| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PIE | Gloss | Cognates | Notes | Gram. Form | Related Forms | Semantic Domain | Source | |
2 | *-kʷe | and | OIr na-ch ‘not’ Lat -que ‘and’ Goth -h Mycenaean Grk -qe Grk te ‘and’ Arm -k‘ ‘and’ Hit -ki ‘and’ Skt ca ‘and’ | Conjunctions | JPM | ||||
3 | *-wē | or | OIr nō Lat -ve Grk ē-(w)é Skt vā Toch B wat | Conjunctions | JPM | ||||
4 | *-yo | and | Myc jo- ‘and’ Hit -ya- ‘and’ Toch A -yo ‘with’ | Conjunctions | JPM | ||||
5 | *(d)ḱm̩tóm | 100 (one-)hundred | OIr cēt Lat centum NEhundred Lith šim~tas OCS sŭto Grk hekatón Av satəm Skt śatám Toch B kante | {1} A derivative of *deḱm 'ten'. | a hunderd cows': Skt. śata-gv-ín- [adj] 'consisting of a hundred cows' (RV) — OP θata-gu- [m] 'Sattagydia' — Gr. ἑκατόμβη [f] 'great sacrifice' (< *-gwu-eh₂-) 'lord over a hundred, centurio': Skt. śatá-pati- [m] (TB) — Elam.-OP *θata-pati- [m] | Numbers | JPM Beekes IIAL | ||
6 | *(d)ui-dʰh₁- | put in two | {1} [AL] The augment is always scanned long in the RV, which points to the IIr. reconstruction *Ha-Hui-dhH-a-, cf. Lubotsky 1994a. The aorist ávidhat originally supplied the aorist for the root dāś, cf. Garcia Ramón XXX. {2} The root is due to the univerbation of the preverb ví and dhā (cf. Hoffmann 1969 = Hoffmann 1975: 241). The aorist stem is primary. | Present VI<VII: vindháte [3sg.med.] (RV) (secondary present stem based on the aorist stem vidh-á-) Aorist A: ávidhat [3sg.act.] (RV, YV) {1} | IIAL | ||||
7 | *(dʰ)ǵʰyes | yesterday | OIr indē Lat herī NE yester- Alb dje Grk khthés Av zyō Skt hyá- | Time | JPM | ||||
8 | *(h₁)seuio- | left, left hand | {1} [AL] The laryngeal is based on the asssumption that the word is derived from the adverb *h₁su 'well', being an old taboo replacement. For the different words for 'left' in Indo-European see Beekes 1994. | IIAL | |||||
9 | *(h₁)su- | good | OIr so- ‘good’ OCS sŭ-dravŭ ‘healthy’ Grk hu-giḗs ‘healthy’, eu- ‘good’ Av hu- ‘good’ Skt su- ‘good’ Toch B saswe ‘lord’ [< *h₁su-suhₓó- ‘well-born’] | {1} Most probably, a derivative of *h₁es- 'to be'. | well-made': Skt. sú-kr̥ta- [adj] (RV+) — OAv. hū.kǝrǝta-, YAv. hu-kǝrǝta- [adj] 'with good mental power': Skt. su-krátu- [adj] (RV+) — Av. hu-xratu- [adj] 'of good dominion': Skt. su-kṣatrá- [adj] (RV+) — Av. hu-xšaθra- [adj] — Elam.-OP (Med.) *hu-xšaθra- PN 'generous': Skt. su-dā́nu- [adj] (RV+) — Av. hu-dānu- [adj] 'well-treated': Skt. sú-bhr̥ta- [adj] (RV+) — YAv. hu-bǝrǝta- [adj], OP ubrt- /u-br̥ta-/ [adj] 'of good mind': Skt. su-mánas- [adj] (RV+) — YAv. hu-manah- [adj] 'with fighting spirit' — Gr. (Myc.) /Eumenēs/ PN, εὐ-μενής [adj] 'well-disposed, favourable' 'famous': Skt. su-śrávas- [adj] (RV+) — Elam.-OP *u-çau̯ah- PN, (Med.) *hu-srau̯ah- PN, MP hu-sraw [adj] 'famous' — Gr. εὐ-κλεής [adj] (< *h₁su-ḱleues-) 'well-spoken': Skt. sūktá- [adj] (RV+) — Av. hūxta- [adj] 'of good work': Skt. sv-ápas- [adj] (RV+) — Av. huuāpah-, YAv. huuapah- [adj], Sogd. (Man.) xwp [adj] 'good', MP xub [adj] 'id.' 'having good horses': Skt. sv-áśva- [adj] (RV) — YAv. huu-aspa- [adj] — OP uv-aspa- [adj] | Values | JPM IIAL | ||
10 | *(h₁)uper(i) | over, above | IIAL | ||||||
11 | *(h₁)upo | under | IIAL | ||||||
12 | *(h₁)yēro/ehₐ- | year, new season | Lat hōrnus ‘of this year’ NE year OCS jara ‘spring’ Grk hȏros ‘time, year’ Luv āra/i- ‘time’ Av yārə ‘year’ | {1} Based on *pari-yāram 'a year long'. | Time | JPM IIAL | |||
13 | *(h₂)wer- | ± attach | Lith vérti ‘thread a needle’ Rus verátĭ ‘prick’ Alb vjerr ‘hang up’ ?Grk aeírō ‘attach’ | Binding | JPM | ||||
14 | *(h₂/₃)wobʰséhₐ- | wasp | MWels gw(y)chi ‘drones’ talic Lat vespa OPrus wobse OCS osa MPers vaβz- | From the verbal root *h₂/3webh- ‘weave’ | Bug | JPM Celt. | |||
15 | *(h₂u-)bʰoh₁ | both | [du.m.] ubhā́, ubháu (RV+) [du.f.] ubhé (RV+) | IIAL | |||||
16 | *(h₃)bʰi | towards | Beekes | ||||||
17 | *(hₐ)mauros | dark | Rus (s)muryj ‘dark grey’ Grk amaurós ‘dim, faint’ | West Central | Light & Dark | JPM | |||
18 | *(hₐ)merhₓgʷ- | dark | ON myrkr ‘darkness’ [which was borrowed as NE murk] Lith márgas ‘variegated’ Alb murg ‘black’ Grk amorbós ‘dark’ | West Central | Light & Dark | JPM | |||
19 | *(hₐ)wiselo- | weasel | NIr fial ‘ferret’ NE weasel Grk aiélouros ?? | North-Western | Fauna | JPM | |||
20 | *(hₓ)ieu- | bearded wheat, perhaps | Beekes | ||||||
21 | *(hₓ)io- | who, which | {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal is not quite certain. It is based on the Greek aspiration (if it reflects *Hi-) and on the possible derivation of this pronoun from the pronoun *h₁e / h₁i- (see s.v. ay- [2], a- [2]). | yáḥ [nom.sg.m.] (RV+) yā́ [nom.sg.f.] (RV+) yát [nom.sg.n.] (RV+) yám [acc.sg.m.] (RV+) yásmai [dat.sg.m.n.] (RV+) etc. | whoever, whichever': Skt. yá- ca (RV+) — Av. ya- cā̆ 'whoever, whichever': Skt. yáḥ káś cit (RV+) — OAv. yahmāi … kahmāicīt_ 'whenever': Skt. yác cid (RV+) — YAv. yat_-cit_, OP yciy /ya-ciy/ | IIAL | |||
22 | *(hₓ)mei-s- | close the eyes | {1} extension of IE root *(H)mei-. {2}[AL] MoHG miseln 'to rain lightly' is hardly cognate. Janda 1998: 18ff. argues that the original meaning of the uncompounded root miṣ- is 'to close the eyes, to blink', which is a distinctive possibility. He further suggests an assimilation *ni-muṣ- ('to close', see s.v. muṣṭí-) > ni-miṣ-. I would rather assume contamination of two roots, viz. *h₃meigh- 'close the eyes, blink' (Lith. miegóti 'sleep', SCr. mȉgati 'blink, twinkle, move', etc.) and meus- 'close the mouth'. | Present VI: miṣáti [3sg.act.] (RV) Aorist RED: amīmiṣat (Up.) | IIAL | ||||
23 | *(hₓ)ndʰero- | lower | IIAL | ||||||
24 | *(hₓ)ndʰes | below | IIAL | ||||||
25 | *(hₓ)ndʰmhₓo- | lowest | IIAL | ||||||
26 | *(hₓ)neid- | insult | Goth ga-naitjan ‘treat shamefully’ Lith níedėti ‘despise’ Grk oneidízō ‘revile’ Arm anēc ‘curse’ Av naēd- ‘insult’ Skt níndati ‘insults’ | Love & Hate | JPM | ||||
27 | *(hₓ)rōs- | dew, moisture | Lat rṓs ‘dew’ Lith rasà ‘dew’ Rus rosá‘dew’ Alb resh ‘it is precipitating’ Skt rása- ‘sap, juice | underlies a number of river names in Indo-Iranian, including the mythical world river of the ancient Indians (Rasā) {1} Originally, a root noun. The Greek name of Volga 'Ρᾶ presumably comes from Iranian. | Water | JPM IIAL | |||
28 | *(k)(s)weḱs | 6 six | Av xšvaš *kseḱs >> Lith šešì OCS šestĭ dialectal Grk kséstriks krithḗ‘six-rowed barley’ Skt ṣáṣ *(s)weḱs >> OIr sē NWels chwech Grk héks (dialectal Grk wéks) Arm vec *seḱs >> Lat sex NE six Alb gjashtë ?Toch B ṣkas *weḱs >> Grk héks Arm vec‘ | The complex, and otherwise unexampled, initial consonant cluster *ksw- has suggested to several investigators that we may be looking at a word that was originally borrowed from some non-Indo-European source. Foreign parallels to the Proto-Indo-European forms have been noted since the time of Franz Bopp who compared the Proto-Indo-European form with Proto-Kartvelian (a language group of the Caucasus composed of Georgian and closely related languages) *ekšw- ‘six’ other comparisons are Hurrian (an extinct language of eastern Anatolia) šeeže, Akkadian ši/eššum (the form used to modify deWnite feminine nouns) ‘six’. These are variously explained as borrowing into or from (in the Kartvelian case) Proto-Indo-European. However, with the exception of the Kartvelian forms, the proposed models for the Proto-Indo-European word are only vaguely similar phonetically and there is no good reason why a foreign š- or the like should generate a Proto-Indo-European*ksw-. One might also note that the attestedAkkadian formis far too late to have been themodel for Proto-Indo-European borrowing, no matter where the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been located, and the earlier Proto-Semitic form of ‘six’, *šidt~(at), looks even less promising as a model for *ksweḱs. {1} [AL] Pā. cha, chaḷ ̊ 'six' and the o-colouring in ṣóḍaśa and ṣoḍhā́ can only be explained if we assume that *u̯ was long preserved in Indo-Aryan (cf. Lubotsky 2000a). | ṣáṭ [nom.sg.] (RV+) ṣaḍbhíḥ [instr.pl.] (RV+) ṣaṇṇā́m [gen.pl.] (AVP+) ṣaṭṣú [loc.pl.] (KS+) | Dāsa/Dahāka with six eyes': Skt. dā́sa-… ṣaḷakṣá- (RV 10.099.06) — YAv. dahākǝm … xšuuaš.ašīm ( Y 9.8) 'six months old, taking six months': Skt. ṣáṇ-māsya- (ŚB+) — YAv. xšuuaš.māhiia- | Numbers | JPM IIAL | |
29 | *(k)(s)weḱs-ḱomt(hₐ) | 60 sixty | OIr sesca Lat sexāgintā Grk eksḗkonta Arm vat‘sun Toch B ṣkaska | Numbers | JPM | ||||
30 | *(k)sweid- | milk | Lith svíestas ‘butter’ Av xšvīd- ‘milk’ | ? | Meals | JPM | |||
31 | *(nh₃)-we | we both | older nom. vā́m (RV 06.055.01), acc. āvā́m (Br.+) (sometimes also nom.), instr. āvābhyām (AitB), abl. āvát (TSp), gen. āváyoṣ (TS+) | IIAL | |||||
32 | *(ni-)mno- | downwards | IIAL | ||||||
33 | *(p)ḱórmos | ± grief, shame | NE harm Rus sórom ‘shame’ Av fšarəma- ‘shame’ | The questionable ascription of *(p)ḱórmos to Proto-Indo-European rests on a Germanic-Slavic-Iranian isogloss | ? | Health&Sickness | JPM | ||
34 | *(s-)h₄upér(i) | over | OIr for- ‘over’ Lat super ‘over’ NE over Grk hupér ‘over beyond’ Av upairi ‘over’ Skt upári ‘over | Position | JPM Beekes | ||||
35 | *(s)bʰond-nehₐ | strap sling | Lat funda ‘sling’ Grk sphendónē ‘sling’ | West Central from *bhendh- ‘bind’ | Textiles | JPM | |||
36 | *(s)grebʰ- | scratch, cut | NE carve ON skrapa > NE scrape OPrus gīrbin ‘number’ OCS žrěbŭ ‘lot’ Grk gráphō ‘scratch’ | West Central | Reductive Activities | JPM | |||
37 | *(s)grehₐb(ʰ)- | hornbeam | Umb Grabovius ‘oak god’ OPrus wosi-grabis ‘spindle-tree’ Lith skrõblas ‘hornbeam’ Rus grab ‘hornbeam’ Modern Grk grabúna ‘hornbeam’ Lat carpīnus ‘hornbeam’ | Trees | JPM | ||||
38 | *(s)kamb- | curve | OIr camm ‘curve’ Grk skambós ‘curve’ | West Central | Shape | JPM | |||
39 | *(s)kand- | moon | Alb hënë ‘moon’ Skt cándra- ‘moon’ | from the verb *(s)kand- ‘shine’ | Air | JPM | |||
40 | *(s)kand- | shine, glitter | NWels cann ‘white, bright’ Lat candeō ‘glitter, shine’ Skt cándati ‘shines, is bright’ Alb hënë Skt candrá- ‘shining; moon’ Grk kándaros ‘coal’ [< presumably from *‘glowing’] Lat candidātus ‘candidate for office’ because of the white toga which was worn | Light & Dark | JPM | ||||
41 | *(s)ked- | scatter | NE scatter Lith kedė´ti ‘burst’ Grk skídnēmi ‘scatter, strew, sprinkle’ Toch AB kätnā- ‘scatter, strew, sow’ | Throw | JPM | ||||
42 | *(s)ḱegos | sheep/goat | NE sheep OE hēcen ‘kid’ Oss sæɣ ‘she-goat’ Skt chā́ga- ‘he-goat’ | ? | Fauna | JPM | |||
43 | *(s)ḱeh₁w(e)r- | north wind | NE shower Lat caurus ‘north wind’ Lith šiáure ‘north wind’ šiū́ras ‘cold, northern’ OCS sĕverŭ ‘north’ Arm c‘urt ‘cold shower’ | Air | JPM | ||||
44 | *(s)kel- | crooked | OE scēolh ‘crooked’ OPrus culczi ‘thigh’ Bulg kúlka ‘thigh’ Alb c¸alë ‘lame’ Grk skélos ‘thigh’ | West Central | Shape | JPM | |||
45 | *(s)kel- | split (apart), cut | Grk skállō ‘hoe, stir up’ Arm skalim ‘split, be splintered’ Hit iskalla- ‘slit, slash, tear’ MIr scoiltid ‘chips’ Lith skeliù ‘chip’ ON skil ‘distinction’ | Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
46 | *(s)keng- | crooked | OIr scingim ‘spring’ ON skakkr ‘skewed, distorted’ OHG hinken ‘go lame’ Grk skázō ‘limp, go lame’ Skt kháñjati ‘limps’ | Shape | JPM | ||||
47 | *(s)keng- | limp | OHG hinkan ‘limp’ Grk skázō ‘limp’ Skt kañj- ‘limp’ | Health&Sickness | JPM | ||||
48 | *(s)ker- | cut apart, cut off | Hit karsmi ‘cut off, castrate’ OIr scaraid ‘separates, divides’ NE shear Lith skiriù ‘separate, divide’ Rus krojú ‘cut’ Alb shqerr ‘tear apart’ Grk keírō ‘cut’ Arm k‘erem ‘scrape off, scratch off’ Skt kr̩ṇā́ ti ‘wounds, kills’ | Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
49 | *(s)ker-men- | flayed skin | {1} Attested is OP čarmā 'on leather, on parchment'. | IIAL | |||||
50 | *(s)kerb- (s)kerbʰ- | shrink, shrivel; waste-away | ON skorpna ‘shrivel’ Lith skur͂bti ‘suffer a decline, wither; mourn’ Rus skórblyj ‘shrivelled’ Grk kárphō ‘let shrivel, dry out’ | Health&Sickness Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
51 | *(s)kerbʰ- | shrink, shrivel | West Central | Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
52 | *(s)kert- | cut | Lith kertù ‘hew’ Arm k‘ert‘em ‘skin’ Hit kartai- ‘cut off’ Av kərəntaiti ‘cuts’ Skt kr̩ntá ti ‘cuts’ ON skor ‘notch’ i.e. ‘what has been cut’ | Extended from *(s)ker- | Present VI<VII: kr̥ntáti [3sg.act.] (RV+) Aorist A: ákr̥tas [2sg.act.] (RV) kartīṣ [2sg.inj.act.] (Br., Sū.) Perfect: cakarta [3sg.act.] (RV+) Fut: kartsy ̊ (AV) Abs: vikŕ̥tya (RV) TA-Ptc.: kr̥ttá- (RV+) | JPM IIAL | |||
53 | *(s)keu(hₓ)- | cover, wrap | Lat ob-scūrus ‘dark, obscure’, i.e. ‘covered’ Skt skunā́ti ‘covers’ NE hide (derived from this root with a t-extension) Grk skúlos ‘pelt, skin’ Grk skȗtos ‘leather’ | Motion | JPM | ||||
54 | *(s)keubʰ | make beautiful | {1} [AL] Since the root structure T…Dh is impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our root with PIE *(s)keu(h₁)- (Gr. κοέω [verb] 'to notice', OHG scouwōn [verb] 'to look at', Go. skauns [adj] 'beautiful', see s.v. kavi). For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. | Present I: śóbhate [3sg.med.] (RV+) Present VII: śúmbhāna- [ptc.med.] 'purifying (his own body / himself)' (RV 08.044.12) Present VI<VII: śumbháti [3sg.act.] 'to beautify, to make beautiful' (RV) Present I<VII: śúmbhate [3sg.med.] 'to adorn oneself' (RV+), śúmbhati [3sg.act.] 'to purify' (AV+) Present AYA: śubháyå 'to be beautiful, splendid' (RV) Caus: śobhay ̊ (AV+) | IIAL | ||||
55 | *(s)keud- | throw, shoot | NE shoot Rus kidátĭ ‘throw’ Alb hedh ‘throw’ Skt códati ‘incites’ Toch B kaume ‘shoot of a plant’ | Throw | JPM | ||||
56 | *(s)keudʰ | purify | {1} [LK] Built on the quasi-root śundh extracted from the nasal infixed present see Jamison 1983: 158, Kulikov 2001: 470f. {2} [AL] Since the root structure T…Dh is impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our root with PIE *(s)keu(h₁)- (Gr. κοέω [verb] 'to notice', OHG scouwōn [verb] 'to look at', Go. skauns [adj] 'beautiful', see s.v. kavi). For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. | Present I<VII: śundhati [3sg.act.] 'cleanses' (RV 10.085.35), śundhata [2pl.impv.act.] (RV 10.017.14), YVm+ Present IV: śudhyatu [3sg.impv.act.] 'let it become clean' (VS+), śudhyate [3sg.med.] 'becomes clean' (ṢB+) Caus {1}: śundhayantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 10.017.10) TA-Ptc.: śuddhá- 'purified, pure, clean' (RV+) | IIAL | ||||
57 | *(s)keuh₁- | perceive see, seer | Lyd kaweś‘priest’ Av kavā ‘seer’ Skt kaví- ‘wise, seer’ Extended: NE hear Grk akoúō ‘hear’ Lat custōs ‘watchman’ NE show Arm c‘uc‘anem ‘show’ Lat caveō ‘take heed’ OE hāwian ‘look at’ OCS čujǫ ‘note’ Grk koéō ‘note’ | Sight | JPM | ||||
58 | *(s)keuk | shine | {1} [AL] For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. | Present I: śócanti [3pl.act.] (RV+) Present IV: śúcyati [3sg.act.] (Br.) Aorist A: aśucat [3sg.act.] (RV+) Aorist S: śocīḥ [2sg.inj.act.] (VS) Aorist mediopass: áśoci (RV) Perfect: śuśóca [3sg.act.] (RV, ŚB), śuśucāná- [ptc.med.] (RV) Intensive: śóśucan [3pl.inj.act.] (RV+), śóśucāna- [ptc.med.] (RV+) Caus: śocáy ̊ (RV+) Inf: śucádhyai (RV) | IIAL | ||||
59 | *(s)keup- | bundle | NE sheaf Rus čup ‘tuft head of hair, crest’ | North-West | Measure & Quantity | JPM | |||
60 | *(s)koitrós | bright, clear | OEhādor ‘clear’ Lith skaidrùs ‘bright, clear [of weather], limpid [of water]’ Av čiθra- ‘clear’ Skt citrá- ‘excellent, bright’ | Indo-Iranian may all derive from an otherwise unattested noun *(s)kóit-. | Light & Dark | JPM | |||
61 | *(s)koli- | young dog | Lith kãle ‘bitch’ Alb këlysh ‘young dog’ Grk skúlaks ‘young dog young animal’ | Fauna | JPM | ||||
62 | *(s)kolmo/ehₐ- | boat | OHG skalm Toch B kolmo | Derived from *(s)kel- ‘cut’ | Transport | JPM | |||
63 | *(s)kōlos | stake | Grk skȏlos ‘pointed stake’ | from *(s)kel- ‘strike, hew’ | Construction | JPM | |||
64 | *(s)kou-no- | luminous | {1} [AL] The cerebral nasal is unexpected and may point to borrowing, which makes the etymology doubtful. See further s.v. śobh. {2} [AL] The possible cognates mentioned by Mayrhofer are most probably unrelated: ToA koṃ, ToB kauṃ 'day, sun' is a loanword from Turkic ( Lubotsky - Starostin 2003: 257f.) MW cun 'noble, fine' must rather be connected with OIr. cúanna 'dear, fine' and derived from *kupnos ( Schrijver 1995: 348). | IIAL | |||||
65 | *(s)ku(n)t- | shake, jolt | NE shudder Lith kuntù ‘recover, get better’ [i.e. ‘shake something off’] OCS skytati sę ‘wander’ | North-West | Motion | JPM | |||
66 | *(s)kubʰ-ró- | clean, beautiful | {1} [AL] Since the root structure T…Dh is impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-mobile. For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. {2} [AL] Most probably, an Iranian LW. | IIAL | |||||
67 | *(s)ḱup- | shoulder | MLG schuft ‘shoulder blade of cow or horse’ Alb sup ‘shoulder’ Av supti- ‘shoulder’ Skt śúpti- ‘shoulder’ | Body (Upper) | JPM | ||||
68 | *(s)ḱup-ti- | shoulder, withers | {1} [AL] Since the s-mobile is only attested in Germanic, it is attractive to assume that it is due to the influence of the word for 'shoulder'. | śúptau [loc.sg.] | IIAL | ||||
69 | *(s)kʷálos | sheatfish, wels | NE whale OPrus skalis ‘sheatfish’ Grk áspalos ‘fish’ Av kara- ‘a kind of fish’ | Difficult | Fish | JPM | |||
70 | *(s)kʷéhₓtis | skin, hide | NWels es-gid ‘shoe’ [< ‘foot-hide’] NE hide Lith kiáutis ‘skin’ Grk skȗtos ‘skin, leather, hide’ Toch A kāc ‘skin’ | Body (Upper) | JPM | ||||
71 | *(s)kʷeit- | consider, appear | {1} [AL] Mayrhofer, following Gotō 1987: 137ff. distinguishes cet [1] 'to consider' and cet [2] 'to appear, to shine'. The semantic distinction is clearly artificial (cf. German scheinen), whereas the lack of labialization in the Germanic cognates is probably due to the loss of the labial feature in front of o in this branch. {2} [LK] See Kümmel 2000: 174ff. {3} Translations 'appearance' or 'splendour', given for the Rgvedic attestations by some scholars are less plausible, but not impossible. {4} [AL] For this form cf. recently Jasanoff 1997. | Present I: cétati [3sg.act.] (RV+) Present AYA: citáyante [3pl.med.] (RV+), citáyant- [ptc.act.] (RV+) Aorist mediopass: áceti [3sg.], céti [3sg.inj.] 'has/is appeared, has/is shown (oneself)' (RV) Aorist S (< Aorist R): acait [3sg.act.] 'has perceived' (RV 06.044.07) Aorist R: cítāna- [ptc.med.] 'making oneself perceptible, drawing attention to oneself' (RV 09.101.11) Perfect: cikéta [3sg.act.], cíketa [3sg.act.], cikitvā́ṃs- / cikitúṣ- [ptc.act.] 'to see, pay attention, respect' (RV+), cikité [3sg.med.] 'to appear, show (oneself) be known' (RV-YVm) {2} Desid: cikits ̊ 'to wish to perceive, watch' (RV+) Caus: cetáy ̊, citáy ̊ 'to make perceived, reveal to make perceive' (RV+) TA-Ptc.: cittá-, also [n] 'thought, mind' (RV+) | to appear in (his/her/its/their) greatness': Skt. mahinā́ cikitré (RV 01.186.09) — OAv. mazibīš cikōitǝrǝš ( Y 32.11) | IIAL | |||
72 | *(s)lagʷ- | take, hold | NE latch Grk lázomai ‘take, hold’ | West Central | Give & Take | JPM | |||
73 | *(s)lei- | sticky, slimy, slippery | OIr as-lena ‘pollute’ Lat linō ‘anoint’ OCS slina ‘spit’ Grk alínō ‘anoint’ OIr slemon ‘slippery, slick, polished’ Lat līmus ‘mud’, līmax ‘slug’ NE slime Rus slimák ‘slug’ Grk leímaks ‘slug, snail’ NHG bleiben ‘remain, stay’ Lith lìpti ‘stick, be sticky’ OCS pri-lĭpjǫ ‘stick on/to’ Skt limpáti ‘smears’ Toch A lip- ‘remain’ | Qualities | JPM | ||||
74 | *(s)lei- | tench | Lith lýnis Rus linĭ Grk lineús ‘blemy‘ ? OE slīw ‘mullet’ | Built on the root of the same shape meaning ‘slimy’ | Fish | JPM | |||
75 | *(s)leidʰ- | slide | NE slide Lith sly´stu ‘slide, slip’ OCS slědŭ ‘track [in the grass]’ Grk olisthaínō ‘slip’ Skt srédhati ‘fails, errs’ < *‘slides off?’ | Crawl, Slide, Fall | JPM | ||||
76 | *(s)m(e)ug(ʰ)- | smoke | NE smoke Grk smū́khō ‘burn in a smouldering fire’ Arm mux ‘smoke’ | Fire | JPM | ||||
77 | *(s)me(-thₐ) | middle, among | OE mid ‘with’ Alb me ‘with’ Grk metá‘with, among’ Av mat ‘(together) with’ Skt smat ‘with’ | Position | JPM | ||||
78 | *(s)mel- | deceive | Lith mẽlas ‘lie’ Arm meł ‘sin’ Av mairya- ‘deceitful’ Toch A smale ‘lie’ | Values | JPM | ||||
79 | *(s)mel- | give off light smoke, smoulder | Middle Irish smā l NE smoulder, smell Lith smilė́kti ‘give off light dust or smoke’ Sorbian smaliś‘singe’ | Fire | JPM | ||||
80 | *(s)meld- | melt | NE melt Grk méldomai ‘melt’ | Fire | JPM | ||||
81 | *(s)mer- | remember, be concerned | NE mourn Lith merė´ti ‘worry about’ Grk mérimna ‘thought, care, anxiety’, mártus ‘witness’ [>NE martyr] Av maraiti ‘observes’ Skt smárati ‘remembers, longs for’ reduplicated in Lat memoria ‘remembrance’ OE mimorian ‘remember’ Arm mormok‘ ‘care’ | Present I: smárāthas [2du.subj.act.] (RV 10.106.09), smarethām [2du.impv.med.] (RV 07.104.07), smáranti [3pl.act.] (RV-Kh., AV+) Perfect: sasmara [1sg.act.] (AVP 5.11.7) Passive: smaryáte [3sg.] (TĀm, DhSū.+) TA-Ptc.: smr̥ta- (Sū.+) á-smr̥ta-dhrut- 'with whom no deception can be remembered' (RV 10.061.04) | Knowledge & Thought | JPM | |||
82 | *(s)meuk | brush, take off (of bridles, bindings, clothes and snot) | {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} Secondary present, probably based on the desiderative stem ( Gotō 1987: 246, fn. 547). | Present VI<VII: muñcā́mi [1sg.act.] (RV+) Present IV: múcyate [3sg.med.] (RV+), mucyáte [3sg.med.] (AV, ŚB) {1} Present I: mókṣamāṇa- [ptc.med.] (KSp-MSp) {2} Aorist R: ámugdhvam [2pl.med.] (RV) Aorist A: ámucat [3sg.act.] (RV+) Aorist S: mukṣata [3pl.inj.med.] (RV+) Perfect: mumucmáhe [1pl.med.] (RV+), mumucaḥ [2sg.inj.act.] (RV), múmocati [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 08.018.12), mumóca [3sg.act.] (TĀm, ŚB+) Fut: mokṣyati [3sg.act.] (AVP+) Desid: múmukṣamāṇa- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.111.09) TA-Ptc.: áti-mukta- 'escaped, avoided' (ŚB) | IIAL | ||||
83 | *(s)meuk/g- | slick, slippery | OIr mocht ‘soft, tender’ Lat mungō ‘blow the nose’ ON mjūkr ‘soft, malleable’ Grk mússomai ‘blow the nose’ Lat mūcus ‘mucus’ Lith mùkti ‘slip away from’ Skt muñcáti ‘looses, frees’ Toch B mauk- ‘to let go’ | West Central | Qualities | JPM | |||
84 | *(s)meuk/g- | slip | OE smūgan ‘slide, slip’ Lith munkù ‘slip away from’ Lat ē-mungō ‘blow, wipe one’s nose’ Grk apomússō ‘blow, wipe one’s nose’ Skt muñcáti indicates ‘lets loose, frees’ OCS mŭčati ‘chase’ Toch B mäk- ‘run’ | Crawl, Slide, Fall | JPM | ||||
85 | *(s)neh₁(i)- | twist fibres into thread | MIr snīid ‘twists, binds’ Lat neō ‘spin’ OHG nā(w)en ‘sew, stitch’ Latv snāju ‘twist loosely together, spin’ Grk néō ‘spin’ with the suffix *-tehₐ- : NE snood OIr snāth ‘thread’ Latv snāte ‘linen shawl, cape’ NE needle < *(s)nehₐ(i)-tlehₐ- | Textiles | JPM | ||||
86 | *(s)ner- | fasten with thread or cord | Lith neriù ‘thread (a needle)’, Toch B ñare ‘thread’ OE snēr ‘harpstring bind close together’> NE narrow | Textiles | JPM | ||||
87 | *(s)nh₁(e)u | without | Beekes | ||||||
88 | *(s)nh₁i | without | Beekes | ||||||
89 | *(s)p(e)iko/ehₐ- | bird, woodpecker | Lat pīcus ‘woodpecker‘ Lat pīca ‘jay magpie’ OHG speh ‘woodpecker’ Skt piká- | Bird | JPM | ||||
90 | *(s)peḱ- | observe see | Lat speciō ‘see’ OHG spehōn ‘spy’ Grk sképtomai ‘look at’ Av spasyeiti ‘spies’ Skt páśyati ‘sees’ Toch AB päk- ‘intend’ | {1} Synchronically distinct from, but genetically related to the root variant spaś- (see Jamison 1983: 167, Kümmel 2000: 586f.). {2} [LK] According to Kümmel 2000: 586, fn. 1261, the interpretation of this form as a sigmatic aorist is supported by its durative meaning. {3} Gr. σκοπός replaces IE *speḱ-s. | Present IV: páśyati [3sg.act.] (RV+) Aorist R/Aorist S {2}: áspaṣṭa [3sg.aor.med.] (RV 01.010.02) Perfect: paspaśé [3sg.med.] 'to look at, to guard, to notice' (RV) Caus: spāśáyasva [2sg.impv.med.] 'to make visible, spied out' (RV 01.176.03) TA-Ptc.: ánu-spaṣṭa- 'guarded' (RV 10.160.04), spaṣṭá- '(clearly) perceived, clear, visible' (TSp+) | Sun, the spy': Skt. sū́ryam … spáśam (RV 04.013.03), spáḷ … sū́ryaḥ (RV 10.035.08) — Gr. (Hom.) 'Ηέλιον … σκοπόν {3} | Sight | JPM IIAL | |
91 | *(s)pel- | say aloud, recite | NE spell Alb fjalë ‘tale’ (also ‘word, statement’) Arm aṙa-spel ‘saying, riddle’ Latv pel͂t ‘revile, slander’ Grk apeiléō ‘hold out in promise or in threat’ Toch AB päl- ‘praise’ | Formal Speech & Song | JPM | ||||
92 | *(s)pel- | tear off, split | Skt phálati ‘bursts, splits in two’, phā́ la- ‘ploughshare’ (< *‘splitter’) | Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
93 | *(s)pelt- | split | OHG spalten OCS ras-platiti Skt spháṭati Skt páṭati ‘splits apart, bursts’ NE split | Reductive Activities | JPM | ||||
94 | *(s)pen- | draw, spin | NE spin Lith pinù ‘weave’ OCS pĭnǫ ‘tighten, strain’ Alb pe ‘thread’ Grk pénomai ‘toil [at household tasks]’ Arm hanum ⁓ henum ‘weave’ Toch B pänn- ‘draw [out], stretch’ | Textiles | JPM | ||||
95 | *(s)peud- | push, repulse | Lat pudet ‘shames’, ‘casting off divorce’ Lith spáudiu ‘press, squeeze’ Alb punë ‘work’ Grk speúdō ‘urge on, hasten’ Arm p‘oyt‘ ‘zeal’ NPers poy ‘haste, speed’ | Conflict | JPM | ||||
96 | *(s)pingo- | finch | NE finch Grk spíggos Skt phingaka ‘shrike‘ ? | Bird | JPM | ||||
97 | *(s)plend- | shine | OIr lēs ‘light’ Lat splendeō ‘shine, glitter’ Lith spléndžiu ‘light’ Toch plāntā- ‘rejoice, be glad’ as cognate, i.e. ‘be shining’ | ? | Light & Dark | JPM | |||
98 | *(s)pondʰ(n)os | wooden vessel | ON spann ‘pail’ Lith spandis ‘pail’ OCS spǫdŭ ‘measure [of grain]’ Arm p‘und ‘pot’ | West Central | Containers | JPM | |||
99 | *(s)pornóm | wing, feather | NE fern Lith spar͂nas ‘wing’ Av parəna- ‘feather’ Skt parṇá- ‘feather’ OCS pero ‘feather’ Toch B parwa [pl.] ‘feathers’ | Body (Upper) | JPM | ||||
100 | *(s)pre(n)g- | wrap up, constrict | Greek spárgō ‘swaddle’ Lith springstù ‘choke, become choked or constricted’ MHG phrengen ‘oppress’ Toch AB präṅk- ‘restrain oneself, hold back’ | Motion | JPM |