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1 | Title | Year | Author (surname, first name) | Institution of Author | Publication Type | Publication (Journal/Book Name) | Volume/Issue/Page Numbers/Publisher | Abstract | Link to Publication | Open Access (Yes/No) | ||||||||||||||||
2 | Reporting under fire: the physical safety and emotional welfare of journalists | 2002 | Tumber, Howard | City University | Book Chapter | Journalism After September 11 | Routledge | The September 11 attack on the twin towers and the subsequent anthrax incidents have created a growing debate and subsequent concern with what is now termed urban war corresponding. A realization is emerging that those correspondents who covered September 11 (who may not be war correspondents) may also need help and training in order to deal with possible post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203218136-24/reporting-%EF%AC%81re-physical-safety-emotional-welfare-journalists-howard-tumber | No | ||||||||||||||||
3 | Photography, Journalism and Trauma | 2002 | Zelizer, Barbie | University of Pennsylvania’s Annenberg School for Communication | Book Chapter | Journalism After September 11 | Routledge | Not long after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, a memo from the American Press Institute went out to US news editors and reporters, advising them on the “correct” way to utilize photographs in crisis reporting. In part the directive said, “our backs are to the podium and our cameras are focused on the faces of the crowd” (Lower 2001). This was curious, for among photojournalists the idea of using images to draw from and upon the public rather than to depict the events being witnessed was antithetical to what good journalism is supposed to do. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203218136-10/photography-journalism-trauma-barbie-zelizer | No | ||||||||||||||||
4 | Embedded journalists in the Iraq war: Are they at greater psychological risk? | 2005 | Feinstein, Anthony and Nicolson, Dawn | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | Journal of Traumatic Stress | 18(2) pp. 129-132 | The current war in Iraq saw an alliance between the media and the military, a process called embedded journalism. The aim of this study was to explore whether this process affected the journalists' vulnerability to psychological distress. Eighty-five of 100 journalists approached agreed to participate; 38 (44.7%) were embedded. There were no differences between embedded and unilateral (nonembedded) journalists on demographic measures or in their exposure to traumatic events. Similarly, the two groups did not differ on indices of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, psychological distress, and substance use. Based on General Health Questionnaire scores, one third of all journalists were psychologically distressed. There is no evidence from the recent war in Iraq suggesting that embedded journalists are at increased risk for psychological problems. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jts.20020 | No | ||||||||||||||||
5 | Journalists under Fire The Psychological Hazards of Covering War | 2006 | Feinstein, Anthony | University of Toronto | Book | Journalists under Fire The Psychological Hazards of Covering War | John Hopkins University Press | As journalists in Iraq and other hot spots around the world continue to face harrowing dangers and personal threats, neuropsychiatrist Anthony Feinstein offers a timely and important exploration into the psychological damage of those who, armed only with pen, tape recorder, or camera, bear witness to horror. Based on a series of recent studies investigating the emotional impact of war on the profession, Journalists under Fire breaks new ground in the study of trauma-related disorders. | https://www.press.jhu.edu/books/title/9050/journalists-under-fire | No | ||||||||||||||||
6 | Covering the tsunami disaster: subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors | 2007 | Weidmann, Anke; Fehm, Lydia and Fydrich, Thomas | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin | Article | Stress and Health | 24(2) pp. 129-135 | Journalists frequently report on disasters. There is a growing evidence that they are subsequently at higher risk of post-traumatic and depressive symptoms. We conducted an internet-based study with 61 journalists who had covered the tsunami disaster in December 2004 from the affected region. The extent of trauma exposure, symptoms and social variables were assessed. About 8 months after the event, indications of post-traumatic stress disorder were found in 6.6 per cent of the sample. Post-traumatic and depressive symptoms were related to the extent of traumatic exposure and to several social variables, most importantly, a low degree of social acknowledgment by supervisor and colleagues. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smi.1168 | No | ||||||||||||||||
7 | Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction in Media Personnel Assigned to the Iraq War | 2007 | Greenberg, Neil; Thomas, Samantha, Murphy, Dominic and Dandeker, Christopher | Weston Education Centre, King's College London; Monash University | Article | Journalism Practice | 1(3) pp. 356-371 | This paper investigates occupational stressors amongst media personnel assigned to work on covering the Iraq War via interviews with 54 journalists from the BBC and Reuters, who worked in Iraq between February and April 2003. A range of stressors were identified that could be categorized into three main themes, control over the situation, support from management and grief from the death of colleagues. Journalists not embedded with military units were more likely to report negative physical and emotional health outcomes. The study concludes that hazardous work environments do not, by themselves, cause stress and poor job satisfaction. Rather, organizational factors, the imbalance between the ability to make decisions about how to carry out their job effectively and the perceived rewards of working in such environments appear to have a greater impact on work related stress. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512780701552160 | No | ||||||||||||||||
8 | From Danger to Trauma Affective Labor and the Journalistic Discourse of Witnessing | 2009 | Rentschler, Carrie | McGill University | Book Chapter | Media Witnessing: Testimony in The Age Of Mass Communication | Palgrave, pp. 158-181 | "According to recent reports on violence committed against journalists, journalism is a dangerous, fear-inspiring job. In the wake of Daniel Pearl’s kidnapping and murder in January 2002 and the less-publicized but equally brutal killings of journalists in Bangladesh, the Philippines, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and other locales around the world, the international community of foreign correspondents has become particularly concerned for its safety in zones of conflict. Yet, outside of war zones, and in U.S. newsrooms in particular, reporters and news photographers who cover domestic beats and work on general assignment are also being represented, through risks to their safety and mental health on the job, in ways that depict what John Durham Peters calls ‘the weighty baggage of witnessing’: the ontological and historical weight of paying witness to events that ‘makes explicit the pervasive link between witnessing and suffering’ and ‘what it means to watch, to narrate or to be present at an event’ (2001, pp. 708–9). " | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230235762_8 | No | ||||||||||||||||
9 | Addressing the Effects of Assignment Stress Injury | 2009 | Buchanan, Marla and Keats, Patrice | University of British Columbia | Article | Journalism Practice | 3(2) pp. 162-177 | The purpose of this article is to present the results of a qualitative study on assignment stress injury within journalism. Thirty-one Canadian journalists and photojournalists participated in the research study. The focus of this article is on recommendations offered by our participants to address the effects of traumatic stress within their profession. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512780802681199?journalCode=rjop20 | No | ||||||||||||||||
10 | The psychological health of contractors working in war zones | 2009 | Feinstein, Anthony and Botes, Maggie | University of Toronto and Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | Journal of Traumatic Stress | 22(2) pp. 102-105 | This study examines the psychological health of contractors working in war zones. Seventy-nine contractors completed an Internet-based psychiatric assessment. The sample was exclusively male with a mean age of 43 (SD = 7) years. The number of contractors whose scores exceeded the cutoff points for depression, psychological distress, and excessive weekly alcohol consumption were 15 (20%), 21 (28%), and 13 (17%), respectively. A third of contractors had posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scores in the moderate to severe range. Approximately 10% of contractors had employer-organized access to psychological help following deployment. This study provides the first empirical data showing that a significant minority of contractors working in war zones are psychologically distressed and not receiving therapy. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19370698/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
11 | The effects of exposure to crisis on well-being of journalists: a study of crisis-related factors predicting psychological health in a sample of Finnish journalists | 2010 | Backholm, Klas and Björkqvist, Kaj | Åbo Akademi University/Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma | Article | Media, War & Conflict | 3(2) pp. 138–151 | Effects of work-related and personal exposure to potentially traumatic events on PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), depression, compassion fatigue and burnout were examined in 503 Finnish news journalists (238 men, 265 women) by using a web-based survey. Stepwise linear multiple regression analyses showed that two variables significantly predicted all four outcome factors, i.e. PTSD, depression, compassion fatigue and burnout: the variables were personal exposure to traumatic events, including reactions caused by the event and the magnitude of the worst crisis-related assignment experienced as a journalist.An interaction effect was also found: respondents with high scores on both traumatic experiences in their personal life and a high amount of professional crisis-related assignments had a significantly higher level of PTSD symptoms than others. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1750635210368309 | No | ||||||||||||||||
12 | The Moment is Frozen in Time: Photojournalists’ Metaphors in Describing Trauma Photography | 2010 | Keats, Patrice | Simon Fraser University | Article | Journal of Constructivist Psychology | 23(3) pp. 231-255 | In describing their understanding of trauma, disaster, and conflict photography, photojournalists in this qualitative study conceptualized abstract experiences using specific types of metaphors. Their metaphors focused on concepts such as violence, bewilderment, and health/affliction. The unique aspect of these metaphors was how they were reflective of aspects of journalism culture and the work of trauma photography. Through a metaphorical analysis of these figurative expressions, I show how metaphors construct a conceptual system of understanding the work of trauma photography and occupational identity, as well as influence the formation of the culture of journalism itself. Understanding this metaphorical picture may add to our knowledge about how traumatic stress injuries are recognized, managed, and aided in newsrooms. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10720531003799436 | No | ||||||||||||||||
13 | Witnessing Trauma in the Newsroom: posttraumatic symptoms in television journalists exposed to violent news clips | 2010 | Weidmann, Anke PhD and Papsdorf, Jenny MA | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin | Article | The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | 198(4) pp. 264-271 | Employees working in television newsrooms are exposed to video footage of violent events on a daily basis. It is yet unknown whether they subsequently develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as has been shown for other populations exposed to trauma through television. We conducted an internet-based survey with 81 employees. Nearly 80% of the sample reported being familiar with recurring intrusive memories. However, the sample's overall posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were low, although participants with a prior trauma, more general work stress, and a greater exposure to footage had a tendency to show more severe symptoms. Regarding general mental health, there were no differences compared with a journalistic control group. Results suggest that the population as such is not at a particular risk of developing mental problems. | https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2010/04000/Witnessing_Trauma_in_the_Newsroom__Posttraumatic.4.aspx | No | ||||||||||||||||
14 | Trauma Journalism: On Deadline in Harm’s Way | 2011 | Massé, Mark H. | Ball State University (BSU) | Book | Trauma Journalism: On Deadline in Harm’s Way | Bloomsbury | The role of journalists in covering trauma and tragedy isn't new. Witnessing acts of violence, destruction and terror has long been the professional responsibility of countless print and broadcast reporters and photographers. But what is new is a growing awareness of the emotional consequences of such coverage on the victims, their families and loved ones, their communities, and on the journalists whose job it is to tell these stories. Trauma Journalism personalizes this movement with in-depth profiles of reporters, researchers and trauma experts engaged in an international effort to transform how the media work under the most difficult of conditions. | https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/trauma-journalism-9781441195203/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
15 | Coping with traumatic stress in journalism: A critical ethnographic study | 2011 | Buchanan, Marla and Keats, Patrice | University of British Columbia | Article | International Journal of Psychology | 46(2) pp. 127-135 | Journalists who witness trauma and disaster events are at risk for physical, emotional, and psychological injury. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a critical ethnographic study among 31 Canadian journalists and photojournalists with regard to coping strategies used to buffer the effects of being exposed to trauma and disaster events and work-related stress. The findings are the result of in-depth individual interviews and six workplace observations with journalists across Canada. The most commonly reported coping strategies were: avoidance strategies at work, use of black humor, controlling one's emotions and memories, exercise and other physical activities, focusing on the technical aspects, and using substances. Recommendations for addressing the effects of work-related stress within this population are provided. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22044184/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
16 | Journalists’ emotional reactions after working with the Jokela school shooting incident | 2012 | Backholm, Klas and Björkqvist, Kaj | Åbo Akademi University/Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma | Article | Media, War & Conflict | 5(2) pp. 175–190 | Journalists’ psychological distress after working with the Jokela school shooting incident was examined with a mixed methods research design using a sample of 196 journalists (27 on the scene, 169 working indirectly with the crisis). Quantitative results were compared to those of a control group of 297 journalists. Results from the quantitative data showed that in all journalists investigated, a minority indicated a level of PTSD, depression, secondary traumatic stress and burnout sufficient for being labeled as belonging to an ‘at risk’ subgroup. However, no significant group differences were found. In regard to journalists working with the shooting, previous personal traumatic exposure significantly predicted more distress due to the assignment, while work-related exposure did not. An analysis of qualitative data showed that the incident provoked work-related ethical difficulties, as well as a range of personal post-trauma reactions in journalists. The criticism of journalists after the incident provoked additional personal stress in a group of journalists. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1750635212440914 | No | ||||||||||||||||
17 | U.S. and Finnish Journalists: A Comparative Study of Roles, Responsibilities, and Emotional Reactions to School Shootings | 2012 | Backholm, Klas; Moritz, Marguerite and Björkqvist, Kaj | Åbo Akademi University/Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma, University of Colorado | Book Chapter | School Shootings: Mediatized Violence in a Global Age | Bingley, pp. 141-160 | Purpose – In the chapter, journalistic work ethics on the scene during school shootings and journalists’ psychological stress reactions after such work is studied. Approach – Findings are based on several qualitative studies carried out separately at different time periods, spanning over a decade. Included cases are one from the United States, Columbine (1999), and two from Finland, Jokela (2007) and Kauhajoki (2008). Similarities and differences between cases are pinpointed, and general conclusions are drawn. Findings – Results show that while technical equipment and publication platforms have developed between cases, journalists’ ethical issues, response to public criticism, and patterns of postcrisis reactions remain similar. Practical implications – As implications in the area of journalism ethics and stress reactions, the authors conclude that work in crises will be the rule rather than the exception during a journalist's career. Ethical considerations and individual response patterns to an event interact in complex ways. Personal preparation and knowledge in the area of ethics are of crucial importance for being able to function professionally during assignments. Social implications – Personal knowledge regarding journalism ethics and psychological stress are of importance, since individual mistakes when informing about a crisis can have long-lasting societal effects. Value of chapter – In the chapter, the authors underline the need to develop a personal understanding of typical crisis-related journalistic work strategies (autopilot/hyper mode), ethical boundaries, and possible stress reactions, for enabling an adequate work approach during assignments. Also, a number of possible predictors for emotional distress in journalists during crisis-related assignments are proposed. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S2050-2060(2012)0000007011/full/html | No | ||||||||||||||||
18 | Mental illness among journalists: A systematic review | 2012 | Aoki, Yuta; Malcolm, Estelle; Yamaguchi, Sosei; Thornicroft, Graham and Henderson, Claire | King's College London | Article | International Journal of Social Psychiatry | 59(4) pp. 377-390 | Background: Mass media depictions of people with mental illness have a strong influence on public attitudes, to the extent that changes in these depictions can reduce public stigmatization of people with such illness. Journalists' mental health may influence their depiction of those with mental illness, but little is known about this. Aims: To investigate mental illness among journalists in five key areas: (1) journalists' mental health status; (2) journalists' personal attitudes towards mental illness; (3) attitudes and support journalists expect or have experienced from colleagues when they have a mental health problem; (4) effect of journalism's professional culture on the course of mental illness; and (5) effect of journalism's professional culture on mass media depictions of people with mental illness. Methods: We performed a systematic screening of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library regarding the study aims. Results: We identified 19, 12, seven and four studies for aims 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. No articles were found for aim 5. Conclusions: The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among journalists is higher than that among the general population. Journalists have positive personal attitudes towards mental illness, but there are perceived workplace disincentives to disclose mental health problems. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22408118/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
19 | The mediating effect of depression between exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD in news journalists | 2012 | Backholm, Klas and Björkqvist, Kaj | Åbo Akademi University/Dart Center for Journalism & Trauma | Article | European Journal of Psychotraumatology | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.18388 | Background: News journalists are an occupational group with a unique task at the scene of an unfolding crisis-to collect information and inform the public about the event. By being on location, journalists put themselves at risk for being exposed to the potentially traumatic event. Objective: To compare potentially traumatic exposure during work assignments at a crisis scene and in personal life as predictors of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in news journalists. Further, to investigate the mediating effect of depression between the predictor and predicted variables. Method: With a web-based questionnaire, information from a sample of Finnish news journalists (n=407) was collected. The data collected included details on the range of potentially traumatic assignments (PTAs) at the crisis scene during the past 12 months, lifetime potentially traumatic events (PTEs) in personal life, PTSD symptoms, and level of depression. Results: Approximately 50% of the participants had worked with a PTA during the past 12 months. Depression had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between PTAs at the scene and symptoms of PTSD. A similar result was found regarding the relationship between personal life PTEs and PTSD. Depression had a complete indirect effect in the case of PTAs and a partial indirect effect in regard to PTE exposure in personal life. Conclusions: Exposure to PTAs is common within journalistic work. The results reflect the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of the measured symptoms (PTSD, depression) in relation to trauma history. The main limitations of the study include the cross-sectional design and the nature of the instruments used for the collection of work-related trauma history. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22912918/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
20 | Covering Trauma in Canadian Journalism: Exploring the Challenges’ | 2012 | Keats, Patrice and Buchanan, Marla | University of British Columbia | Article | Traumatology | 19(3) pp. 210-222 | This critical ethnographic study is an investigation of the effects of witnessing trauma for Canadian journalists and photojournalists working on national and international assignments. Our primary aim is to describe our participants’ understanding of the effects of covering trauma, disaster, or conflict within a journalism culture. Our findings are derived from in-depth interviews and workplace observations with journalists across Canada. Of specific note are the tensions that exist between the journalists’ beliefs about appropriate practices within the culture of journalism and their personal experiences in the field. These tensions may exacerbate negative effects of witnessing human violence and suffering. Articulating and exploring these tensions may contribute to our understanding of the use and type of support needed and desired by news workers both in and out of the newsroom. (APA PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) | https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1177%2F1534765612466152 | No | ||||||||||||||||
21 | Mexican journalists and journalists covering war: a comparison of psychological wellbeing | 2013 | Feinstein, Anthony | University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research | 5(2) pp. 77-85 | Purpose War journalists confront many dangers, leaving them at risk for mental health problems. They are, however, able to take breaks from the hazards of frontline work by periodically leaving conflict zones for the safety of home. This respite is not afforded local journalists who cover conflict situations. An example of this may be found in Mexico where journalists reporting on the drug cartels may under threat. This inability to seek temporary respite from grave danger may theoretically increase levels of psychological distress. The purpose of this paper is to examine this possibility. Design/methodology/approach The study sample comprised 104 Mexican journalists and a control group of 104 war journalists (non‐Mexican, demographically matched). Outcome measures included indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (Impact of Event Scale‐Revised)(IES‐R), depression (Beck Depression Inventory‐Revised (BDI‐II) and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire‐28 (GHQ‐28). Findings Mexican journalists had higher scores on the avoidance (p=0.01), arousal (p=0.0001), but not intrusion (p=0.29) scales of the IES‐R. They had higher scores on the BDI‐II (p=0.0001) and anxiety (p=0.0001), somatic (p=0.0001) and social dysfunction (p=0.01) subscales of the GHQ‐28. Practical implications Mexican journalists targeted by drug cartels have more psychopathology than journalists who cover war. News organisations that employ journalists in this line of work therefore need to be aware of this and have a mechanism in place to provide treatment, when needed. Originality/value This is the first study to directly explore the psychological effects of violence on local journalists who do not cover war, but nevertheless live and work in areas of grave danger. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/17596591311313672/full/html | No | ||||||||||||||||
22 | Witnessing images of extreme violence: a psychological study of journalists in the newsroom | 2014 | Feinstein, Anthony; Audet, Blair and Waknine, Elizabeth | University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | Royal Society of Medicine Journals | 5(8), DOI: 10.1177/2054270414533323 | Objective User Generated Content – photos and videos submitted to newsrooms by the public – has become a prominent source of information for news organisations. Journalists working with uncensored material can frequently witness disturbing images for prolonged periods. How this might affect their psychological health is not known and it is the focus of this study. Design Descriptive, exploratory. Setting The newsrooms of three international news organisations. Participants One hundred and sixteen journalists working with User Generated Content material. Main outcome measures Psychometric data included the re-experiencing, avoidance and autonomic arousal indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (Impact of Event Scale-revised), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II; BDI-II), a measure of psychological distress (GHQ-28), the latter comprising four subscales measuring somatisation, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression, and mean weekly alcohol consumption divided according to gender. Results Regression analyses revealed that frequent (i.e. daily) exposure to violent images independently predicted higher scores on all indices of the Impact of Event Scale-revised, the BDI-II and the somatic and anxiety subscales of the GHQ-28. Exposure per shift only predicted scores on the intrusion subscale of the Impact of Event Scale-revised. Conclusions The present study, the first of its kind, suggests that frequency rather than duration of exposure to images of graphic violence is more emotionally distressing to journalists working with User Generated Content material. Given that good journalism depends on healthy journalists, news organisations will need to look anew at what can be done to offset the risks inherent in viewing User Generated Content material. Our findings, in need of replication, suggest that reducing the frequency of exposure may be one way to go. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2054270414533323 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
23 | Journalists at risk: looking beyond just physical safety | 2015 | Jukes, Stephen | Bournemouth University | Conference Paper | Conference: The Future of Journalism - Risks, Threats and Opportunities | N/A | Hardly a day goes by when we are not reminded of the hazards of modern journalism. The already unacceptably high levels of intimidation, kidnapping and killing have escalated still further with the civil conflict in Iraq and Syria and the series of brutal beheadings carried out by ISIS. But while major news organisations have paid increasing attention to safeguarding the physical safety of their correspondents, and some limited support is now in place for freelancers, the issue of the mental health of journalists covering conflict is still too often an afterthought. This paper explores the emerging support mechanisms for journalists covering traumatic news events, whether that be full blown war, natural disaster, street crime or family violence. Based on the author’s personal experience of working with the Dart Centre for Journalism & Trauma and on interviews with top journalists, the paper further explores new challenges emerging from social media as journalists seek to incorporate into their news reporting an increasing volume of often distressing “user generated content”. The disturbingly graphic nature of this material, ranging from chemical weapons attacks in Syria to propaganda driven beheading videos, has prompted some news organisations to evolve guidelines to safeguard the mental health of often junior journalists now subjected to a daily flow of traumatic news footage on newsroom intake desks. | file:///Users/gemmahorton/Downloads/Jukes%20-%20Future%20of%20Journalism%20paper%20(2).pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
24 | The psychological effects of reporting extreme violence: a study of Kenyan journalists | 2015 | Feinstein, Anthony; Wanga, Justus and Owen, John | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, The Nation, City University | Article | Royal Society of Medicine Journals | 6(9), DOI: 10.1177/2054270415602828 | Objective To assess the psychological health of journalists in Kenya who have reported on, and been exposed to, extreme violence. Design Descriptive. Psychological responses were elicited to two stressors, the ethnic violence surrounding the disputed 2007 general election and the Al-Shabab attack on the Westgate Mall in Nairobi. Participants A representative sample of 90 Kenyan journalists was enrolled. Setting Newsrooms of two national news organizations in Kenya. Main outcome measures Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (Impact of Event Scale-revised), depression (Deck Depression inventory-revised) and general psychological wellbeing (General Health Questionnaire). Results Of the 90 journalists approached 57 (63.3%) responded. Journalists covering the election violence (n = 23) reported significantly more PTSD type intrusion (p = 0.027) and arousal (p = 0.024) symptoms than their colleagues (n = 34) who had not covered the violence. Reporting the Westgate attack was not associated with increased psychopathology. Being wounded (n = 11) emerged as the most robust independent predictor of emotional distress. Journalists covering the ethnic violence compared to colleagues who did not were not more likely to receive psychological counselling. Conclusions These data, the first of their kind from an African country, replicate findings over a decade old from Western media, namely that journalists asked to cover life-threatening events may develop significant symptoms of emotional difficulties and fail to receive therapy for them. Good journalism, a pillar of civil society, depends on healthy journalists. It is hoped that these data act as a catalyst encouraging news organisations sending journalists into harm’s way to look out for their psychological health in doing so. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2054270415602828 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
25 | Civil War in Syria: the psychological effects on journalists | 2015 | Feinstein, Anthony and Starr, Stephen | University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute | Article | Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research | 7(1) pp. 57-64 | Purpose: More journalists died in Syria during 2013 than in any other country experiencing conflict. This statistic raises concerns about the psychological wellbeing of journalists covering the internecine violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The study sample was made up of 59 western journalists currently covering the Syrian conflict. To place these results in the broader context of war journalism previously collected data from a group of 84 journalists who had reported the war in Iraq were used as a control sample. Outcome measures included indices of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Impact of Event Scale-revised) and psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire-28 item version (GHQ-28)). Findings: Compared to journalists who covered the Iraq war, the journalists working in Syria were more likely to be female (p = 0.007), single (p = 0.018), freelance (p = 0.0001) and had worked fewer years as a journalist (p = 0.012). They were more depressed according to the GHQ-28 (p = 0.001) and endorsed more individual symptoms of depression including worthlessness (p = 0.012), helplessness (p = 0.02) and suicidal intent (p = 0.003). A linear regression analysis revealed that the group differences in depression data could not be accounted for by demographic factors. Research limitations/implications: An absence of structured interviews. Results not applicable to local Syrian journalists. Practical implications: Western journalists covering Syrian appear to be particularly vulnerable to the development of depression. Journalists and the news organizations that employ them need to be cognizant of data such as these. Given that depression is treatable, there needs to be a mechanism in place to detect and treat those in need. Originality/value: This is the first study that highlights the emotional toll on western journalists covering the Syrian conflict. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) | https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2015-00146-005 | No | ||||||||||||||||
26 | Job demands, coping, and impacts of occupational stress among journalists: a systematic review | 2016 | Monteiro, Susana; Marques Pinto; Alexandra and Roberto, Magda Sofia | Universidade de Lisboa | Article | European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology | 25(5) pp. 751-772 | This paper systematically reviews empirical research published from 2002 to July 2015 investigating journalists’ occupational stressors, coping strategies, and the impacts of these variables on the health and well-being of such professionals, whether on their daily work or as special envoys to critical scenarios. A meta-analytic approach was displayed to analyse the association between exposure to traumatic events during work and journalists’ symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Twenty eight articles met the inclusion criteria and revealed that very few studies distinguish (and none compare) the distress of journalists in their daily work from the distress of reporting major disasters, not a single study addressed positive emotional responses and only one research study focused on an in-depth analysis of the most commonly used coping strategies by journalists. The impacts of occupational stress among these professionals were sorely negative (e.g., burnout, PTSD), and no study was found to address the design and assessment of preventive interventions for these impacts on the health and well-being of journalists. Thirteen studies were included in a random-effects model meta-analysis and a small to moderate effect size (r = 0.272) between exposure to traumatic events during assignments and PTSD was found. The article closes with directions for future studies. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1359432X.2015.1114470?journalCode=pewo20 | No | ||||||||||||||||
27 | The psychological wellbeing of Iranian journalists: a descriptive study | 2016 | Feinstein, Anthony; Feinstein, Saul; Behari, Maziar and Pavisian, Bennis | University of Toronto and Sunnybrook Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University | Article | Royal Society of Medicine Journals | 7(12), DOI: 10.1177/2054270416675560 | Objective Iran ranks 173 out of 180 countries on an index of press freedom. The purpose of the study was to assess the psychological wellbeing of Iranian journalists and document the stressors encountered in their work. Design A secure website was established and participants were given their unique identifying number and password to access the site. Setting Newsrooms in Iran and the diaspora. Participants Responses were received from 114 journalists (76%) of whom 65.8% were living in the diaspora. The mean age was 37.8 years (SD = 7.30) and 57% male. Main outcomes measures Type of stressor and behavioural data: Impact of Event Scale-revised for posttraumatic stress disorder, Beck Depression Inventory-II for depression. Results Stressors include arrest (41.2%), torture (19.3%), assault (10.5%), intimidation (51.4%) and family threatened (43.1%). Eighty nine (78.1%) journalists had stopped working on a story because of intimidation. Arrest, torture, intimidation and family threatened were associated with more intrusive and arousal PTSD symptoms (p < .01 to .001) and assault and intimidation with more depressive symptoms (p < .05). Almost a third of Iranian journalists regularly used barbiturates, with use correlating with symptoms of intrusion (p < .0001), avoidance (p < .01), arousal (p < .0001) and depression (p < .0001). 46.5% of Iranian journalists were not receiving therapy for their distress. Conclusions The findings, the first of their kind, provide data highlighting the extraordinary degree of danger confronted by Iranian journalists, their emotional distress in response to this and their proclivity to self-medicate with barbiturates. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5140040/ | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
28 | Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma | 2017 | Anderson, Fay | Monash University | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 231-234 | This chapter illuminates new understanding about the dangers experienced by Australian news photographers on international and domestic assignments. Using oral history methodology, the interviews with 60 present and former Australian newspaper photographers revealed a litany of psychologically and physically hazardous aspects of their work, and the safety training available. Despite the implementation of trauma counselling and hostile environment courses, press photography continues to be a highly dangerous and precarious vocation | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
29 | Pacific journalists training in dealing with psychological trauma when covering climate change | 2017 | Dart Research Center | Dart Research Center | Post-training report | Pacific journalists training in dealing with psychological trauma when covering climate change | UNESCO | The safety of journalists is not only about physical wellbeing. Safety extends to protection against impending psychological injury resulting from exposure to violence, conflict, disaster and tragedy. Both psychological safety and physical safety are inextricably linked. Research shows¹ that people who experience psychological trauma may have impaired decision-making processes and take more physical risks than nontrauma affected persons. Further studies show that people who are educated about ‘emotional (trauma) literacy’ are able to change their behaviour and understand the emotional experience of others better². Therefore, education about trauma awareness in times of climate change disasters focuses on the safety of the journalist and also contributes to media professionals understanding the experience of sources better, resulting in more accurate and ethical journalism. | https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/pacific_journalists_training_in_dealing_with_psychological_trauma_when_covering_climate_change.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
30 | Journalism after jail: coping with the trauma of imprisonment | 2017 | Freedman, Eric | Michigan State University | Article | Media Asia | 44, pp. 21-24 | Journalists continue to face imprisonment for practicing their profession in ways that antagonize regimes, militaries, oligarchs, and other powerful interests. What do journalists do after their release from prison? Do they resume their professional work in their home country or in exile? How do they cope psychologically? And how does the prison experience reshape their approach to journalism and views on the journalistic mission? To help answer those questions, I interviewed eight journalists who’d been jailed for periods of two weeks to more than two years by some of the world’s most repressitarian regimes—Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Iran, the Soviet Union, and Syria. Each journalist has a unique tale to tell, but common threads emerge from their interviews. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2017.1374630 | No | ||||||||||||||||
31 | The Psychological Wellbeing of Iranian Journalists | 2017 | Feinstein, Anthony and Pavisian, Bennis | University of Toronto; The Ohio State University | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 185-190 | Objectives: To determine the emotional wellbeing of journalists who work in Iran. Methods: A website was established and journalists in newsrooms in Iran and the Diaspora were given information to access the site. Responses were received from 114 journalists (76 per per cent cent). The mean age was 37.8 years and 57 per cent were male. Primary outcomes measures: Impact of Event Scale-revised for posttraumatic stress disorder, Beck Depression Inventory-II for depression. Results: Stressors included arrest (41.2 per cent), torture (19.3 per cent), assault (10.5 per cent), intimidation (51.4 per cent) and family threatened (43.1 per cent). Eighty-nine (78.1 per cent) journalists had stopped working on a story because of intimidation. Arrest, torture, intimidation and family threatened were associated with more PTSD symptoms and assault and intimidation with more depressive symptoms. Almost a third used barbiturates, with use correlating with symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, arousal and depression. Conclusions: Iranian journalists confront an extraordinary degree of danger. Self-medication of emotional distress with barbiturates gives additional cause for concern. | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
32 | Risk and Resilience among Journalists Covering Potentially Traumatic Events | 2017 | Idås, Trond and Backholm, Klas | Åbo Akademi University | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 235-240 | Journalists covering crises are at high risk of experiencing potentially traumatic events. This chapter presents a study with 375 journalists who covered the 2011 terror attack in Norway. The purpose was to investigate whether social support (SS) was related to psychological distress (posttraumatic stress symptoms, PTSS) or to personal posttraumatic growth (PTG). Results showed that 9 per cent (n = 33) were at risk for a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis. Journalists who perceived organized SS to be beneficial reported fewer symptoms. Receiving recognition from colleagues and managers promoted PTG. The study shows that newsrooms that implement openness to stress as a natural post-trauma reaction support resilience among their journalists. | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
33 | Trauma counseling for journalists: a profession in denial | 2017 | Ananthan, Gowri | Independent Researcher | Article | Media Asia | 44(1) pp. 17-20 | Research suggests between 80 and 90% of journalists have been exposed to a work-related traumatic events such as murder, mass casualties, war and natural disasters. Most journalists exhibit resilience despite repeated exposure to such traumatic events. However, a significant minority are at risk for long-term psychological problems, including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. Unsurprisingly, the greater the exposure to violence, suffering and death, in particular involving children, the more likely people are to break down. And those are the situations exactly what many journalists have to deal with as part of their job. Due to the 30 years of war in Sri Lanka, many journalists suffer PTSD as they witnessed many horrible events involving death, violence, bomb attacks and human suffering. Even though the war ended eight years ago, trauma is still there in many minds. Currently, many of the younger journalists are more likely to report occupational dysfunction due to PTSD. This article will analyze what impact such traumatic situations had on journalists and what methods and training can better prepare fresher journalists to face such traumatic events well in advance. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2017.1379814 | No | ||||||||||||||||
34 | The exposure to traumatic events and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder among Korean journalists | 2017 | Lee, Mina; Ha, Eun Hye and Pae, Jung Kun | Sookmyung Women’s University | Article | Journalism | 19(9-10) pp. 1308-1325 | This study investigated posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms on Korean journalists and the contributing variables. Predicting variables included the exposure to traumatic events, coping strategy, social support, optimism, negative beliefs, and the journalists’ occupational perspectives. A total of 367 Korean journalists participated in the survey. The findings revealed that, first, Korean journalists had suffered severely from PTSD symptoms according to the prevalence rate. Second, the extent of traumatic event exposure, the length of career, the use of dysfunctional coping strategy, a lack of social support, and negative beliefs were identified as significantly related variables. Finally, occupational perspectives showed meaningful associations with development of the symptoms. This study provided an empirical analysis of Korean journalists’ experiences of traumatic events and psychological stress for the first time. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464884917707596 | No | ||||||||||||||||
35 | Symptoms of PTSD in Frontline Journalists: A Retrospective Examination of 18 Years of War and Conflict | 2018 | Feinstein, Anthony; Osmann, Jonas and Patel, Viral | University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry | 63(9), DOI: 10.1177/0706743718777396 | Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the frequency and severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in journalists covering conflict. Methods: PTSD data (Impact of Event Scale-Revised) collected over an 18-year period from 684 conflict journalists were analyzed retrospectively for frequency and severity of reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms. Conflicts covered were civil wars in the Balkans ( n = 140 journalists), 9/11 attack in New York City ( n = 46), Iraq war ( n = 84), Mexico drug wars ( n = 104), civil war in Syria ( n = 59), Kenya election violence/Al-Shabab terror ( n = 57), state-sanctioned media intimidation in Iran ( n = 114), and the current migration crisis in Europe ( n = 80). Results: The mean age of the sample was 38.59 (SD = 8.35) years, 461 (67%) journalists were men, and the mean duration of conflict work was 13.42 (SD = 7.74) years. The 5 most frequently endorsed symptoms were in the reexperiencing/intrusion category. Mean intrusion (1.31, SD = 0.97), avoidance (1.08, SD = 0.89), and arousal (1.07, SD = 0.96) scores for the entire sample were in the mild range. Being female and less educated independently predicted PTSD symptoms. Conclusions: PTSD phenomenology in a group of conflict journalists with well over a decade of frontline experience is dominated by reexperiencing symptoms. While symptom severity is for the most part mild, group means can obscure those individuals with significantly more severe difficulties. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29792077/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
36 | Journalists covering the refugee and migration crisis are affected by moral injury not PTSD | 2018 | Feinstein, Anthony; Pavisian, Bennis and Storm, Hannah | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre | Article | Royal Society of Medicine Journals | 9(3), DOI: 10.1177/2054270418759010 | Objective To explore the emotional health of journalists covering the migrations of refugees across Europe. Design Descriptive. A secure website was established and participants were given their unique identifying number and password to access the site. Setting Newsrooms and in the field. Participants Responses were received from 80 (70.2%) of 114 journalists from nine news organisations. Main outcome measures Symptoms of PTSD (Impact of Events Scale-revised), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-Revised) and moral injury (Moral Injury Events Scale-revised). Results Symptoms of PTSD were not prominent, but those pertaining to moral injury and guilt were. Moral injury was associated with being a parent (p = .031), working alone (p = .02), a recent increase in workload (p = .017), a belief that organisational support is lacking (p = .046) and poor control over resources needed to report the story (p = .027). A significant association was found between guilt and moral injury (p = .01) with guilt more likely to occur in journalists who reported covering the migrant story close to home (p = .011) and who divulged stepping outside their role as a journalist to assist migrants (p = .014). Effect sizes (d) ranged from .47 to .71. Conclusions On one level, the relatively low scores on conventional psychometric measures of PTSD and depression are reassuring. However, our data confirm that moral injury is a different construct from DSM-defined trauma response syndromes, one that potentially comes with its own set of long-term maladaptive behaviours and adjustment problems. | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5846940/ | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
37 | Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom | 2019 | Seely, Natalee | Ball State University (BSU) | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | DOI: 10.1177/1077695819859966. | Covering traumatic story assignments is often central to a journalist’s job. Violent crimes, natural disasters, and tragic personal struggles—these are newsworthy events. Studies have associated trauma coverage with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, and other traumatic stress symptoms in reporters. This study uses a survey of print journalists (N = 254) and qualitative interview data to examine the extent that higher education journalism programs helped prepare reporters for covering trauma. Respondents who reported receiving some type of education about trauma journalism reported higher levels of trauma literacy, defined as an awareness of the potential effects of trauma and adaptive coping mechanisms. Results indicate the power of education to produce more prepared journalists. More than half (53%) of respondents reported never having received any type of education related to crisis reporting or covering trauma. A subset of respondents (n = 24) from the sample were interviewed about the extent of their journalism education, their experiences covering traumatic assignments, and their feelings of preparedness on the job. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077695819859966 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
38 | Journalists and mental health: The psychological toll of covering everyday trauma | 2019 | Seely, Natalee | Ball State University (BSU) | Article | Newspaper Research Journal | 40(2) pp. 239-259 | Journalists are often first responders and eyewitnesses to violent news events. Trauma reporting can take its toll, resulting in mental health effects. Addressing the solution requires understanding the problem. This multimethod study used a national survey of journalists (N = 254) that shows that as trauma coverage frequency and intensity increase, so does the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. In-depth interviews offer personal narratives of effects from traumatic reporting. Common coping mechanisms include disconnecting from work in various ways, purging emotions, talking about trauma, and remembering their jobs’ higher purposes. Suggestions include humanizing the newsroom and teaching about trauma reporting. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0739532919835612 | No | ||||||||||||||||
39 | Fear, trauma and local journalists Implications for media development and peacebuilding | 2020 | Betz, Michelle and Beighley, Paul | Journalist/Freelance | Book Chapter | Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship | Routledge | In many transitional and conflict societies self-censorship is employed as a coping mechanism or survival strategy (Skjerdal, 2010; Tapsell, 2012). Recent research has examined self-censorship by journalists in countries in which there have been and continue to be media support and safety interventions. In some of these transitional and conflict-affected countries journalists routinely censor themselves to avoid jail, while others do so to avoid assassination or physical violence (Freedom House, 2018; Bar-Tal, 2015). Violent conflict has a negative effect on the free flow of information, in part due to self-censorship which impoverishes public debate (Bar-Tal, 2015). There has been limited discussion of the impacts of self-censorship among journalists on peacebuilding. This chapter will examine the chain of causality between traumatized journalists, self-censorship and peacebuilding and will suggest solutions to bolster journalistic communities in the context of trauma, fear and self-censorship. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-10/fear-trauma-local-journalists-michelle-betz-paul-beighley | No | ||||||||||||||||
40 | Emotionality and Professionalism: Exploring the Management of Emotions by Journalists Reporting on Genocide | 2020 | Knight, Caitlin | University of Roehampton | Article | Sociology | 54(3) pp. 609-625 | The dynamic nature of reporting requires journalists to interrogate their emotions as well as their sense of professionalism. This article focuses on the complex relationship between emotionality and professionalism mediated by journalists who reported on cases of genocide. This extraordinary conflict situation provides a unique lens from which to explore the personal and professional resolve of journalists. Utilising interviews with UK journalists that reported on genocides in Rwanda and Srebrenica, this article develops a framework which characterises journalistic emotional labour as distinct, multi-faceted and somewhat contradictory. While participants described reporting as a focused, professional process in which emotions were silenced, the instinctual element and residual emotional toll associated with reporting on genocide demonstrates emotionality was not entirely absent. This article therefore provides a future template from which to explore emotional labour as part of a transformative relationship between journalists’ emotionality and professionalism. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038038519882608 | No | ||||||||||||||||
41 | Psychological distress in Afghan journalists: a descriptive study | 2020 | Osmann, Jonas; Khalvatgar, Abdul Mujeeb and Feinstein, Anthony | University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Nai Supporting Open Media in Afghanistan | Article | Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research | 2(3) pp. 115-123 | Purpose Afghanistan is one of the world’s most dangerous places for journalists. There are, however, no data on the mental health of Afghan journalists covering conflict in their country. The study aims to determine the degree to which Afghan journalists are exposed to traumatic events, their perceptions of organizational support, their rates of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, their utilization of mental health services and the effectiveness of the treatment received. Design/methodology/approach The entire study was undertaken in Dari (Farsi). Five major Afghan news organizations representing 104 journalists took part of whom 71 (68%) completed a simple eleven-point analog scale rating perceptions of organizational support. Symptoms of PTSD and depression were recorded with the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) and the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), respectively. Behavioral comparisons were undertaken between those journalists who had and had not received mental health therapy. Findings The majority of journalists exceeded cutoff scores for PTSD and major depression and reported high rates for exposure to traumatic events. There were no significant differences in IES-R and CES-D scores between journalists who had and had not received mental health therapy. Most journalists did not view their employers as supportive. Originality/value To the best of authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to collect empirical data on the mental health of Afghan journalists. The results highlight the extreme stressors confronted by them, their correspondingly high levels of psychopathology and the relative ineffectiveness of mental health therapy given to a minority of those in distress. The implications of these findings are discussed. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JACPR-02-2020-0473/full/html | No | ||||||||||||||||
42 | Post-Trauma Psychopathology in Journalists: The Influence of Institutional Betrayal and World Assumptions | 2020 | Dadouch, Zena and Lilly, Michelle M. | Northern Illinois University | Article | Journalism Practice | 15(7) pp. 955-973 | Journalists are often exposed to potentially traumatic content through their profession. High levels of exposure have been found to predict high levels of psychopathology among journalists, including posttraumatic stress, alcohol use, and depressive symptoms. Predictors of such outcomes have not been extensively investigated. The current study assessed the roles of world views, institutional betrayal, and work-related trauma exposure on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol use, and depression. One hundred and fifteen journalists completed the online study and a portion subsequently completed a phone clinical interview. Greater exposure to work-related trauma was positively correlated with PTSD. Regression analyzes revealed that experiences of institutional betrayal moderated the relationship between shattered world assumptions and PTSD and alcohol use, but not depression. Specifically, among individuals who reported greater institutional betrayal, the relationship between benevolence of the world and PTSD and alcohol use was stronger. Results highlight the role of organizational factors in exacerbating symptoms of pathology. Implications include conducting research on micro- and macro-level factors that contribute to pathology in this group. Recommendations include destigmatizing disclosure of psychological needs to editors and news agencies, introducing more trainings for journalists and editorial staff focused on trauma, mental health, and how to improve and maintain psychological well-being. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2020.1755606 | No | ||||||||||||||||
43 | Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response | 2020 | Tornero-Aguilera, José Francisco; Robles-Pérez, José Juan and Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier | Research Centre in Applied Combat, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Cuartel General de Fuerzas Ligeras, Universidad de La Costa | Article | Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback | 45(4) pp. 231-239 | Covering war conflicts may compromise the psychological and physical health of journalists because chronic exposure to these environments has been related to depression, memory dissociative processes, and post-traumatic stress disorder; however, acute effects have not been studied yet. Thus, a combat simulation was carried out replicating actual warfare scenarios, including personnel and equipment. Psychophysiological response, memory, and information-processing were analysed of 40 professional soldiers (21 males and 19 females) and 19 journalists (12 males and 7 females) with international experience in current conflict areas such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, in relation to their experience of a combat intervention. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in metabolic, muscular, cardiovascular, and cortical and psychological anxiety response, as well as a decrease in memory accuracy directly after and 24 h and 72 h post-combat were found; these modifications were modulated by the nature of the stimulus. Journalists presented higher cognitive and memory impairment than soldiers, resulting in a press reporting of real events accuracy of only 27%. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529414/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
44 | An investigation Into Risks to Mental Health of Bangladeshi Journalists | 2021 | Islam, Md. Aminul; Quarmal, Sarkar Barbaq and Das, Apon | University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Bangladesh/University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB), Bangladesh | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 167-193 | Mental health in workplaces is a global concern today, and Bangladesh is not an exception to that. It is a big concern in journalism as good journalism depends on healthy journalists and news organizations. Most of the scholarships on the topic have been done from the perspective of western and developed countries. Little is known about it from the context of developing countries like Bangladesh. As such, the present study aimed at assessing mental health and well-being of professional journalists in Bangladesh. Data were collected through a survey using a semi-structured questionnaire from 191 Dhaka-based journalists reached with the aid of snowball sampling method. Psychometric instruments such as improvised depression scale, the perceived stress scale, Beck hopelessness scale (BHS), and satisfaction with life scale were used to collect data. The results show that most of the journalists perceive their job as highly stressful, suffer from depression up to some extent, are extremely dissatisfied with their life, and severely hopeless about their life and future. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/an-investigation-into-risks-to-mental-health-of-bangladeshi-journalists/267633 | No | ||||||||||||||||
45 | Tackling the emotional toll together: How journalists address harassment with connective practices | 2021 | Kantola, Anu; Harju, Anu A; | University of Helsinki / University of Helsinki | Article | Journalism After September 11 | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849211055293 | In this article, we examine how journalists address and tackle online harassment by connective practices that involve joint action with peers and editors that we find are particularly effective in addressing the emotional effects of harassment. Theoretically, we bridge community of practice research with theories of emotional labour to develop a novel perspective to examine online harassment. Drawing on 22 interviews with Finnish journalists, we find three categories of connective practices that are particularly effective in tackling harassment: (1) supportive connection between the journalist and the editor; (2) shared collegial practices among peers in the newsrooms and (3) emotional engagement among peers outside the newsroom. All three categories illustrate how journalists as a community of practice develop new practices through dynamic processes innovation, improvisation, trial and error, reciprocal learning and mutual engagement. Importantly, emotional labour forms an important dimension of these practices as the journalists jointly address and tackle the emotional effects of harassment. We posit that the effectiveness of these connective practices largely stems from their ability to provide emotional support. While addressing feelings of fear, anger and shame, these shared practices also help consolidate the newly acquired knowledge and the professional identity under attack. Finally, we offer recommendations for newsrooms and journalists on how to collectively counter harassment and develop policies to address it. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849211055293 | No | ||||||||||||||||
46 | The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: A mapping review | 2021 | Osmann, Jonas; Dvorkin, Jeffrey ; Inbar, Yoel; Page-Gould, Elizabeth and Feinstein, Anthony | University of Toronto | Article | Media, War & Conflict | 14(4) pp. 476–502 | This article presents a mapping review of the available literature on the emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events. The review consists of three parts: (a) a summary of the results of trauma-related literature; (b) identification of the limitations of studies to date; and (c) suggestions for future research. The overview of the reviewed studies is provided as a table. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1750635219895998 | No | ||||||||||||||||
47 | PTSD in the Newsroom: A Grounded Theory View of Organizational Leaders and Trauma | 2021 | Hill, Desiree | University of Central Oklahoma | Article | International Journal on Media Management | 23(3-4) pp. 238-263 | A number of studies have demonstrated that journalists will experience traumatic events during the course of their careers. Yet a gap in the research exists regarding newsroom organizational leaders and the impact of trauma on their work and emotional health. This study used a grounded theory approach to learn how newsroom leaders experience trauma and how they learn from events such as disasters and terror attacks to translate that knowledge into the work of management. The study also analyzes peer-reviewed research on journalism, trauma, and PTSD to understand how the newsroom organizational leaders in the study can contribute and amplify the recommended trauma responses for newsroom leaders. The data reveal that news organizational leaders can experience symptoms of PTSD and other negative emotional impacts and that news organizational leaders experience an emotional double bind, where staff is encouraged to openly show emotion and be supported, but the organizational leaders believe they will be perceived as weak if they show emotion. Findings from the study are valuable, because they lead to practical guidelines regarding counseling, supervisor support, and training and extend our understanding of how trauma can impact the entire newsroom ecosystem. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14241277.2022.2028792?journalCode=hijm20 | No | ||||||||||||||||
48 | Live From My Living Room: Perceived Organizational Support Among TV News Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic | 2021 | Coates Nee, Rebecca and Cueva Chacón, Lourdes M. | San Diego State University | Article | Electronic News | 15(3–4) pp. 75–94. | As members of the media, TV news workers were considered essential employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many employees went into the field to cover stories related to the pandemic, which included anti-mask and lock-down protests. This mixed-methods study explored the extent to which TV news workers perceived organizational support from their news organizations during the crisis. Findings of a national survey of TV news employees (N = 173) show market size (larger), membership in professional organizations, access to counseling services, and resources on best practices of covering COVID-19 correlated with positive perceptions of employers during the pandemic. In turn, these positive perceptions, as well as manageable job demands and high decision authority each correlated with overall job satisfaction. Qualitative findings further illustrated the varying steps TV news managers took to support and protect their employees’ health and safety during the crisis. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/19312431211035129 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
49 | Journalism and Emotional Work | 2021 | Pantti, Mervi and Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin | University of Helsinki, Cardiff University | Article | Journalism Studies | 22(12) pp. 1567-1573 | This essay introduces the special issue entitled Journalism and Emotional Work. It argues the need for a context-sensitive understanding of emotional work in journalism profession. Contributions to the issue elucidate the social context for and the social consequences of emotional work. It demonstrates that journalists' emotional work is shaped by the changes in the industry and specific contexts in which they carry out their work. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1977168 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
50 | Ecuadorian Journalists Mental Health Influence on Changing Job Desire: A Cross Sectional Study | 2021 | Bustamante-Granda, Byron Fernando; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Claudia; Cisneros-Vidal, María Aranzazu; Rivera-Rogel, Diana and Torres-Montesinos, Claudia | Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja | Article | International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | 18(19), DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910139. PMID: 34639441 | Journalist's mental health could predict their job change. This study aims at determining the prevalence of mental health issues and their association with perception of aptitude for covering emergencies and difficulty in seeing a corpse, and also to determine the mental health factors associated with job change. An ad hoc survey, GHQ-28 (Somatization, Anxiety-Insomnia, Social Dysfunction, Depression), MBI-P (Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, personal accomplishment) and Brief scale to diagnose Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Suicide Risk were applied to 196 journalists (female = 51.6%). Descriptive analysis, correlations (Pearson and Spearman), T-test and binary logistic regression were performed. It was found that one third part of journalists perceive themselves as having low aptitude to cover emergencies and difficulty in seeing a corpse, 17.3% would consider changing jobs and 42.1% could only access free mental health services. The most frequent mental health problems are: low personal accomplishment, emotional exhaustion and post-traumatic stress disorder (11.2 to 17.3%). People who want to change jobs present more: social dysfunction, depression, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, low personal accomplishment, post-traumatic stress disorder and suicide risk. The two mental health factors associated with desire of changing jobs are high emotional exhaustion, and low personal accomplishment. These results guide the psychosocial risk prevention processes for journalists, as well as the training needs that universities could consider to protect the mental health of this vulnerable group. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34639441/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
51 | Associations among traumatic experiences, threat exposure, and mental health in Pakistani journalists | 2022 | Koster, Suzanna M; Koot, Hans M; Malik, Jamil A and Sijbrandij, Marit | Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-i-Azam University | Article | Journal of Traumatic Stress | 35(2) pp. 581-592 | Pakistan is considered to be relatively unsafe for journalists; however, little is known about how working in situations that involve a high risk of trauma exposure and personal threat impacts journalists' mental health. The present study aimed to examine the associations among reporting on topics that carry a high risk of trauma exposure; work-related personal threat exposure; and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of Pakistani journalists. Participants completed online assessments to report the extent of their exposure to trauma and threat in the last 6 months with regard to reporting on militancy, crime, bomb blasts, and natural disasters and exposure to electronic, verbal, and physical threats; stalking; kidnapping; and detention. Further, we assessed symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress using self-report instruments. Of the 296 participants, 34.1% showed clinically significant levels of PTSD, moderately elevated levels of depression, and severely elevated levels of anxiety. Linear regression analyses demonstrated an association between PTSD symptoms and a higher frequency of reporting on natural disasters, β = 2.40, p = .004, whereas symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress were associated with a lower frequency of reporting on bomb and suicide blasts, βs = -.93 - 1.61, p = <.001 - .047. Ideally, these findings will raise awareness about their situation, inform prevention and intervention efforts dedicated to journalists' mental health, and promote future research to elucidate the causal factors implicated in mental health symptoms in this population. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34989035/ | No | ||||||||||||||||
52 | Economic crisis and trauma journalism: Assessing the emotional toll of reporting in crisis-ridden countries | 2022 | Papadopoulou, Lambrini; Maniou, Theodora A. and Pandia, Eleana | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University of Cyprus, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences | Article | Communications | 47(3), pp. 350-374 | This article discusses the relationship between the post-2008 global economic crisis and trauma journalism through a quantitative study of reporters covering austerity’s everyday manifestations and examines the effects on the media professionals involved. The findings indicate that journalists who cover economic crisis-related incidents suffer specific symptoms of trauma. As such, the study re-conceptualizes the economic crisis as primarily affective for media workers, it establishes a direct correlation between the economic crisis and emotional trauma, and provides an insight into the kind of trauma that stems from covering austerity and its impact on society. A regression analysis of symptoms indicates trauma journalism as an emerging field of research into the economic crisis. | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/commun-2020-0050/html?lang=en | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
53 | Contextualizing Psychological Outcomes for TV News Journalists: Role Differences in Industry Culture: Organizational Hierarchy and Trauma Exposure | 2022 | MacDonald, Jasmine B.; Fox, Rachael and Saliba, Anthony J. | RMIT University, Charles Sturt University | Article | Journal of Constructivist Psychology | 35(1) pp. 255-279 | Research indicates that TV news journalists’ ongoing exposure to trauma can result in psychopathology. However, we currently know little about potential differences in trauma exposure between individuals in varying journalistic roles. The aim of this study is to contextualize the existing knowledge of psychological outcomes for TV news journalists and to complement current deductive trends in literature by asking: How do TV news journalists of differing roles and responsibilities experience unique factors that ultimately influence their trauma exposure? Individuals in journalistic roles that experience differences in their exposure to trauma compared to other roles, may be at risk of elevated psychopathology or in need of greater support to prevent distress. A social constructivist approach was adopted and in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 Australian TV news camera-operators and reporters. Analysis was conducted according to a systematic and transparent thematic analysis. The findings suggest that TV news camera operators and reporters experience differences in: (1) experiences of industry culture within organizational hierarchy, (2) role expectations of physical proximity to trauma, and (3) social visibility during trauma exposure. By considering role-based differences, this study recommends resources and support necessary for reporters and camera operators. The present findings inform news organizations providing support for their staff, and news consumers of the circumstances under which news workers perform roles. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10720537.2020.1809579 | No | ||||||||||||||||
54 | Taking to the streets: The effects of in-the-field harassment against journalists covering protests | 2022 | Miller, Kaitlin C. and Kocan, Samantha | University of Alabama | Article | Journalism | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849221138429 | Since 2017, 518 journalists have been attacked while covering protests (U.S. Press Freedom Tracker, 2021) which is one of the most dangerous places to be as a journalist in the United States (Sterne & Peters, 2017). Despite the volatile climate around journalists as they cover increasingly dangerous protests (Luqiu, 2020), there is minimal understanding as to the effect of these events on them (Talabi, et al., 2021). Furthermore, there is a gap in the hostility literature examining harassment that journalists face in the field. Through a survey of U.S. journalists, this study finds that covering protests causes journalists mental and emotional health concerns, which influences how they view their journalistic roles. Furthermore, the effects of positive and negative encounters at protests affected journalists personally, depending on who the perpetrator was (protestor or law enforcement)—influencing everything from PTSD and anxiety to intentions to leave journalism. The paper ultimately underscores the need for news organizations to make sure journalists not only are safe, but also feel safe, when reporting in the field. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849221138429 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
55 | Journalism and Mental Health: Ugandan Journalists’ Perspectives | 2022 | Napakol, Angella; Kazibwe, Samuel; Mugunga, Ann; Kitego, Elizabeth; Ahimbisibwe, Osborn and Kiva, Joseph | Uganda Christian University; Hong Kong Baptist University; Cavendish University | Book Chapter | COVID-19 and the Media in Sub-Saharan Africa: Media Viability, Framing and Health Communication | Emerald Publishing, pp. 147-162 | In the midst of a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, journalists play an important role of sharing information of consequence with the public. As first responders to precarious events, they work in close proximity to the threat they are reporting on yet at the same time struggle with other personal and professional responsibilities which are strenuous on their mental health. This chapter qualitatively interrogated journalists in order to understand their experiences with mental health during COVID-19 and how they worked through personal and social acceptability, biases and stigma as well as diagnosis. Of importance as well was to understand how they disclose, if they disclose at all, mental health issues and the different copying mechanisms. Findings show that journalists have a textbook but not applicable understanding of mental health, declaring that they many of them have experienced mental disorders without knowing. The consequences of COVID-19 measures such as layoffs, increased workload, inconsiderate media houses, brutality from law enforcement agencies were key contributors to mental health stresses. Journalists with supportive families seemed to have coped better while some buried themselves in multiple jobs to circumvent the stress that comes with financial privation. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-80382-271-620221010/full/html | No | ||||||||||||||||
56 | Trauma-Informed Journalism | 2022 | Becker, Kevin J. and Shontz, Lori | University of Oregon | Book Chapter | Trauma in Adult and Higher Education: Conversations and Critical Reflections | IAP Chapter 12 | Trauma in Adult and Higher Education: Conversations and Critical Reflections reveals the lived experiences of educators struggling to integrate those who have experienced trauma into their classrooms - whether this is in prison, a yoga class, or higher education. As discourses and programming to support diversity intensifies, it is central that educators acknowledge and respond to the realities of the students before them. Advocates of traumasensitive curriculum acknowledge that trauma shows up as a result of the disproportionate amount of violence and persistent insecurity that specific groups face. Race, gender, sexual orientation, ability, and immigration are all factors that expose individuals to higher levels of potential trauma. | https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rclfEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA205&dq=journalism+safety&ots=AQ9G7PU8rJ&sig=uN_fklrFqT_mlEWisAwDYIReCaY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=journalism%20safety&f=false | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
57 | Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder among regional journalists in Pakistan | 2022 | Shah, Sayyed Fawad Ali; Faizullah, Jan; Ginossar, Tamar; McGrail, Patrick J.; Baber, Danish and Ullah, Rahman | Jacksonville State University; University of Peshawar; University of New Mexico and Kohat University of Science and Technology | Article | Journalism | 23(2) pp. 391-408 | This study sought to examine work-related exposure to trauma and predictors of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms among regional journalists in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, a conflict-ridden area in northwest Pakistan. We recruited 216 KP journalists. Analysis of the surveys revealed a high prevalence of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. All of the participants had covered at least one trauma inducing event. Exposure to work-related trauma, active emotional coping and avoidant emotional coping were statistically significant factors associated with PTSD symptoms. This study is the first to highlight the severity of the impact of trauma on regional journalists in Pakistan. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1464884920965783 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
58 | Psychological and Physical Lived Experiences of Journalists Covering Terrorism in Kenya | 2023 | Muindi, Benjamin | Zetech University | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958231163235 | This research is based on 28 in-depth interviews with Kenya-based journalists who report terrorism. The objective of the research was to recount their lived experiences. The theme of safety of journalists comprised psychological and physical safety of the newspeople, and there were various ways in which the psychological and individual safety of the journalists covering terrorism and related events was at risk. The psychological safety included traumatic events leading to sleeplessness and nightmares, loss of memory, and some journalists resorting to alcohol abuse in a bid to cope with the traumatic experiences. These physical safety concerns for some journalists included threats of death by fanatical religious groups, while other participants said that they were threatened with death because of their coverage of terrorism and related activities in Kenya. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231163235 | No | ||||||||||||||||
59 | “I Definitely Would Appreciate a Little More Validation”: Toward an Ethics of Care in College Newsrooms and Journalism Education | 2023 | Arrey, Taylor and Reynolds, Chelsea | California State University | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | 78(2) pp.142–164 | Drawing on interviews with 10 U.S. student journalists, we introduce an ethics-of-care approach for trauma-informed journalism pedagogy. We express grave concern for mental health in journalism programs, offering an empirical snapshot of students’ traumas and coping strategies. We confirm that student journalists, like working reporters, are traumatized by professional norms, high demands, poor boundaries, safety concerns, and ethical-professional responsibilities. Participants coped through emotional distancing, saving face, and relying on peers. We offer interventions based on student support needs and changing news values, including faculty affirmation, financial support, counselor support, diversity training, newsroom debriefings, emotional leadership, and reporting protocols. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231153267 | No | ||||||||||||||||
60 | Preparing for Risks and Building Resilience | 2023 | Frey, Elsebeth | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Journalism Studies | 24(7) Special Issue pp. 1008-1025 | Journalists confront terror and war to report and document what is happening. Covering traumatic events is dangerous for the reporters on the scene and may leave them with distress responses. The aim of this study is to investigate the coping strategies journalists use to deal with danger and traumatic stress and to build resilience. Through in-depth interviews with journalists covering crisis and violent events, the article looks at the physical, practical and trauma aspects of crisis journalism, and contributes to the complex understanding of risk and resilience for journalists. The study is based on interviews with nine reporters from five countries. Between them, they have covered several conflicts, terror attacks and wars. The study shows that they use a variety of strategies. Memories from unpredictable assignments stick with them. However, eight would cover traumatic events again, and the majority have experienced post-traumatic growth. My results show that informal peer support is crucial, but media organizations have a long way to go to ensure adequate support. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2173962 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
61 | Post-traumatic Mental and Physical Consequences of Frontline Reporting in the MENA Region | 2023 | Chadli, Lakhdar; Muhammad Haq, Farooq; Okasha, Ahmed and Attou, Rafik | Canadian University Dubai; University of Liverpoo | Article | The Open Public Health Journal | 15 | Background: A current need in journalistic frontline work is to understand the potential psychological and physical traumatic consequences that may result from on-duty appointments. Journalists are active in frontline zones to report on conflicts, crises, and natural disasters. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, reporters are not equipped or trained mentally or emotionally to handle stressful events. Most journalists suffer from certain degrees of post-traumatic mental and physical disorders associated with their frontline duties. Objective: The objective of this exploratory study is to provide comprehensive insights into challenges faced by journalists reporting in conflict zones in the MENA region. Methods: This research study is based on a qualitative research approach where data was collected by directly interviewing eight journalists who have covered frontline conflicts and disasters in the MENA region. The collected qualitative data was analysed by conducting a thematic analysis to appreciate emerging categories. The ontology of critical realism was adopted to recognise the real feelings and experiences of the responding journalists. Results: This original study presents six themes emerging from the data and researcher triangulation. The health and social issues in MENA are found to be most critical for high-risk reporting. Conclusion: Amidst the psychological and physical problems, all journalists did not give up their jobs or ask for privileges. Media houses could consider a more robust training plan based on health and safety to prepare these journalists. | https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/15/ELOCATOR/e187494452212090/FULLTEXT/ | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
62 | Reporting Trauma: Conflict Journalists’ Exposure to Potentially Traumatizing Events, Short- and Long-Term Consequences, and Coping Behavior | 2023 | Obermaier, Magdalena; Wiedicke, Annemarie; Steindl, Nina and Hanitzsch, Thomas | LMU Munich | Article | 2023 | https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2216808 | Due to the nature of their jobs, journalists reporting from theaters of war, destruction, and violence are frequently exposed to potentially traumatizing experience. This study explores how journalists go about trauma exposure, how they deal with its emotional fallout, and what support they get in the process. In doing so, we use 35 qualitative interviews with conflict journalists working for news media in German-speaking countries, and draw on established theories of trauma exposure, its mental consequences, and ways to cope with them. Findings show that conflict journalists run a significant risk of experiencing trauma, either directly as targets of violence, or indirectly as eye-witnesses and as recipients of narrative accounts and vivid images of human suffering. Respondents noted a glaring lack of organizational support and prevention structure, which they connected to a problematic newsroom culture characterized by sexism, machoism, and a fierce competition. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2216808 | No | ||||||||||||||||
63 | Embedding Trauma Literacy Into Curriculum: An Examination of the Attitudes of Australian and New Zealand Journalism Educators | 2023 | Wake, Alexandra; Smith, Erin and Ricketson, Matthew | RMIT University; Dart Centre for Journalism and Trauma Asia Pacific and Deakin University | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | 78(2), pp. 112–126 | Australia and New Zealand have reputations as countries prone to catastrophic and frequent natural and man-made disasters. Therefore, it is no surprise that antipodean academics want trauma-informed education for their journalism students. This study presents the Australian-New Zealand results of a 2021 survey exploring educators’ attitudes toward embedding trauma literacy into journalism curriculum. It mirrors a survey from the UK-based Journalism Education and Trauma Research Group. The Australian-New Zealand results confirm that educators want more training to effectively embed trauma-informed reporting into their curricula. The discussion notes the availability of local, research-based teaching materials, and identifies barriers to implementation. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231164199 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
64 | Exploring the Attitudes of Journalism Educators to Teach Trauma-Informed Literacy: An Analysis of a Global Survey | 2023 | Ogunyemi, Olatunji and Trifonova Price, Lada | University of Lincoln and University of Sheffield | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | 78(2), pp. 214–232 | Literature notes that most journalists will witness trauma and human suffering during the course of their careers, yet journalism education is lagging behind in preparing students to cope with the effects of exposure to traumatic events. This paper examines the attitudes of journalism educators/trainers toward trauma literacy through a questionnaire survey of 119 journalism educators globally. The findings show that a high percentage of educators have a good understanding of the risks that arise from exposure to critical and potentially traumatizing events but there are some barriers to teaching trauma including lack of knowledge/confidence, resources, time, and teaching materials. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958221143466 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
65 | Teaching Emotional Intelligence for Enhancing Resilience in Journalism | 2023 | Šimunjak, Maja | Middlesex University | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | 78(2), pp. 127–141 | The article outlines an evidence-informed approach for enhancing resilience, one of the key personal resources in labor, and explores the viability of this training for increasing journalists’ ability to manage everyday work-related stressors. The suggested pedagogy is in the form of a microintervention, informed by literature on psychological capital and primary research based on interviews with British journalists. The test of concept is based on 13 workshops carried out with journalism trainees and professionals. The postworkshop survey (n = 80) suggests that the proposed pedagogy has the potential to contribute to development of participants’ resilience as well as their wider psychological capital. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231165103 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
66 | Exploring Trauma Literacy Quotient Among Indian Journalists and a Way Forward in Post-Pandemic Era: A Case Study of India | 2023 | Shilpa, K; Kumari, A; Das, M. M; Sharma, Tanushree and Biswal, S, K | Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Central University of Jammu; Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology; University of Delhi and Rama Devi Women’s University | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | 78(2), pp. 267–288. | The American Psychological Association defines trauma as “an emotional response to a terrible event. . . .” Trauma can be experienced as a response to either physical or emotionally disturbing circumstances. The Journalism and the Pandemic Project from the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) and the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, in their global survey of journalists, have studied the impact of the pandemic on journalists across the globe. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused varying degrees of disruptions in the personal and professional lives of journalists. Traumatic experiences like covering traumatic events up close, COVID-induced health issues, job loss, pay cuts, and insecurity at the workplace have consumed journalists like never before. Overwhelming emotions like shock, helplessness, loneliness, depression, and anxiety are some of the reactions observed by mental health experts. Indian journalists, too, like their counterparts across the globe, have had to take on the challenges posed by this unprecedented crisis. This article intends to study the impact of the pandemic on Indian journalists both from physical and emotional perspectives. The objectives of the study include—(a) to analyze the journalists’ response to traumatic experiences during the pandemic, (b) to study the nature of trauma experienced by journalists during the pandemic, (c) to analyze how traumatic experiences affected the journalists, and (d) to explore and analyze how journalists managed to cope with the traumatic experiences. The study adopts social cognitive theory (SCT) as the framework. SCT comprises four goal realization processes: self-observation, self-evaluation, self-reaction, and self-efficacy. The four components are interrelated, and all influence motivation and goal attainment. Social cognition includes diverse processes linking the perception of social information with a behavioral response, including perception, attention, decision-making, memory, and emotion. The post-traumatic reactions include re-experiencing the traumatic event in flashbacks, recurrent nightmares, and intrusive memories, hypervigilant arousal, impaired concentration, depression, sleep disturbances, self-devaluation, avoidance of reminders of traumatic experiences, emotional detachment from others, and disengagement from aspects of life that provide meaning and self-fulfillment, which impair intrapersonal, interpersonal, and occupational functioning. The scope of the study covers the journalists’ responses to traumatic experiences specific to the pandemic. The study adopts a mixed research method with a thematic analysis of the qualitative data from interviews of journalists followed by a factor analysis of the quantitative data from the survey of the journalists. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231161889 | No | ||||||||||||||||
67 | How online harassment affects Korean journalists? The effects of online harassment on the journalists’ psychological problems and their intention to leave the profession | 2023 | Yeon Lee, Na and Park, Ahran | Yonsei University and Korea University | Article | Journalism | https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231166511 | This study examined the effects of online harassment on journalists’ psychological trauma and their intention to leave work. It also investigated whether journalists’ psychological trauma mediates the effects of online harassment on their intention to leave the profession and whether gender makes a difference in that relationship. An online survey of 404 South Korean journalists provided three categories of online harassment that journalists experience: (1) aggressive and abusive expression, (2) disclosure of private information, and (3) cyberstalking and hacking. The findings of this study show that aggressive and abusive expression was the most frequent type of online harassment whereas cyberstalking and hacking was the least frequent. As expected, online harassment was found to be positively associated with journalists’ psychological trauma (PTSD symptoms) and intention to leave work. The results further indicate that journalists’ psychological trauma originating from online harassment frequently resulted in an intention to leave work. Interestingly, journalists’ psychological trauma was a significant mediator in the relationship between psychological trauma levels and intention to leave work for female journalists, but not for male journalists. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849231166511 | No | ||||||||||||||||
68 | Media Capture and Journalism as Emotional Labor: How Do Media Professionals Manage Bureaucratic Violence in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq? | 2023 | Faris, Jiyan; Maeseele, Pieter; Badran, Yazan and, Smets, Kevin | Vrije Universiteit Brussel; University of Antwerp | Article | Journalism Studies | 24: Special Issue pp. 876-895 | This paper focuses on the (in)direct tools of governmental bureaucracy used to control journalistic work in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). It calls for understanding media capture not only through structural-level consequences, but also through the methods used to create an environment of instability and unsafety. To make sense of these processes, and how they are experienced and negotiated by journalists, this paper combines scholarship on the emotional labor of journalism with scholarship on processes of media capture in deeply restrictive environments. The mixed-methods approach aims first to uncover structural conditions of media capture in the KRI through a document analysis of 21 public reports published by the Kurdistan Journalists’ Syndicate (KJS) and the Metro Center for Journalists’ Rights and Advocacy (MC) between 2014 and 2020. Second, it aims to reveal how journalists and editors-in-chief from diverse media organizations manage and negotiate these chronic conditions of precarity and instability, through 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews. The results show multiple strategies that have been developed by journalists and editors to mitigate or acclimate direct and indirect bureaucratic violence (e.g., editorial support, socialization skills and networks, understanding of unspoken and unwritten rules, etc.) | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2185077 | No | ||||||||||||||||
69 | Predictors of psychological distress in frontline journalists: Common denominators across three decades of conflicts. | 2023 | Feinstein, Anthony Osmann, Jonas | University of Toronto | Article | Traumatology | https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000445 | Objective: To determine risk factors for symptoms of PTSD and depression in frontline journalists that traverse type of conflict, degree of exposure to stressors, language, and culture. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1,103 frontline journalists from 12 datasets (Balkans, 9/11 attacks, Iraq, Mexico, Israel, Syria, Afghanistan, Iran, Kenya, refugee crisis, user-generated content [visually traumatic images], and moral injury project) accumulated between 2000 and 2022. Symptoms of PTSD were assessed, in the first language of participants, with validated versions of the Revised Impact of Event Scale (ω = .96) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (ω = .96) and symptoms of depression with validated versions of the Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (ω = .92). Data were analyzed using linear mixed models to take into account inherent between-study differences. Results: Mean age and work duration were 39.12 (SD = 9.58) and 14.64 (SD = 9.13) years, respectively. Most journalists were male (66.27%), university educated (82.23%), and in a relationship (56.12%). While symptom severity scores varied considerably across studies, three variables were found that predicted symptoms of PTSD and depression in all studies, namely being female, single, and having a past history of psychiatric difficulties. Conclusions: News organizations have a moral obligation to care for journalists sent into harm's way. The identification of risk factors for symptoms of PTSD and depression common to journalists irrespective of the nature of the conflict covered, degree of exposure to conflict, and differences in language and culture is an important step in promoting this duty of care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) | https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2023-57817-001 | No | ||||||||||||||||
70 | Terror without training: First-hand experiences of student journalists covering the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings | 2023 | Neill, Karen | New Zealand Broadcasting School | Article | Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies | https://doi.org/10.1386/ajms_00110_1 | In 2019, 51 people were killed in terror attacks at two mosques in Christchurch, a city on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand with a population of around 400,000 people. It was the deadliest mass shooting in the country’s history and the first terror attack of its kind on home soil, attracting extensive international media attention. Given the city’s relative isolation, early coverage was by local media and included local journalism students who had responded to a developing event. This study explores the first-hand experiences of these undergraduate broadcast journalism students who, just a few weeks into a new academic year, covered the news story for national and international media. Using mini focus groups, this descriptive study sheds light on how students with little to no trauma training coped with reporting on such an extreme and unprecedented event and the crucial role soft skills played in guiding their actions. | https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/ajms_00110_1 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
71 | ‘They blame the messenger’: Re-examining the critique of journalists reporting on genocide in Rwanda and Srebrenica | 2023 | Knight, Caitlin | University of Roehampton | Article | Journalism | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231192790 | Reporting on cases of genocide presents distinct complexities and challenges for journalists, who must negotiate practical, professional, and emotional experiences that challenge traditional expectations of their role. Previous research has provided strident critiques of this reporting, arguing Western reporting of genocide in Rwanda and Srebrenica was reductionist and biased and contributed to the lack of Western intervention. Drawing on 22 interviews with print journalists who reported on genocides in Rwanda and Srebrenica, this article challenges this dominant critique by foregrounding the voices of journalists and their experience of reporting. Themes of inaccessibility, the moral imperative to report on these events, and the intersection with emotional labour on emotional effects of this reporting crucially demonstrates and acknowledges the challenges of conflict reporting. This adds to contemporary debates around how emotion, attachment and morality intertwine in journalism practice and the importance of this consideration when assessing the impact of reporting. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/14648849231192790 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
72 | “When can I get angry?” Journalists’ coping strategies and emotional management in hostile situations | 2023 | Ivask, Signe; Waschková Císařová, Lenka and Lon, Angelina | University of Tartu and Masaryk University | Article | Journalism | DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884923119989 | Research shows that emotional management is often part of journalists’ decision-making in the news creation process and when dealing with attacks, insults, or harassment, which we describe by the umbrella term hostility. Some emotional management strategies can lead journalists to self-censorship or to mental health problems when they do not recognise and deal with emotions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate how journalists react to hostility against them by using emotional coping strategies and emotional management. We carried out 18 semi-structured interviews with news journalists in Estonia from June 2021 to December 2021. The results showed that although hostility is a part of journalists’ everyday work-life, many lack a strategy to deal with it. We can say that there are three types of perceptions and reactions: (1) the thick-skinned journalist who does not see problems with hostility and, therefore, does not take any action against receiving the hostility. (2) The pragmatically conformist journalist who sometimes sees problems with hostility and believes the solution is to grow a thicker skin. (3) The journalist who is not a punching bag and sees a problem in being constantly bombarded by hostility, most of whom seek protection from it or help to fight against it. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849231199895 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
73 | Happiness in Journalism | 2023 | Bélair-Gagnon, Valérie; Holton, Avery E.; Deuze, Mark and Mellado, Claudia | University of Minnesota; University of Utah; University of Amsterdam and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso | Book | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This book examines how journalism can overcome harmful institutional issues such as work-related trauma and precarity, focusing specifically on questions of what happiness in journalism means, and how one can be successful and happy on the job. Acknowledging profound variations across people, genres of journalism, countries, types of news organizations, and methodologies, this book brings together an array of international perspectives from academia and practice. It suggests that there is much that can be done to improve journalists’ subjective well-being, despite there being no one-size-fits-all solution. It advocates for a shift in mindset as much in theoretical as in methodological approaches, moving away from a focus on platforms and adaptation to pay real attention to the human beings at the center of the industry. That shift in mindset and approach involves exploring what happiness is, how happiness manifests in journalism and media industries, and what future we can imagine that would be better for the profession. Happiness is conceptualized from both psychological and philosophical perspectives. Issues such as trauma, harassment, inequality, digital security, and mental health are considered alongside those such as precarity, recruitment, emotional literacy, intelligence, resilience, and self-efficacy. Authors point to norms, values and ethics in their regions and suggest best practices based on their experience. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003364597/happiness-journalism-val%C3%A9rie-b%C3%A9lair-gagnon-avery-holton-mark-deuze-claudia-mellado?refId=718ac3d9-2245-4f5a-83ff-b2171f35fe56&context=ubx | No | ||||||||||||||||
74 | Journalists Considering an Exit | 2023 | Rick, Jana | LMU Munich | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter examines the results of a number of studies that considered whether and why journalists sought to leave the profession. They found that freelance, female, and low earning journalists were the most likely to leave. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-3/journalists-considering-exit-jana-rick?context=ubx&refId=ba848242-83d6-42a6-ae89-b3ff68a6c72f | No | ||||||||||||||||
75 | The Joy in Journalism | 2023 | Stupart, Richard | University of Liverpool | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter argues that we should take seriously the possibility that particularly morally entangled forms of journalism, such as conflict and investigative reporting, might be deeply emotionally fulfilling. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-4/joy-journalism-richard-stupart?context=ubx&refId=df2d92f8-2f60-4568-8a61-8ff99f832133 | No | ||||||||||||||||
76 | Finding Joy as Journalists | 2023 | Perreault,Gregory P. | Appalachian State University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter finds that journalists find joy in numerous aspects of their work: the opportunity to provide perspective, show compassion to their community and display gratitude for their own experiences in life. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-5/finding-joy-journalists-gregory-perreault?context=ubx&refId=42e56ca2-2622-4596-9aab-7742c89d94d9 | No | ||||||||||||||||
77 | What Psychology Can Offer in Understanding Journalists' Well-Being | 2023 | Ragsdale,Jennifer M. and Newman, Elana | University of Tulsa | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter introduces the psychological science of well-being as applied to the work of journalists. This review links the general psychological literature on health and well-being with the emerging literature about journalists’ well-being to enhance our understanding of journalists’ experiences and highlight the need for research to evaluate the effectiveness of existing and emerging interventions. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-6/psychology-offer-understanding-journalists-well-being-jennifer-ragsdale-elana-newman?context=ubx&refId=ffa93e66-26ad-4008-b3be-1426052987da | No | ||||||||||||||||
78 | Building Resilience Through Trauma Literacy in J-Schools | 2023 | Trifonova Price, Lada and Ogunyemi, Ola | University of Sheffield and University of Lincoln | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter explores what educators can do to help students cope with trauma that they are likely to experience during their studies and in their future practice. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-7/building-resilience-trauma-literacy-schools-lada-trifonova-price-ola-ogunyemi?context=ubx&refId=222f01d2-78c1-4aee-abdd-94c7f60ad21f | No | ||||||||||||||||
79 | Recruitment and Retention Practices in a Changing African News Media Ecosystem | 2023 | Mawindi Mabweazara, Hayes and Matsilele, Trust | University of Glasgow and Birmingham City University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter maps out the contours of recruitment and retention practices in an increasingly complex African news media ecosystem in which traditional news media operate alongside a new crop of small but very vibrant media start-ups that are intentionally unencumbered by traditional journalistic and professional normative practices. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-9/recruitment-retention-practices-changing-african-news-media-ecosystem-hayes-mawindi-mabweazara-trust-matsilele?context=ubx&refId=a0a4b1a0-9345-4786-81cd-da2f82b1318e | No | ||||||||||||||||
80 | Developing Psychological Capital to Support Journalists' Well-Being | 2023 | Šimunjak, Maja | Middlesex University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter seeks to enhance journalists’ psychological capital with targeted interventions. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-10/developing-psychological-capital-support-journalists-well-being-maja-%C5%A1imunjak?context=ubx&refId=39ba498b-a04a-4d9a-a630-1d45c35c1aa0 | No | ||||||||||||||||
81 | How Newsroom Social Media Policies Can Improve Journalists' Well-Being | 2023 | Molyneux, Logan and Nelson, Jacob L. | Klein College of Media and Communication and University of Utah | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter draws on a discourse analysis of newsroom social media policies, and in-depth interviews with journalists focused on their reactions to the social media policies within the newsrooms in which they have worked, and their recommendations for how those policies should be improved. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-11/newsroom-social-media-policies-improve-journalists-well-being-logan-molyneux-jacob-nelson?context=ubx&refId=b34f767f-ac1d-4386-b1eb-81a9559d7c14 | No | ||||||||||||||||
82 | Supporting Digital Job Satisfaction in Online Media Unions' Contracts | 2023 | Salamon, Errol | University of Huddersfield | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | Bringing together critical political economy of media and industrial relations research, the chapter argues that the collective bargaining agreement is a communicative means through which digital newsworker unions express worker resistance to labor issues. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-12/supporting-digital-job-satisfaction-online-media-unions-contracts-errol-salamon?context=ubx&refId=a4c1a9af-5890-414e-95a7-4b8eb642edb3 | No | ||||||||||||||||
83 | Establishing Individual, Organizational and Collective Practices for Journalists' Well-Being through Disconnection | 2023 | Bossio, Diana | Swinburne University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter explores broader use and negotiation of online connection and disconnection within news organizations and professional bodies. It argues that improving the happiness of journalists means centering methods of care in the profession, within individual practice and organizational editorial strategy and newsroom resourcing, and within professional communities of practice. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-13/establishing-individual-organizational-collective-practices-journalists-well-being-disconnection-diana-bossio?context=ubx&refId=482f235d-e697-410b-9d21-4031d137a25b | No | ||||||||||||||||
84 | Championing a Security-Sensitive Mindset | 2023 | Henrichsen, Jennifer R. | Washington State University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter examines the intersection of journalist security and safety with the condition of happiness to proffer solutions at the individual and organizational levels, including vis a vis boundaries, mental models, and security champions, with the aim of contributing to journalistic happiness, safety, and security. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-14/championing-security-sensitive-mindset-jennifer-henrichsen?context=ubx&refId=6a959be1-c431-4aea-b502-ee59245bbb8e | No | ||||||||||||||||
85 | Job Control and Subjective Well-Being in News Work | 2023 | Hugo Reyna, Víctor | Universidad La Salle Bajío. | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | The objective of this chapter is to establish a link between the concepts of job control and subjective well-being to explore the question of journalists’ happiness. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-15/job-control-subjective-well-being-news-work-v%C3%ADctor-hugo-reyna?context=ubx&refId=a33365de-bc3d-4e1c-9e6b-2d42d0f99982 | No | ||||||||||||||||
86 | Cognitive Dissonance in Journalistic Trauma | 2023 | Deavours,Danielle | Samford University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | The chapter proposes solutions for unhealthy coping techniques, such as ignoring, only positive focus, and diminishing negatives, and modifying only the dissonance-inducing behavior are not long-term solutions for most individuals. | https://taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-17/cognitive-dissonance-journalistic-trauma-danielle-deavours?context=ubx&refId=f0f44088-252a-46ac-b175-4b5f8bd36662 | No | ||||||||||||||||
87 | Safer Vox Pops and Door Knocking | 2023 | Mesmer,Kelsey | Saint Louis University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter overviews the harmful nature of these reporting practices and provides alternative reporting strategies and solutions that can improve reporters’ safety and increase their happiness in the profession. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-18/safer-vox-pops-door-knocking-kelsey-mesmer?context=ubx&refId=e9e84263-c4b2-4937-a702-7ef118f4fc28 | No | ||||||||||||||||
88 | Teaching Student Journalists to Refill their Happiness Tanks | 2023 | Wake, Alexandra and Smith, Erin | RMIT University and Dart Centre for Journalism and Trauma | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter suggests methods for encouraging well-being among journalism students and refers to ground-breaking court cases that have put media organisations on notice, requiring them to provide psychologically safe workplaces for journalists. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-19/teaching-student-journalists-refill-happiness-tanks-alexandra-wake-erin-smith?context=ubx&refId=b88f8c81-af4c-41b1-9d9a-9e719fb59a36 | No | ||||||||||||||||
89 | Self-Employment in the News Industry | 2023 | Van Leuven, Sarah and Vandenberghe, Hanne | Ghent University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter highlights the position of freelance or self-employed journalists in the news sector from the pessimistic observation that news organizations tend to push journalists into a freelance status to cope with decreasing revenues and are inspired by neoliberal thoughts. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-20/self-employment-news-industry-sarah-van-leuven-hanne-vandenberghe?context=ubx&refId=0ad0e825-56a9-4490-b807-fe4ab8355429 | No | ||||||||||||||||
90 | Workplace Happiness, Journalism and COVID-19 in South Asia | 2023 | Abeykoon, Achala; Kumari, Archana; Sahid Ullah, Mohammad; Majumdar, Pallavi; Ali, Sajjad; Mukherjee Das, Mou; Kumar Biswal, Santosh; Rasmin, M. C.; Kalyan, Shilpa; Shahid, Mohd and Rashid, Mamunor | University of Kelaniya; UWE Bristol; University of Chittagong; Amity University; University of Malakand; Aliah University; Rama Devi Women's University; Sri Lanka Development Journalist Forum; Manipal Academy of Higher Education; Rosalind Franklin University | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter explores some of the positive strategies employed by South Asian media institutions to enhance workplace happiness and help journalists to cope with stress and traumatic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Happiness is crucial for media institutions because journalism is one of the most stressful professions. Previous studies have found that the COVID-19 crisis has had a considerable impact on journalism. Hence, it is important to maintain workplace happiness in media institutions, particularly during a crisis like the pandemic. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-21/workplace-happiness-journalism-covid-19-south-asia-achala-abeykoon-archana-kumari-mohammad-sahid-ullah-pallavi-majumdar-sajjad-ali-mou-mukherjee-das-santosh-kumar-biswal-rasmin-shilpa-kalyan-mohd-shahid-mamunor-rashid?context=ubx&refId=73b00fe7-ea3d-4ad0-8757-1c17866d43bc | No | ||||||||||||||||
91 | Engaged Journalism and Professional Happiness | 2023 | Papadopoulou, Lambrini and Siapera, Eugenia | National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University of Cyprus, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences and University College London | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter identifies what motivates and professionally satisfies an engaged journalist. Instead of happiness, it suggests the notion of contentment. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-22/engaged-journalism-professional-happiness-lambrini-papadopoulou-eugenia-siapera?context=ubx&refId=89c60d05-395f-4733-a171-d92a43094694 | No | ||||||||||||||||
92 | Has Journalism Forgotten the Journalists? | 2023 | Crowley, John | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This essay argues that more qualitative research is needed to assess why journalists are reporting burnout, taking time off work, and in some cases leaving the profession. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-24/journalism-forgotten-journalists-john-crowley?context=ubx&refId=9481e826-6fdb-4a1b-89be-0c9264c5c6d3 | No | |||||||||||||||||
93 | Happiness in Journalism as a Public Good | 2023 | Wasserman, Herman | University of Cape Town | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This chapter argues that research and teaching on happiness in journalism should be considered important areas to focus on to improve journalism as a public good. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-25/happiness-journalism-public-good-herman-wasserman?context=ubx&refId=cf456907-ae45-45c7-8819-fb63e4e4af78 | No | ||||||||||||||||
94 | News, Negativity, and the Audience's Role in Finding Happiness in Journalism | 2023 | Seth C. Lewis | University of Oregon | Book Chapter | Happiness in Journalism | Routledge | This commentary argues that caring about mental health and well-being in journalism begins with journalists, but it also should include corresponding care for news audiences. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003364597-26/news-negativity-audience-role-finding-happiness-journalism-seth-lewis?context=ubx&refId=8a6a2359-0649-4e90-a71e-5020530e2b54 | No | ||||||||||||||||
95 | Who Teaches About Hostility? Examining Factors for Inclusion in Journalism Curriculum | 2024 | Mesmer, Kelsey R. and Miller, Kaitlin C. | Saint Louis University and The University of Alabama | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958231225709 | Journalistic well-being is garnering increasing attention from scholars globally. Nevertheless, minimal research has explored how colleges and universities are teaching about such topics, especially as they pertain to hostility toward the press, which is on the rise. Utilizing a survey of journalism instructors at ACEJMC-accredited U.S.-based universities, this study explores the state of education on the topics of abuse and safety toward journalists. Data indicate that instructors rarely teach about hostility in the classroom, although most feel efficacious to do so. Moreover, findings indicate an instructor is more likely to teach about hostility toward the press the more they see it as an issue and have encountered it personally as a journalist—particularly women faculty. Implications for these findings are discussed for journalism schools and their curriculum. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958231225709 | No | ||||||||||||||||
96 | Journalists and Exposure to Trauma: Exploring Perceptions of PTSD and Resilience among Pakistan’s Conflict Reporters | 2024 | Siddiqua, Ayesha and Zubair Iqbal, Muhammad | National University of Modern Languages | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2317827 | The study attempts to understand how Pakistani journalists perceive Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and resilience in the wake of covering traumatic events. Qualitative interviews of 32 Pakistani journalists were conducted who had covered military operations against militants. The findings indicated that most of the journalists were not able to comprehend the impact of covering traumatizing events as they were war-excited. Conflict journalists perceived PTSD as depression, anxiety, insomnia, and intrusive recollection of events after exposure to traumatic events. Journalists who were exposed to beheadings and events involving killing of women and children felt more vulnerable and perceived PTSD as having a numbing effect on them. Dependence on family and friends was considered more crucial for dealing with the after effects of exposure to trauma than seeking therapy. Non-availability of medical insurance and funds from the media organizations were termed as important reasons for avoiding therapy. Resilience for conflict reporters was mostly perceived as the ability to “cope up” and to contribute to the wellbeing of others along with the ability to revisit trauma sites to report follow-up stories. Resilience was considered more achievable in the presence of organizational acknowledgement, compensation, and recognition of work. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2024.2317827 | No | ||||||||||||||||
97 | Mental Health and Wellbeing for Journalists: A Practical Guide | 2024 | Storm, Hannah | Book | Mental Health and Wellbeing for Journalists: A Practical Guide | Routledge | This book offers a first-of-its-kind practical, person-centred guide to managing and contextualising journalists’ emotional wellbeing and mental health. Drawing on the author’s experience as a storyteller, journalist, and media safety consultant, this book combines significant lived personal experience with reflections from an international network of journalists and mental health experts to collate industry good practice and guidance. It takes readers through a history of mental health discussions in the industry, which have moved from a focus around war correspondents and post-traumatic stress disorder to considerations of vicarious trauma, moral injury, and the impact of online harm on journalists. It shows how pressures that were already facing the industry have been exacerbated by the global pandemic, giving rise to the prospect of a mental health crisis in the media if unaddressed. As a counter to this concern, Storm shares insights from experts on what leaders can do create safer workplaces and processes, how they can channel the empathy that is core to healthy journalism to promote the health of its people, and how they should consider mental health as intersecting with other issues such as physical safety, diversity and inclusion. Insights from science shed light on resilience levels, how our brains and bodies respond to trauma, and strategies that can be adopted to recover from challenging experiences. Whilst finding that some news organisations are starting to take note, Storm shows how others need to do more, offering ways in which newsrooms can learn from the lessons of recent years to bring about long-lasting change. Mental Health and Wellbeing for Journalists is written for news media professionals, educators, and students, as well as anyone interested in promoting more sustainable journalism through supporting the industry’s most precious resource: its people. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003344179/mental-health-wellbeing-journalists-hannah-storm | No | |||||||||||||||||
98 | Effectiveness of art therapy in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the propensity to quit journalism among journalists covering banditry activities in Nigeria | 2024 | Olajide Talabi, Felix; Okunade, Joshua Kayode; Talabi ,Joseph Moyinoluwa; Lamidi, Ishola Kamorudeen; Bello, Samson Adedapo; Chinweobo-Onoha, Blessing and Celestine, Gever Verlumun | Redeemer’s University; Caleb University; Lagos State University; Adekunle Ajasin University; Olabisi Onabanjo University; University of Nigeria | Article | Media, War and Conflict | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352231225344 | The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of art therapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the propensity to quit journalism among Nigerian journalists covering banditry attacks. The researchers utilized a quasi-experiment as the design for the study and sampled 327 journalists. The result of the study showed that at baseline, journalists reported high PTSD symptoms and a propensity to quit journalism, but after the intervention, journalists who received the art therapy intervention reported a significant drop in their PTSD symptoms and the propensity to quit the pen profession. This suggests that art therapy is a cost-effective way of treating PTSD among journalists covering dangerous assignments and reducing high labour turnover in the profession. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/17506352231225344 | No | ||||||||||||||||
99 | Psychological Aid and Training for Journalists Who Face Continued Emotionally Demanding Environments: The Case of Venezuelan Journalists | 2024 | Soto-Sanfiel, María T. and Salojärvi, Virpi | National University of Singapore and University of Helsinki | Book Chapter | Handbook of Applied Journalism | Springer | Journalism, particularly in conflict reporting, poses significant emotional challenges, with journalists often grappling with post-traumatic stress disorder and other traumas. This research delves into the emotional dimensions of journalistic practice, examining journalists’ perspectives on mental health care, external support, and the imperative of emotional literacy in their training. Through semi-structured interviews with 20 Venezuelan journalists aged 30–62, this study sheds light on the emotional toll of reporting in Venezuela, where journalists face stressors such as economic uncertainty, political tensions, self-censorship, perceived repression, physical threats, natural disasters, and social unrest. Employing interpretative phenomenology and thematic analysis, the research reveals how pervasive risks render their work emotionally taxing, compounded by challenging living conditions and emotionally draining stories that spill over into their personal and family lives. While some seek psychological or religious support, financial constraints, cultural taboos, and geographical limitations hinder therapy for others. The findings underscore the necessity of emotional training for journalists, irrespective of gender, age, experience, contract status, or religion. Such training is proposed to equip journalists with coping mechanisms, ensuring the maintenance of ethical journalism amid adversities. Recognizing and addressing journalists’ emotional well-being emerges as crucial not only for their personal welfare but also for upholding journalistic standards. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-48739-2_18 | No | ||||||||||||||||
100 | “The goal is to make you weaker”: Mental well-being and risks among European cross-border investigative journalists | 2024 | de Jong, Belle and Kotišová, Johana | The European Correspondent; Vrije Universiteit Brussel | Article | Journalism | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849241272270 | The increased scale of cross-border journalistic investigations brings about severe challenges: online harassment, physical violence, legal threats, but also emotional challenges and mental stress that can lead to burnout. The latter has never been the focus of studies on cross-border investigative journalistic collaborations. This paper seeks to fill in this gap and contribute to the understanding of how the cross-border aspects of investigative journalists’ work shape their mental well-being. Based on eighteen semi-structured interviews conducted with investigative journalists across Europe in the first half of 2023, this study addresses the following research questions: What are the specific challenges, threats, and risks encountered by investigative journalists working on cross-border collaborations? How do these challenges and risks affect investigative journalists’ mental well-being? What coping mechanisms do investigative journalists employ? Our findings show that cross-border investigative journalists experience a systemic neglect of mental well-being in the profession. Moreover, journalists face country-specific challenges, stemming from varying legal constraints and disparities in institutional support and protection across countries. The lack of safety measures that protect journalists beyond physical safety, multitasking, and the lack of concern for cross-border investigative journalists’ mental well-being can prove particularly challenging for freelancers. At the same time, the cross-border collaborations are depicted as a source of mutual assistance, protection, and a sense of community among international journalists. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849241272270 | Yes |