Documenting Research Artifact

	A	B	C	D	E
1	Artifact Type (Journal, TedTalk, Manual, etc.)	Link to Artifact	What is being said and Who is saying it?	How is it useful to me?	Key vocabulary/terms

2	Article	https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2017/11/fighting-the-stigma-of-growing-gmos/	Allied For Science; story on Michael Kamiya, discusses how the development of transgenic papaya that was resistant to the ringspot virus, saved his family's farm. Found that GMO papaya is similar to almost giving the fruit a vaccine against the virus. Found there to be stigma surrounding GMO papayas or GMOS in general, where Hawaiians refused to buy or eat them and believed we should only eat organic food	This article puts into perspective how GMOS can be used to save crops that are prone to be destroyed by a virus. It also shows how in places such as Hawaii, where there is such a push to only eat organic foods, it's truly difficult to get people to accept eating GMOS.	Transgenic
3	Journal	https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/are-genetically-modified-crops-answer-world-hunger/	National Geographic; discusses how malnutrition and starvation is affection more 800 million people in the world. GM crop can be used to improve crop yield and can help create rest-resistant and disease-resistant crops. These crops can be engineered to be more nutritious and provide invaluable vitamins to people (lots of people are dying of vitamin A deficiency). ‘‘ Journal adds that the inequality and and unequal distribution of quality food is the true reason of our world's hunger. Negative: "However, GM seeds are produced primarily by only a few large companies who own the intellectual property for the genetic variations. A transition to GM crops would closely align global food production with the activities of a few key companies. "	This journal shows how GMOs can be used to help people in a global context and can be used for the UN Goal of zero hunger. However it adds that a lot of hunger has to do with inequality among peoples socioeconomic class. In essence this journal helps to highlight the benefits and drawbacks of GM crops.	crop yield: material produced by a farmer or farm malnutrition: lack of a balanced diet. socioeconomic: combination of social and economic factors.
4	Ted Talk	https://www.ted.com/talks/lee_dong_gmos_why_we_should_give_them_a_second_chance	Lee Dong; In this video, Dong is discussing the stigma surrounding GMOS. People hold a common misconception of what they are and refuse to even lay hands on them as they are taught that they are "bad". Half the time people don't even know what they and yet are so quick to judge, and refuse to eat them. However, the truth is that GMOs can be used to help people in vulnerable populations. 81% of scientists believe it is safe and 31% of the general public believe it has the potential to be safe.	I really liked this Ted Talk as its almost similar to what I want to research in my Capstone. In this she discussed the stigma surrounding GMOS, and I feel that this could be helpful in my research of how to break the stigma surrounding GMOS. I feel that she was very well spoken in this video and I would definitely watch it again for more information. She provided data I could use in my project while also enlightening me with ideas I had not thought of.
5	Article	https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2018/06/developing-nations-lead-growth-gmo-crops/	Lee Dong; In this video, Dong is discussing the stigma surrounding GMOS. People hold a common misconception of what they are and refuse to even lay hands on them as they are taught that they are "bad". Half the time people don't even know what they and yet are so quick to judge, and refuse to eat them. However, the truth is that GMOs can be used to help people in vulnerable populations. 81% of scientists believe it is safe and 31% of the general public believe it has the potential to be safe.	This article shows how GM crops can be of use to developing countries today. They are cost efficient and are shown to have positive environmental effects. I can use this article as a source for statistics in the future and information about how these steamed crops can actual yield positive effects for people.
6	Article	https://www.devex.com/news/what-are-the-political-drivers-for-gmos-in-developing-countries-92091	Devex; Many developing countries are beginning to approve legislation to research and commercialization of GM crops; improve yield and reduce production cost to help these countries grow their economies. Countries range from acceptance to hostility towards GMOs; "considerations made by each government are highly tailored to local needs, economies, and public perception. ". Example: In the Philippines, GM maize is a dominant crop and 65% of farmers chose to plant it. GMOS helped to improve the income of farmers within the Philippines (serves as an example for other developing countries). -Negative: adoption and progress of GMOs has been driven by economic value rather than responding to a localized agricultural problem. --> led to regulations on GMOs so that people provided more consideration to socioeconomic issues and environmental impacts Article further discusses leading countries in GMOS, countries that are resisting, some that are on the border/balanced, and the perspectives of new emerging countries like Ghana.	This article truly helped to put into perspective on how GMOS can help equalize and improve developing countries so that they can gain equal footing in the world. However lots of people tend to use them in ways that benefit themselves so it's important that GMOS are strictly used to help others. I think this article helps to show why countries are so hesitant on investing and using these crops and how pressures from international market can sway their decisions.	commercialization multinationals
7	Journal	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1083872/	EMBO reports; First World countries see GMOS as "evil" or unhealthy and harmful. but in reality have the potential to increase food production in an "environmentally benign way". Opposition si due to these countries not seeing an any advantages of these products; nutritional value and low costs. Scientists see transgenic crops as safe for the environment but many other sources try to emphasize false negative consequences of them. GM crops have the potential to have Third World countries that are malnourished; critic of GM are blocking people of a solution to diseases or health issues they face. " Opponents of GM crops claim that feeding the poor is only a matter of better distribution. But inadequate distribution occurs even in developing countries that are net exporters of agricultural products. Thus, to ensure that food is available to everybody, local food production in poor countries must increase. This will also benefit the economies of these countries and reduce their dependence on the industrialised world" Article further discusses the potential GM products have and how the demand for food is steadily increasing. We need to find a solution to ensure no person goes hungry and open people's eyes on the benefits GMOs have for people who have inadequate access to quality food.	This article, although from 2001, shows a more progressive way of thinking from that time. People even then saw the benefits GMOs could have for developing countries and how opponents are typically from First world countries who don't truly reap any benefits from them. I think this article helps me by providing information on the science behind GMOs and environmental impacts they have.	Alleviation
8	Article	https://www.science.org/news/2019/11/bangladesh-could-be-first-cultivate-golden-rice-genetically-altered-fight-blindness	Reporter for Science; Bangladesh is the first country to approve Golden Rice for planting, however environmental groups continue to oppose the use of agricultural biotechnology. Golden Rice was developed to combat vitamin A deficiency which causes childhood blindness and measles( Equipped plant with beta-carotene genes from maize). No difference in quality just an added benefit of vitamin A. People are hesitant to say yes to it due to its appearance (golden) and it not having immediate effects; farmers accepted an engineering eggplant due to it being able to repel pests.	This articles helps to give an example of a product that was created to help those struggling with diseases due to not having a proper diet. Although it has been tested continuously, due to its "odd" appearance and its effects not being instantaneous many environmental groups have opposed this. Essentially this article has shown, how people hold the idea that since it's not "organic" or natural then it can't be good for you.	beta-carotene
9	Tik Tok	https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMRK254v6/https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMRK254v6/	Civilian/Influencer; This influencer is a promoter of organic and vegan foods. They hold the idea that GMOs are terrible for people to consume and refuse to allow their child to eat it. In the video they say if my child was to eat a GMO he would need a detox. This absurd way of thinking is honestly how many opponents to GMOS feel and only focus on the idea that because its DNA has been altered then it can't be good.	This video helps to show peoples inborn opinion of GMOs. They hate the idea of them and feel that they are "impurities"., when in reality hold proper benefits to people who are in need. People such as this are ones that hold this one sided mindset and can't open their eyes to how GMOS can help. I feel that this video helps to show a contradictory opinion and can be used as almost inspiration to wanting to change people's mindsets.	detox
10	Article	https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/gmo-crops-animal-food-and-beyond	FDA; discusses how GMOS are used in food in America. GMOS are used in to make various ingredients that we eat and is also in the form of some of the foods we eat like fruit and meat. Some GMO crops are grown in the U.S like cotton, soybeans, canola, beets, etc. " The DNA in the GMO food does not transfer to the animal that eats it. This means that animals that eat GMO food do not turn into GMOs." GMOS are also used to make medicines like insulin.	This helped to show how GMOS are recognized and approved on a federal level in the United States. People often wonder where GMOS are seen in First World countries and it truly is in a lot of our diets as they have been proven to not have any detrimental effects to our health. The FDA would not approve it, if it was proven to be harmful.
11	Ted Talk	https://www.ted.com/talks/pamela_ronald_the_case_for_engineering_our_food?language=en	Pamela Ronald; In this video Ronald, discusses the idea that GMOs can help various populations and the production of food given our consistently changing environment. In one case she and other researchers found a gene that allowed rice to grow while being submerged for at least 2 weeks, whereas normal rice dies after being submerged for 3 days. As the water level is rising due to global warming, flooding of these fields is inevitable, so it's imperative to find solutions to make sure our food can always grow. In addition she adds on a point that because of the prejudices of those that can afford to eat, they are preventing those who cannot, from getting the nutrients that they need to live.	I really think this Ted Talk opened by eyes to the multitude of research that has been conducted on GMOS and how people are truly working towards the UN goal of zero hunger. GMOS are an efficient solution to food safety and climate change and can help to ensure that people do not go hungry.
12	Article	https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2021/10/nigerian-farmers-just-cant-get-enough-of-gmo-cowpea-seeds/	Alliance for Science; Nigeria is now witnessing a shortage of GM cowpea seeds (farmers use it as it is an insect resistant crop). --> Scientists are struggling to meet demand for these seeds. Farmers like it as it gives more yield, doesn't consume as much money, and only have to spray 2-3 times rather 8 for the normal ones. These seeds are extremely popular, but the demand is greater than the supply. “ "Cowpea is a high-protein staple food crop consumed by an estimated 200 million people in Africa daily." --> on the normal plant insects destroy not only the flower but the pods of the cowpea. The PBR cowpea provides inherent protection from the pest due to the introduction of a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a naturally occurring soil bacteria widely used in organic agriculture. --> "GM cowpea reap huge benefits because they can significantly reduce pesticide costs and achieve better harvests. The PBR cowpea variety has a yield potential of 2.9 tonnes per hectare, compared to 1.9 to 2 tonnes for non-GM varieties."	This article helps to depict how useful and popular GM plants have become in some countries like Nigeria. People are constantly using these cowpea seeds as they are much easier to maintain and produce, however as many farmers are purchasing them, there simply is not enough for everyone. People want these seeds as they ensure and increase food production and also cost a lot less. I think this article helps put into context how invaluable these GM products become in developing countries.
13	Blog/Journal	https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/will-gmos-hurt-my-body/	Researcher from Harvard; People throughout the U.S and the world have questioned the safety of GMOs, concerning environmental and human health. Various groups such as the IRT have said that "toxicity was the result of genetic modification techniques". GMOS have consistently undergone studies and experiments to see if they are harmful to us humans, however it has been proven that they are not and that "GMOs as a class are no more likely to be harmful than traditionally bred and grown food sources." This article explore various experiment conducted by scientists to examine its "potential" toxicity and its "potential" to change our own genes.	This article will come in hand in my later endeavors as it provides me with examples of how scientists have proven the safety of GMOS. It also answers common questions people have, and shows that GMOS have the same risks as our known to be organic foods.
14	Article	https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2021/09/gene-editing-can-help-agriculture-adapt-to-climate-change-and-meet-un-food-systems-summit-goals/	Alliance for Science; Gene editing shows promise for developing more resilient and climate-smart crops to counter the threat of climate change. It can alleviate food insecurity and improve the lives of various, struggling populations. "Revolutionized crop improvement". Example: production of rice in India had decreased by 23 percent. --> shows effects of climate change on developing countries Climate change is projected to have a detrimental effect on agricultural conditions as well as soil nutrients, plant diseases and pests, with the impacts being particularly felt in underdeveloped countries. These adversities necessitate climate-resilient crop varieties with broad-spectrum and long-term tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. "To reap the full potential of gene editing in providing resilient crops for a rapidly changing world, the study authors prescribe greater efforts and investment not only in the technical aspects of the technology, but also in fostering social support among the communities involved." --> For GMOs to be successful scientists need more support.	This article is giving me examples to look further into in the future and has shown me that although GMO's are widely recognized by the scientific community, in order for it to be successful, its benefits need to be widely recognized by people throughout the world.	mutagenesis
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