ethylene", "ethylene-derived fuel"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy (ARPA-E)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1334245"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1334245"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-62322", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1334245", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1334245.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126875

["biodiesel", "ethanol", "technoeconomic_analysis", "hemp", "TAG", "FAME", "lignocellulosic_sugars", "ash", "lignin", "triacylglycerol", "cellulose", "glucan", "xylan", "glucose", "xylose", "methanol", "NaOCH3", "octane", "water", "hydrolase", "electricity", "glycerol"]

Industrial hemp (genotype 19m96136)

Biodiesel, Ethanol, Glycerol, Electricity

['biodiesel', 'ethanol', 'glycerol', 'electricity']

A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the breakeven UPC for biodiesel could be significantly reduced with a 10% decrease in feedstock cost, underscoring the importance of feedstock pricing in biofuel production economics.

{"osti_id": "1807589", "title": "Economic perspective of ethanol and biodiesel coproduction from industrial hemp", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126875", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Herein, the economics of producing biofuels from an industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) genotype e 19m96136 was investigated. A lignocellulosic biofuel plant, hourly consuming 85 metric tons of hemp biomass was modeled in SuperPro Designer\u00ae. The integrated bioenergy plant produced hemp biodiesel and bioethanol from lipids and carbohydrates, respectively. The structural composition of the industrial hemp plant was analyzed in a previous study. The data obtained was used to simulate feedstock composition in SuperPro Designer\u00ae. The simulation results indicated that Hemp containing 2% lipids can yield up to 3.95 million gallons of biodiesel annually. On improving biomass lipid content to 5 and 10%, biodiesel production increased to 9.88 and 19.91 million gallons, respectively. The breakeven unit production cost of hemp biodiesel with 2, 5, and 10% lipid containing hemp was $18.49, $7.87, and $4.13/gallon, respectively. The biodiesel unit production cost when utilizing 10% lipid-containing hemp was comparable to soybean biodiesel at $4.13/ gallon. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed the possibility of a 7.80% reduction in unit production cost upon a 10% reduction in hemp feedstock cost. Furthermore, industrial hemp was capable of pro- ducing between 307.80 and 325.82 gallons of total biofuels per hectare of agricultural land than soybean.", "publication_date": "2021-03-28T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-03-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "299", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 126875", "authors": ["Viswanathan, Mothi Bharath [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000212351970)", "Cheng, Ming-Hsun [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Clemente, Tom Elmo [Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE (United States)]", "Dweikat, Ismail [Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE (United States)]", "Singh, Vijay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Biodiesel", "Bioethanol", "Technoeconomic analysis", "Industrial hemp", "Triacylglycerol", "Fatty acid methyl esters"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807589"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1807589"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1807589", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1807589.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.024

["biofuel", "switchgrass", "nitrogen", "maize", "ecosystem_services", "water_quality", "chesapeake_bay", "perennial_biomass", "bioenergy", "nitrogen_loading", "cover_crop", "rye_cover_crop", "n_loading_reduction", "polysys_model", "ethanol_production", "n_fertilizer_management", "crop_rotation", "agricultural_practices", "n_conservation_practice", "set-aside_land", "riparian_forest_buffer", "n_leaching", "crop_production", "biomass_price", "farm-gate_price", "n_reduction_benefit", "environmental_benefits", "sustainable_bioenergy"]

Switchgrass, Nitrogen reduction, Ethanol

['switchgrass', 'n_reduction_benefit', 'ethanol_production']

The study finds that price sensitivity plays a crucial role in the adoption of switchgrass. Specifically, a proposed ecosystem service payment of 25 $ Mg/C01 can significantly influence farmers' willingness to replace maize with switchgrass, achieving a better balance between profitability and environmental benefits.

{"osti_id": "1349608", "title": "Improving water quality in the Chesapeake Bay using payments for ecosystem services for perennial biomass for bioenergy and biofuel production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.01.024", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Replacing row crops with perennial bioenergy crops may reduce nitrogen (N) loading to surface waters. We estimated the benefits, costs, and potential for replacing maize with switchgrass to meet required N loading reduction targets for the Chesapeake Bay (CB) of 26.9 Gg^-1. After subtracting the potential reduction in N loading due to improved N fertilizer practices for maize, a further 22.8 Gg reduction is required. Replacing maize with fertilized switchgrass could reduce N loading to the CB by 18 kg ha^-1 y^-1, meeting 31% of the N reduction target. The break-even price of fertilized switchgrass to provide the same profit as maize in the CB is 111 $Mg^-1 (oven-dry basis throughout). Growers replacing maize with switchgrass could receive an ecosystem service payment of 148 ha^-1 based on the price paid in Maryland for planting a rye cover crop. For our estimated average switchgrass yield of 9.9 Mg ha^-1, and the greater N loading reduction of switchgrass compared to a cover crop, this equates to 24 dollars Mg^-1. The annual cost of this ecosystem service payment to induce switchgrass planting is 13.29 dollars kg^-1 of N. Using the POLYSYS model to account for competition among food, feed, and biomass markets, we found that with the ecosystem service payment for switchgrass of 25 $ Mg^-1 added to a farm-gate price of 111 dollars Mg^-1, 11% of the N loading reduction target could be met while also producing 1.3 Tg of switchgrass, potentially yielding 420 dam³ y^-1 of ethanol.", "publication_date": "2017-02-03T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-23T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "114", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 132-142", "authors": ["Woodbury, Peter B. [Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000339547639)", "Kemanian, Armen R. [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)]", "Jacobson, Michael [Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)]", "Langholtz, Matthew [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES", "Biofuel", "Switchgrass", "Watershed", "Nitrogen", "Maize", "Water quality"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1349608"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349608"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; 2012-68005-19703; RD835568", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1349608", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1349608.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01097

["carbon_dioxide_removal_technology", "carbon_capture_and_storage", "cellulosic_biofuel", "decentralized_depot_based_biorefinery", "greenhouse_gas_emissions", "soil_carbon_sequestration", "corn_stover", "switchgrass", "cover_crops", "biogenic_co2", "saline_aquifers", "carbon_negative_cellulosic_biofuels", "economic_incentives", "cover_crop_incentives", "co2_tax_credit", "greenhouse_gas_ghg_mitigation", "ethanol_fermentation", "enhanced_oil_recovery", "illinois_basin_decatur_project", "industrial_scale_demonstration_project", "pipeline_transport", "ammonia_fiber_expansion_afex", "enzyme_production", "fermentation_recovery", "cogeneration", "wastewater_treatment", "triethylene_glycol_teg_dehydration", "compressor", "carbon_dioxide_capture_facility", "flue_gas", "absorbents", "purified_gas", "compressed", "dehydrated", "low_purity_co2", "amine_based_absorbent", "ion_exchange_resin", "caustic_soda", "carbon_dioxide_absorption"]

Corn stover, switchgrass

['corn_stover', 'switchgrass']

Cellulosic biofuels

['cellulosic_biofuel']

The paper quantifies the impact of integrating CDR technologies into biofuel production on the selling price of biofuels, indicating a price increase of 15-45%. It further discusses how economic incentives, such as cover crop subsidies and CO2 tax credits, might reduce the price impact of these technologies.

{"osti_id": "1776826", "title": "Carbon-Negative Biofuel Production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01097", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Achievement of the 1.5 \u00b0C limit for global temperature increase relies on the large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. In this article, we explore two CDR technologies: soil carbon sequestration (SCS), and carbon capture and storage (CCS) integrated with cellulosic biofuel production. These CDR technologies are applied as part of decentralized biorefinery systems processing corn stover and unfertilized switchgrass grown in riparian zones in the Midwestern United States. Cover crops grown on corn-producing lands are chosen from the SCS approach, and biogenic CO₂ in biorefineries is captured, transported by pipeline, and injected into saline aquifers. The decentralized biorefinery system using SCS, CCS, or both can produce carbon-negative cellulosic biofuels (\u2264-22.2 gCO₂ MJ^\u20131). Meanwhile, biofuel selling prices increase by 15\u201345% due to CDR costs. Economic incentives (e.g., cover crop incentives and/or a CO₂ tax credit) can mitigate price increases caused by CDR technologies. Lastly, a combination of different CDR technologies in decentralized biorefinery systems is the most efficient method for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, and its total GHG mitigation potential in the Midwest is 0.16 GtCO₂ year^\u20131.", "publication_date": "2020-08-04T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-08-04T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "Environmental Science and Technology", "journal_issue": "17", "journal_volume": "54", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 10797-10807", "authors": ["Kim, Seungdo [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000194500249)", "Zhang, Xuesong [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), College Park, MD (United States); Earth System Sciences Interdisciplinary Center, College Park, MD (United States)]", "Reddy, Ashwan Daram [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)]", "Dale, Bruce E. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Thelen, Kurt D. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Jones, Curtis Dinneen [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)]", "Izaurralde, Roberto Cesar [Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); Texas A&M Univ., Temple, TX (United States)]", "Runge, Troy [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Maravelias, Christos [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000249291748)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Carbon dioxide removal technology", "Carbon capture and storage", "Cellulosic biofuel", "Decentralized depot-based biorefinery", "Greenhouse gas emissions", "Soil carbon sequestration", "Plant derived food", "Biorefineries", "Biofuels", "Crops"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States)", "Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1776826"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1776826"}], "doe_contract_number": "SC0018409; FC02-07ER64494; AC05-76RL01830", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1776826", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1776826.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136013

["hydrothermal_liquefaction", "machine_learning", "random_forest", "extreme_gradient_boosting", "biocrude_yield_prediction", "techno-economic_analysis", "minimum_fuel_selling_price", "lipid_content", "cellulose", "protein", "algae", "biomass", "wet_organic_waste", "data_driven_models", "regression_models", "model_predictive_capability", "economic_performance", "feedstock_properties", "reaction_conditions", "model_accuracy", "predictive_models"]

['wet_organic_waste']

['biocrude_yield_prediction']

The paper discusses the application of the Random Forest model's biocrude yield predictions in a probabilistic economic model to project the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) for various feeds. It illustrates that while the model's accuracy (RMSE of 8.07) provides a usable basis for prioritizing resource allocation for HTL processes development among different feeds, its effectiveness varies with the feed's predicted biocrude yield, particularly for yields less than 35%.

{"osti_id": "1976927", "title": "Accuracy of predictions made by machine learned models for biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of organic wastes", "report_number": NaN, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136013", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has potential for converting abundant wet organic wastes into renewable fuels. Because HTL consists of a complex reaction network, deterministic, physics-based prediction of its biocrude yield is prohibitively difficult. Data-driven methods provide an alternative to the physics-based approach; however, rigorous testing must be performed to ensure the accuracy of predictions made by data-driven methods. To this end, a data set was assembled consisting of 570 data points appearing in the open literature. The data set was divided into training, validation, and test sub-sets and used for evaluating different machine learning regression approaches to predict biocrude yield. Among the tested algorithms, Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) predicted biocrude yields in a test set that had not been used for training with the greatest accuracy, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 8.34 and 8.57, respectively. Further refinement of the Random Forest model reduced its RMSE to 8.07. In comparison, predictions of a series of literature models resulted in RMSE ranging from 9.16 in the most accurate case to 27.6 in the least accurate; most literature models yielded RMSE values > 10. Using biocrude yield predictions from the most accurate Random Forest model and a probabilistic economic analysis found that the model accuracy is sufficient to prioritize allocation of resources based on projected minimum fuel selling price. In our report the models and analysis represent a major advance in the ability to use readily available data to predict biocrude yields on new feedstocks that have not previously been studied.", "publication_date": "2022-03-26T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-10-06T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Chemical Engineering Journal", "journal_volume": "442", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 136013", "authors": ["Cheng, Feng [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Belden, Elizabeth R. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Li, Wenjing [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Shahabuddin, Muntasir [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Paffenroth, Randy C. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Timko, Michael T. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]"], "subjects": ["42 ENGINEERING", "hydrothermal liquefaction", "machine learning", "random forest", "eXtreme gradient boosting", "biocrude yield prediction", "Hydrothermal liquefaction, Machine learning, Random Forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting, Biocrude yield prediction"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0008513; 2021871", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)", "Massachusetts Clean Energy Center (MassCEC)", "National Science Foundation (NSF)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1976927"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1976927"}], "journal_issue": "P1", "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1976927", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/2-amino-1/1976927.pdf", "building_blocks": ["2-amino-1"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119504

Lithium acetate, cobalt (II) acetate, nickel (II) acetate, manganese (II) acetate, glycerol

LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC333) cathode materials

The analysis reveals that a 20% reduction in all material prices can decrease the MCSP of NMC333 produced via FSP by $2.3/kg. This indicates a significant sensitivity of the production costs to material prices, with the cost of cobalt acetate exerting the largest effect.

{"osti_id": "1848508", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of cathode material production using flame-assisted spray pyrolysis", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119504", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The cost of cathode materials contributes approximately 32.7% of the total cell construction cost of lithium-ion batteries, significantly affecting the price of battery packs. To reduce the cathode material manufacturing cost, a flame-assisted spray pyrolysis (FSP) method has been developed to utilize a sustainable solvent of glycerol to manufacture the LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂ (NMC333) cathode materials. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the minimum cathode material selling price (MCSP) of the FSP processes compared with a traditional carbonate co-precipitation pathway. Results show that the MCSP of the FSP is $\\$$19.1/kg that is 17% lower than the traditional carbonate co-precipitation pathway as a result of lower fixed operating cost and variable overhead. Sensitivity analysis shows that when the new process is integrated with in-situ sintering and processing, the MCSP can be as low as $\\$$15.6/kg. When all the material prices are decreased by 20%, the FSP process can synthesize NMC333 at a price of $\\$$2.3/kg lower. According to the simulation result, LiNi_0\u00b78Mn_0\u00b71Co_0\u00b71O₂ (NMC811) has the best potential to meet the U.S. Department of Energy battery price target of $\\$$125/kWh, demonstrating that the FSP process is an attractive manufacturing technology for NMC cathode powder material production.", "publication_date": "2020-12-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-06-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Energy", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "218", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 119504", "authors": ["Zang, Guiyan [Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States). Dept. of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering; Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering] (ORCID:0000000309484673)", "Zhang, Jianan [Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States). Dept. of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering] (ORCID:0000000260657333)", "Xu, Siqi [Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States). Dept. of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering]", "Xing, Yangchuan [Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States). Dept. of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering] (ORCID:0000000259853222)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0007282", "subjects": ["36 MATERIALS SCIENCE", "25 ENERGY STORAGE", "Thermodynamics", "Energy & Fuels", "Economic analysis", "NMC powder", "Cathode material production", "Flame assisted spray pyrolysis", "Li-ion battery", "Production rate"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1848508"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1848508"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1848508", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1848508.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee00771a

["1_3_pdo", "1_3_propanediol", "1_4_butanediol", "1_4_diols", "1_5_diaminopentane", "1_5_pentanediol", "2_amino_1_3_pdo", "2_aminomalonic_amino_3_hp", "2_methyl_thf", "3_hydroxy_butyrolactone", "3_hydroxyproprionate", "4_4_bionelle", "5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "8_aminolevulinate", "acetic_acid", "acetoin", "acrylamides", "acrylates", "adipic_aci", "amines", "amino_diols", "amino_succinate_derivatives", "ammonia_synthesis", "antifreeze_and_deicers", "arabinose", "aspartic_acid", "biobased_syn_gas_sg", "bisphenol_a_replacement", "butanediols", "butenoic_acid", "butenols", "caprolactam", "cellulose", "chelating_agents", "citric_aconitic_acid", "derivatives", "diacids", "dialdehyde", "diamines", "diamino_alcohols", "dilactones", "dimethylcarbonate", "dimethylether", "diols", "dioxanes", "eg", "emulsifiers", "epoxides", "epoxy_\u03b3_butyrolactone", "esters", "fermentation_products", "ferulic_aci", "fischer_tropsch_liquids", "food_additives", "formaldehyde", "fructose", "fuel_oxygenate", "fumaric_acid", "furans", "furfural", "gallic_aci", "gasoline", "glucaric_acid", "gluconic_acid", "gluconolactones", "glucose", "glutamic_acid", "glutaric_acid", "glycerol", "glycols_eg_pg", "glyconic_acid", "green_solvents", "h2", "hemicellulose", "higher_alcohols", "hydrogenation_products", "hydrox", "hydroxy_succinate_derivatives", "hydroxybutyrates", "hydroxybutyric_acid", "hydroxybutyrolactone", "indeterminant", "iso_c4_molecules", "iso_sytnehsis_products", "isobutene_and_its_derivatives", "isosorbide", "itaconic_acid", "ketone_derivatives", "l_propylene_glycol", "lactate", "lactic_acid", "lactide", "lactones_esters", "lactose", "levulinic_acid", "lignin", "linear_and_branched_1_alcohols_and_mixed_higher_alcohols", "lysine", "malic_acid", "malonic_acid", "malonic", "many_furan_derivatives", "methanol_h4", "methyl_amines", "methyl_esters", "methyl_succinate_derivatives_see_above", "mixed_alcohols", "monolactones", "mtbe", "numerous_furan_derivatives", "nylons_polyamides", "oil", "olefin_hydroformylation_products_aldehydes_alcohols_acids", "olefins", "other_products", "oxo_synthesis_products", "pet_polymer", "pg", "p_h_control_agents", "pharma_intermediates", "phenol_formaldehyde_resins", "phenolics", "phthalate_polyesters", "plasticizers", "polyacrylamides", "polyacrylates", "polyaminoacids", "polycarbonates", "polyesters", "polyethers", "polyhydroxyalkanoates", "polyhydroxypolyamides", "polyhydroxypolyesters", "polypyrrolidones", "polysaccharides", "polyurethanes", "polyvinyl_acetate", "polyvinyl_alcohol", "proprionic_acid", "propyl_alcohol", "propylene_glycol", "protein", "pyrrolidones", "reagent_propionol_acrylate", "reagents_building_uni", "resins", "serine", "solvents", "sorbito", "specialty_chemical_intermediate", "starch", "substituted_pyrrolidones", "succinate", "succinic_acid", "sucrose", "sugar_acids", "thf", "threonine", "unsaturated_esters", "unsaturated_succinate_derivatives_see_above", "xylitol_arabitol", "xyloni_acid", "xylose", "\u03b1_olefins_gasoline_waxes_diesel", "\u03b3_butyrolactone"]

Electricity from renewables and fossil plants

Optimized energy storage and electricity supply

The study includes a sensitivity analysis indicating that the economics of battery integration improve with increased renewable penetration levels, highlighting the pivotal role of technological advancements and cost reductions in electrochemical storage for the feasibility of decentralized storage solutions.

{"osti_id": "2203098", "title": "Optimal design and integration of decentralized electrochemical energy storage with renewables and fossil plants", "report_number": NaN, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee00771a", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Increasing renewable energy requires improving the electricity grid flexibility. Existing measures include power plant cycling and grid-level energy storage, but they incur high operational and investment costs. Using a systems modeling and optimization framework, we study the integration of electrochemical energy storage with individual power plants at various renewable penetration levels. Furthermore, our techno-economic analysis includes both Li-ion and NaS batteries to encompass different technology maturity levels. A California case-study indicates localized integration to be cost-effective for greater grid flexibility. Li-ion batteries can mitigate the residual demand fluctuations of small to medium-sized plants, while NaS batteries would be best-suited for larger storage with higher renewable penetration. Overall, the battery-enabled renewable integration could reduce the unmet grid demand by 75%, the renewable curtailment by 58%, and the CO₂ emission intensity by 16% while including the life cycle emissions of the battery and the renewable farm. Our scenario-based analysis also indicates that rather than replacing all fossil power plants, it is more economical to combine batteries and renewables with individual fossil plants to achieve a clean energy grid.", "publication_date": "2022-07-21T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-10-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Energy & Environmental Science", "journal_volume": "15", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 4119-4136", "authors": ["Zantye, Manali S. [Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (United States)] (ORCID:0000000193378405)", "Gandhi, Akhilesh [Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (United States)]", "Wang, Yifan [West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Vudata, Sai Pushpitha [West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Bhattacharyya, Debangsu [West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV (United States)]", "Hasan, M. Faruque [Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (United States)] (ORCID:0000000193386069)"], "subjects": ["25 ENERGY STORAGE", "Clean energy", "Simultaneous design and operation", "Decentralized integration", "Optimization", "Batteries"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "FE0031771", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["West Virginia University Research Corporation, Morgantown, WV (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2203098"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2203098"}], "journal_issue": "10", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2203098", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/Ammonia/2203098.pdf", "building_blocks": ["Ammonia"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08674

["methanol", "fischer_tropsch_liquids", "carbon_capture_and_utilization", "h2", "co2", "electro_fuels", "ammonia_synthesis", "hydrogenation_products"]

CO2 from industrial and power plant sources

Synthetic methanol, Fischer-Tropsch fuels

['methanol', 'fischer_tropsch_liquids']

Internal rate of return analysis resulted in a benchmark IRR of 10%. This rate underpins the economic viability of synthetic methanol and FT fuel production processes, considering current costs and technological capabilities.

{"osti_id": "1821109", "title": "Synthetic Methanol/Fischer\u2013Tropsch Fuel Production Capacity, Cost, and Carbon Intensity Utilizing CO₂ from Industrial and Power Plants in the United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c08674", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Captured CO₂ is a potential feedstock to produce fuel/chemicals using renewable electricity as the energy source. In this study, we explored resource availability and synergies by region in the United States and conducted cost and environmental analysis to identify unique opportunities in each region to inform possible regional and national actions for carbon capture and utilization development. This study estimated production cost of synthetic methanol and Fischer\u2013Tropsch (FT) fuels by using CO₂ captured from the waste streams emitted from six industrial [ethanol, ammonia, natural gas (NG) processing, hydrogen, cement, and iron/steel production plants] and two power generation (coal and NG) processes across the United States. The results showed that a total of 1594 million metric ton per year of waste CO₂ can be captured and converted into 85 and 319 billion gallons of FT fuels and methanol, respectively. FT fuels can potentially substitute for 36% of the total petroleum fuels used in the transportation sector in 2018. Technoeconomic analysis shows that the minimum selling prices for synthetic FT fuels and methanol are 1.8\u20132.8 times the price of petroleum fuel/chemicals, but the total CO₂ reduction potential is 935\u20131777 MMT/year.", "publication_date": "2021-05-12T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-05-12T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "Environmental Science and Technology", "journal_issue": "11", "journal_volume": "55", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 7595-7604", "authors": ["Zang, Guiyan [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division] (ORCID:0000000309484673)", "Sun, Pingping [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division] (ORCID:0000000182269270)", "Yoo, Eunji [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division]", "Elgowainy, Amgad [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division]", "Bafana, Adarsh [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division] (ORCID:0000000199160300)", "Lee, Uisung [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division] (ORCID:0000000202724876)", "Wang, Michael [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division]", "Supekar, Sarang [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Energy System Division] (ORCID:0000000204094580)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES", "electro fuels", "carbon capture and utilization", "industrial emissions", "techno-economic analysis", "Fischer-Tropsch fuel", "methanol"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1821109"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1821109"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC02-06CH11357", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1821109", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1821109.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.3390/en8065577

["biomass", "corn_stover", "sweet_sorghum_stalks", "logistics_system", "modeling"]

Corn Stover, Sweet Sorghum Stalks

['corn_stover', 'sweet_sorghum_stalks']

Quantified logistics cost

['logistics_system']

The sensitivity analysis performed in the study identifies labor price as the most influential factor on logistics cost for both corn stover and sweet sorghum stalks. Variations in labor prices can lead to significant cost differences, indicating a high price sensitivity related to labor costs in the biomass supply chain.

{"osti_id": "1208654", "title": "Analyzing and Comparing Biomass Feedstock Supply Systems in China: Corn Stover and Sweet Sorghum Case Studies", "report_number": NaN, "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/en8065577", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "This paper analyzes the rural Chinese biomass supply system and models supply chain operations according to U.S. concepts of logistical unit operations: harvest and collection, storage, transportation, preprocessing, and handling and queuing. In this paper, we quantify the logistics cost of corn stover and sweet sorghum in China under different scenarios. We analyze three scenarios of corn stover logistics from northeast China and three scenarios of sweet sorghum stalks logistics from Inner Mongolia in China. The case study estimates that the logistics cost of corn stover and sweet sorghum stalk to be $52.95/dry metric ton and $52.64/dry metric ton, respectively, for the current labor-based biomass logistics system. However, if the feedstock logistics operation is mechanized, the cost of corn stover and sweet sorghum stalk decreases to $36.01/dry metric ton and $35.76/dry metric ton, respectively. The study also includes a sensitivity analysis to identify the cost factors that cause logistics cost variation. Results of the sensitivity analysis show that labor price has the most influence on the logistics cost of corn stover and sweet sorghum stalk, with a variation of $6 to $12/dry metric ton.", "publication_date": "2015-06-11T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "MDPI AG", "journal_name": "Energies", "journal_volume": "8", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Pages 5577 to 5597", "authors": ["Ren, Lantian [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]", "Cafferty, Kara [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]", "Roni, Mohammad [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]", "Jacobson, Jacob [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]", "Xie, Guanghui [CH2M Hill Companies Ltd]", "Ovard, Leslie [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]", "Wright, Christopher [Idaho National Laboratory, PO Box 1625, Idaho Falls, ID 83415-2210, USA]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "logistics system", "modeling", "corn stover", "sweet sorghum stalks"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC07-05ID14517", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1208654"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1208654"}], "journal_issue": "6", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1208654", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/lactic acid/1208654.pdf", "building_blocks": ["lactic acid"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00267

["lignin", "ethanol", "carbon_fiber", "activated_carbon", "polyurethane_foam", "acetic_acid", "polyol", "corn_stover", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "polyurethanes"]

Waste lignin from corn stover

['lignin', 'corn_stover']

Polyurethane foam, Activated carbon, Carbon fiber

['polyurethane_foam', 'activated_carbon', 'carbon_fiber']

The paper conducted a sensitivity analysis revealing that the process is most sensitive to lignin yields and the choice of solvent, particularly the switch from acetic acid to ethanol which significantly reduces production costs and environmental impact. The analysis also highlights the potential for further economic improvements by optimizing the lignin yield and substituting lignin for polyol in PU foam production.

{"osti_id": "1782436", "title": "Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Lignin Fractionation and Valorization Using the ALPHA Process", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c00267", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) were performed on the Aqueous Lignin Purification with Hot Agents (ALPHA) process, which is being investigated for the fractionation and purification of raw, bulk lignins recovered from cellulosic ethanol biorefineries or Kraft pulp mills. Here, ALPHA is proposed for the isolation of lignin from a corn stover-to-ethanol plant into purified low, medium, and high molecular weight (MW) fractions for producing polyurethane foam, activated carbon, and carbon fiber, respectively. A scenario analysis was conducted to determine the effect of ALPHA solvent choice on process economics and environmental performance. Solvent choice was found to have a significant impact on ALPHA, with a minimum selling price of 838/tonne with use of acetic acid vs 463/tonne with ethanol. Conversion of the lignin, processed with ethanol solvent, to high-value products yields 151 million/year in profit, which over 30 years results in a total net present value of 533 million. A life cycle assessment was conducted to determine the \u201cgate-to-gate\u201d greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption of the lignin-based products compared to fossil-based equivalents. In conclusion, a value allocation scenario was conducted and it was determined that products generated using the ALPHA process with ethanol have similar or lower greenhouse gas emissions than the same products from fossil feedstocks.", "publication_date": "2021-04-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-08T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "journal_issue": "15", "journal_volume": "9", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 5388-5395", "authors": ["Kulas, Daniel G. [Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331653816)", "Thies, Mark C. [Clemson Univ., SC (United States)] (ORCID:000000022833485X)", "Shonnard, David R. [Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI (United States)] (ORCID:000000015719254X)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "Sustainability", "Lignin", "ALPHA process", "Ethanol", "Carbon fiber", "Activated carbon", "Polyurethane foam", "Organic polymers", "Solvents", "Foams", "Biopolymers", "09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Sustainability, Lignin, ALPHA Process, Ethanol, Carbon Fiber, Activated Carbon, Polyurethane Foam"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Clemson Univ., SC (United States)", "Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1782436"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1782436"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0008502", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1782436", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1782436.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1860

["fast_pyrolysis", "techno-economic_analysis", "process_modeling", "ash_content", "moisture_content", "biomass", "hydrocarbon_products", "natural_gas", "net_power_output", "minimum_fuel_selling_price", "mfsp", "carbon_content", "bio-oil", "hydrogen_production", "hydrocracking", "gasoline", "diesel", "economic_analysis"]

Gasoline, Diesel, Electricity

['gasoline', 'diesel']

The paper conducts a sensitivity analysis revealing that biomass feedstock price significantly affects process economics, with a 20% increase in feedstock price leading to a 6% rise in MFSP. Conversely, a similar percentage change in natural gas price impacts MFSP by only 2%, underscoring the critical role of low-cost, low-ash, and low-moisture feedstocks in achieving economic viability for fast pyrolysis facilities.

{"osti_id": "1597393", "title": "Impacts of feedstock properties on the process economics of fast-pyrolysis biorefineries", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1860", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Feedstock properties are an important factor affecting the process yields and economics of fast-pyrolysis biorefineries. This study develops a fast-pyrolysis process model sensitive to feedstock properties based on experimental results. Sixty-four simulations are run to evaluate the impacts of carbon, ash, and moisture content in biomass feedstocks on process yields and energy consumptions. An economic analysis is conducted for each run to quantify process economics under different feedstock properties. With biomass feedstocks of 48% carbon and 15% moisture, minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) increases from $0.97/L to $1.06/L when ash content increases from 1% to 7%, due to reduced hydrocarbon yields. With biomass feedstocks of 48% carbon and 3% ash content, MFSP increases from $1.03/L to $1.08/L when feedstock moisture increases from 15% to 45% as a consequence of increased energy demand for feedstock drying. The impact of feedstock ash content decreases gradually as ash content increases. Feedstock carbon content has less significant impacts on process economics in this study.", "publication_date": "2018-02-14T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-08-02T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "12", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 442-452", "authors": ["Ou, Longwen [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000343339760)", "Kim, Hoyong [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)]", "Kelley, Stephen [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)]", "Park, Sunkyu [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "fast pyrolysis", "techno-economic analysis", "process modeling", "ash content", "moisture content", "biomass"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials, Seattle, WA (United States)", "Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1597393"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1597393"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0002992; EE0006639", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1597393", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1597393.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12501

["bio_energy_crops", "miscanthus", "switchgrass", "corn_stover", "credit_constraint", "loss_aversion", "interest_rate", "biomass_price", "land_use", "high_quality_land", "low_quality_land", "crop_adoption", "prospect_theory", "biomass_production", "policy_interventions", "conservation_reserve_program", "crop_insurance", "biomass_crop_assistance_program", "cellulosic_biofuel", "perennial_energy_crops", "crop_failure", "establishment_cost", "biorefinery", "crop_profitability", "risk_preferences", "land_availability", "farm_size"]

Miscanthus, switchgrass

['miscanthus', 'switchgrass']

['biomass_production']

The study indicates that bio-energy crop production is significantly sensitive to biomass price variations, especially when farmers are credit constrained. The impact of biomass prices is profoundly seen in the production choices between miscanthus and switchgrass. Higher biomass prices tend to mitigate the aversion impacts, making bio-energy crops more appealing regardless of farmers' loss preferences.

{"osti_id": "1991838", "title": "Adopting bioenergy crops: Does farmers\u2019 attitude toward loss matter?", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12501", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>We apply prospect theory to examining farmers\u2019 economic incentives to divert a share of their land to bioenergy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass in this study). Numerical simulation is conducted for 1,919 rain\u2010fed U.S. counties to identify the impact of loss aversion on bioenergy crop adoption, and how this impact is influenced by biomass price, discount rate, credit constraint status, and policy instruments. Results show that ignoring farmer's loss aversion causes overestimation of miscanthus production but underestimation of switchgrass production, particularly when farmers are credit constrained and have a high discount rate. We find that establishment cost subsidy induces more miscanthus production whereas subsidized energy crop insurance induces more switchgrass production. The efficacy of these two policy instruments, measured by biomass production increased by per dollar of government outlay, depends on the magnitude of farmers\u2019 loss aversion and discount rate.</p>", "publication_date": "2019-05-23T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-09-19T00:00:00Z", "journal_name": "Agricultural Economics", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 435-450", "authors": ["Anand, Mohit [Miles College, Fairfield, AL (United States)]", "Miao, Ruiqing [Auburn University, AL (United States)]", "Khanna, Madhu [University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign, IL (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "bioenergy crops", "crop insurance", "establishment cost", "loss aversion", "miscanthus", "prospect theory", "switchgrass"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1991838"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1991838"}], "publisher": "Wiley - International Association of Agricultural Economists", "journal_issue": "4", "journal_volume": "50", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1991838", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/food additives/1991838.pdf", "building_blocks": ["food additives"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01152

["isobutanol", "aromatic-rich_hydrocarbons", "ghg_emissions", "water_consumption", "no_x_emissions", "pm_2_5_emissions", "mfsp", "lca", "tea", "fossil_fuel_consumption"]

Herbaceous and woody feedstock blends

Isobutanol, Aromatic-Rich Hydrocarbons (ARH)

['isobutanol', 'aromatic-rich_hydrocarbons']

Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify key cost drivers including return on investment, total capital costs, feedstock cost, and interest rate. Variables like enzyme loading, fermentation yields, and fuel yield were also explored for their impact on the overall material and energy balances.

{"osti_id": "1476882", "title": "Techno-Economic Analysis and Life-Cycle Analysis of Two Light-Duty Bioblendstocks: Isobutanol and Aromatic-Rich Hydrocarbons", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01152", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Isobutanol and aromatic-rich hydrocarbons (ARHC) are two biomass-derived high-octane blendstocks that could be blended with petroleum gasoline for use in optimized spark-ignition engines in light-duty vehicles, potentially increasing engine efficiency. To evaluate technology readiness, economic viability, and environmental impacts of these technologies, we use detailed techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life-cycle analysis (LCA). We assumed isobutanol is produced via biochemical conversion of an herbaceous feedstock blend while ARHC is produced via thermochemical conversion of a woody feedstock blend. The minimum estimated fuel selling price (MFSP) of isobutanol ranged from 5.57/gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) (0.045/MJ) based on today's technology to 4.22/GGE (0.034/MJ) with technology advancements. The MFSP of ARHC could decline from 5.20/GGE (0.042/MJ) based on today's technology to 4.20/GGE (0.034/MJ) as technology improves. Both isobutanol and ARHC offer about 73% greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction relative to petroleum gasoline per LCA of these two bioblendstocks. On the other hand, water consumption in the production of both bioblendstocks exceeds that of conventional gasoline although process engineering offers routes to cutting water consumption. Over their life-cycles, both isobutanol and ARHC emit more NO_<em>x</em> and PM_2.5 than petroleum gasoline. Improving the energy efficiency and lowering air emissions from agricultural equipment will reduce the life-cycle air pollutant emissions of these bioblendstocks.", "publication_date": "2018-05-15T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2019-05-15T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "journal_issue": "7", "journal_volume": "6", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 8790-8800", "authors": ["Cai, Hao [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000205669411)", "Markham, Jennifer [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Jones, Susanne [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Benavides, Pahola Thathiana [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)]", "Dunn, Jennifer B. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000220655106)", "Biddy, Mary [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000262282790)", "Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000310631984)", "Lamers, Patrick [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Phillips, Steven [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "aromatic-rich hydrocarbons", "bioblendstock", "isobutanol", "life-cycle analysis", "techno-economic analysis"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "contributing_org": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Vehicle Technologies Office (EE-3V)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1476882"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1476882"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-71600", "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1476882", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/methanol ch4/1476882.pdf", "building_blocks": ["methanol ch4"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.087

["biofuels", "cellulose", "corn_stover", "enzymatic_hydrolysis", "flocculation", "glucose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "solid_liquid_separation", "xylose"]

Sugar-rich liquor, lignin-rich solids

['glucose', 'lignin']

The techno-economic analysis indicates that using flocculants substantially decreases the required number of filtration units, reducing capital costs significantly more than the increase in operational costs due to the use of flocculants. This results in a reduction of the minimum fuel selling price, with the greatest savings observed at higher sugar recovery levels and for the de-acetylation process due to its increased difficulty to filter.

{"osti_id": "1220661", "title": "A low-cost solid\u2013liquid separation process for enzymatically hydrolyzed corn stover slurries", "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-63424", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.087", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Solid-liquid separation of intermediate process slurries is required in some process configurations for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to transportation fuels. Thermochemically pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed corn stover slurries have proven difficult to filter due to formation of very low permeability cakes that are rich in lignin. Treatment of two different slurries with polyelectrolyte flocculant was demonstrated to increase mean particle size and filterability. Filtration flux was greatly improved, and thus scaled filter unit capacity was increased approximately 40-fold compared with unflocculated slurry. Although additional costs were accrued using polyelectrolyte, techno-economic analysis revealed that the increase in filter capacity significantly reduced overall production costs. Fuel production cost at 95% sugar recovery was reduced by $1.35 US per gallon gasoline equivalent for dilute-acid pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed slurries and $3.40 for slurries produced using an additional alkaline de-acetylation preprocessing step that is even more difficult to natively filter.", "publication_date": "2015-07-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Bioresource Technology", "journal_volume": "187", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 37-42", "authors": ["Sievers, David A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center]", "Lischeske, James J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center]", "Biddy, Mary J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center]", "Stickel, Jonathan J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "flocculation", "solid-liquid separation", "filtration", "biofuels"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; EE0005006", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1220661"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220661"}], "journal_issue": "C", "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1220661", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/succinic acid/1220661.pdf", "building_blocks": ["succinic acid"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117303

["biomass", "coal", "combined_heat_and_power", "fixed_bed_gasification", "syngas"]

Usibelli coal, woody biomass

Electricity, Heat, Pyrolysis liquids

['combined_heat_and_power']

The study found that the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) was significantly influenced by plant operating life and annual availability. Sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation showed LCOE could vary widely based on these factors, indicating price sensitivity to operational and economic parameters.

{"osti_id": "1763755", "title": "Making coal relevant for small scale applications: Modular gasification for syngas/engine CHP applications in challenging environments", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117303", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Small-scale coal gasification technology, coupled to a reciprocating engine generator, has the potential for making coal a cost competitive resource for meeting the flexible energy needs and resiliency requirements of utilities across the United States. To maintain grid stability and reliability, electrical generation must be regulated to match the load at the proper voltage and frequency. With the expansion of intermittent sources into the grid, such as wind and solar, frequency and voltage regulation become increasingly important and challenging. This work presents the results of a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) effort to detail the engineering and preliminary economics of a small-scale, air blown, fixed-bed gasification process, operating at near-atmospheric pressure, with gas cleanup to provide syngas and pyrolysis liquid fuels for use in reciprocating engine generators for combined heat and power at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. A very detailed assessment of capital and operating costs allows the evaluation of a levelized cost of electricity of 208.06 $/MWh, which can be reduced through the selling of by-products (steam for heating purposes and pyrolysis liquids to be used for power generation in an existing diesel engine). Here, a combined sensitivity analysis, based on the Monte Carlo approach, has been carried out to evaluate the effects of the uncertainties (capital and operating costs and plant annual availability) on the LCOE.", "publication_date": "2020-02-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-12-19T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Fuel", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "267", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 117303", "authors": ["Ward, Charles [University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK (United States)]", "Goldstein, Harvey [Worley ltd., Reading, PA (United States)]", "Maurer, Rolf [Hamilton Maurer International, Inc., Hudson, IL (United States)]", "Thimsen, David [Hamilton Maurer International, Inc., Hudson, IL (United States)]", "Sheets, Brent J. [University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK (United States)]", "Hobbs, Randy [Hobbs Industries, Palmar, AK (United Kingdom)]", "Isgrigg, Frances [University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK (United States)]", "Steiger, Russel [University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK (United States)]", "Madden, Diane Revay [National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA (United States)]", "Porcu, Andrea [Sotacarbo S.p.A., Carbonia (Italy)]", "Pettinau, Alberto [Sotacarbo S.p.A., Carbonia (Italy)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS", "10 SYNTHETIC FUELS", "01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT", "09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "coal", "combined heat and power", "fixed-bed gasification", "syngas engine"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE), Clean Coal and Carbon Management"], "research_orgs": ["National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Pittsburgh, PA, Morgantown, WV, and Albany, OR (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1763755"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1763755"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "FE0031446", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1763755", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1763755.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.143

["biodiesel", "bioethanol", "biorefinery", "cellulose", "ethanol", "fermentation_products", "genetically_modified_sorghum", "glucose", "glycerol", "hexane", "lignin", "lipid", "methanol", "sorghum", "sucrose", "sulfuric_acid", "xylose"]

Genetically modified lipid-producing sorghum

['genetically_modified_sorghum', 'lipid', 'sorghum']

Biodiesel, Ethanol

['biodiesel', 'ethanol']

The study reveals that the project's viability is sensitive to the lipid content in sorghum, lipid extraction efficiency, and biomass price. A lipid content above 13% or a biomass price less than $65/Mg could lead to a more competitive ethanol price of $2.25/gal. However, detailed internal rate of return (IRR) analyses have not been provided.

{"osti_id": "1609228", "title": "Process design and economics for production of advanced biofuels from genetically modified lipid-producing sorghum", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.143", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "This study evaluates the potential for making advanced biofuels from genetically modified (GM) lipid\u2013producing sorghum. A biodiesel coproduction process is developed to extract, purify, and upgrade lipids to diesel fuel while carbohydrates are utilized for making ethanol through acid thermal pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. To assess the advantages of coproducing biodiesel from GM\u2013sorghum, process economics are compared to a cellulosic ethanol biorefinery receiving non-GM sorghum. Minimum ethanol selling prices (MESP) that reach a breakeven point after 30 years of service life are calculated as an economic index to compare the two processes. Results indicate that biodiesel coproduction improves the economics by lowering the MESP from 3.08/gal for the ethanol-only process to 2.46/gal. Sensitivity analyses reveal that increasing sorghum\u2019s lipid content, increasing the lipid extraction efficiency, and reducing the solvent-to-solids ratio in lipid extraction columns are the most important process parameters to further enhance technoeconomics. Analyses indicate that a lipid content above 13 wt% (dry basis) or a biomass price less than 65/Mg (dry basis) will result in a 2014 ethanol wholesale price of 2.25/gal for the coproduction process.", "publication_date": "2019-02-27T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-20T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "239", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1459-1470", "authors": ["Fasahati, Peyman [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Liu, J. Jay [Pukyong National Univ., Busan (Korea, Republic of)] (ORCID:0000000342742355)", "Ohlrogge, John B. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Saffron, Christopher M. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biorefinery", "biodiesel", "bioethanol", "process design", "technoeconomic analysis", "genetically modified sorghum"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "contributing_org": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "FC02-07ER64494", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1609228"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1609228"}], "report_number": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1609228", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/methanol ch4/1609228.pdf", "building_blocks": ["methanol ch4"]}

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10178-9

["carbon_dioxide", "biomass", "photobioreactor", "microalgae", "flue_gas", "dewatering", "life_cycle_assessment", "techno_economic_analysis", "algae_cultivation", "bioplastic"]

Coal-based flue gas

Microalgae biomass

['microalgae', 'biomass']

The study found that the minimum biomass selling price is significantly impacted by the capital costs and fixed operating expenses of the facility, though variable operating costs, including nutrient purchase, are less influential. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the critical role of system productivity and capital expenditure in determining biomass production costs.

{"osti_id": "1845001", "title": "Algae-Based Beneficial Re-use of Carbon Emissions Using a Novel Photobioreactor: a Techno-Economic and Life Cycle Analysis", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10178-9", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Despite the many advantages of microalgae, the feasibility of large-scale cultivation requires significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to enable high growth rates. A synergistic union typically proposed for the supply of CO₂ is the coupling of algal cultivation with emissions from power plants. This study investigates the sustainability of a novel microalgae platform coupled with coal-based flue gas. The proposed system consists of a novel photobioreactor (PBR) for the production of biomass followed by a two-stage dewatering process. Here, a systems model, which quantifies the CO₂ and energy consumption of the proposed system, was developed and the minimum biomass selling price (MBSP) was determined by a techno-economic analysis (TEA). TEA results indicate that a facility with the capacity to capture 30% of the emissions from a 1 MW power plant requires a biomass production of 1280 metric tonnes per year, which when scaled to a nth of kind facility, can produce biomass at a MBSP of $2322 per tonne. The environmental impact of the proposed facility was determined by a life cycle assessment methodology and results indicate a carbon capture potential of 1.16 x 10⁴ metric tons of CO₂ equivalent. In addition, an energy analysis indicates a desirable net energy ratio of 0.1, which is lower than conventional PBRs. Discussion focuses on the requirements to reduce biomass production cost, including research investment areas for increasing productivity while decreasing energy requirements.", "publication_date": "2020-08-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-02-17T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Springer", "journal_name": "BioEnergy Research", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "14", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 292-302", "authors": ["Wilson, Michael H. [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)]", "Shea, Aubrey [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)]", "Groppo, John [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)]", "Crofcheck, Czarena [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)]", "Quiroz, David [Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)]", "Quinn, Jason C. [Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)]", "Crocker, Mark [Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "microalgae", "culture", "carbon dioxide", "cost", "bioplastic"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE", "US-China Clean Energy Research Center"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1845001"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1845001"}], "doe_contract_number": "FE0029623; PI0000017", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1845001", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1845001.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1891

["biofuels", "energy_security", "oil_supply_shocks"]

Corn, corn stover, switchgrass, forest residues

The paper discusses how ethanol prices respond to gasoline price changes during oil supply shocks, noting that ethanol tends to move in the same direction as gasoline prices but at a less pronounced rate. This differential response adds a layer of complexity to market adjustments during shocks, with ethanol acting as an imperfect substitute for gasoline.

{"osti_id": "1784226", "title": "Energy security role of biofuels in evolving liquid fuel markets", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1891", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>We explore the role of biofuels in mitigating the negative impacts of oil supply shocks on fuel markets under a range of oil price trajectories and biofuel blending mandate levels. Using a partial equilibrium model of US biofuels production and petroleum fuels trade, we discuss the adjustments in light\u2010duty vehicle fuel mix, fuel prices, and renewable identification number (RIN) prices following each shock as well as the distribution of shock costs across market participants. Ethanol is used as both a complement (blend component in E10) and a substitute (in E15 and E85 blends) to gasoline. Results show that, during oil supply shocks, the role of ethanol as a substitute dominates and allows some mitigation of the shock. As US petroleum imports decrease with growing US oil production, the net economic welfare effect of sudden oil price changes and the energy security role of biofuels becomes less clear than it has been in the past. Although fuel consumers lose when oil price increases due to an external shock, domestic fuel producers gain. In some cases, depending on import share and supply and demand elasticities, we show that the gain to producers could more than offset consumer losses. However, in most cases evaluated here, sudden oil\u2010price increases remain costly. \u00a9 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</p>", "publication_date": "2018-05-15T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-04T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "5", "journal_volume": "12", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 802-814", "authors": ["Uria Martinez, Rocio [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000196899951)", "Leiby, Paul Newsome [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000159146379)", "Brown, Maxwell L. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Strategic Energy Analysis Center]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biofuels", "energy security", "oil supply shocks"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1784226"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1784226"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; DE\u2010AC05\u201000OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1784226", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1784226.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116960

["algae", "biorefinery", "biomass", "biofuel", "lipid_extraction", "transesterification", "algal_meal", "carbon_capture_and_storage", "wastewater_treatment", "anaerobic_digestion", "combined_heat_and_power_production", "genetic_engineering", "metabolic_engineering", "process_engineering", "techno-economic_analysis", "life_cycle_analysis", "solar_irradiance", "temperature", "relative_humidity", "wind_speed", "photobioreactors", "open_raceway_ponds", "stochastic_weather_generation", "biophysical_growth_modelling", "stochastic_market_price_generation", "flocculation", "dissolved_air_flotation", "centrifugation", "thermal_drying"]

Biodiesel, Algal meal

The sensitivity analysis revealed that market prices have almost twice the impact on revenue variability compared to weather-related factors. This underscores the significant role of market forces in influencing the financial stability of algal biofuel production, despite the inherent financial risks posed by weather variability.

{"osti_id": "2222489", "title": "Characterizing weather-related biophysical and financial risks in algal biofuel production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116960", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Algal biofuels are a renewable liquid fuel with advantages over crop-based biofuels, including higher yield per acre, the ability to recycle production inputs, and the option to create valuable co-products. Previous analyses suggest that algal biofuels could become cost-competitive if technological improvements are achieved. Most previous research, however, does not consider the impact of seasonal and year-to-year uncertainty in weather factors, such as solar irradiance and temperature, on biomass productivity, and those that do are based on limited meteorological records. This study explores the influence of weather uncertainty on biomass growth and biorefinery revenues as well as impacts from market price uncertainty. The performance of a hypothetical algal biorefinery in Vero Beach, Florida is explored by combining stochastic weather generation, biophysical growth modelling, stochastic market price generation, and techno-economic analysis. Results show coefficient of & nbsp;variation values of 8\u201315% in seasonal revenues for an algae producer, and that the variation in annual revenues was lower than that of corn, soybean, and cotton. In sensitivity analyses, both weather and price fluctuations are found to be significant sources of financial risk. Furthermore, this is the first probabilistic quantification of weather-related production impacts for algae producers, which is relevant given global growth in the algae industry as evidenced by the new eligibility of algae for crop insurance in the US 2018 Farm Bill.", "publication_date": "2021-04-30T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-12-19T00:00:00Z", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 116960", "authors": ["Kleiman, Rachel M. [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC (United States)]", "Characklis, Gregory W. [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC (United States)]", "Kern, Jordan D. [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)]", "Gerlach, Robin [Montana State University, Bozeman, MT (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Algal biofuels", "Biophysical modelling", "Weather uncertainty", "Financial risk"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0008247", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Toledo, OH (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2222489"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2222489"}], "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "294", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2222489", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/food additives/2222489.pdf", "building_blocks": ["food additives"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02300d

["lignin", "peracetic_acid", "phenolics", "xylitol_arabitol", "acetic_acid", "Nb2O5", "CuO", "MnO2", "ZrO2", "SnO", "CaCeO2", "hydrotalcite", "MPCs (monomeric phenolic compounds)", "oxidative_depolymerisation", "Baeyer-Villiger_oxidation", "ketone_derivatives", "phenolic_acids", "carboxylic_acids", "hydroxylated_carboxylic_acids", "diacids", "C-C_linkage_cleavage", "C-O_linkage_cleavage", "\u03b2-O-4_linkage", "\u03b2-5_linkage", "\u03b2-\u03b2_linkage", "cinnamyl_alcohol_structure", "pinacol_derivative", "pinacol-pinacolone_rearrangement", "unsymmetrical_ketone", "ester_hydrolysis", "aromatic_electrophilic_substitution", "hydroxonium_ion", "ring_hydroxylation", "solvent_loading", "solvent_loss_in_recycle", "catalyst_cost", "catalyst_life", "PAA_oxidant_loading", "MPC_yield", "MPC_value"]

Diluted acid corn stover lignin (DACSL)

Monomeric phenolic compounds

['MPCs (monomeric phenolic compounds)']

The techno-economic analysis determines that the primary factors affecting the commercial viability include PAA loading, the market price of monomeric phenolic compounds (MPCs), MPC yield, and solvent use. Oxidant consumption is highlighted as the most significant cost driver.

{"osti_id": "1909372", "title": "Role of peracetic acid on the disruption of lignin packing structure and its consequence on lignin depolymerisation", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02300d", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Peracetic acid (PAA) is an effective oxidant capable of solubilising lignin and efficiently depolymerising it to selective phenolic compounds; however, the specific role by which PAA initiates the depolymerisation is still elusive. Herein, interaction between PAA and the lignin macromolecule and the consequent structural changes of the latter were studied by characterising the lignin packing structure and its associated changes during the oxidation process. While the lignin packing structure and its changes associated with the PAA-mediated oxidation were probed by X-ray diffraction, the impact of the PAA on different chemical functionalities present in the lignin structure was established by ¹³C and ¹H\u2013¹³C heteronuclear single-quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Further, combining the NMR spectroscopy results, and the product distribution, we conclude that the predominant reaction pathway for the oxidative depolymerisation of lignin with PAA is the Baeyer\u2013Villiger oxidation of the ketone formed by the oxidation of the benzylic hydroxyl group adjacent to the \u03b2-O-4 linkage. The experimental evidence provided herein corroborated that PAA instigates oxygen insertion to the lignin macromolecule resulting in disruption of its packing structures and facilitates depolymerisation. We also investigated various metal oxide and mixed metal oxide catalysts to identify effective catalysts that further enhance the efficiency of PAA-mediated depolymerisation of lignin and produce selective monomeric phenolic compounds. Techno-economic analysis was also conducted to identify the key parameters associated with this oxidative process that need to be considered for possible commercial application.", "publication_date": "2021-09-03T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-01-23T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "21", "journal_volume": "23", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 8468-8479", "authors": ["Ma, Ruoshui [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Sanyal, Udishnu [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Washington State Univ., Richland, WA (United States)]", "Olarte, Mariefel V. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000329891110)", "Job, Heather M. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Swita, Marie S. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Jones, Susanne B. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Meyer, Pimphan A. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000224449596)", "Burton, Sarah D. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Cort, John R. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000163426461)", "Bowden, Mark E. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000338123340)", "Chen, Xiaowen [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Wolcott, Michael P. [Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000327335559)", "Zhang, Xiao [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Washington State Univ., Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000200946221)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "lignin deconstruction", "peracetic acid", "oxidation", "monophenolic compounds"], "sponsor_orgs": ["National Science Foundation (NSF)", "US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Environment and Energy", "USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States). Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab. (EMSL)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1909372"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1909372"}], "report_number": "PNNL-SA-159270", "doe_contract_number": "AC05-76RL01830; 1454575", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1909372", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1909372.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090578

["ethanol", "dry_grind", "wet_fractionation", "dry_fractionation", "corn_fiber", "techno-economic_analysis", "corn_processing"]

['corn_processing']

Ethanol, DDGS (Distiller's dried grains with solubles), Corn oil, Germ, Fiber

['ethanol', 'corn_fiber']

Price sensitivity analysis was conducted with respect to protease enzyme costs, corn oil prices, and the selling prices of coproducts. The ethanol production costs exhibit varying degrees of sensitivity to these parameters, highlighting the economic viability of fractionation processes under fluctuating market conditions.

The paper finds that most of the evaluated wet and dry fractionation processes exhibit a higher internal rate of return (IRR) than the conventional dry grind process, with IRRs for wet fractionation ranging from 6.88 to 8.58%, and for dry fractionation from 6.45 to 7.04%, compared to 6.39% for the conventional process. Wet fractionation process designed for germ and pericarp fiber recovery emerged as the most profitable.

{"osti_id": "1562291", "title": "Impact of Fractionation Process on the Technical and Economic Viability of Corn Dry Grind Ethanol Process", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090578", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Use of corn fractionation techniques in dry grind process increases the number of coproducts, enhances their quality and value, generates feedstock for cellulosic ethanol production and potentially increases profitability of the dry grind process. The aim of this study is to develop process simulation models for eight different wet and dry corn fractionation techniques recovering germ, pericarp fiber and/or endosperm fiber, and evaluate their techno-economic feasibility at the commercial scale. Ethanol yields for plants processing 1113.11 MT corn/day were 37.2 to 40 million gal for wet fractionation and 37.3 to 31.3 million gal for dry fractionation, compared to 40.2 million gal for conventional dry grind process.", "publication_date": "2019-09-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2019-10-17T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)", "journal_name": "Processes", "journal_issue": "9", "journal_volume": "7", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 578", "authors": ["Kurambhatti, Chinmay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)]", "Kumar, Deepak [State Univ. of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY (United States)]", "Singh, Vijay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign, Urbana, IL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "ethanol", "dry grind", "wet fractionation", "dry fractionation", "corn fiber", "techno-economic analysis", "corn processing"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1562291"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1562291"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1562291", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1562291.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-014-0170-2

["biomass", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "glucan", "xylan", "galactan", "arabinan", "fructan", "uronic_acid", "acetate", "lignin", "enzymatic_hydrolysis", "fermentation_products", "ethanol", "glucose", "xylose", "cellobiose", "sodium_acetate", "nacl", "cacl2", "\u03b2_d_glucosidase", "thermotoga_maritima", "acidothermus_cellulolyticus", "caldicellulosiruptor_bescii", "sugar_acids"]

Dilute acid pretreated corn stover

The paper evaluates the minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) as influenced by the enzymatic hydrolysis yields, suggesting significant potential savings due to reduced processing times and improved conversion. A 14 to 18 cents per gallon of ethanol produced cost advantage is noted when utilizing the high-temperature hold step, indicating sensitivity of production costs to the improved process efficiency.

{"osti_id": "1166653", "title": "High temperature pre-digestion of corn stover biomass for improved product yields", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-014-0170-2", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Introduction: The efficient conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks remains a key step in the commercialization of biofuels. One of the barriers to cost-effective conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars remains the enzymatic saccharification process step. Here, we describe a novel hybrid processing approach comprising enzymatic pre-digestion with newly characterized hyperthermophilic enzyme cocktails followed by conventional saccharification with commercial enzyme preparations. Dilute acid pretreated corn stover was subjected to this new procedure to test its efficacy. Thermal tolerant enzymes from Acidothermus cellulolyticus and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii were used to pre-digest pretreated biomass at elevated temperatures prior to saccharification by the commercial cellulase formulation. Results: We report that pre-digestion of biomass with these enzymes at elevated temperatures prior to addition of the commercial cellulase formulation increased conversion rates and yields when compared to commercial cellulase formulation alone under low solids conditions. In conclusion, Our results demonstrating improvements in rates and yields of conversion point the way forward for hybrid biomass conversion schemes utilizing catalytic amounts of hyperthermophilic enzymes.", "publication_date": "2014-12-03T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-06-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "BioMed Central", "journal_name": "Biotechnology for Biofuels", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "7", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 314 KB; Other: 314 KB", "authors": ["Brunecky, Roman [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical Biosciences Center.]", "Hobdey, Sarah E. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical Biosciences Center.]", "Taylor, Larry E. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical Biosciences Center.]", "Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center.]", "Tucker, Melvin P. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). National Bioenergy Center.]", "Himmel, Michael E. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical Biosciences Center.]", "Decker, Stephen R. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemical Biosciences Center.]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "biomass", "pretreatment", "enzymatic hydrolysis", "CelA", "E1", "Caldicellulosiruptor bescii", "Acidothermus cellulolyticus", "Thermotoga maritima"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1166653"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1166653"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-2700-62534", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1166653", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1166653.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3059

["cellulose", "corn_stover", "enzyme_hydrolysis", "glucose", "lignin", "liquid_hot_water_pretreatment", "nitrogen", "pretreatment", "solids_loading"]

Liquid hot water pretreated corn stover

['liquid_hot_water_pretreatment', 'corn_stover']

The use of nitrogen gas in the enzymatic hydrolysis process is analyzed for its cost-effectiveness, showing it could directly lower production costs compared to current methods primarily due to the reduced enzyme loading required for achieving similar or higher yields.

{"osti_id": "1905557", "title": "Effect of using a nitrogen atmosphere on enzyme hydrolysis at high corn stover loadings in an agitated reactor", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.3059", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "A comprehensive review of the literature shows that enzyme hydrolysis efficiency decreases with increased solids loadings at constant enzyme:cellulose ratios for pretreated lignocellulosic substrates. In seeking a mechanistic explanation for this phenomenon, we found that a nitrogen atmosphere enhances enzyme hydrolysis and minimizes the decrease in glucose yields as solids loadings are increased in an agitated bioreactor. Further, for liquid hot water pretreated corn stover, at solids loadings of both 100 and 200 g/L and hydrolyzed for 72 hr in a 1 L bioreactor at pH 5.0 with 3.6 mg protein per g biomass, glucose yields were 55% in a nitrogen atmosphere versus 45% in air with agitation and about 34% without agitation. While mixing promotes biomass/enzyme contact and disperses sugars released during hydrolysis that would otherwise cause product inhibition, nitrogen gas displaces air, avoiding deactivation of cellulases by oxygen. The nitrogen effect points to a facile approach of enhancing hydrolysis at high solids loadings.", "publication_date": "2020-08-30T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-11-10T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Society for Biological Engineering", "journal_name": "Biotechnology Progress", "journal_issue": "6", "journal_volume": "36", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. e3059", "authors": ["dos Santos, Antonio Freitas [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000273892463)", "Ximenes, Eduardo [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)]", "Thompson, David N. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000290968642)", "Ray, Allison E. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000251911029)", "Szeto, Ryan [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)]", "Erk, Kendra [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)]", "Dien, Bruce S. [US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Peoria, IL (United States). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research]", "Ladisch, Michael R. [Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000199539599)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "agitated reactor", "cellulases", "corn stover", "nitrogen", "solids loading effect", "agitated reactor, cellulases, corn Stover, nitrogen, solids loading effect"], "sponsor_orgs": ["Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States). Biomass Feedstock National User Facility (BFNUF)", "Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1905557"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905557"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC07-05ID14517; EE0008256; DE\u2010AC07\u201005ID14517; DE\u2010EE0008256/0000", "report_number": "INL/JOU-22-69956-Rev000", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905557", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1905557.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01226-w

["nzvi", "sio2", "al2o3", "ceo2", "zno", "iron_oxide", "eps", "phytoplankton", "algae", "marine_snow", "carbon_dioxide_removal", "ocean_fertilization", "engineered_nanoparticles", "bioavailability", "light_limitation", "nutrient_co_limitation", "phytoplankton_bloom_longevity", "carbon_export_efficiency", "toxicity", "fate_and_transport", "aggregation", "dissolution", "environmental_impact", "lca", "lcc", "green_synthesis", "polymer_coating", "ballast_effect", "reactive_oxygen_species", "heteroaggregation", "environmental_remediation", "sustainable_agriculture", "aquaculture_enhancement", "microalgae_biorefinery"]

Iron, SiO2, Al2O3 ENPs

Enhanced phytoplankton growth, increased carbon sequestration

['phytoplankton', 'carbon_dioxide_removal']

The paper discusses the economic viability of using ENPs in AOF, highlighting that despite the initial costs being 2–5 times higher than conventional AOF methods, the improved efficiency could justify the investment. The analysis presents a forward-looking view on cost-effectiveness, considering longer-term environmental benefits and potential cost reductions with advancements in ENP production and application techniques.

{"osti_id": "1905988", "title": "Potential use of engineered nanoparticles in ocean fertilization for large-scale atmospheric carbon dioxide removal", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-022-01226-w", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Artificial ocean fertilization (AOF) aims to safely stimulate phytoplankton growth in the ocean and enhance carbon sequestration. AOF carbon sequestration efficiency appears lower than natural ocean fertilization processes due mainly to the low bioavailability of added nutrients, along with low export rates of AOF-produced biomass to the deep ocean. Here we explore the potential application of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) to overcome these issues. Data from 123 studies show that some ENPs may enhance phytoplankton growth at concentrations below those likely to be toxic in marine ecosystems. ENPs may also increase bloom lifetime, boost phytoplankton aggregation and carbon export, and address secondary limiting factors in AOF. Life-cycle assessment and cost analyses suggest that net CO₂ capture is possible for iron, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ ENPs with costs of 2\u20135 times that of conventional AOF, whereas boosting AOF efficiency by ENPs should substantially enhance net CO₂ capture and reduce these costs. Therefore, ENP-based AOF can be an important component of the mitigation strategy to limit global warming.", "publication_date": "2022-11-28T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-12-23T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "journal_name": "Nature Nanotechnology", "journal_volume": "17", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1342-1351", "authors": ["Babakhani, Peyman [University of Leeds (United Kingdom)] (ORCID:0000000253184320)", "Phenrat, Tanapon [Naresuan University, Phitsanulok (Thailand)] (ORCID:000000032179042X)", "Baalousha, Mohammed [University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000174914954)", "Soratana, Kullapa [Naresuan University, Phitsanulok (Thailand)]", "Peacock, Caroline L. [University of Leeds (United Kingdom)]", "Twining, Benjamin S. [Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME (United States)] (ORCID:0000000213659192)", "Hochella, Michael F. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratotry (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000280087235)"], "subjects": ["54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES", "environmental health", "safety issues", "nanoparticles"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC05-76RL01830; 725613", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE", "European Research Council (ERC)", "Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment"], "research_orgs": ["Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1905988"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905988"}], "journal_issue": "12", "report_number": "PNNL-SA-173437", "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1905988", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/Diols/1905988.pdf", "building_blocks": ["Diols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02202h

["ethanol", "lignocellulosic_ethanol", "diesel", "jet_fuel", "biomass", "biofuels", "greenhouse_gas_emissions", "carbon_neutral", "corn_stover", "biorefinery", "energy_efficiency", "energy_return_on_investment", "cetane_number", "dehydration", "oligomerization", "guerbet_coupling", "hydrogenation", "etherification", "aromatics", "olefins", "paraffins", "alcohols", "ethers"]

Lignocellulosic ethanol

['lignocellulosic_ethanol']

Middle distillates (jet fuel, diesel)

['jet_fuel', 'diesel']

The study assesses the impact of ethanol feedstock price on the MFSP of produced middle distillates. It found that the MFSP is significantly influenced by the cost of ethanol which in turn, depends on the feedstock price and the geographical location of the biorefinery. Furthermore, exploring the dependency of MFSP on feedstock price highlights the potential for strategic sourcing of feedstock to economically optimize biofuel production.

The paper reveals an EROI greater than 1 but significantly lower than typical values for fossil fuels, implying middle distillates from lignocellulosic ethanol can result in a net energy gain. However, higher EROI values, essential for sustainability, would require technological innovations in both ethanol production and upgrading processes.

{"osti_id": "1887734", "title": "A System Level Analysis of Ethanol Upgrading to Middle Distillates", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02202h", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "We systematically study the upgrading of ethanol toward middle distillates with desired properties. To survey the large design space, we introduce a novel superstructure-based optimization framework integrating process design and fuel formulation. We show that biorefineries that produce middle distillates by upgrading lignocellulosic ethanol can have an energy return on investment (EROI) greater than 1. Additionally, we show that technological improvements can lead to significant increases in EROI. Furthermore, trade-offs between fuel properties and biorefinery profitability are established, showing how process economics are strongly influenced by fuel properties. In the case of diesel, the feasibility of producing high cetane number biofuels is demonstrated, coupled with a discussion of the technological requirements and costs to produce these superior fuels. It is also shown that the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) can be reduced by increasing the biorefinery complexity. Lastly, we discuss the possibility of satisfying current and projected middle distillates demand in the U.S. using biofuels produced by ethanol upgrading, and we estimate the potential CO2 mitigation of these technologies.", "publication_date": "2022-09-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-09-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Energy & Environmental Science", "journal_issue": "10", "journal_volume": "15", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 4376-4388", "authors": ["Restrepo Florez, Juan Manuel [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Ryu, Joonjae [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Witkowski, Dustin [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Rothamer, David [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Maravelias, Christos T. [Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1887734"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1887734"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "EE0008480", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1887734", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1887734.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1039/d2gc00488g

["ammonia_synthesis", "cellulose", "glucose", "xylose", "lignin", "sugarcane_bagasse", "corn_stover", "miscanthus_x_giganteus", "prairie_cord_grass", "poplar", "enzymatic_hydrolysis", "fermentation", "ethanol", "technoeconomic_analysis", "biorefinery", "biomass_densification", "biomass_logistics", "ammonia_pretreatment", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "bioeconomy"]

Sugarcane bagasse

['sugarcane_bagasse']

Soluble monomeric and oligomeric sugars, ethanol

['glucose', 'ethanol']

The technoeconomic analysis indicates that the COBRA-LE pretreatment method offers a lower minimum ethanol selling price in comparison to other mature technologies, such as AFEX and steam-explosion, underscoring its competitive advantage in producing bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse.

{"osti_id": "1978896", "title": "Development of an ammonia pretreatment that creates synergies between biorefineries and advanced biomass logistics models", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d2gc00488g", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In this study, a novel ammonia-based pretreatment for densified lignocellulosic biomass was developed to reduce ammonia usage and integrate with viable biomass logistics scenarios. The COmpacted Biomass with Recycled Ammonia (COBRA) pretreatment performed at 100 \u00b0C allows >95% conversion of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) carbohydrates into soluble monomeric and oligomeric sugars (glucose and xylose) using industrially relevant 6% glucan loading (~21% solids loading) enzymatic hydrolysis conditions at reduced enzyme loadings. Pretreatment via COBRA with simultaneous lignin extraction (COBRA-LE) improved Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) metabolic yield from 89% to 97.5% relative to COBRA without delignification, allowing a process ethanol yield of 71.6%. A technoeconomic analysis on SCB biorefining to ethanol in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, compared COBRA to other mature technologies, such as AFEX and steam-explosion. Amongst all scenarios studied, biorefineries based on COBRA-LE pretreatment offered the lowest average minimum ethanol selling price of US$1.45 per gallon ethanol. COBRA pretreatment was subsequently tested on perennial grasses and hardwoods, and >80% total sugar yields were achieved for all cases.", "publication_date": "2022-04-21T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-09-13T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry", "journal_name": "Green Chemistry", "journal_issue": "11", "journal_volume": "24", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 4443-4462", "authors": ["Morais, Ana Rita C. [National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), Lisbon (Portugal); NOVA University of Lisbon (Portugal); Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS (United States)] (ORCID:0000000232161533)", "Zhang, Jian [East China Univ. of Science and Technology, Shanghai (China)]", "Dong, Hui [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Otto, William G. [Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)]", "Mokomele, Thapelo [Stellenbosch University (South Africa)]", "Hodge, David [Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)] (ORCID:000000029313941X)", "Balan, Venkatesh [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Univ. of Houston, Sugar Land, TX (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331095156)", "Dale, Bruce E. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States); Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000261207406)", "Lukasik, Rafal M. [National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), Lisbon (Portugal)] (ORCID:0000000278055744)", "da Costa Sousa, Leonardo [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000220698624)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "FC02-07ER64494; IF/00471/2015", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "chemistry", "science", "technology"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC)", "Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1978896"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1978896"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1978896", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/glycerol/1978896.pdf", "building_blocks": ["glycerol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00901

["cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "glucose", "xylose", "alkaline_pre-extraction", "Cu-AHP_pretreatment", "enzymatic_hydrolysis", "techno-economic_analysis", "biofuel", "delignification", "sugar_yields", "hydrogen_peroxide", "bpy", "monomeric_sugar_yields", "biomass_pre-processing", "biomass_pretreatment", "lignin_recovery", "minimum_fuel_selling_price", "MFSP", "alkaline_hydrogen_peroxide", "poplar"]

['glucose', 'xylose']

A techno-economic analysis reveals that the modified pretreatment conditions significantly impact the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), with potential reductions of over 40% compared to baseline scenarios. The analysis emphasized the effect of increased temperatures, reduced chemical loadings, and recovery of pretreatment liquids on reducing costs.

The paper indicates an internal rate of return (IRR) assumption of 10% for the pretreatment process. However, it does not provide a detailed IRR analysis beyond this, focusing instead on the reduction of minimum fuel selling price.

{"osti_id": "1878350", "title": "Integrated Two-Stage Alkaline\u2013Oxidative Pretreatment of Hybrid Poplar. Part 2: Impact of Cu-Catalyzed Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment Conditions on Process Performance and Economics", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00901", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Two-stage alkaline/copper 2,2'-bipyridine-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Cu-AHP) pretreatment is an effective strategy for improving the enzymatic digestibility of hybrid poplar. To reduce the chemical inputs and processing costs associated with this process, we investigated the effect of increasing the temperature for both the alkaline pre-extraction and the Cu-AHP pretreatment stages. The results indicate that increasing the alkaline pre-extraction and the Cu-AHP pretreatment temperatures from 30 to 120 and 80 \u00b0C, respectively, allowed us to reduce both the pretreatment time of the Cu-AHP stage and the chemical loadings. Incubating alkaline pre-extracted hybrid poplar for 12 h with 10% NaOH (w/w biomass), 8% hydrogen peroxide (w/w biomass), and a Cu²⁺ and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) concentration of 1 mM yielded monomeric sugar yields of approximately 77% glucose and 66% xylose (based on the initial sugar composition) following enzymatic hydrolysis. Technoeconomic analysis (TEA) indicates that these changes to the two-stage alkaline/Cu-AHP pretreatment process could potentially reduce the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) by more than $\\$1.00$ per gallon of biofuel compared to the reference case where both stages were conducted at 30 \u00b0C with higher chemical inputs.", "publication_date": "2019-08-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-08-01T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research", "journal_issue": "35", "journal_volume": "58", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 16000-16008", "authors": ["Yuan, Zhaoyang [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000324459505)", "Singh, Sandip Kumar [Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)] (ORCID:0000000300946253)", "Bals, Bryan [Michigan Biotechnology Inst., Lansing, MI (United States)]", "Hodge, David B. [Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States); Lule\u00e5 Univ. of Technology (Sweden)] (ORCID:000000029313941X)", "Hegg, Eric L. [Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000320555495)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Catalysis", "Copper, Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Cu-AHP) pretreatment", "Hybrid poplar", "Techno-economic analysis (TEA)", "Biomass", "Biopolymers", "Carbohydrates", "Hydrolysis", "Pretreatment"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1878350"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1878350"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0008148", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1878350", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1878350.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116946

["biomass", "biofuel", "corn_stover", "switchgrass", "mixed_integer_linear_programming", "biorefineries", "feedstock_quality", "biomass_supply_chain", "cellulosic_biofuel", "agricultural_residues", "energy_crops", "municipal_solid_waste", "forest_residues", "preprocessing_operations", "transportation", "storage_conditions", "supply_chain_system", "harvesting", "baling", "preprocessing", "storage", "transportation", "biofuel_production", "cellulosic_biomass", "biochemical_conversion", "farmgate_price", "logistics_cost", "quality_costs", "feedstock_blending", "depot_network", "supply_radius", "biomass_availability", "biomass_accessibility", "herbaceous_biomass", "biofuel_economy", "biofuel_yield", "GGE", "POLYSYS_model", "Bioenergy_Knowledge_Discovery_Framework", "DOE_techno-economic_analysis", "EPA_cellulosic_biofuel_production_mandate"]

Switchgrass, Corn stover

['switchgrass', 'corn_stover']

Cellulosic biofuel

['cellulosic_biofuel']

Reducing the targeted delivery cost by $8 per dry ton could lead to a 67% reduction in total accessible biomass, indicating significant price sensitivity in the model's outcomes regarding biomass availability for biofuel production.

{"osti_id": "1817493", "title": "The nth-plant scenario for blended feedstock conversion and preprocessing nationwide: Biorefineries and depots", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116946", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The sustainability of the biofuel industry depends on the development of a mature conversion technology on a national level that can take advantage of the economies of scale: the nth-plant. Additionally, defining the future location and supply logistics of conversion plants is imperative to ultimately transform the nation\u2019s renewable biomass resources into cost-competitive, high-performance feedstock for production of biofuels and bioproducts. Since the US has put restrictions on production levels of conventional biofuels from edible resources, the nation needs to plan for the widespread accessibility and development of the cellulosic biofuel scenario. Conventional feedstock supply systems will be unable to handle cellulosic biomass nationwide, making it essential to expand the industry with an advanced feedstock supply system incorporating a distributed network of preprocessing depots and conversion plants, or biorefineries. Current studies are mostly limited to designing supply systems for specific regions of the country. We developed a national database with potential locations for depots and biorefineries to meet the nation\u2019s target demand of cellulosic biofuel. Blended feedstock with switchgrass and corn stover (harvested by either a two- or three-pass method) are considered in a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model to deliver on-spec biomass that considers both, a desired quantity and quality at the biorefinery. The model solves for a network of varying size depots that supply to biorefineries of 725,000 dry tons/year. A total delivered feedstock cost that is less than 79.07 dollars per dry tons (2016 dollars) is evaluated for years 2022, 2030, and 2040. In 2022, 124 depots and 59 biorefineries could be supplied with 42.8 million dt of corn stover and switchgrass. In 2030 and 2040, the total accessible biomass could increase to 215% and 393% respectively when compared to 2022. However, an 8 dollar per dry tons reduction in targeted delivery cost could reduce total accessible biomass by 67%. Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Texas were identified as potential states with a strong biofuel economy given that they had six or more biorefineries located in all scenarios. In some scenarios, Colorado, Alabama, Georgia, Minnesota, Mississippi and South Carolina would greatly benefit from a depot network as these could only deliver to a biorefinery in a nearby state. To elaborate the impact of a nationwide consideration, the findings were compared with existing literature for different US regions. We also present results for biorefinery capacities that are double, triple and quadruple in size.", "publication_date": "2021-04-09T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "294", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 116946", "authors": ["Hossain, Tasmin [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)]", "Jones, Daniela [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States); Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Hartley, Damon [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Griffel, L. Michael [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Lin, Yingqian [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Burli, Pralhad [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Thompson, David N. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Langholtz, Matthew [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Davis, Maggie [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000181319328)", "Brandt, Craig [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000214707379)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "corn stover", "switchgrass", "biofuel", "feedstock quality", "biomass supply chain", "mixed-integer linear programming"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1817493"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1817493"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; AC07-05ID14517", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1817493", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1817493.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2346

["1_3_butadiene", "butanol", "cellulose", "corn_stover", "ethanol", "fuel_oxygenate", "gasoline", "hydrocarbon_fuels", "lignin", "n_butanol"]

Hydrocarbon fuel, n-butanol, 1,3-butadiene

['hydrocarbon_fuels', 'n_butanol', '1_3_butadiene']

The ethanol-to-butanol conversion economics were generally favorable, achieving or exceeding the 10% IRR target. However, the butadiene process showed less favorable economic performance in some years when market prices were lower than needed for achieving the 10% IRR target.

{"osti_id": "1874469", "title": "Techno-economic analysis of cellulosic ethanol conversion to fuel and chemicals", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2346", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In this paper, we describe multiple scenarios investigated to assess the techno-economic results of producing fuels from corn stover-derived ethanol and the impact of co-producing higher-value, ethanol-derived n-butanol and 1,3-butadiene to improve economic feasibility. An alternative approach that produces only chemicals from the lignocellulosic-derived ethanol while producing fuels from the residual cell mass, unconverted sugars and lignin using hydrothermal liquefaction and hydrotreating also is described. Our results indicate that the hydrothermal liquefaction pathway has cost advantages relative to pathways that burn lignin from the corn stover conversion process to make ethanol when the associated ethanol stream is used to make only chemicals.", "publication_date": "2022-02-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-08-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "16", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 640-652", "authors": ["Phillips, Steven D. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Jones, Susanne B. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Meyer, Pimphan A. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000224449596)", "Snowden-Swan, Lesley J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "lignocellulosic ethanol", "biofuel", "renewable chemicals", "renewable fuels", "1,3-butadiene", "n-butanol", "1-hexene", "biojet", "cellulosic ethanol", "techno-economic analysis", "chemical co-products"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1874469"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1874469"}], "report_number": "PNNL-SA-165430", "doe_contract_number": "AC05-76RL01830", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1874469", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1874469.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113032

["carinata", "sustainable_aviation_fuel", "conventional_aviation_fuel", "mixed_integer_linear_programming", "oil_extraction_mill", "biorefinery", "carbon_intensity", "greenhouse_gas", "carbon_dioxide_equivalent", "hydroprocessed_esters_and_fatty_acids", "catalytic_hydrothermolysis_jet", "renewable_diesel", "naphtha", "carbon_sequestration", "life_cycle_assessment", "jet_biofuel", "aviation_sector", "sustainability", "economic_analysis", "renewable_fuel"]

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), animal feed, renewable diesel, naphtha

['sustainable_aviation_fuel', 'renewable_diesel', 'naphtha']

The study includes sensitivity analysis considering variations in seed yield and soil organic carbon changes. It indicates that the break-even price and net GHG emission of carinata-based SAF could vary significantly depending on yield fluctuations, showcasing its competitiveness with CAF under the current subsidy regimes.

{"osti_id": "1898974", "title": "Supply chain optimization of sustainable aviation fuel from carinata in the Southeastern United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113032", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "We report carinata is a purpose-grown oilseed feedstock for renewable fuels, including sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) that can replace conventional aviation fuel (CAF). Given carinata is a new crop in the Southeastern United States, it is crucial to analyze its sustainability from a supply chain perspective. This study developed a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and simulated it for 20 years, starting from a farm (county-level data) and ending at the airport. About 2.06 million ha in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia combined were found suitable for carinata production. Given the three-year rotation period, about 0.69 million hectares can be cultivated annually, approximately 65% of which was in Georgia. About 2.4% of the combined SAF annual demand of four major airports (about 210 thousand t) in the study area is satisfied at that level of carinata cultivation. However, all available SAF was supplied to the Atlanta airport as this decision minimizes the supply chain cost. A total of 1343 storage units, one oil extraction mill, and one biorefinery were needed to meet the overall demand. We found that SW Georgia is the top supplier of carinata seeds. The unit cost of production and carbon intensity were estimated to be $\\$$0.89 L^-1 (or $\\$$26.79 GJ^-1) and 0.91 kg CO₂e L^-1 (or 27.28 kg CO₂e GJ^-1), respectively. This carbon intensity of carinata-based SAF was 67.8% lower than that of CAF. With variations included in SAF demand, yield, and soil carbon sequestration, carbon savings remained between 66.5% and 67.8%. Given the GHG advantage of SAF over CAF, there is justification for subsidies required to make SAF competitive.", "publication_date": "2022-11-11T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-11-13T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "journal_issue": "NA", "journal_volume": "171", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 113032", "authors": ["Masum, Farhad Hossain [University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)]", "Coppola, Ed [Applied Research Associates, Albuquerque, NM (United States)]", "Field, John L. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000344518947)", "Geller, Daniel [University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000311041994)", "George, Sheeja [North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL (United States)] (ORCID:000000019046683X)", "Miller, Jonathan L. [Applied Research Associates, Albuquerque, NM (United States)]", "Mulvaney, Michael J. [Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS (United States)] (ORCID:0000000279471467)", "Nana, Sanjay [Applied Research Associates, Albuquerque, NM (United States)]", "Seepaul, Ramdeo [North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL (United States)]", "Small, Ian M. [North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000154063486)", "Wright, David [North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, FL (United States)]", "Dwivedi, Puneet [University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["10 SYNTHETIC FUELS", "life cycle assessment", "aviation decarbonization", "sustainability", "economic analysis", "renewable fuel", "aviation sector", "jet biofuel"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program", "United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1898974"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1898974"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; 2016\u201311231", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1898974", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1898974.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134383

["5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "furfural", "ethanol", "acetic_acid", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "saccharification", "hydrothermal_pretreatment", "techno-economic_analysis", "platform_chemicals", "sugars", "glucose", "xylose", "levulinic_acid", "formic_acid", "hemicellulose", "cellulose", "lactic_acid", "succinic_acid", "3_hydroxyproprionate", "glycerol", "isoprene", "sorbitol", "xylitol"]

Saccharum bagasse

['lignocellulosic_biomass']

HMF, furfurals, ethanol, acetic acid

['5_hydroxymethylfurfural', 'furfural', 'ethanol', 'acetic_acid']

Sensitivity analysis suggests that the minimum selling price (MSP) of HMF is significantly influenced by pretreatment cost and revenues from coproducts. A 20% increase in pretreatment cost could increase the MSP of HMF by 55.11%, while a 20% reduction could decrease it substantially. The study underscores the importance of pretreatment efficiency and coproduct valorization in determining the economic viability of the bioprocess.

{"osti_id": "1902746", "title": "A consolidated bioprocess design to produce multiple high-value platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass and its technoeconomic feasibility", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134383", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "5-Hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfurals are DOE-listed platform chemicals that can be derived from the renewable carbon in the lignocellulosic biomasses and have the potential to replace petroleum-derived alter- natives. High substrate cost and use of expensive solvents limit the economic feasibility of bio-based HMF production on an industrially relevant scale. The study presents an experimental optimized condition that maximizes the chemical-free production of HMF and furfurals without lowering the yield of total fermentable sugars from Saccharum bagasse. Hydrothermal pretreatment at 210 \u00b0C for 15 min yielded approximately 10%, 12%, and 46% of HMF, furfurals, and fermentable sugars per gram of dry biomass, respectively. Additionally, the study proposes a consolidated bioprocess model to produce and recover four high-value bioproducts i.e., HMF, furfurals, ethanol, and acetic acid based on the experimental results and evaluates its technoeconomic feasibility considering HMF as the main product. The minimum selling price (MSP) of HMF was estimated to be 930.6 USD/ t which is competitive with its petroleum-derived precursor alternative p-xylene (1,113 USD/t). The sensitivity analysis performed for the process parameters suggests that pretreatment cost and revenues from coproducts immensely influence the MSP of HMF. The preliminary technoeconomic analysis performed on the consolidated bioprocess design indicates that additional revenue streams from diversified coproducts in biorefineries aid in lowering the MSP of high-value bioproducts.", "publication_date": "2022-10-03T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2024-01-08T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Journal of Cleaner Production", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "377", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 134383", "authors": ["Maitra, Shraddha [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States); DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000331293566)", "Singh, Vijay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States); DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Urbana, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000343498681)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Platform chemicals", "HMF", "Furfural", "Ethanol", "Bioprocess design", "Techno-economic analysis"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1902746"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902746"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902746", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/higher alcohols/1902746.pdf", "building_blocks": ["higher alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120759

["biofuel", "gasoline_blending", "reid_vapor_pressure", "octane_number", "economic_value"]

i-propanol, n-propanol, i-butanol, diisobutylene, cyclopentanone, furans mixture

['gasoline_blending']

The economic values of bio-blendstocks closely follow market price trends of gasoline, suggesting that during high gasoline/crude oil price scenarios, bio-blendstocks can provide additional profits to refineries. Sensitivity studies reveal that the economic value rankings of bio-blendstocks remain consistent across varying gasoline market prices.

{"osti_id": "1779795", "title": "Potential economic values of low-vapor-pressure gasoline-range bio-blendstocks: Property estimation and blending optimization", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120759", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Adding bio-blendstock into gasoline can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and potentially enhance fuel properties and boost engine efficiencies. A competitive bio-blendstock should have lower prices and/or superior properties. Gasoline is specified by final blended properties rather than compositions, while adding bio-blendstocks, most likely oxygenates, will modify the property mixing rules due to the non-ideal interactions between polar and nonpolar components. This paper presents an equation-of-state model for predicting Reid vapor pressure, non-linear blending models for computing key properties of final products, and an optimization approach to identify key economic drivers. Those models are used to estimate the potential economic value of bio-blendstocks, which is presented by its calculated break-even value as a feedstock to petroleum refineries for gasoline blending without any government subsidy or renewable tax credit. In additional to ethanol, six low-vapor-pressure bio-blendstock candidates were evaluated: i-propanol, n-propanol, i-butanol, diisobutylene, cyclopentanone, and a mixture of furans. Reid vapor pressure, distillation temperatures, and octane numbers were identified as the key economic drivers of adding bio-blendstock to a petroleum-derived base fuel. The calculated economic value ranks as furan mixture (4.9) > cyclopentanone > n-propanol iso-propanol > iso-butanol > diisobutylene (2.4) in US dollar per gasoline gallon equivalent ($/gge) in 2013 to 2017 5-year averaged price basis. The bio-blendstocks with higher octane numbers may have higher potential economic values. The uncertainties in property predictions may lead to roughly 15% deviation in the potential economic value.", "publication_date": "2021-04-10T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Fuel", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "297", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 120759", "authors": ["Jiang, Yuan [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Phillips, Steven D. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Singh, Avantika [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Jones, Susanne B. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Gaspar, Daniel J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biofuel", "gasoline blending", "reid vapor pressure", "octane number", "economic value"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1779795"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1779795"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-74733", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1779795", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1779795.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2184

["cellulose", "hemicellulose", "miscanthus", "switchgrass"]

Switchgrass, Miscanthus

['switchgrass', 'miscanthus']

The analysis reveals that a proposed 11% price premium for miscanthus significantly impacts its supply, with an increase in miscanthus supply by approximately 44%, 64%, and 94% in years 0, 10, and 20, respectively. This highlights the sensitivity of energy crop supply to price incentives tied to feedstock quality.

{"osti_id": "1784149", "title": "Supply analysis of preferential market incentive for energy crops", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2184", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>This analysis explores the valuation of feedstock quality attributes of switchgrass and miscanthus \u2013 two energy crops poised for future expansion \u2013 and compares the relative economic availability of these two crops under two scenarios: (i) uniform price assumptions (i.e., no incentive for quality), and (ii) a scenario of a price premium based on convertibility (i.e., an incentive for quality). Given data on cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and their relative convertibility, miscanthus is expected to be 11% more efficient at conversion to biofuels than switchgrass under the biochemical conversion route. Based on this scenario of improved conversion efficiency and associated profit, we simulate an 11% price premium for miscanthus over other feedstocks in a base\u2010case scenario. By adding this price premium, supplies of miscanthus increase over the base case by about 4 million (44%), 94 million (64%), and 166 million (94%) tons in year 0, 10, and 20 after simulated contracts for production are initiated respectively. These results emphasize that custom simulations are needed to quantify feedstock availability if supplies are intended to reflect grower response to industry demands for feedstock quality specifications. Farmers can grow \u2018peas or carrots\u2019, and price signals from biorefineries will influence what energy crops they produce. Recognizing that the energy crop mix is tractable according to quality characteristics is relevant both for near\u2010term and long\u2010term biofuels research and development. We recommend accounting for market preferences for quality attributes when estimating potential future supplies of energy crops. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</p>", "publication_date": "2021-02-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-02-01T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "15", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 736-748", "authors": ["Oyedeji, Oluwafemi [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:000000028684425X)", "Langholtz, Matthew H. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Hellwinckel, Chad [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)]", "Webb, Erin [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000215018647)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "billion-ton report", "policy analysis system model", "supply uncertainty", "quality variability"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1784149"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1784149"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1784149", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1784149.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1666

["lignin", "biogas", "hemicellulose", "cellulose", "glucose", "xylose", "arabinose", "lactic_acid", "succinic_acid", "furfural", "5_hydroxymethylfurfural", "levulinic_acid", "ethanol", "methanol_h4", "glycerol", "sorbito", "xylitol_arabitol", "acetoin", "acetic_acid", "butanol", "diesel", "gasoline", "mtbe", "thf", "2_methyl_thf", "dimethylether", "dimethylcarbonate", "ethylene", "propylene_glycol", "ethylene_glycol", "diethylene_glycol", "epichlorohydrin", "polyethylene", "polypropylene", "polystyrene", "pvc", "pet_polymer", "nylons_polyamides", "polyurethanes", "polycarbonates", "polyesters", "phenol_formaldehyde_resins", "urea_formaldehyde_resins", "melamine_formaldehyde_resins", "epoxy_resins", "unsaturated_polyester_resins", "aliphatic_polyesters", "polyvinyl_alcohol", "polyvinyl_acetate", "polystyrene", "polyacrylates", "polyacrylamides", "polymethyl_methacrylate", "polyvinyl_chloride", "polyethylene_terephthalate", "polybutylene_terephthalate", "polycarbonate", "polyethylene_naphthalate", "polytrimethylene_terephthalate", "polyurethane", "polyisobutylene", "polybutadiene", "styrene_butadiene_rubber", "nitrile_rubber", "butyl_rubber", "neoprene", "silicone_rubber", "epdm_rubber", "natural_rubber", "bioplastics", "biodegradable_polymers", "photodegradable_polymers", "compostable_polymers", "biobased_polymers", "renewable_polymers", "sustainable_polymers", "green_polymers", "eco_friendly_polymers"]

Lignocellulosic biomass

['lignin', 'hemicellulose', 'cellulose']

Renewable diesel blendstock

Compliance with federal air regulations results in a nominal increase in biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE-1). However, potential BACT emission limits for further reducing air emissions could non-trivially increase the MFSP to $5.50 GGE-1.

{"osti_id": "1320382", "title": "Economic implications of incorporating emission controls to mitigate air pollutants emitted from a modeled hydrocarbon-fuel biorefinery in the United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1666", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The implementation of the US Renewable Fuel Standard is expected to increase the construction and operation of new biofuel facilities. Allowing this industry to grow without adversely affecting air quality is an important sustainability goal sought by multiple stakeholders. However, little is known about how the emission controls potentially required to comply with air quality regulations might impact biorefinery cost and deployment strategies such as siting and sizing. In this study, we use a baseline design for a lignocellulosic hydrocarbon biofuel production process to assess how the integration of emission controls impacts the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of the biofuel produced. We evaluate the change in MFSP for two cases as compared to the baseline design by incorporating (i) emission controls that ensure compliance with applicable federal air regulations and (ii) advanced control options that could be used to achieve potential best available control technology (BACT) emission limits. Our results indicate that compliance with federal air regulations can be achieved with minimal impact on biofuel cost (~$0.02 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) higher than the baseline price of $5.10 GGE^-1). However, if air emissions must be further reduced to meet potential BACT emission limits, the cost could increase nontrivially. For example, the MFSP could increase to $5.50 GGE^-1 by adopting advanced emission controls to meet potential boiler BACT limits. Finally, given tradeoffs among emission control costs, permitting requirements, and economies of scale, these results could help inform decisions about biorefinery siting and sizing and mitigate risks associated with air permitting.", "publication_date": "2016-07-15T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-20T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "5", "journal_volume": "10", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 603-622", "authors": ["Bhatt, Arpit [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Zhang, Yimin [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Davis, Ryan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Eberle, Annika [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Heath, Garvin [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY", "hydrocarbon biofuel", "air pollutant emissions", "minimum fuel selling price", "air regulations", "permitting", "emission controls", "techno-economic analysis"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1320382"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1320382"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; 22588", "report_number": "NREL/JA-6A20-65598", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1320382", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1320382.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2995-9

["polyhydroxyalkanoates", "biogas", "fertilizer", "soil_amendment", "livestock_bedding", "anaerobic_digestion", "algae_cultivation_system", "fast_pyrolysis", "hydrothermal_liquefaction", "carbon_sequestration", "bioplastic", "electricity", "greenhouse_gas_emissions", "vf", "polyhydroxybutyrate", "polyhydroxyvalerate", "biomass_treatment", "biochar", "bio_oil", "syngas", "nutrient_trading"]

Bioplastics, biogas, fertilizer, soil amendment, livestock bedding

['biogas', 'fertilizer', 'soil_amendment', 'livestock_bedding', 'bioplastic']

The paper does not offer an analysis regarding price sensitivity related to the products generated by the system, leading to the designation of 'None' for this aspect.

The paper does not provide an explicit analysis on the internal rate of return (IRR) for the proposed system, thus the information is considered to be 'None.'

{"osti_id": "1478413", "title": "An Eco-Friendly System for the Production of Value-Added Materials from Dairy Manure", "report_number": "INL/JOU-17-41221-Rev000", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-018-2995-9", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "A technoeconomic model has been developed to explore the viability of a two-stage anaerobic digester (AD) coupled with additional processes to increase the economic attractiveness of a new manure treatment system. The addition of a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) reactor, algae cultivation system (ACS), and a biomass treatment system, such as, fast-pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) would further sequester carbon and nutrients, as well as add valuable products that can be sold or used on-site to mitigate costs. The Decision-support for Digester-Algae IntegRation for Improved Environmental and Economic Sustainability (DAIRIEES) model is used to evaluate the effectiveness and viability of this system to achieve economic and environmental sustainability by the dairy industry. The DAIRIEES model was used to evaluate the effectiveness and viability of this system to achieve economic viability and environmental sustainability by the dairy industry. A base case with mass flows and economics for a 10,000 herd dairy is considered. The integrated manure treatment system can reduce the amount of nitrogen released from the manure by 61.7%. If the ACS is not incorporated into the system, the nitrogen reduction drops to 19%. Similarly, the amount of phosphorus available for release to the environment is reduced by 37.4% with the full system, and by 26% for the system without the ACS. The results of the economic analysis indicate a net loss for the integrated system with algae cultivation. Without algae cultivation, the manure treatment system is profitable with a payback period of less than five years.", "publication_date": "2018-07-09T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-10-26T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Springer", "journal_name": "JOM. Journal of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society", "journal_volume": "70", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1946-1957", "authors": ["Guillen, Donna Post [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000277184608)", "Coats, Erik R. [Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID (United States)]", "McDonald, Armando G. [Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID (United States)]", "Feris, Kevin [Boise State Univ., Boise, ID (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "GHG emissions", "anaerobic digestion", "manure treatment"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC07-05ID14517", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDA NIFA award number 2012-68002-19952", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1478413"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1478413"}], "journal_issue": "10", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1478413", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/Ammonia/1478413.pdf", "building_blocks": ["Ammonia"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1951

["alternative_jet_fuel", "aviation", "biofuel", "geospatial_optimization", "sustainable_aviation_fuel", "systems_dynamics_modeling"]

waste fats, oils and greases, municipal solid waste, crop and forestry residues

alternative jet fuel

['alternative_jet_fuel']

The study highlights that the production and delivery of AJF are sensitive to various incentive levels, showing a significant increase in AJF production with higher incentives. Specifically, AJF production could see a 25% increase from 0.73 billion gallons to 0.92 billion gallons with an incentive increase from $1.25/gal to $2.50/gal.

{"osti_id": "1488833", "title": "US alternative jet fuel deployment scenario analyses identifying key drivers and geospatial patterns for the first billion gallons ^,", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1951", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The aviation sector's commitments to carbon-neutral growth in international aviation starting in 2020, and the desire to improve supply surety, price stability, and the environmental performance of aviation fuels, have led to broad interest in sustainable alternative jet fuels. Here, we use the system-dynamics-based biomass scenario model (BSM), focused on alternative jet fuel production capacity evolution, and the geospatially explicit Freight and Fuel Transportation Optimization Tool (FTOT), focused on optimal feedstock and fuel flows over the transportation system, to explore the incentive effects on alternative jet fuel production capacity trajectories and potential geospatial patterns of production and delivery in the USA. Scenarios presented here focus on readily available waste feedstocks (waste fats, oils and greases, municipal solid waste, and crop and forestry residues) and conversion technologies included in the ASTM D7566 synthesized aviation turbine fuels specification. The BSM modeling of possible deployment trajectories from 2015 to 2045 suggests that up to 8 billion gallons may be available by 2045 depending on the policies and incentives implemented. Both approaches suggest that 200 million to 1 billion gallons per year of alternative jet fuel production are possible in 2030 given multiple incentives and a favorable investment climate, and that capital costs and technology maturation rates will affect deployment of different fuel production technologies, and therefore the feedstocks needed. Further collaboration on these modeling approaches would reduce methodological blind spots while providing insights into future industry trajectories.", "publication_date": "2018-12-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "13", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 471-485", "authors": ["Lewis, Kristin C. [Energy Analysis and Sustainability DivisionVolpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge MA USA] (ORCID:000000027277166X)", "Newes, Emily K. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory Denver W. Pkwy, Golden CO USA]", "Peterson, Steven O. [Lexidyne, LLC, Colorado Springs, COUSA and Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth Hanover NH USA]", "Pearlson, Matthew N. [Stinger Ghaffarian Technologies Cambridge MA USA]", "Lawless, Emily A. [Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge MA USA]", "Brandt, Kristin [Composite Materials and Engineering CenterWashington State University Pullman WA USA]", "Camenzind, Dane [Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringWashington State University Pullman WA USA]", "Wolcott, Michael P. [Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringWashington State University Pullman WA USA]", "English, Burton C. [Department of Agricultural and Resource EconomicsUniversity of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA]", "Latta, Gregory S. [Department of Natural Resources and SocietyUniversity of Idaho Moscow ID USA]", "Malwitz, Andrew [Environmental Measurement and Modeling DivisionVolpe National Transportation Systems Center Cambridge MA USA]", "Hileman, James I. [Office of Environment and EnergyFederal Aviation Administration Washington DC USA]", "Brown, Nathan L. [Office of Environment and EnergyFederal Aviation Administration Washington DC USA]", "Haq, Zia [Bioenergy Technologies OfficeDepartment of Energy Washington DC USA]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY", "alternative jet fuel", "aviation", "biofuel", "geospatial optimization", "sustainable aviation fuel", "systems dynamics modeling"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1488833"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1488833"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-6A20-70732", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; AC36\u201008GO28308", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1488833", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1488833.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2212

["cellulose", "ethanol", "anthocyanin", "purple_corn", "corn_stover", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "ammonia", "cellulase", "sulfuric_acid", "hydrochloric_acid", "maltodextrin", "zymomonas_mobilis", "lime", "water", "steam", "cooling_water", "chilled_water", "natural_gas", "electricity"]

Purple corn stover

['purple_corn', 'corn_stover']

Ethanol, anthocyanin extract

['ethanol', 'anthocyanin']

The study demonstrates sensitivity to anthocyanin selling price and purple corn stover costs, highlighting their critical role in the economic feasibility of the integrated production process. Variations in these factors significantly influence the minimum ethanol selling price, underscoring the importance of market pricing and feedstock availability in process viability.

{"osti_id": "1807577", "title": "Technical and economic feasibility of an integrated ethanol and anthocyanin coproduction process using purple corn stover", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2212", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>The coproduction of high\u2010value anthocyanin extract in the cellulosic ethanol process would diversify the co\u2010product market, increase revenue, and potentially improve the economics of the process. The high anthocyanin concentration in the cob and structural carbohydrates in residual stover make purple corn stover an attractive source for anthocyanin and ethanol coproduction. This study aimed to develop simulation models for processes integrating ethanol production and anthocyanin extraction using purple corn stover, to evaluate their techno\u2010economic feasibility, and to compare their performance with the conventional ethanol production process using corn stover. The annual ethanol production for plants processing 2000 MT dry feedstock / day was 148.6 million L/year for the integrated processes compared with 222.6 million L/year for the conventional process. Anthocyanin production in the modified processes using dilute acid\u2010based and water\u2010based anthocyanin extraction processes was 1779 and 1099 MT/year, respectively. Capital investments for the integrated processes ($448.1 to $443.8 million) were higher than the conventional process ($371.9 million). Due to high revenue from anthocyanin extract, the ethanol production cost for the integrated process using acid\u2010based anthocyanin extraction ($0.36/L) was 34.5% lower than conventional ethanol production ($0.55/L). The ethanol production cost for the integrated process using water\u2010based anthocyanin extraction ($0.68/L) was higher than conventional ethanol production due to low ethanol and anthocyanin yields. The minimum ethanol selling price for the integrated process using acid\u2010based anthocyanin extraction ($0.65/L) was also lower than the conventional process ($0.72/L), indicating an improvement in economic performance. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</p>", "publication_date": "2021-03-31T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-09-30T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "15", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 719-735", "authors": ["Kurambhatti, Chinmay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Kumar, Deepak [State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Syracuse, NY (United States)] (ORCID:0000000313663308)", "Singh, Vijay [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States); Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000343498681)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "anthocyanin", "cellulosic ethanol", "techno-economic analysis", "purple corn", "corn stover", "ethanol"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), Urbana, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1807577"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1807577"}], "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1807577", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1807577.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1862

["corn_stover", "cellulosic_sugar", "return_on_investment", "risk_heat_map", "IBSAL-MC", "farm_participation_rate"]

cellulosic sugar, lignin

['cellulosic_sugar']

The paper does not explicitly analyze price sensitivity but indirectly addresses it through scenarios of market price fluctuations for cellulosic sugar, showing how different price ranges can significantly affect the expected annual ROI.

{"osti_id": "1474653", "title": "A novel risk analysis methodology to evaluate the economic performance of a biorefinery and to quantify the economic incentives for participating biomass producers", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1862", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In this work, a novel risk analysis methodology is presented to evaluate the economic performance of a biorefinery given the volatility in the market price of the final product and the variability in the biomass delivered cost. In addition, potential economic incentives for participating biomass producers are quantified for different farm participation rates. The Monte Carlo simulation model, IBSAL-MC, is used to estimate the biomass delivered cost distribution, and a modified risk heat map is used to visualize the expected return on investment (ROI) for various combinations of the market price of the final product and the biomass delivered cost. The developed methodology is applied to an under-construction cellulosic sugar facility located in Sarnia, southwestern Ontario. Four farm participation rates of 20% (base-case scenario), 30%, 40% and 50% are studied. Additionally, the results show that the expected annual ROI for the base-case scenario is estimated to be 1.3%. As the farm participation rate increases, the expected annual ROI increases from 1.3% at 20% farm participation rate to 3.4%, 4.6% and 5.1% at 30%, 40% and 50% rates, respectively. At high sugar market prices ($375\u2013$525/tonne), the overall expected annual ROI increases to 9.5%, 11.4%, 12.6% and 13.0% in 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% farm participation rates, respectively. In this case, the economic incentives to share with biomass producers are estimated to be $14.10/dry tonne (dt), $15.77/dt and $16.33/dt by increasing the farm participation rate from 20% to 30%, 40% and 50%, respectively.", "publication_date": "2018-02-15T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "3", "journal_volume": "12", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 453-473", "authors": ["Wang, Yu [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada). Chemical and Biological Engineering Department]", "Ebadian, Mahmood [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada). Chemical and Biological Engineering Department]", "Sokhansanj, Shahab [Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC Canada]", "Webb, Erin [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Environmental Sciences Division] (ORCID:0000000215018647)", "Zerriffi, Hisham [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada). Department of Forest Resources Management, Forest Sciences Centre]", "Lau, Anthony [Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC (Canada). Chemical and Biological Engineering Department]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY", "corn stover", "cellulosic sugar", "return on investment", "risk heat map", "IBSAL-MC", "farm participation rate"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Sustainable Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1474653"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474653"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; 4000142499-00", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474653", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1474653.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126233

["refinery_impact_analysis", "diesel_range_bio_blendstocks", "life_cycle_analysis", "economic_value", "ultra_low_sulfur_diesel", "california_diesel_fuel", "marginal_ghg_abatement_cost", "low_carbon_fuel_standard", "hydroprocessed_esters_and_fatty_acids", "polyoxymethylene_ethers", "biodiesel_from_soybean_oil", "4_butoxyheptane", "5_ethyl_4_propyl_nonane", "hexyl_hexanoate", "renewable_diesel_via_htl_of_wastewater_sludge", "one_step_pomes_from_methanol"]

4-butoxyheptane, 5-ethyl-4-propylnonane, soy biodiesel, sludge hydrothermal liquefaction diesel, polyoxymethylene ethers, renewable diesel, hexyl hexanoate

['4_butoxyheptane', '5_ethyl_4_propyl_nonane', 'biodiesel_from_soybean_oil', 'renewable_diesel_via_htl_of_wastewater_sludge', 'polyoxymethylene_ethers', 'hexyl_hexanoate']

Co-optima diesel, Reduced GHG emission fuels

The paper identifies that reducing the price of bioblendstocks is key to their adoption. A clear linear dependency of bioblendstock Break-Even Value (BEV) on crude oil and diesel prices is demonstrated, suggesting sensitivity to market fluctuations.

{"osti_id": "1897740", "title": "Economic and environmental analysis to evaluate the potential value of co-optima diesel bioblendstocks to petroleum refiners", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126233", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The U.S. petroleum refining sector is undergoing a period of historic transformation, catalyzed by the decarbonization of the U.S. economy. Diesel-boiling-range bioblendstocks have gained traction, owing to their superior fuel properties and environmental performance as compared to traditional petroleum fuels. Here, this work couples refinery linear programming models with life cycle assessment to quantify the potential economic and environmental benefits, and trade-offs, of blending diesel-boiling-range bioblendstocks at petroleum refineries. Linear programming models were developed in Aspen Process Industry Modeling Systems (PIMS) for three representative petroleum refinery configurations of differing complexity. Seven diesel-boiling-range bioblendstocks: 4-butoxyheptane, 5-ethyl-4-propylnonane, soy biodiesel, sludge hydrothermal liquefaction diesel, polyoxymethylene ethers, renewable diesel, and hexyl hexanoate, were investigated to identify key fuel properties that influence refineries\u2019 economics and to track the effect of adding bioblendstocks on refinery-wide cradle-to-gate greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. These analyses considered blending levels from 10 to 30 vol% and fuel demand projections over the period 2040 to 2050. This analysis determines that bioblendstock sulfur content and cetane number are the primary fuel attributes with the potential to provide value to refiners. Life cycle assessment results indicate that the use of diesel-boiling-range bioblendstocks can reduce cradle-to-gate refinery GHG emissions by up to ~ 40 % relative to conventional refinery operations when considering carbon uptake in the supply chain of the bioblendstock. Refinery-wide marginal GHG abatement costs range from 120 to 3,600 USD2016/metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent avoided across the scenarios evaluated. Reducing the price of bioblendstocks is identified as a key to their adoption.", "publication_date": "2022-10-20T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-10-23T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Fuel", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "333", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 126233", "authors": ["Jiang, Yuan [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Zaimes, Greg G. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)]", "Li, Shuyun [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]", "Hawkins, Troy R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)]", "Singh, Avantika [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Carlson, Nicholas [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Talmadge, Michael [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Gaspar, Daniel J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)] (ORCID:000000028089810X)", "Ramirez-Corresdores, Magdalena M. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000246586110)", "Beck, Andrew W. [Eastern Research Group, Inc., Lexington, MA (United States)]", "Young, Ben [Eastern Research Group, Inc., Lexington, MA (United States)]", "Sittler, Lauren [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Brooker, Aaron [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "subjects": ["02 PETROLEUM", "refinery impact analysis", "diesel-range bio-blendstocks", "life-cycle analysis", "economic value", "09 BIOMASS FUELS"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "contributing_org": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC05-76RL01830; AC07-05ID14517", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)"], "research_orgs": ["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)", "Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1897740"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1897740"}], "report_number": "PNNL-SA-169554; INL/JOU-22-66549-Rev000", "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1897740", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/methanol ch4/1897740.pdf", "building_blocks": ["methanol ch4"]}

https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj0053

["lignin", "\u03b2-ketoadipic_acid", "p-coumarate", "ferulate", "4-hydroxybenzoate", "vanillate", "protocatechuate", "glucose", "ammonium_sulfate", "ammonium_hydroxide", "sulfuric_acid"]

Corn stover-derived lignin, mixed lignin-related compounds

β-ketoadipic acid

['\x08eta-ketoadipic_acid']

A price sensitivity analysis was not explicitly performed; however, the techno-economic analysis predicted a minimum selling price of $2.01 per kilogram for β-ketoadipic acid, highlighting its cost competitiveness with fossil-derived adipic acid.

{"osti_id": "2004925", "title": "Lignin conversion to \u03b2-ketoadipic acid by <em>Pseudomonas putida</em> via metabolic engineering and bioprocess development", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adj0053", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Bioconversion of a heterogeneous mixture of lignin-related aromatic compounds (LRCs) to a single product via microbial biocatalysts is a promising approach to valorize lignin. Here, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was engineered to convert mixed p-coumaroyl\u2013 and coniferyl-type LRCs to \u03b2-ketoadipic acid, a precursor for performance-advantaged polymers. Expression of enzymes mediating aromatic O-demethylation, hydroxylation, and ring-opening steps was tuned, and a global regulator was deleted. \u03b2-ketoadipate titers of 44.5 and 25 grams per liter and productivities of 1.15 and 0.66 grams per liter per hour were achieved from model LRCs and corn stover-derived LRCs, respectively, the latter representing an overall yield of 0.10 grams per gram corn stover-derived lignin. Technoeconomic analysis of the bioprocess and downstream processing predicted a \u03b2-ketoadipate minimum selling price of $\\$2.01$ per kilogram, which is cost competitive with fossil carbon-derived adipic acid ($\\$1.10$ to 1.80 per kilogram). Overall, this work achieved bioproduction metrics with economic relevance for conversion of lignin-derived streams into a performance-advantaged bioproduct.", "publication_date": "2023-09-06T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-11-07T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "AAAS", "journal_name": "Science Advances", "journal_issue": "36", "journal_volume": "9", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. eadj0053", "authors": ["Werner, Allison Z. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000171472863)", "Cordell, William T. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center; Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000179108206)", "Lahive, Ciaran W. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000217942921)", "Klein, Bruno C. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:000000033438253X)", "Singer, Christine A. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000277916389)", "Tan, Eric C.\u00a0D. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000291102410)", "Ingraham, Morgan A. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000273504862)", "Ramirez, Kelsey J. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:000000025114742X)", "Kim, Dong Hyun [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000169580136)", "Pedersen, Jacob Nedergaard [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center]", "Johnson, Christopher W. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000229794751)", "Pfleger, Brian F. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000292329959)", "Beckham, Gregg T. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:000000023480212X)", "Salvach\u00faa, Davinia [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:000000030799061X)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "\u03b2-ketoadipic acid", "bioconversion", "bioproduct", "lignin valorization"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)", "USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)", "USDOE Office of Science (SC), Office of Workforce Development for Teachers & Scientists (WDTS)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)", "Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2004925"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2004925"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-2A00-86909", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; SC0014664", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2004925", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/2004925.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.333

["corn_stover", "filamentous_fungi", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "bioenergy", "techno_economic_analysis", "pretreatment", "biomass_degradation", "biomass_recycling", "bioconversion", "biorefinery", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "enzyme_hydrolysis", "biofuel_production", "biomass_storage", "dry_matter_loss", "carbohydrate_degradation", "lignin_degradation", "fungal_pretreatment", "Ceriporiopsis_subvermispora", "Phanerochaete_chrysosporium", "recalcitrance_reduction", "biomass_conversion_efficiency", "sustainable_bioeconomy", "biomass_supply_chain", "feedstock_logistics", "biomass_compositional_changes", "enzymatic_degradation", "biomass_process_design", "biochemical_conversion", "hydrocarbon_fuels", "acid_pretreatment", "biomass_energy_content", "biomass_handling", "biomass_comminution", "biomass_queuing_system", "biomass_cost_optimization", "anaerobic_digestion", "biomass_extractives", "structural_carbohydrates", "lignocellulosic_feedstocks"]

Reduced recalcitrance corn stover, Enzymes for biomass degradation

['recalcitrance_reduction', 'biomass_degradation']

The paper provides a detailed techno-economic assessment indicating that the combined cost of fungal pretreatment and reduced energy consumption during the conversion phase makes filamentous fungi pretreatment economically viable. Specifically, a fungi-assisted queuing system was envisioned to lower feedstock processing costs due to the reduced energy requirements in the bioconversion phase, compensating for the heightened costs associated with fungal pretreatment.

{"osti_id": "1902987", "title": "Exploring filamentous fungi depolymerization of corn stover in the context bioenergy queuing operations", "report_number": "INL/JOU-21-62093-Rev000", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.333", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Recalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks to depolymerization is a significant barrier for bioenergy production approaches that require conversion of monomeric carbohydrates to renewable energy sources. This study assesses how low-cost modifications in the feedstock supply chain can be transformed into targeted pretreatments in the context of the entire bioenergy supply chain. The aim of this research is to overcome the physiochemical barriers in corn stover that necessitate increased severity in conversion in terms of chemical loading, temperature, and residence time. Corn stover samples were inoculated with a selective (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and non-selective (Phaenarochaete chrysosporium) lignin degrading filamentous fungal strains, then stored aerobically to determine the working envelope for fungal pretreatment to achieve lignin degradation. Dry matter loss and gross chemical makeup of corn stover varied by the length of treatment (2 and 4 weeks) and by the moisture content of the treated corn stover samples (40 and 60%, wet basis). Dry matter loss in P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass was elevated compared to the C. subvermispora inoculated biomass; however, treatment also induced additional chemical composition changes suggestive of depolymerization. Scanning electron microscope images reveal hyphae attached within cell lumen and suggest structural changes within P. chrysosporium treated corn stover after 60% moisture storage. These results highlight that fungal treatment approaches must balance loss of convertible material with the potential for reduction in recalcitrance. Techno-economic assessment (TEA) of fungal pretreatment in a short-term queuing system indicated the viability of this approach compared to conventional queuing operations. The total queuing system cost was estimated at $\\$$1.65/tonne of biomass stored. After applying the credit of $\\$$1.48/tonne from energy savings in the conversion phase using fungal pretreated biomass, the total system cost was $0.80 lower than traditional biomass queueing approach. While the TEA results suggested that treating biomass with C. subvermispora is the most economically viable storage method in the designed fungal-assisted queuing system, future research should focus on additional fungal depolymerization such as those observed in the P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass.", "publication_date": "2021-12-02T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-11-10T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Food and Energy Security", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "11", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. e333", "authors": ["Wendt, Lynn M. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Univ. of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000321820449)", "Wahlen, Bradley D. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000271001196)", "Walton, Michelle R. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000341694443)", "Nguyen, Jason A. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000341694443)", "Lin, Yingqian [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Brown, Rebecca McKenzie [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000341305620)", "Zhao, Haiyan [Univ. of Idaho, Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "corn stover", "filamentous fungi", "techno-economic analysis", "queuing piles", "supply chains"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC07-05ID14517", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1902987"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902987"}], "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902987", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ferulic acid/1902987.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ferulic acid"]}

https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.830227

["aviation", "climate_change", "farm_economics", "risk", "sustainable_development"]

Carinata (Brassica carinata)

['farm_economics']

Sustainable Aviation Fuel

Carinata's profitability and the related risk of crop rotations are sensitive to contract prices. A provided contract price of $440.9/t significantly decreases the risk level and increases profitability, underlining the importance of stable pricing mechanisms for the economic feasibility of carinata as a bioenergy crop.

{"osti_id": "1885213", "title": "Economics of Crop Rotations With and Without Carinata for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production in the SE United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.830227", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "In 2019, the aviation sector in the United States emitted 255 million metric tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, i.e., about five percent of the total domestic CO₂ emissions from the energy sector. The sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) derived from carinata (Brassica carinata) could reduce CO₂ emissions of the aviation sector in the United States. Therefore, it is important to estimate changes in farm economics with and without carinata for ascertaining its production feasibility. In this context, the current study first assesses a combination of 12 popular rotations of corn, cotton, peanut, and soybean with winter crops of winter wheat and carinata in South Georgia over 4\u00a0years. Then, the net present values (NPVs) of 292 feasible cropping systems over 4\u00a0years are calculated. Finally, this study develops a risk model for ascertaining the probability distributions of NPVs for selected cropping systems subject to uncertainties related to prices and yields of summer and winter crops. Carinata in the corn-corn-soybean rotation has the highest NPV ($\\$$2,996/ha). The least risky rotation is cotton-cotton-peanut, with a 58.9% probability of a positive NPV. Carinata can decrease the risk level of crop rotations by 8.1%, only if a contract price of $\\$$440.9/t is offered. Therefore, a risk averse, risk neutral, or risk acceptant farmer can potentially include carinata in the rotation. Overall, carinata would increase the profitability of farm operations and decrease risk in the SE United States, and therefore, a high likelihood exists, that farmers would adopt it for meeting the growing demand for SAF in the United States.", "publication_date": "2022-05-10T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-10-17T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Frontiers Research Foundation", "journal_name": "Frontiers in Energy Research", "journal_issue": "NA", "journal_volume": "10", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 830227", "authors": ["Karami, Omid [Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (United States); University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)]", "Dwivedi, Puneet [University of Georgia, Athens, GA (United States)]", "Lamb, Marshall [US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Dawson, GA (United States)]", "Field, John L. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000344518947)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "aviation", "climate change", "farm economics", "risk", "sustainable development"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE", "USDA"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1885213"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1885213"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725; 2017-68005-26807", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1885213", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1885213.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114370

["bioethanol", "enzymatic_starch_conversion", "economic_analysis", "biorefinery", "starch", "glucose", "fructose", "ethanol", "sugars", "fermentation_products", "juice_sediments", "clarification_mud", "syrup", "enzyme_treatment", "saccharification", "fermentation", "ethanol_recovery", "animal_feed"]

Sweet sorghum by-products

Ethanol, Animal feed

['ethanol', 'animal_feed']

The investigation reveals the production cost of bioethanol to be higher than the current wholesale price, even under optimistic assumptions. The study analyzes how variations in sugar cost from starch and other feedstocks impact ethanol production costs significantly, highlighting the price sensitivity of this bioconversion process.

{"osti_id": "1981643", "title": "Development of an enzyme cocktail to bioconvert untapped starch in sweet sorghum processing by-products: Part II. Application and economic potential", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114370", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Demand for bioethanol and other biochemicals produced from agricultural crops has increased. Sweet sorghum has been identified as a promising bioenergy crop as it can produce starch, sugar, and fibrous biomass. During processing, starch accumulates in the juice sediments and clarification mud. And, while currently not recovered, it can be made accessible for fermentation by enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch in sweet sorghum processing streams was investigated, followed by fermentation of the resulting glucose to ethanol. The juice sediment contained sufficient starch to increase fermentable sugars by 127%, allowing a final ethanol titer of 11.1 vol%. The economics for fermentation of only dissolved sugars (Scenario 1) versus dissolved sugars and hydrolyzed starch (Scenario 2) were compared using a technoeconomic model. Fixed capital cost was found to be similar for both scenarios. For a set harvest period, Scenario 2 could produce 20% more ethanol; however, if the distillation by-product was dried and marketed as animal feed, Scenario 1 was more cost effective. A plant producing 5.6\u20135.7 Mkg of fuel ethanol per year had a minimum selling price of $0.67/kg of ethanol with concurrent production of animal feed and zero cost sweet sorghum processing. Finally, even with these optimistic assumptions, the estimated production cost was higher than the current wholesale price of fuel ethanol.", "publication_date": "2021-12-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-10-25T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Industrial Crops and Products", "journal_issue": "C", "journal_volume": "176", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 114370", "authors": ["Klasson, K. Thomas [US Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), New Orleans, LA (United States). ARS-Southern Regional Research Center]", "Cole, Marsha R. [Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Louisiana Tech Univ., Ruston, LA (United States)]", "Pancio, Bretlyn T. [Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Heckemeyer, Matthew [Sugarmill Distilling, LLC, Sikeston, MO (United States); Heckemeyer Biorefinery, Sikeston, MO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Agriculture", "Bioethanol", "Enzymatic starch conversion", "Economic analysis", "Biorefinery"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1981643"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1981643"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "SC0014664", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1981643", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1981643.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138886

["2_3_butanediol", "methyl_ethyl_ketone", "saccharomyces_cerevisiae", "techno_economic_analysis", "life_cycle_assessment", "biorefinery", "biostimulant", "drought_tolerance"]

Lignocellulosic biomass

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), Biostimulant

['methyl_ethyl_ketone', 'biostimulant']

MPSP was found sensitive to the overall yield of the fermentation process. A 14.5% increase in overall yield from the baseline could significantly reduce the MPSP to match the mid-point of the market price range at $1.69/kg. The price sensitivity analysis underscores the importance of yield improvements for enhancing the financial viability of MEK production.

The TEA based on experimental results revealed that bio-based MEK can be produced with a minimum product selling price (MPSP) of $1.90/kg, comfortably within the market price range for petroleum-based MEK ($1.40−$1.98/kg). The financial analysis indicates a promising economic outlook for the produced MEK, showing potential for competitive pricing in the current market.

{"osti_id": "1902742", "title": "Rewiring yeast metabolism for producing 2,3-butanediol and two downstream applications: Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and agricultural biostimulant production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138886", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Rising concerns for sustainability and global climate change have driven the development of sustainable pro- duction pathways for biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass via integrated biological and chemical processes. We constructed an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of producing 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) from glucose without accumulating ethanol and glycerol, which hinder downstream processing of 2,3-BDO, through extensive metabolic reprogramming. Specifically, we introduced heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthetic enzymes and deleted the major isozymes of ethanol and glycerol biosynthetic enzymes. In addition, we introduced an NAD⁺ regenerating Pyruvate-Malate (PM) cycle and enhanced the NAD⁺ regenerating capability of the PM cycle to resolve the redox imbalance from the deletion of ethanol and glycerol production pathways. The resulting engineered yeast produced 109.9 g/L of 2,3-BDO with a productivity of 1.0 g/L/h and a yield of 0.36 g/ g glucose in a fed-batch fermentation. We also conducted techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of the production of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) through catalytic dehydration of 2,3-BDO. A TEA based on the experimental results indicated that the minimum product selling price (MPSP) was estimated to be $1.90/kg. Regarding cradle-to-grave LCA, 100-year global warming potential (GWP100) and fossil energy consumption (FEC) were found to be 0.37 kg CO₂ eq/kg and 3.1 MJ/kg, respectively. These results demonstrated the feasibility of cost-competitive and sustainable bio-based MEK production via yeast fermentation. In addition, we explored the possibility of using the fermentation broth containing 2,3-BDO as a biostimulant inducing drought tolerance in plants. As a result, the yeast 2,3-BDO fermentation broth can induce drought tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana without a complicated purification process.", "publication_date": "2022-08-29T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-08-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Chemical Engineering Journal", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "451", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 138886", "authors": ["Lee, Jae Won [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Bhagwat, Sarang S. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Kuanyshev, Nurzhan [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Cho, Young B. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Sun, Liang [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Lee, Ye-Gi [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Cort\u00e9s-Pe\u00f1a, Yoel R. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Li, Yalin [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Rao, Christopher V. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Guest, Jeremy S. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Jin, Yong-Su [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY", "2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO)", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae", "Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)", "Techno-economic analysis (TEA)", "Life cycle assessment (LCA)", "Biostimulant"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1902742"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902742"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1902742", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/higher alcohols/1902742.pdf", "building_blocks": ["higher alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.012

["switchgrass", "bioenergy", "uncertainty", "profitability", "cellulosic"]

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

The paper analyzes the sensitivity of switchgrass cultivation profitability to various price transition paths. It finds that profitability and the decision to continue or expand cultivation are highly sensitive to fluctuations in biofuel output prices.

{"osti_id": "1769630", "title": "Adoption of switchgrass cultivation for biofuel under uncertainty: A discrete-time modeling approach", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.06.012", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": NaN, "publication_date": "2017-07-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-12-09T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "105", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 107-115", "authors": ["Burli, Pralhad [Montclair State University, NJ (United States)]", "Forgoston, Eric [Montclair State University, NJ (United States)]", "Lal, Pankaj [Montclair State University, NJ (United States)] (ORCID:0000000167993156)", "Billings, Lora [Montclair State University, NJ (United States)]", "Wolde, Bernabas [Montclair State University, NJ (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "switchgrass", "bioenergy", "uncertainty", "profitability", "cellulosic"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of International Affairs (IA)", "National Science Foundation (NSF)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1769630"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1769630"}], "doe_contract_number": "PI0000031; 1555123; CMMI-1233397", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1769630", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1769630.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1928

["hemicellulose", "mixed_alcohols", "carboxylates", "ketones", "esters", "acids", "AspenPlus", "MESP", "acidogenic_digestion", "MixAlco_process", "green_liquor", "kraft_pulping", "fermentation", "hydrogenolysis", "vapor_recompression", "calcium_carbonate", "ammonium_bicarbonate", "liquid-liquid_extraction", "ethyl_acetate", "techno-economic_analysis"]

Hemicellulose-rich pre-pulping extract

['mixed_alcohols']

The sensitivity analysis focused on hydrogen price variations revealed the CKA route is the least affected by hydrogen costs due to its lower additional hydrogen requirement. The study observed that under optimistic hydrogen pricing ($1/kg), the CKA and CHEA routes could potentially meet a target MESP of $3/gal at increased production scales.

{"osti_id": "1613543", "title": "Techno-economic comparison of three scenarios for upgrading a hemicellulose-rich pre-pulping extract to mixed-alcohols: Techno-Economic Comparison of Three Scenarios for Upgrading a Hemicellulose-rich Pre-pulping Extract to Mixed-Alcohols", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1928", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>Conversion of a hemicellulose\u2010rich pre\u2010pulping extract into long\u2010chain alcohols could alleviate problems facing the liquid fuel supply and could boost the revenues of pulp mills. Kraft pulping requires only the cellulose fraction of wood, leaving much of the hemicellulose available for extraction and subsequent conversion into gasoline\u2010blendable alcohols. Three possible pathways for upgrading the hemicelluloses are: CKA: carboxylates \u2192 ketones \u2192 alcohols; CEA: carboxylates \u2192 esters \u2192 alcohols, and CHEA: carboxylates \u2192 acids \u2192 esters \u2192 alcohols. The scenarios were modeled using AspenPlus\u00ae to determine material and energy balances. Economic parameters were determined using the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer. The minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) for a 1000 tpd facility, which takes into account the operating and capital costs, was found to be: $3.31 for CKA, $4.56 for CEA, and $4.26 for the CHEA. The cost of hydrogen necessary for hydrogenolysis proved to be a notable expense. \u00a9 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</p>", "publication_date": "2018-08-27T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-04-01T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "6", "journal_volume": "12", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 1082-1094", "authors": ["Engelberth, Abigail S. [Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States); Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States). Forest Bioproducts Research Inst.]", "Clayton Wheeler, M. [Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States); Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States). Forest Bioproducts Research Inst.]", "Peter van Walsum, G. [Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States); Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States). Forest Bioproducts Research Inst.]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Biotechnology & applied microbiology", "Energy & fuels", "Pre-pulping extraction", "Acidogenic digestion", "Mixed alcohols", "Techno-economic analysis", "MESP comparison"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Maine, Orono, ME (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1613543"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613543"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "FG36-08GO18165; DE\u2010FG36\u201008GO18165", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1613543", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1613543.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105807

["eucalyptus", "jet_fuel", "cellulose", "terpenes", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "aviation_biofuels", "bioenergy_crops", "oil_mallee", "short-rotation_annual_coppice", "synthetic_hydrocarbon_fuel", "JP-10", "Jet_A", "gasoline", "low-carbon_fuels", "sulfur_compounds", "aromatic_compounds", "bio_jet", "terpenoids", "1_8_cineole", "monoterpenes", "sesquiterpenes", "cyclic_ether", "volatile_organic_compounds", "hydrocarbons", "alcohols", "aldehydes", "ketones", "acids", "ethers", "esters", "genetic_improvement", "biorefinery", "sustainability_criteria", "management_intensive_grazing", "steam_distillation", "lignin", "heat_and_power", "policy_analysis_system", "agricultural_policy_analysis_center", "feedstock_price", "feedstock_availability", "biomass_residues", "municipal_solid_waste", "purpose-grown_feedstocks", "conversion_efficiency", "feedstock_costs", "agricultural_land_area", "agricultural_producers", "conventional_crops", "bio_mass_energy_crops", "plant_hardiness_zones", "environmental_sustainability", "genetically_engineered_crops", "freeze_tolerance", "agronomic_innovation"]

JP-10 type fuel, Jet A type fuel, gasoline

['JP-10', 'Jet_A', 'gasoline']

The paper models economic potential at varying feedstock prices ranging from $110 to $220 per ton. Results highlight a significant potential increase in Eucalyptus production for biofuel, with production potentially reaching between 0.9 and 13.7 million dry tons per year in a 10-year timeframe, depending on the price scenario.

{"osti_id": "1731037", "title": "Modeled economic potential for <em>Eucalyptus</em> spp. production for jet fuel additives in the United States", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105807", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Feedstock price and availability remain a barrier to adoption of cellulosic biofuels. Eucalyptus spp., can produce an energy-dense terpene suitable for high-density synthetic hydrocarbon-type fuel (grade JP-10) production in addition to cellulosic-based feedstock for traditional jet fuels (e.g., grade Jet A) and gasoline. This study modeled economic potential for Eucalyptus to fulfill US fuel markets. Cold-tolerant Eucalyptus was simulated in an annual coppice system for maximized leaf production. Results of the lowest simulated price ($110 t^-1) show that within 10 years, there is potential to produce 204 million L yr^-1 of fuel, including 51 million L yr^-1 of JP-10-type fuel, 75 million L yr^-1 of Jet A type fuel, and 77 million L yr^-1 of gasoline. These quantities of fuel could be valued at approximately $500 million (USD), with feedstock costs totaling approximately $100 million (USD). Longer-term markets (to 20 years) or higher priced (to $220 t^-1) scenarios show potential for more production. Furthermore, research to determine potential for genetic improvement, delivered fuel costs, and biorefinery siting near existing infrastructure is recommended.", "publication_date": "2020-11-18T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-11-19T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Biomass and Bioenergy", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "143", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 105807", "authors": ["Davis, Maggie R. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000181319328)", "Kainer, David [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000172714676)", "Tuskan, Gerald A. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000301061289)", "Langholtz, Matthew H. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Hellwinckel, Chad M. [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000173085058)", "Shedden, Magen [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Eaton, Laurence [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312709626)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Bioenergy crops", "Mallee eucalypts", "Oil mallee", "Short-rotation annual coppice", "Aviation biofuels"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1731037"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1731037"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1731037", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1731037.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.003

["1_2_diacyl_3_acetyl_triacylglycerol", "acTAG", "lcTAG", "long_chain_triacylglycerol", "lipid_bodies", "DGA1", "DGA2", "LRO1", "TGL3", "TGL4", "GUT2", "DAcT", "EUOalDAcT", "EUOalDGAT1", "glycerol_3_phosphate", "lysophosphatidic_acid", "phosphatidic_acid", "diacylglycerol", "phosphatidylglycerol", "fatty_acid_methyl_esters", "FAME", "sugarcane_juice", "oilcane_hydrolysate", "switchgrass_hydrolysate", "xylitol_dehydrogenase", "xylose_reductase", "xylulose_kinase", "fed_batch_fermentation", "bioreactor", "techno_economic_analysis", "minimum_selling_price", "MSP", "biorefinery", "biodiesel", "food_grade_emulsifiers", "sustainable_biofuels", "oleochemicals", "metabolic_engineering", "lipogenesis", "bioenergy", "bioproducts_innovation", "lipid_extraction", "lipid_analysis", "HPLC_MS", "GC_FID", "nile_red_staining", "confocal_microscopy", "CRISPR_Cas9", "gene_deletion", "gene_integration", "plasmid_construction", "yeast_engineering", "Yarrowia_lipolytica"]

Glucose, sugarcane juice, oilcane hydrolysate, switchgrass hydrolysate

['sugarcane_juice', 'oilcane_hydrolysate', 'switchgrass_hydrolysate']

An extensive techno-economic analysis was conducted, finding that improved fermentation yield, titer, selectivity, and productivity significantly impact the minimum selling price (MSP) of acTAGs. The analysis posits that achieving 30 g/L titer, 75% acTAG selectivity, 55% theoretical yield, and 0.7 g/L/h productivity could make acTAG production commercially viable for applications like food-grade emulsifiers.

{"osti_id": "1908969", "title": "Evaluation of 1,2-diacyl-3-acetyl triacylglycerol production in <em>Yarrowia lipolytica</em>", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.003", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Plants produce many high-value oleochemical molecules. While oil-crop agriculture is performed at industrial scales, suitable land is not available to meet global oleochemical demand. Worse, establishing new oil-crop farms often comes with the environmental cost of tropical deforestation. The field of metabolic engineering offers tools to transplant oleochemical metabolism into tractable hosts while simultaneously providing access to molecules produced by non-agricultural plants. Here, we evaluate strategies for rewiring metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to synthesize a foreign lipid, 3-acetyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (acTAG). Oils made up of acTAG have a reduced viscosity and melting point relative to traditional triacylglycerol oils making them attractive as low-grade diesels, lubricants, and emulsifiers. Furthermore, this manuscript describes a metabolic engineering study that established acTAG production at g/L scale, exploration of the impact of lipid bodies on acTAG titer, and a techno-economic analysis that establishes the performance benchmarks required for microbial acTAG production to be economically feasible.", "publication_date": "2023-01-07T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2024-01-08T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Metabolic Engineering", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "76", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 18-28", "authors": ["Yan, Qiang [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Jacobson, Tyler B. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Ye, Zhou [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Cort\u00e9s-Pena, Yoel R. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Bhagwat, Sarang S. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Hubbard, Susan [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Cordell, William T. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Oleniczak, Rebecca E. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Gambacorta, Francesca V. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Vazquez, Julio Rivera [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Shusta, Eric V. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)]", "Amador-Noguez, Daniel [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Guest, Jeremy S. [Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)]", "Pfleger, Brian F. [Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)] (ORCID:0000000292329959)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)", "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)", "Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Madison, WI (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1908969"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1908969"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "SC0018420; SC0018409; AC05-00OR22725", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1908969", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/higher alcohols/1908969.pdf", "building_blocks": ["higher alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05982

["hydrothermal_liquefaction", "modularization", "techno-economic_analysis", "learning_rates", "wet_organic_wastes", "waste-to-energy"]

Wet organic wastes

['wet_organic_wastes']

Biofuel, biocrude

['hydrothermal_liquefaction']

The analysis identifies a critical sensitivity of the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) to the plant scale, delivery scenarios, and industry learning rates. Notably, a plant scale of 60 DTPD minimizes the MFSP while considering transportation costs. Moreover, the study highlights the substantial influence of learning on reducing costs, especially when transitioning from bespoke to modular plant designs early in the industry's development phase.

{"osti_id": "2246587", "title": "Roadmap for Deployment of Modularized Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Understanding the Impacts of Industry Learning, Optimal Plant Scale, and Delivery Costs on Biofuel Pricing", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05982", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology for converting abundant organic wastes into fuels. Previous techno-economic analyses (TEAs) of HTL have been used to estimate the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) of biofuel products, but these analyses often assume a bespoke plant design where each plant operates under unique process conditions and neglect transportation costs. However, transportation costs must be included in realistic TEAs, and further, a mass-produced fixed-scale modular plant design approach may be more effective than case-by-case plant design, provided that there is sufficient market capacity to benefit from modularization. This study estimates fuel price behavior in the presence of transportation costs and benefits stemming from modular plant design. This analysis indicates that a modular process capable of handling 60 dry tons per day (DTPD) is optimal, resulting in a ~25% reduction in MFSP (from $4.70/GGE, fully upgraded) at complete market feedstock utilization compared with case-by-case design. The associated cost reductions are attributable to learning benefits and modularization. Several HTL deployment \u201croadmaps\u201d are then explored, with each roadmap consisting of different periods of case-by-case design followed by adoption of a modularized approach. A period of nonmodular industry growth up to market saturation of ~7% followed by implementation of modular plant design strikes a balance between the investment risk and learned cost reductions associated with modular plant design. However, if bespoke plants built during this period of nonmodular growth saturate more than 23% of available feedstock, learned cost reductions are significantly diminished. Here, this study points to the potential benefits of modularized and decentralized waste-to-energy processes when the modularization follows an optimal deployment strategy.", "publication_date": "2022-12-30T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)", "journal_name": "ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering", "journal_issue": "2", "journal_volume": "11", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 733-743", "authors": ["Shahabuddin, Muntasir [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)] (ORCID:000000028222888X)", "Italiani, Eduardo [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Teixeira, Andrew R. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000328899102)", "Kazantzis, Nikolaos [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)]", "Timko, Michael T. [Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)] (ORCID:0000000187671613)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "hydrothermal liquefaction", "modularization", "techno-economic analysis", "learning rates", "wet organic wastes", "waste-to-energy", "beverages", "biofuels", "manufacturing", "redox reactions", "wastes"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2246587"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2246587"}], "doe_contract_number": "EE0008513", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2246587", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/2246587.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119881

["forest_residues", "short_rotation_woody_crops", "biofuel", "biorefineries", "trees", "poplar", "willow", "pine", "eucalyptus", "cellulosic_biofuel", "supply_chain", "biomass", "feedstock", "depots", "ash_content", "cost_target", "transportation", "preprocessing", "conversion_technology", "supply_chain_optimization", "mixed_integer_linear_programming", "harvesting", "storage", "handling", "moisture_content", "carbon_content", "blended_feedstock", "supply_resiliency", "facility_location", "facility_capacity", "multimodal_transport", "economic_optimization", "environmental_impact", "sustainable_forest_management", "carbon_storage", "energy_demand", "renewable_energy", "agricultural_lands", "computational_complexity", "logistics_cost", "policy_makers", "investment_decisions", "climate_change", "energy_crops", "herbaceous_energy_crops", "lignocellulosic_biomass", "feedstock_quality", "feedstock_variability", "feedstock_blend", "feedstock_supply", "feedstock_price", "roadside_price", "biomass_yield", "biomass_availability", "biomass_conversion", "biomass_collection", "biomass_transportation", "biomass_processing", "biomass_storage", "biomass_handling", "biomass_quality", "biomass_cost", "biomass_supply_chain", "biomass_supply_network", "biomass_feedstock_variability", "biomass_feedstock_quality", "biomass_feedstock_supply", "biomass_feedstock_price", "biomass_feedstock_availability", "biomass_feedstock_conversion", "biomass_feedstock_collection", "biomass_feedstock_transportation", "biomass_feedstock_processing", "biomass_feedstock_storage", "biomass_feedstock_handling"]

Forest residues, poplar, willow, pine, eucalyptus

['forest_residues', 'poplar', 'willow', 'pine', 'eucalyptus']

The study highlights the sensitivity of accessible biomass to cost targets at the biorefinery. Lowering the cost target significantly reduces total accessible resources, particularly impacting the intake of SRWCs due to their higher price.

{"osti_id": "1962012", "title": "Nth-plant scenario for forest resources and short rotation woody crops: Biorefineries and depots in the contiguous US", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119881", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Estimating the US potential of woody material is of vital importance to ensure cost-effective supply logistics and develop a sustainable bioenergy and bioproducts industry. We analyzed a mature conversion technology for woody resources for the contiguous US that takes advantage of economies of scale: the nth-plant. Here, we developed a database to quantify the total accessible woody biomass within a distributed network of preprocessing depots and biorefineries considering both quality specifications for conversion and a target cost to compete with fossil fuels. We considered two categories of woody biomass: 1) forest residues from trees, tops and limbs produced from conventional thinning and timber harvesting operations as well as non-timber tree removal; and 2) short rotation woody crops such as poplar, willow, pine, and eucalyptus. A mixed integer linear programming model was developed to analyze scenarios with woody feedstock blends at variable biomass ash contents and cost targets at the biorefinery. When considering a target cost of 85.51 dollars/dry ton (2016$) at the biorefinery, the maximum accessible biomass from forest residues in 2040 remained constant at 106 million dry tons regardless of ash targets. Including short rotation woody crops as part of the blend increased the total accessible biomass to 153 and 195 million dry tons at ash targets of 1% and 1.75%, respectively. We concluded from our analysis that woody resources could address about 55% of EPA\u2019s (Environmental Protection Agency) target of 16 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuel.", "publication_date": "2022-09-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-11-29T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Applied Energy", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "325", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 119881", "authors": ["Hossain, Tasmin [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States)]", "Jones, Daniela S. [North Carolina State Univ., Raleigh, NC (United States); Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Hartley, Damon S. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000231158527)", "Thompson, David N. [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000290968642)", "Langholtz, Matthew [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]", "Davis, Maggie [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "forest residues", "optimization", "short rotation woody crops", "biofuel", "biorefineries"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)", "Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1962012"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1962012"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC07-05ID14517; AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": "INL/JOU-23-70982-Rev000", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1962012", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1962012.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105384

["biobased_syn_gas_sg", "cellulose", "fermentation_products", "glucose", "glycerol", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "starch", "succinic_acid", "xylose"]

Wet waste-derived volatile fatty acids

Alcohols, alkanes

['fermentation_products']

The internal rate of return (IRR) analysis demonstrated economic variability across scenarios, linking profitability to the chain length of input VFAs. Upgrading strategies focused on heavier VFAs exhibited higher economic viability and environmental advantages, with potential profitability under specific market and scale conditions.

{"osti_id": "1898555", "title": "Screening and evaluation of biomass upgrading strategies for sustainable transportation fuel production with biomass-derived volatile fatty acids", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.105384", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Biomass conversion to fuels and chemicals is crucial to decarbonization, but choosing an advantageous upgrading pathway out of many options is challenging. Rigorously evaluating all candidate pathways (process simulation, product property testing) requires a prohibitive amount of research effort; even simple upgrading schemes have hundreds of possible permutations. We present a method enabling high-throughput screening by approximating upgrading unit operations and drop-in compatibility of products (e.g., fuel properties) and apply it to volatile fatty acid (VFA) conversion to liquid transportation fuels via a MATLAB script, VFA Upgrading to Liquid Transportation fUels Refinery Estimation (VULTURE). VULTURE selects upgrading configurations that maximize fuel blend bio-derived content. We validate VULTURE's approximations through surrogate fuel property testing and process simulation. Techno-economic and life cycle analyses suggest that VFA upgrading processes down-selected by VULTURE are profitable and have low carbon intensities, demonstrating the potential for the strategy to accelerate process development timelines at decreased costs.", "publication_date": "2022-10-18T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-12-07T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "iScience", "journal_issue": "11", "journal_volume": "25", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 105384", "authors": ["Miller, Jacob H. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000200754430)", "Tifft, Stephen M. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000245102444)", "Wiatrowski, Matthew R. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000206587178)", "Benavides, Pahola Thathiana [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)] (ORCID:0000000282537877)", "Huq, Nabila A. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000150889758)", "Christensen, Earl D. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center; Alder Fuels, Washington, DC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000178429294)", "Alleman, Teresa [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Hays, Cameron [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000270229105)", "Luecke, Jon [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000263232760)", "Kneucker, Colin M. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center]", "Haugen, Stefan J. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000339990796)", "S\u00e0nchez i Nogu\u00e9, Violeta [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:000000025873095X)", "Karp, Eric M. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Renewable Resources and Enabling Science Center] (ORCID:0000000246200919)", "Hawkins, Troy R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)] (ORCID:000000016897175X)", "Singh, Avantika [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center]", "Vardon, Derek R. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center] (ORCID:0000000201994524)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "aviation fuel", "biomass", "catalysis", "diesel", "gasoline", "modeling", "optimization", "organic wet wastes", "upgrading"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Vehicle Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)", "Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1898555"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1898555"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-83468", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; AC36-99GO10337; EE0007983; AC02-06CH11357", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1898555", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/h2/1898555.pdf", "building_blocks": ["h2"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2319

["biofuels", "techno-economic analysis", "catalytic fast pyrolysis", "feedstock attributes", "woody biomass", "lignocellulosic biomass", "pyrolysis oil", "gas", "char", "minimum fuel selling price", "ash", "particle size", "moisture content", "reactor temperature", "extractives"]

['woody biomass']

Pyrolysis oil, gas, char

['pyrolysis oil', 'gas', 'char']

The analysis did not explicitly summarize price sensitivity outside of the MFSP variability discussion. It highlighted significant sensitivity to ash content in feedstock, which impacts the MFSP by -13%/+22% based on scenarios assessing the catalytic impacts of ash.

{"osti_id": "1836030", "title": "A simplified integrated framework for predicting the economic impacts of feedstock variations in a catalytic fast pyrolysis conversion process", "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-79842", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2319", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "<title>Abstract</title>\n <p>Feedstock attributes of lignocellulosic biomass, such as particle size, compositional makeup, and moisture content, can vary substantially even within pre\u2010processed materials and have a significant effect on conversion in fast pyrolysis\u2010based processes. However, the economic impacts of these attributes are not well understood. To address this, biomass deconstruction phenomena captured with a versatile particle\u2010scale simulation were linked to techno\u2010economic impacts via reduced\u2010order models. Parametric analysis of the particle\u2010scale model, which was validated using literature data, was used in combination with multiple linear regression models to develop correlations between feedstock attributes and yields of pyrolysis oil, gas, and char. Yields were then correlated with the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) using a techno\u2010economic model, bridging the gap between physics\u2010based biomass conversion simulations and predictions of MFSP for a catalytic fast\u2010pyrolysis process. Empirical correlations derived from the literature regarding the impact of mineral matter (ash) on oil yield were also considered. The model correlations deployed in the integrated framework capture the impacts of variation in feedstock attributes on the MFSP. Variations in ash were shown to have the biggest impact, varying MFSP by \u221213%/+22% due to catalytic effects and lower relative amounts of convertible lignocellulosic material. It was also found that, if ash can be controlled to low levels, the increased extractives in forest residues can help compensate for some yield losses associated with increased ash. Other inputs considered (particle size, moisture content, and reactor temperature) had relatively negligible effects on process economics within the ranges analyzed considering particle\u2010scale effects alone. \u00a9 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</p>", "publication_date": "2021-11-26T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-11-28T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_volume": "16", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 403-412", "authors": ["Wiatrowski, Matthew R. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000206587178)", "Dutta, Abhijit [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000342587287)", "Pecha, M. Brennan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000208948504)", "Crowley, Meagan [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:000000019624594X)", "Ciesielski, Peter N. [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000333609210)", "Carpenter, Daniel [National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)] (ORCID:0000000176259308)"], "subjects": ["BIOMASS FUELS", "biofuels", "catalytic fast pyrolysis", "CFP", "FCIC", "feedstock", "feedstock attributes", "particle", "reduced order modeling", "TEA", "techno-economic analysis", "woody biomass"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1836030"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1836030"}], "journal_issue": "2", "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1836030", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/malic acid/1836030.pdf", "building_blocks": ["malic acid"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112857

["switchgrass", "cellulose", "ethanol", "soil_organic_carbon_sequestration", "nitrate_reduction", "sediment_reduction", "pollination_services", "wildlife_viewing", "water_based_recreation", "pheasant_hunting", "ionic_liquid_pretreatment", "techno-economic_analysis", "lifecycle_assessment", "marginal_land", "ecosystem_services"]

The study demonstrates that incorporating ecosystem services into the biofuel production value chain can significantly lower the minimum ethanol selling price, making it competitive with current gasoline prices, especially with additional policy incentives.

{"osti_id": "2278653", "title": "Multifunctional landscapes for dedicated bioenergy crops lead to low-carbon market-competitive biofuels", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112857", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Switchgrass is a promising feedstock for cellulosic biorefineries, due to its ability to maintain comparatively high biomass yields across a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the economic and environmental tradeoffs associated with cultivating switchgrass on low-productivity land for conversion to biofuels. This study surveys prior literature and demonstrates a new integrated assessment framework, including agroecosystem, ecosystem services valuation, technoeconomic, and life-cycle assessment models, to quantify and contextualize the economic and environmental impacts of switchgrass cultivation on marginal land with downstream conversion to biofuels. Monetizing and incorporating the value of ecosystem services, such as improved water quality benefits from nitrate and sediment reductions, climate change mitigation benefits from CO₂ emission reduction, and recreational and pollination benefits from increased biodiversity, the modeled multifunctional landscape reduces the ethanol production cost by 33.3\u201358.9 cents/$\\scriptsize{L}$-gasoline-equivalent ($\\$$1.3\u20132.2/gge). Planting switchgrass in low productivity land improves soil health, resulting in the carbon footprint reduction credit of 12.8\u201320.2 gCO_2e/MJ. For an improved switchgrass-to-ethanol conversion pathway with the maximum benefits from ecosystem services, the minimum ethanol selling price and carbon footprint of ethanol, respectively, could reach to 31 cents/$\\scriptsize{L}$-gasoline-equivalent (47% reduction relative to average gasoline price) and 3 gCO_2e/MJ (97% reduction relative to gasoline). In conclusion, this low carbon renewable ethanol leads to substantial State and/or Federal policy incentives (~$\\$$1/$\\scriptsize{L}$-gasoline-equivalent) providing a large benefit to biorefinery operators, farmers, and the public as a whole.", "publication_date": "2022-09-06T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2024-01-23T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_name": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "169", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 112857", "authors": ["Baral, Nawa Raj [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Biological Systems and Engineering Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute] (ORCID:0000000209429183)", "Mishra, Shruti K. [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Biological Science and Engineering Division] (ORCID:0000000304379057)", "George, Anthe [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute; Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Biological Science and Engineering Division] (ORCID:0000000315833972)", "Gautam, Sagar [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute; Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Biological Science and Engineering Division]", "Mishra, Umakant [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute; Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States). Biological Science and Engineering Division]", "Scown, Corinne D. [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Biological Systems and Engineering Division; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Joint BioEnergy Institute; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Energy Analysis & Environmental Impacts Division; University of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "AC02-05CH11231", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Ecosystem services", "Carbon credit", "Switchgrass feedstock supply", "Ionic liquid pretreatment", "Techno-economic analysis", "Lifecycle assessment"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)", "USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2278653"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2278653"}], "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2278653", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/lysine/2278653.pdf", "building_blocks": ["lysine"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2005

["cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "starch"]

['cellulose', 'hemicellulose', 'lignin']

Reduced ash content biomass

The paper demonstrates how changing from a three-pass to a two-pass system affects stover supply and cost. It highlights the sensitivity of the stover supply to changes in harvest configurations and associated costs, emphasizing the economic trade-offs in maintaining quality while ensuring profitability for farmers.

{"osti_id": "1530114", "title": "Cost and profit impacts of modifying stover harvest operations to improve feedstock quality", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2005", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Biomass quality attributes, and the potential tractability of those attributes, are key to a successful biomass feedstock supply chain, in addition to quantity and price. Modifying harvest operations is one potential approach to managing biomass feedstock quality for corn stover. For example, eliminating raking from stover harvest operations is proposed as an approach to reduce ash content. However, changes in the stover harvest configuration cause changes in per acre profits, per ton costs, and available supply at specified prices. Here we evaluate sensitivity of profit, cost, and supply to conversion from a three\u2013pass to a two\u2013pass stover harvesting configuration as a means to reduce ash content. For all simulated yields, harvest costs are 2\u20133 per ton cheaper for three\u2013pass versus two\u2013pass systems wherever residue retention coefficients are less than 0.5, and per ton costs for both systems increase dramatically where residue retention coefficients are greater than 0.7. Per acre net returns are greater under all simulated yields wherever residue sustainability retention coefficients are less than 0.6. Under these conditions, farmers lose between 13 and 49 per acre by harvesting with a two\u2013pass rather than a three\u2013pass system. Where competing with stover markets with less stringent quality specifications, meeting ash targets by harvesting with a two\u2013pass system may require higher grower payments of the order of 9\u201325 per ton to make up for the per acre lost revenue. Here, when solving for the least\u2013cost supply, agronomic simulations suggest about 2/3 of stover is harvested with a three\u2013pass system.", "publication_date": "2019-05-08T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2020-05-11T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "4", "journal_volume": "13", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 11 p.", "authors": ["Langholtz, Matthew H. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Eaton, Laurence M. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312709626)", "Davis, Maggie R. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000181319328)", "Hartley, Damon [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)] (ORCID:0000000231158527)", "Brandt, Craig [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000214707379)", "Hilliard, Michael [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000244509250)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass", "corn stover", "harvesting operations", "feedstock quality"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1530114"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1530114"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1530114", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1530114.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12505

["biomass", "cellulose", "corn_stover", "energy_crops", "herbaceous_biomass", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "miscanthus", "perennial_grass", "switchgrass", "wheat_straw"]

Perennial grasses, switchgrass, miscanthus, energy cane

['perennial_grass', 'switchgrass', 'miscanthus', 'energy_crops']

Herbaceous biomass for biofuel

['herbaceous_biomass']

The paper discusses how the updated POLYSYS model and assumptions reflect a shift in biomass production sensitivity to price changes, especially for corn stover and wheat straw. It highlights a decrease in reliance on energy crop production nationwide as price increases, contradicting earlier projections that did not account for precipitation-based eligibility of cropland for perennial grass production.

{"osti_id": "1468049", "title": "Assessment of Perennial Grass Inventories Predicted in the Billion-Ton Studies", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12505", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Here, we report the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has estimated herbaceous biomass availability through simulations with the Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS) agricultural modeling framework. An operational assumption for POLYSYS limited conversion of pastureland to perennial grass crops to counties east of the 100th meridian as a proxy for precipitation sufficient for economically viable yield, but allowed cropland conversion regardless of location. Knowledge of local conditions raised questions about predicted biomass quantities for Texas counties in the 2011 assessment. POLYSYS was rerun with different assumptions, specifically replacing the 100th meridian boundary with annual average precipitation data and limiting cropland conversion in low-rainfall counties. Perennial grass production was found to be overestimated by 8% and 87% in the U.S. and Texas, respectively (at $66.14 DMg^-1), when limiting all land conversion to regions with &gt;635 mm precipitation. Total herbaceous biomass predicted was approximately the same as in the BT2, but the biomass geographical location changed across the nation. Texas\u2019 biomass contribution decreased from 6% to 1% at $66.14 DMg^-1and from 16% to 11% at $88.18 DMg^-1. Lastly, subsequent to this research being conducted, the DOE released the 2016 biomass inventory assessment, and these results are compared to those newest estimates.", "publication_date": "2018-01-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2021-07-27T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers", "journal_name": "Transactions of the ASABE (Online)", "journal_issue": "2", "journal_volume": "61", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: 331-340", "authors": ["Jones, Daniela Sofia [Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)]", "Searcy, Stephen W. [Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)]", "Eaton, Laurence M. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312709626)"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES", "54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES", "Billion-Ton Study", "Biomass", "Perennial grass", "Precipitation", "Switchgrass"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1468049"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468049"}], "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1468049", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/ethanol/1468049.pdf", "building_blocks": ["ethanol"]}

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.104

["algae", "biofuel", "financial_risk", "index-insurance", "risk_management", "weather_uncertainty", "biorefinery", "biodiesel", "algal_meal", "carbon_sequestration", "wastewater_treatment", "anaerobic_digestion", "combined_heat_and_electricity_production", "lipid_accumulation", "raceway_ponds", "photobioreactor", "solar_irradiance", "temperature", "relative_humidity", "wind_speed", "biomass_productivity", "soybean_meal", "lca_tea", "usda", "crop_insurance", "reserve_fund", "basis_risk", "premium_pricing", "vero_beach", "atp3", "peak_project"]

Algal biomass, biodiesel, algal meal

['algae', 'biodiesel', 'algal_meal']

The paper provides an analysis of how fluctuations in market prices for algae-based products contribute significantly to financial risk for algae producers. However, it does not offer a detailed sensitivity analysis regarding price changes.

{"osti_id": "2222492", "title": "Managing weather- and market price-related financial risks in algal biofuel production", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.09.104", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Large-scale algae production has garnered interest due to its potential as a biofuel feedstock. Previous research assessing the profitability of algae products has been mostly based on values averaged over time, but algae production and resulting financial returns exhibit significant variability due to weather and fluctuations in selling prices for algae-based products. In other sectors, producers often reduce weather- and market price-related financial risk with financial instruments such as insurance, but little research has been performed on the design of insurance products to protect algae producers. Furthermore, this study develops a novel index-based insurance instrument that pays-out during unfavorable weather and market conditions, then explores the instrument's effectiveness, combined with a cash reserve, in reducing revenue stream variability for an algae producer. Results indicate that a biophysically based index-insurance product tailored to the specific financial risks in algae production can reduce variability in net revenues and can do so at a lower cost than relying solely on cash reserves, the most common financial risk management tool. Assessing the performance of index-insurance in algae production is particularly timely given the passage of the 2018 Farm Bill, which newly opens opportunities for the USDA to provide crop insurance to algae producers.", "publication_date": "2022-10-01T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-12-19T00:00:00Z", "journal_name": "Renewable Energy", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 111-124", "authors": ["Kleiman, Rachel M. [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000240111675)", "Characklis, Gregory W. [University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC (United States)]", "Kern, Jordan D. [North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States)] (ORCID:0000000219990628)"], "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "Algal biofuels", "Financial risk", "Index-insurance", "Risk management", "Weather uncertainty", "Algae biofuels"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "doe_contract_number": "EE0008247; EE0009273; -EE0008247/000", "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)", "USDOE"], "research_orgs": ["Univ. of Toledo, OH (United States)", "Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)", "University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2222492"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2222492"}], "publisher": "Elsevier", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "200", "report_number": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2222492", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/food additives/2222492.pdf", "building_blocks": ["food additives"]}

https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2305

["biomass_resources", "biomass_feedstocks", "biomass_logistics", "biomass_supply_risks", "biomass_depots", "cellulose", "hemicellulose", "lignin", "starch"]

['biomass_feedstocks']

Price was found to be most sensitive to harvest efficiency, followed by sustainability constraints, corn yield, and opportunity cost. For the first sixty biorefineries, cost variability remains minimal, but it increases significantly for later biorefineries.

{"osti_id": "1841509", "title": "Nth-plant supply: corn stover supplies and costs in a fleet of biorefineries", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.2305", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "Feedstock cost and cost variability is expected to increase with the number of biorefineries. To quantify this effect, this spatial-economic analysis simulates feedstock cost and cost variability of an industry based on corn stover as a function of the number of biorefineries. Results are reported for nine scenarios (a base case and sensitivity analysis of four variables \u2013 harvest efficiency, sustainability constraints, opportunity cost, and corn grain yield) under deterministic and stochastic simulations, assuming biorefineries using 658 000 Mg (725 000 tons) year-¹ of corn stover in 2019. The resulting supply curves are highly elastic (i.e. little change in cost) for the first 50 of the 121 biorefineries, with price increases in subsequent biorefineries depending on scenario. In the base-case deterministic scenario, weighted-average stover costs are $66 Mg^-1 ($60 ton-¹), $69 Mg^-1 ($62 ton^-1), and $156 Mg^-1 ($142 ton^-1), at the first, 60th, and 121st biorefineries, respectively. The stochastic simulations, subject to observed 30-year corn yield variability, follow a similar pattern, with price distributions that vary by scenario. The base-case stochastic simulations illustrate minimal cost variability for the first 60 biorefineries, but rapid increases in cost variability in the second half of potential biorefineries, with similar patterns observed in the other scenarios. Of the four variables explored, price was most sensitive to harvest efficiency, followed by sustainability constraints, corn yield, and opportunity cost. Results suggest that, under conventional logistics, about half of the US corn stover resource is reliably available with minimum cost increase and variability. Interactive visualization is available at https://doi.org/10.11578/1828779.", "publication_date": "2021-11-02T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2022-11-02T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Wiley", "journal_name": "Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining", "journal_issue": "1", "journal_volume": "16", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: p. 204-218", "authors": ["Langholtz, Matthew H. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000281537154)", "Davis, Maggie [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000181319328)", "Eaton, Laurence M. [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000312709626)", "Hilliard, Michael [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000244509250)", "Brandt, Craig [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000214707379)", "Webb, Erin [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)] (ORCID:0000000215018647)", "Hellwinckel, Chad [Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Agricultural Policy Analysis Center]", "Samu, Nicole [Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); City of Maryville, TN (United States)]", "Hartley, Damon [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States)]", "Jones, Daniela Sofia [Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "biomass resources", "biomass feedstocks", "biomass logistics", "biomass supply risks", "biomass depots"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Transportation Office. Bioenergy Technologies Office"], "research_orgs": ["Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1841509"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1841509"}], "report_number": NaN, "doe_contract_number": "AC05-00OR22725", "availability": NaN, "contributing_org": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1841509", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/mixed alcohols/1841509.pdf", "building_blocks": ["mixed alcohols"]}

https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1223874

["sustainable", "aviation", "refinery", "incentives", "marginal abatement cost"]

Jatropha sourced Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), Woody biomass for Fischer-Tropsch Jet (FTJ)

Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)

The paper highlights a direct correlation between the cost reductions (mitigation costs) needed for making SAF production economically viable and the volatility of crude oil prices. Notably, it introduces market-sensitive incentives as a more efficient and effective approach compared to fixed incentives, showcasing the potential for variable incentives to align SAF production costs with fluctuating market conditions responsibly.

{"osti_id": "2005554", "title": "Economic impact and risk analysis of integrating sustainable aviation fuels into refineries", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1223874", "product_type": "Journal Article", "language": "English", "country_publication": "United States", "description": "The growth of the aviation industry coupled with its dependence on energy dense, liquid fuels has brought sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) research to the forefront of the biofuels community. Petroleum refineries will need to decide how to satisfy the projected increase in jet fuel demand with either capital investments to debottleneck current operations or by integrating bio-blendstocks. This work seeks to compare jet production strategies on a risk-adjusted, economic performance basis using Monte-Carlo simulation and refinery optimization models. Additionally, incentive structures aiming to de-risk initial SAF production from the refiner\u2019s perspective are explored. Results show that market sensitive incentives can reduce the financial risks associated with producing SAFs and deliver marginal abatement costs ranging between 136-182 $/Ton-CO2e.", "publication_date": "2023-09-05T00:00:00Z", "entry_date": "2023-10-06T00:00:00Z", "publisher": "Frontiers Research Foundation", "journal_name": "Frontiers in Energy Research", "journal_issue": NaN, "journal_volume": "11", "format": "Medium: ED; Size: Article No. 1223874", "authors": ["Carlson, Nicholas A. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Talmadge, Michael S. [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Singh, Avantika [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Tao, Ling [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]", "Davis, Ryan [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)]"], "article_type": "Accepted Manuscript", "subjects": ["09 BIOMASS FUELS", "29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY", "aviation", "marginal abatement cost", "policy", "refinery", "sustainable"], "sponsor_orgs": ["USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)"], "research_orgs": ["National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)"], "links": [{"rel": "citation", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2005554"}, {"rel": "fulltext", "href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2005554"}], "report_number": "NREL/JA-5100-83444", "doe_contract_number": "AC36-08GO28308; LC-000L054", "contributing_org": NaN, "availability": NaN, "fulltext_href": "https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2005554", "local_filepath": "/Users/danielgoodwin/Work/Homeworld/coding/aiteas/osti/higher alcohols/2005554.pdf", "building_blocks": ["higher alcohols"]}