| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | |
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1 | Category | Sub-category | Title of the study | Study type | Wavelength used | Results | Link | ||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Adipose tissue | Lipoplasty | Low-level laser-assisted liposculpture: clinical report of 700 cases. | 🧑 Human 📄 Retrospective study 👥 700 cases | 635 | "Excellent aesthetic results, including an improved silhouette contour, smooth abdominal surface, and good skin retraction, were obtained in 95% of cases. Postoperative recovery was rapid, and complications were minimal." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19331999 | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | Adipose tissue | Mitochondrial function | Photobiomodulation therapy with light-emitting diode in stimulating adipose tissue mitochondria | 🧑 Human 📄 Non-randomized study, self-controlled 👥 8 participants ⌛ ~4-week treatment | 630+ 850 | "A non-randomized clinical trial was conducted using a split abdomen design in obese women who received red and infrared LED photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). The patients underwent bariatric surgery, and adipose tissue samples were collected for immunohistochemical analysis with primary mitochondrial antibodies. Adipose tissue samples subjected to LED intervention exhibited positivity in mitochondrial antibodies for cAMP, DRP1, FAS, FIS1, MFN2, and OPA1 (p<0.001) compared to the control group. In conclusion, we observed that PBMT was capable of generating mitochondrial stimulation in adipose tissue cells, as evidenced by the positive antibody signals. This finding suggests that mitochondrial stimulation could be the mechanism and action underlying adipose tissue lipolysis and apoptosis." Comment: The parameters reported seem somewhat contradictory. | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37851070/ | |||||||||||||||||||
4 | Adipose tissue | Subcutaneous adipose tissue | Effects of LED photobiomodulation therapy on the subcutaneous fatty tissue of obese individuals - histological and immunohistochemical analysis | 🧑 Human 📄 Non-randomized study, self-controlled 👥 (?) ⌛ (?) | 630+ 850 | "PBMT and LED associating red and infrared wavelengths were able to promote autophagic lipolysis induced by adipocyte cell apoptosis in the subcutaneous tissue of obese individuals." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074934/ | |||||||||||||||||||
5 | Bone | Fractures | Effectiveness of 780 nm photobiomodulation as adjunct treatment for bone exposed fractures: A pilot study on radiograph, pain, and cytokines analysis | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 20 participants ⌛ (?) | 780 | "We can conclude that LLLT was effective as an adjuvant in the bone fracture regeneration process, altered IL-1β levels, reduced the use of analgesics and anti-inflammatories, reducing the pain pattern throughout the sessions." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38339853/ | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | Bone | Fractures | Effects of multiwavelength photobiomodulation for the treatment of traumatic soft tissue injuries associated with bone fractures: A double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 27 participants ⌛ (?) | "MPBM showed an improvement in the daily mean Bates-Jensen scale (MPBM 32.1 vs. control 34.2; p = 0.029), daily mean pain score change (MPBM 0.5 vs. control 0.2; p = 0.04) and occurrence of infection at the site of the external fixator pins (MPBM 15.3% vs. control 57.1%; p = 0.02). MPBM group also showed faster-wound resolution (MPBM 13.1 vs. control 23.1 days)." "MPBM appears safe and effective in reducing wound resolution time, infection in the surgical pin sites, reported pain and time before definitive surgery." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640122/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Bone | Fractures | Pain and Disability of Conservatively Treated Distal Radius Fracture: A Triple-Blinded Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Photobiomodulation Therapy | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, triple-blinded 👥 50 participants ⌛ 26 weeks | 904 | "There was a significant between-group difference in PRWHE scores in favor of active PBMT 8, 12, and 26 weeks after DRF. NP and consumption of AM were significantly lower in the active PBMT group from 7 to 26 weeks. There was a minimum clinically important improvement between the groups in favor of active PBMT in total score at 12 weeks, in pain subscore at 8, 12, and 26 weeks, and in disability subscore at 8 and 12 weeks." "PBMT is safe and has long-term positive effect on pain and disability in DRF patients, when applied in combination with a home-based rehabilitation exercise program." Comment: The baseline symptom score was lower in PBM group though the difference was not statistically significant. However, the magnitude is similar as the between-the-group differences at the end of trial. | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030040/ | |||||||||||||||||||
8 | Bone | Fractures | The effect of light-emitting diode (590/830 nm)-based low-level laser therapy on posttraumatic edema of facial bone fracture patients. | 🧑 Human 📈 Observational study 👥40 participants ⌛ 5 days | 590+ 830 | "Our analysis showed a 16.5% reduction of edema in the LLLT group and 7.3% in the sham light group. The edema reduction was statistically significantly greater in the LLLT group than in the sham light group (p < 0.047)." "LED-based LLLT is recently receiving attention worldwide for its cost-effectiveness and large coverage area compared to traditional laser therapy. Recent studies support its effectiveness in various areas such as wound healing, skin rejuvenation, and pain alleviation. In this study, we treated facial bone fracture patients with LED-based LLLT, and showed its effectiveness in reducing posttraumatic edema." Comment: Parameters were not reported. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28986000 | |||||||||||||||||||
9 | Bone | Fractures | Therapeutic outcomes of low-level laser therapy for closed bone fracture in the human wrist and hand. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 50 participants participants ⌛ 4 weeks | 830 | "After treatment and at the follow-up, the laser group exhibited significant changes in all of the parameters compared with the baseline (p<0.05). The results of comparing the two groups after treatment and at the follow-up indicated significant between-group differences among all of the parameters (p<0.05)." Comment: The results are quite remarkable. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24649935 | |||||||||||||||||||
10 | Bone | Osteoporosis | Efficacy of high intensity laser therapy in the treatment of male with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled ⌛ 12 weeks | 1064 | "All measured outcomes were significantly decreased post-treatment in all treatment groups. Laser plus exercises showed a higher significant effect than exercises with a least significant effect in the laser group in reduction of pain and quality of life." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28932011 | |||||||||||||||||||
11 | Bone | Osteoporosis | High Intensity Laser Versus low Intensity Laser Therapy in Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis | 🧑 Human ⚔ Comparison study 👥 30 participants ⌛ 6 weeks | 1064 or 633 + 904 | Comment: In HILT group (1064 nm; 2000 J), the T-score increased from baseline of -3.2 to post-treatment value of -0.533. In LLLT group (633+904 nm), the T-score increased from -3.133 to -2.000. However, authors do not explicitly state that they used T-score as their BMD measurement but that appears to be logical, since they also mention that -2.5 is the T-score limit for osteoporosis and the patient's baseline is close to -3.2. | Cairo University | http://erepository.cu.edu.eg/index.php/BFPTH/article/view/455 | |||||||||||||||||||
12 | Brain | Addiction (alcohol) | Use of low-energy laser as adjunct treatment of alcohol addiction. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial 👥 53 participants ⌛ 2 months | 514 + 633 | "Improvement in BDI-FS and increase in, beta-endorphin level were observed. These results suggest that laser therapy can be useful as an adjunct treatment for alcoholism." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674998 | |||||||||||||||||||
13 | Brain | Addiction (opioid) | Comparative Effects of Cognitive Rehabilitation and Photobiomodulation on Drug Craving in Treatment-Seeking Opioid Addicts | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 63 participants ⌛ 6 weeks | 810 | "The results demonstrated that each intervention significantly reduced drug craving in both the post-test and follow-up phases compared to the control group. The Bonferroni post hoc test indicated that PBM was more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in terms of working memory (WM) and inhibitory control for reducing drug craving (p < 0.05)." "While both PBM and cognitive rehabilitation targeting WM and inhibitory control effectively reduced opioid drug craving, low-level laser therapy proved to be more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in this regard." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38252491/ | |||||||||||||||||||
14 | Brain | Addiction (opioid) | An Effective and Safe Novel Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: Unilateral Transcranial Photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 39 participants ⌛ 7 weeks | 810 | "We report here our findings from our second randomized controlled trial to evaluate unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation as a treatment for opioid use disorder." "Our primary outcome was changes in pre-treatment opioid craving scale (OCS) minus baseline, and we found using a mixed model that the active group had a highly significant treatment * time benefit over the sham group, p < 0.0001, effect size at the last follow-up of 1.5. The active treatment benefited those not on buprenorphine as well as those not on it. The TimeLine Follow Back measure of opioid use was significantly better in the actively treated group, p = 0.0001, with an effect size of 0.45. We observed no adverse effects." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34447323/ | |||||||||||||||||||
15 | Brain | Addiction (opioid) | A Novel Treatment of Opioid Cravings With an Effect Size of .73 for Unilateral Transcranial Photobiomodulation Over Sham | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind, crossover 👥 22 participants ⌛ 3 weeks | 810 | "Unilateral t-PBM to the hemisphere with a more positive hemispheric emotional valence was an effective and safe treatment for opioid cravings as well as for depression and anxiety. Our results also lend support to the underlying premises of DBP." "The effect size for the differences between active and sham was 0.73. For the active treatment from before and after treatment the effect size was 1.51 and for the sham, 0.45. The HDRS improved from a baseline of 15.1 to 8.8 (SD 10.3) a week after the active treatment and to 13.3 (SD 12.9) after the sham (p = 0.0071). HARS improved from 14.7 to 8.0 (SD 13.2) after the active treatments and to 14.3 (SD 16.0) after the sham, p = 0.08." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32973577/ | |||||||||||||||||||
16 | Brain | Addiction (opioid) | Unilateral transcranial photobiomodulation for opioid addiction in a clinical practice: A clinical overview and case series | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 42 cases ⌛ cases over 18 months | 810 | "The case reports are from 42 consecutive patients in his practice with OUD where he has given 382 treatments over 18 months, as needed. The author's subjective clinical observations were that of the 42 patients, 26 (62%) consistently had responses to the UtPBM (as described in the case reports) that were easily observable to the patient and the author as strikingly beneficial, 8 (19%) had helpful, but not remarkable responses, and 8 (19%) had no noticeable response." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340792/ | |||||||||||||||||||
17 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | EEG-Validated Photobiomodulation Treatment of Dementia-Case Study | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report | 810 | "This case study suggests that PBM could have positive effects on improving desired brain activity, measured as improvement in power spectrum and connectivity measures in theta and alpha bands, for elderly people with memory and thinking disorders." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36236654/ | |||||||||||||||||||
18 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | A Randomized, Double-Blind, and Sham-Controlled Trial of an Innovative Brain-Gut Photobiomodulation Therapy: Safety and Patient Compliance | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 53 participants ⌛ 8-week treatment -> 4-week follow-up | "This double-blind, randomized, monocentric sham-controlled study started in 2018 and ended prematurely in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic." "Compared to the sham patients, the PBM patients showed higher ADAS-Cog comprehension sub-scores and forward verbal spans, and lower TMT-B execution times, which suggests an improvement in cognitive functions." "This study demonstrates the tolerability of and patient compliance with a PBM-based treatment for mild-to-moderate AD patients. It highlights encouraging efficacy trends and provides insights for the design of the next phase trial in a larger AD patient sample." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189591/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Therapeutic Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Cognitive Symptoms of Patients with Dementia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 32 participants ⌛ 8 weeks (?) | 630+ 810 | "The rate of change of MMSE scores in sham and LLLT groups was 0.13 ± 0.96 and 2.31 ± 1.81 in week 2 (p = 0.00005) and also -0.25 ± 0.86 and 2.53 ± 1.73 in week 8 (p = 0.000003). In the LLLT group, the mean scores of CDR were 1.28 ± 0.71, 1.28 ± 0.71, and 1.25 ± 0.80 at baseline, week 2, and week 8 (p = 0.605 and p = 0.742), respectively. The mean scores of CDR in the sham group were 1.69 ± 0.73, 1.75 ± 0.68, and 1.72 ± 0.82 at baseline, week 2, and week 8, respectively. " "These findings suggest that laser therapy could be a promising treatment modality and an adjunct to pharmacotherapy in dementia patients." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36126290/ | |||||||||||||||||||
20 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with transcatheter intracerebral laser photobiomodulation therapy during dementia in patients with Alzheimer's and Binswanger's disease | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial 👥 48 participants [POSTER ABSTRACT, NOT A FULL ARTICLE] | "All 48 (100%) patients with AD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement, as well as a 10-20% increase in cerebral temporal lobes volume, which indicates cerebral neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. As a result, patients were transferred to the milder TDR stage group. Depending on the initial dementia severity, the obtained positive effect has been observed for 2-10 years. All 17 (100%) patients with BD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement and cerebral involutional changes decline, which indicates neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. The resulting positive effect has been observed for over 10 years." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971220/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Shining new light on dementia treatment: ADAS-Cog and quantitative EEG evidence of cognitive improvement in early and mid-stage dementia using self-administered 1070 nm transcranial near-infrared photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 🗺 Multicenter 👥 100 participants ⌛ 60 days [POSTER ABSTRACT, NOT A FULL ARTICLE] | 1068 | "This trial was a replication of an earlier pilot trial and a recent safety/feasibility trial with no adverse events reported in any study. MMSE improved 21.0%, 4.8 points in the active treatment group and 1.6 points in the placebo group. Sleep duration increased in the active treatment group by an hour after 8 days of treatment and caregivers noted improved mood, energy, and positive engagement in daily activities. None of these functional changes were noted in the placebo arm subjects. Active group's clock drawing improved 20% and no change in the control group. Logical memory recall improved 3.3 points (p< .03) and time to completion of Trails A&B decreased 23.7% (p<.03)." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34971214/ | |||||||||||||||||||
22 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Gender Differences of Dementia in Response to Intensive Self-Administered Transcranial and Intraocular Near-Infrared Stimulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 60 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 1060- 1080 | "Over the course of treatment, active-arm female subjects had a 20.2% improvement in Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) (mean 4.8 points increase, p < 0.001) and active-arm male cohort had 19.3% improvement (p < 0.001). Control-arm female subjects had a 6.5% improvement in MMSE (mean 1.5 points increase, p < 0.03) and control-arm male subjects had 5.9% improvement (p = 0.35) with no significant differences in the mean MMSE between female and male subjects in both arms respectively. Other comparison of assessments including Clock Copying and Drawing Test, Logical Memory Test - immediate and delayed recall yielded nominal but not statistically significant differences." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34262831/ | |||||||||||||||||||
23 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Pilot Study on Dose-Dependent Effects of Transcranial Photobiomodulation on Brain Electrical Oscillations: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease | 🧑 Human 📄 Non-controlled, single-blind, crossover 👥 10 participants ⌛ 5 weeks | 830 | "c-tPBM significantly boosted gamma (t = 3.02, df = 7, p < 0.02) and beta (t = 2.91, df = 7, p < 0.03) EEG spectral powers in eyes-open recordings and gamma power (t = 3.61, df = 6, p < 0.015) in eyes-closed recordings, with a widespread increase over frontal-central scalp regions. There was no significant effect of tPBM on CBF compared to sham." "Our data suggest a dose-dependent effect of tPBM with NIR on cerebral gamma and beta neuronal activity. Altogether, our findings support the neuromodulatory effect of transcranial NIR." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34092636/ | |||||||||||||||||||
24 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Transcranial Near Infrared Light Stimulations Improve Cognition in Patients with Dementia | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 60 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 1060- 1080 | "Treatment with active device resulted in improvements of cognitive functions and changes were: an average increase of MMSE by 4.8 points; Logical Memory Tests I and II by ~3.0 points; Trail Making Tests A and B by ~24%; Boston Naming Test by ~9%; improvement of both Auditory Verbal Learning Tests in all subtest categories and overall time of performance." "In the active arm, the average MMSE score improved from 22.8 ± 2.6 at the beginning of treatment to 27.6 ± 2.8 (p < .001) at the end of the treatment, which was 4.8 points improvement (21.0% increase) over the course of treatment." "In the control arm, the average MMSE score changed from 23.2 ± 1.6 at the beginning of treatment to 24.6 ± 2.5 (p = .066) at the end of the treatment, which was 1.4 points improvement (6.2% increase) over the course of treatment (Table 1)." | Aging and Disease | http://www.aginganddisease.org/EN/10.14336/AD.2021.0229?fbclid=IwAR2j20r6eLxeE1xGUQpSa-0fzv6f2PGIwX-8BtV6kT7J43AgDdz62kHixXY | |||||||||||||||||||
25 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Impact of Combined Photo-Biomodulation and Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function and Quality-of-Life in Elderly Alzheimer Patients with Anemia: A Randomized Clinical Trial | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 60 participants ⌛ 12 weeks | 650 | "By the end of this study, both groups showed significant improvements in Hb level, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCa - B basic), Quality-of-Life for Alzheimer's Disease scale, and Berg Balance scale scores along with significant reduction in body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) (P<0.0001). The experimental group which received active low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise showed more significant results compared to the control group which received placebo low-level laser in addition to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in all the measured outcomes (P<0.001)." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469351/ | |||||||||||||||||||
26 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Nutritional Ketosis and photobiomodulation remediate mitochondria warding off Alzheimer's disease in a diabetic, ApoE4+ patient with mild cognitive impairment: A case report. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report, multifactorial intervention ⌛ 10-week protocol | 810 | "This case study evaluates the effects of a 10-week clinically prescribed ketogenic nutrition protocol combined with transcranial photobiomodulation (PBM) with a 59-year-old male, heterozygous ApoE4 carrier, with a dual diagnosis of mild AD and an 11 year history of insulin dependent type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Statistically significant results reflect an 83% reduction in HOMA-IR; 64% decrease in the triglyceride/HDL ratio; HgA1c reduction from 9.44% to 6.4%; a 57% decrease in VLDL and triglycerides; and normalized cognition as measured via the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment), 26/30 post intervention." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32305654 | |||||||||||||||||||
27 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Rapid Reversal of Cognitive Decline, Olfactory Dysfunction, and Quality of Life Using Multi-Modality Photobiomodulation Therapy: Case Report. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛ 4 weeks | 635+ 810 | "The patient showed a significant improvement in the Montreal Cognitive Assessment score from 18 to 24 and in the Working Memory Questionnaire score from 53 to 10. The cognitive enhancement was accompanied by reversal of olfactory dysfunction as measured by the Alberta Smell Test and peanut butter odor detection test. Quality-of-life measures improved and caregiver stress was reduced. No adverse effects were reported." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050946 | |||||||||||||||||||
28 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 8 participants ⌛ 12 weeks | 810 | "At baseline, the UC and PBM groups did not differ demographically or clinically. However, after 12 weeks, there were improvements in ADAS-cog (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 16.35, p = 0.007) and NPI (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 7.52, p = 0.03), increased cerebral perfusion (group × time interaction: F1,6 = 8.46, p < 0.03), and increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and lateral parietal nodes within the default-mode network in the PBM group." "Because PBM was well tolerated and associated with no adverse side effects, these results support the potential of PBM therapy as a viable home treatment for individuals with dementia." Comment: Small sample size (n=8). | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31050950 | |||||||||||||||||||
29 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Photobiomodulation with Near Infrared Light Helmet in a Pilot, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial in Dementia Patients Testing Memory and Cognition. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 11 participants ⌛ 4 weeks | 1060- 1080 | "We now report a small pilot double blind, placebo-controlled trial (n=11) 6 active, 3 controls and 2 dropouts assessing the effect of 28 consecutive, sixminute transcranial sessions of near infrared (NIR) stimulation using 1060-1080 nm light emitting diodes. Subjects were independently diagnosed with dementia conducted in an outpatient behavioral healthcare clinic. IRB approval was obtained through the Quietmind Foundation's institutional review Board (IRB). Results showed changes in executive functioning; clock drawing, immediate recall, praxis memory, visual attention and task switching (Trails A&B) as well as a trend of improved EEG amplitude and connectivity measures." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28593105 | |||||||||||||||||||
30 | Brain | Alzheimer's Disease | Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 5 cases ⌛ 12-week treatment / 16-week study | 810 | "Results suggest that larger, controlled studies are warranted. PBM shows potential for home treatment of patients with dementia and AD." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186867 | |||||||||||||||||||
31 | Brain | Anxiety | 820-nm Transcranial near-infrared stimulation on the left DLPFC relieved anxiety: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study | 🧑 Human 📄 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 36 participants ⌛ 2-week treatment -> 8-week follow-up | 820 | "The Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores of the active stimulation group decreased post-treatment compared with the sham group (P = 0.021). The HAMA scores of the active stimulation group at the 2-, 4-, and 8-week follow-up assessments were lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05). The time-varying EEG network pattern showed an information outflow from the left DLPFC and the left posterior temporal region after active treatment." "Herein, 820-nm tNIRS targeting the left DLPFC had significant positive effects on therapy for GAD that lasted at least 2 months. tNIRS may reverse the abnormality of time-varying brain network connections in GAD." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37301483/ | |||||||||||||||||||
32 | Brain | Anxiety | Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Near-Infrared Light for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Study. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial trial 👥 15 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 830 | "Of the 15 recruited subjects (mean age 30 ± 14 years; 67% women), 12 (80%) completed the open trial. Results show a significant reduction in the total scores of SIGH-A (from 17.27 ± 4.89 to 8.47 ± 4.87; p < 0.001; Cohen's d effect size = 1.47), in the CGI-S subscale (from 4.53 ± 0.52 to 2.87 ± 0.83; p < 0.001; Cohen's d effect size = 2.04), as well as significant improvements in sleep at the PSQI. t-PBM was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. " | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31647775 | |||||||||||||||||||
33 | Brain | Autism | Transcranial photobiomodulation in children aged 2-6 years: a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial assessing safety, efficacy, and impact on autism spectrum disorder symptoms and brain electrophysiology | 🧑 Human (pediatric) 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 30 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 850 | "The difference in the change in CARS scores between the two groups was 7.23 (95% CI 2.357 to 12.107, p = 0.011). Seventeen of the thirty participants completed at least two EEGs and time-dependent trends were detected. In addition, an interaction between Active versus Sham and Scaled Time was observed in delta power (Coefficient = 7.521, 95% CI -0.517 to 15.559, p = 0.07) and theta power (Coefficient = -8.287, 95% CI -17.199 to 0.626, p = 0.07), indicating a potential trend towards a greater reduction in delta power and an increase in theta power over time with treatment in the Active group, compared to the Sham group. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the condition (Treatment vs. Sham) in the power of theta waves (net_theta) (Coefficient = 9.547, 95% CI 0.027 to 19.067, p = 0.049). No moderate or severe side effects or adverse effects were reported or observed during the trial." "These results indicate that tPBM may be a safe and effective treatment for ASD and should be studied in more depth in larger studies." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38737349/ | |||||||||||||||||||
34 | Brain | Autism | Efficacy of Laser Acupuncture for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clinical, Molecular, and Biochemical Study | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 30 participants ⌛ 6 weeks | 850 | "Following the intervention, the severity of ASD was reduced and language performance was elevated in both groups. The improvement in Group I was higher with (P = 0.002; 0.03)." Comment: CARS score decreased from 39.5 to 33.9 in the intervention group, and from 39.6 to 37.5 in control group. | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37552913/ | |||||||||||||||||||
35 | Brain | Autism | Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Retrospective Study | 🧑 Human 📄 Retrospective 👥 21 subjects ⌛ 6-month treatment | 810 | "The main result of this retrospective study is the reduction in ASD severity as shown by the decrease in CARS scores after the intervention. Then, a reduction in cognitive and behavioral rigidity, measured through the MERS–R, and an increase in sleep quality, measured through the PSQI, were observed. Importantly, attention improved too, as shown by the reduction in the scores of the inattention subscale of the SDAG. A relevant reduction in noncompliant behavior as measured by HSQ-ASD has been also found." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35626932/ | |||||||||||||||||||
36 | Brain | Autism | Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: Positive Findings from a Proof-of-Concept Study | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial trial 👥11 subjects ⌛ 8 weeks | "All 10 completers were included in efficacy and safety analyses. Five participants (50%) met responder criteria at end-point. Overall, 8-week tPBM was associated with significant reduction in SRS-2 total scores at end-point (SRS-2: -30.6 ± 23, p < 0.001) particularly in Social Awareness (-3.0 ± 1.9, p < 0.001), Social Communication (-10.3 ± 6, p < 0.001), Social Motivation (-5.0 ± 2.4, p < 0.001), and Restricted/Repetitive Behaviors (-7.4 ± 4.1, p < 0.001). There were statistically significant improvements at end-point in Global Assessment of Functioning scores (+12.8 ± 4.2, p < 0.001) and Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire scores (+6.0 ± 7.9, p = 0.02). Three participants experienced transient, mild side effects (insomnia, headache, and warmth at treatment application site)." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34941429/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Brain | Autism | Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 40 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 635 | "Participants [8-year-old on average] received eight 5-min laser light applications to the base of the skull and temporal areas" "The adjusted mean difference in the baseline to study endpoint change in the ABC irritability subscale score between test and placebo participants was -15.17 in favor of the test procedure group. ANCOVA analysis found this difference to be statistically significant (F = 99.34, p < 0.0001) compared to the baseline ABC irritability subscale score. The study found that low-level laser therapy could be an effective tool for reducing irritability and other symptoms and behaviors associated with the autistic spectrum disorder in children and adolescents, with positive changes maintained and augmented over time." Comment: Global symptom score also decreased 41% in the test group, while no change was observed in the control group (non-significant 0.7% increase). Comment: The parameters were inadequately reported (beam size unknown) Comment: They used LED as a control, but they didn't report any of the parameters. I would assume the beam was low-powered or more divergent then laser, and therefore ineffective. Most laser-vs-LED comparisons in the literature show no difference (Heiskanen&Hamblin 2018). On their website, however, they claim that they have used the same power output: https://www.erchonia.com/erchonia-submits-data-to-us-fda-to-support-low-level-laser-510k-market-clearance-for-autism/ | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29956199 | |||||||||||||||||||
38 | Brain | Binswanger's disease | Intracerebral Transcatheter Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy in the Treatment of Binswanger's Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism: Research and Clinical Experience. | 🧑 Human 📄Non-randomized, controlled trial 👥27 BD participants, 62 VP participants ⌛12-24 month follow-up, up to 8 years | 633 | "Good and satisfactory clinical results were obtained in Test group 1 and Test group 2 patients in 49 (92.45%) cases, with a persistent decrease of dementia and motor impairment, and recovery of cognitive functions and daily life activity. Control group 1 and Control group 2 patients showed a satisfactory clinical result in 6 (15.79%) cases. Persistent positive dynamics was not observed." Regarding the methods: "[U]nder local anesthesia, according to Seldinger method, the common femoral artery is punctured and catheterized with a 6F–7F introducer. Through this introducer, under fluoroscopic and angiographic control, guiding catheters go into the intracerebral branches through the common and internal carotid arteries. A flexible fiber optic light guide laser instrument with a diameter of 25–100 lm, and the total diameter is 1000 lm, with a perpendicular polished distal end, connected to the laser stand is passed coaxially through these catheters.14,37 The fiber optic instrument is carried to the distal intracerebral arteries, where laser action is performed." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31390288 | |||||||||||||||||||
39 | Brain | Bipolar disorder | Prefrontal photobiomodulation produces beneficial mitochondrial and oxygenation effects in older adults with bipolar disorder | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm study (with sham phase) 👥 15 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "As compared to sham, TILS to the PFC in adults with BD increased oxidized CCO both during and after TILS, and increased HbD concentrations after TILS. By significantly increasing oxidized CCO and HbD concentrations above sham levels, TILS has the potential ability to stabilize mitochondrial oxidative energy production and prevent oxidative damage in the PFC of adults with BD." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38027522/ | |||||||||||||||||||
40 | Brain | Bipolar disorder | Transcranial Photobiomodulation to Augment Lithium in Bipolar-I Disorder. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 4 cases ⌛ 4 weeks | 830 | "All four patients had been clinically diagnosed with type-I BPAD and followed by their psychiatrist (P.M.)" "All patients reported a marked reduction of anhedonia/apathy and increase of libido, together with isolated improvements in anxiety, sleep, irritability, and impulsivity. Noticeably, the magnitude of the clinical improvement was such that little or no changes in concomitant psychotropics were required" "Incidentally, after a four-week cycle with t-PBM, patients’ lithium levels increased significantly ( p = 0.014) from an average of 0.54 (SD: 0.02) to 0.74 (SD: 0.05) mM, as given in Table 1." "The temporal sequence between the t-PBM cycle and the increase in lithium levels in all four patients—who were otherwise on stable doses and whose lithium levels had been previously stable—is striking and indicative of a possible causal link. The beneficial effects of t-PBM on the residual symptoms persisted after re-establishing lower lithium levels; suggesting that the benefits of t-PBM were unrelated to increased lithium availability in the blood." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31532306 | |||||||||||||||||||
41 | Brain | Brain injury | Effects of Low-Level Light Therapy on Resting-State Connectivity Following Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: Secondary Analyses of a Double-blinded Placebo-controlled Study | 🧑 Human (secondary analysis of a RCT) | "Seven brain region pairs exhibited a greater change in connectivity in LLLT-treated participants than in sham-treated participants between the acute and subacute phases (range of z differences, 0.37 [95% CI: 0.20, 0.53] to 0.45 [95% CI: 0.24, 0.67]; FDR-adjusted P value range, .010-.047). Thirteen different brain region pairs showed an increase in connectivity in sham-treated participants between the subacute and late-subacute phases (range of z differences, 0.17 [95% CI: 0.09, 0.25] to 0.26 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.39]; FDR-adjusted P value range, .020-.047). There was no evidence of a difference in clinical outcomes between LLLT-treated and sham-treated participants (range of differences in medians, -3.54 [95% CI: -12.65, 5.57] to -0.59 [95% CI: -7.31, 8.49]; P value range, .44-.99), as measured according to RPQ scores." "Despite the small sample size, the change in RSFC from the acute to subacute phases of recovery was greater in LLLT-treated than sham-treated participants, suggesting that acute-phase LLLT may have an impact on resting-state neuronal circuits in the early recovery phase of moderate TBI." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38805733/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Brain | Brain injury | Transcranial Photobiomodulation Treatment: Significant Improvements in Four Ex-Football Players with Possible Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 4 participants ⌛ 6-week treatment -> 2-month follow-up (?) | 810 850 870 | "After tPBM, these ex-football players improved. Significant correlations of increased SN FC and CEN FC with specific cognitive tests and behavior/mood ratings, plus increased NAA in ACC support beneficial effects from tPBM." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36777329/ | |||||||||||||||||||
43 | Brain | Brain injury | Transcranial Infrared Laser Stimulation for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Series | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 11 participants ⌛ 8-week treatment | 1064 | "All patients enrolled in this study protocol were able to tolerate the study procedures without any AEs or SAEs. Nine out of eleven participants had clinically significant improvements in GRC score (≥ +2). Neuropsychological testing and mood questionnaire outcomes also suggested a positive therapeutic effect." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37041790/ | |||||||||||||||||||
44 | Brain | Brain injury | Effects of intravascular laser phototherapy on delayed neurological sequelae after carbon monoxide intoxication as evaluated by brain perfusion imaging: A case report and review of the literature | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛ 2-month treatment / 4-month study | 633 | "A 51-year-old woman presented to our medical center experiencing progressive bradykinesia, rigidity of limbs, gait disturbance, and cognitive impairment. Based on her neurological deficits, laboratory tests and imaging findings, the patient was diagnosed with delayed neurological sequelae of CO intoxication. She received intensive rehabilitation and ILIB therapy during 30 sessions over 2 mo after diagnosis. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography was performed both prior to and after ILIB therapy. The original hypoperfusion area in bilateral striata, bilateral frontal lobe, right parietal lobe, and bilateral cerebellum showed considerable improvement after completion of therapy. The patient's MMSE score also increased markedly from 6/30 to 25/30. Symptoms of DNS became barely detectable, and the woman was able to carry out her daily living activities independently." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33969090/ | |||||||||||||||||||
45 | Brain | Brain injury | Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 68 participants ⌛ ~3-day treatment / 6-month study | 810 | "Radial diffusivity (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA) showed significant time and treatment interaction at 3-month time point (RD: 0.013; 95% CI, 0.006 to 0.019; P < .001; MD: 0.008; 95% CI, 0.001 to 0.015; P = .03; FA: -0.018; 95% CI, -0.026 to -0.010; P < .001). The LLLT group had lower RPQ scores, but this effect did not reach statistical significance (time effect P = .39, treatment effect P = .61, and time × treatment effect P = .91)." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926117/ | |||||||||||||||||||
46 | Brain | Brain injury | SPECT Perfusion Imaging Demonstrates Improvement of Traumatic Brain Injury With Transcranial Near-infrared Laser Phototherapy. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛ 2 months | 810+ 980 | Clinical application of these levels of infrared energy for this patient with TBI yielded highly favorable outcomes with decreased depression, anxiety, headache, and insomnia, whereas cognition and quality of life improved. Neurological function appeared to improve based on changes in the SPECT by quantitative analysis. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26535475 | |||||||||||||||||||
47 | Brain | Brain injury | Significant improvements in cognitive performance post-transcranial, red/near-infrared light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, mild traumatic brain injury: open-protocol study. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial 👥 11 participants ⌛ 14 weeks | 633+ 870 | "Each LED cluster head had a 5.35 cm diameter (9 red diodes, 633 nm, and 52 NIR diodes, 870 nm were embedded into each LED cluster head); 22.48 cm2 in size; 500 mW total power; 22.2 mW/cm2 power density; continuous wave." "A significant linear trend was observed for the effect of LED treatment over time for the Stroop test for Executive Function, Trial 3 inhibition (p=0.004); Stroop, Trial 4 inhibition switching (p=0.003); California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)-II, Total Trials 1-5 (p=0.003); and CVLT-II, Long Delay Free Recall (p=0.006). Participants reported improved sleep, and fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, if present. Participants and family reported better ability to perform social, interpersonal, and occupational functions." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24568233 | |||||||||||||||||||
48 | Brain | Brain injury | Focal increase in cerebral blood flow after treatment with near-infrared light to the forehead in a patient in a persistent vegetative state. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛ 73 days | 850 | “Transcranial LED might increase rCBF with some improvement of neurological condition in severely head-injured patients.” Comment: Parameters are well reported in a table. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22047598 | |||||||||||||||||||
49 | Brain | Brain injury | Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 2 cases ⌛ 6+ years for case 1 / 4+ months for case 2 | 870+ 633 | “Transcranial LED may improve cognition, reduce costs in TBI treatment, and be applied at home.” | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21182447 | |||||||||||||||||||
50 | Brain | Cerebral palsy | Effect of low-level laser therapy on quadriceps and foot muscle fatigue in children with spastic diplegia: a randomized controlled study | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 40 participants ⌛ 1 month | 810 | "This study was the first to show the effect of LLLT on power gains on quadriceps and dorsiflexors in children with CP diplegia." Comment: The 30 J dose per point does not seem likely as the power output is 0.2 W and the irradiation time is 30 seconds per point, thus the dose should be 6 J per point. Comment: Despite positive conclusions, the actual data doesn't seem to show as clear benefits between the groups. The study reporting is a little bit unusual, not easy to make sense of some parts. | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37572215/ | |||||||||||||||||||
51 | Brain | Cerebral palsy | Suppression of myotonia in cerebral palsy and adjunctive effect of low level laser therapy on intensive functional training | 🧑 Human Controlled 👥 73 participants ⌛ 2 months | 810 | "73 children with cerebral palsy were directed to practice intensive functional training in hospital for a mean of 2 months (...) A semiconductor laser apparatus was used under the following irradiation conditions, wavelength at 810 nm, output 60-100 mW in continuous wave, irradiation time 15 seconds-10 minutes per target site for a total of 10-15 minutes per day. The target sites were acupuncture ponits (...)" "A significant effect was observed in 23 cases, showing a more than 10% improvement in the overall score of GMFM during the assessment period" "When compared with patients at other training sites, where only functional training therapy was applied without LLLT, the efficacy of functional training was clearly enhanced by combination with LLLT (Figure 4)." | J-STAGE | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/14/4/14_4_171/_article | |||||||||||||||||||
52 | Brain | Cerebral palsy | Application of low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) in patients with cerebral palsy of the adult tension athetosis type | 🧑 Human 👥 20 participants | 830 | "Improvement of myotonia was seen in 19 patients while improvement of pain in the neck and back was seen in all the 16 patients who had pain in these regions. Suppression of myotonia reduced tonic vocalization making words easily heard; moreover, suppression of myotonia and involuntary movements improved working efficiency enabling the patient to perform fairly complex tasks such as word processing. Insomnia and dysuria also improved. Even in the most severe cases, assisting the patient became easier and breathing improved. LLLT with the 830 nm diode laser provides a new and effective treatment modality in this extremely problematic condition, has no serious side effects, and has the potential to improve these patients’ quality of life." | J-STAGE | https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/islsm/7/3/7_95-OR-15/_article | |||||||||||||||||||
53 | Brain | Circulation | Repeated Photobiomodulation Induced Reduction of Bilateral Cortical Hemodynamic Activation During a Working Memory Task in Healthy Older Adults | 🧑 Human 👥 61 participants | 1064 | "We found that tPBM stimulation on Day 1 induced significantly decreased activation in the right hemisphere during the 3-back. The decreased activation expanded from only the right hemisphere on Day 1 to both hemispheres on Day 7. The decreased activation persisted for one week in the right supramarginal gyrus and the left angular gyrus and two weeks in the left somatosensory association cortex. These activation changes were accompanied by significantly improved task accuracy during the N-back." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37030744/ | |||||||||||||||||||
54 | Brain | Circulation | Brain Photobiomodulation-Preliminary Results from Regional Cerebral Oximetry and Thermal Imaging. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report | 810 | "The results of the three sections (before (20 min), during (15 min), and after (20 min) stimulation) are indicated in Figure 3. Note the significant increase in rSO2 (left and right side) during and even after transcranial LED stimulation. The changes of the temperature are shown in Figure 4." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30654508 | |||||||||||||||||||
55 | Brain | Circulation | Transcranial laser stimulation improves human cerebral oxygenation. | 🧑 Human | 1064 | In both experiments, transcranial laser stimulation induced an increase of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[HbO2 ]) and a decrease of deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Δ[Hb]) in both cerebral hemispheres. | PubMed | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26817446 | |||||||||||||||||||
56 | Brain | Circulation | The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial 👥 25 participants ⌛ 4 weeks | 627 | "Paired t-test results showed that there was a significant improvement after TCLT with increase in the systolic and diastolic velocity of the left middle cerebral artery (25 and 30%, respectively) and basilar artery (up to 17 and 25%), as well as a decrease in the pulsatility index and resistance index values of the three cerebral arteries analyzed (p < 0.05). TCD parameters showed improvement in the blood flow on the arteries analyzed. TCLT promoted a blood and vasomotor behavior of the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in healthy elderly women." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277249 | |||||||||||||||||||
57 | Brain | Cognitive impairment | Photobiomodulation improves frontal lobe cognitive functions and mental health of older adults with non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Case studies | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 3 cases ⌛ 9-week treatment | 810 | "One older adult's intrusion and perseveration errors improved from the <1st-2nd percentile (moderately to severely impaired range) to the 41st-69th percentile (average range), another older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 11th percentile to the 83rd percentile, and the third older adult's intrusion errors improved from the 5th percentile to the 56th percentile." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36704674/ | |||||||||||||||||||
58 | Brain | Cognitive impairment | The effect of transcranial photobiomodulation on cognitive function and attentional performance of older women with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, 👥 42 participants ⌛ 5 days | 850 | "The current study indicated a beneficial effect of light treatment by using 5 sessions of tPBM on the rPFC with an 850-nm LED source, which consequently improved the cognitive capacity and attentional performance of older women with MCI." Comment: The improvement in MMSE seems almost unbelievable (from approximately 18 -> 27 in PBM group compared to 20 -> 20 in sham group). | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254133/ | |||||||||||||||||||
59 | Brain | Cognitive impairment | Effects of Photobiomodulation on Changes in Cognitive Function and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Uncontrolled Trial | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial 👥 14 participants | 610 | "Regarding rCBF, statistically significant trends were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and occipital lateral cortex. Based on the cognitive assessments, statistically significant trends were found in overall cognitive function, memory, and frontal/executive function." "We confirmed the possibility that PBM treatment in the VA and ICA areas could positively affect cognitive function by increasing rCBF. A study with a larger sample size is needed to validate the potential of PBM." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34420956/ | |||||||||||||||||||
60 | Brain | Cognitive impairment | Photobiomodulation Enhances Memory Processing in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 18 participants | "The results showed that among the MCI subjects, only those who received PBM, but not those who received the sham stimulation, demonstrated significant improvement in the visual memory performance and a reduction in the hemodynamic response during the tasks." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33998541/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation generates distinct beneficial neurocognitive effects compared with continuous wave transcranial light | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, 👥 56 participants ⌛ single session for each wavelength (= 2 sessions) | 660 850 | "Paired sample T test showed that the KSS [Karolinska Sleepiness Scale] score, the number of correct responses of PVT, and DMS rate correct score (RCS) of PW tPBM groups improved significantly after intervention (p < 0.05). With regard to EEG analysis, paired one-way repeated ANOVA test showed that during the intervention of PW tPBM, the average power within the Gamma band was higher than the baseline (p < 0.05). Our study presented that PW tPBM could generate better beneficial cognitive effects and change brain electrical activity under certain circumstances." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37668791/ | |||||||||||||||||||
62 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Transcranial photobiomodulation enhances visual working memory capacity in humans | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, crossover, double-blind 👥 90 participants (total in 4 experiments) ⌛ four experiments, each with two sessions and a 1-week interval between them | 852 1064 | "n this study, we found that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right prefrontal cortex (PFC) improves visual working memory capacity and increases occipitoparietal contralateral delay activity (CDA). The CDA set-size effect during retention mediated the effect between the 1064-nm tPBM and subsequent WM capacity. The behavioral benefits and the corresponding changes in the CDA set-size effect were absent with tPBM at a wavelength of 852 nm or with stimulation of the left PFC. Our findings provide converging evidence that 1064-nm tPBM applied to the right PFC can improve WM capacity." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36459562/ | |||||||||||||||||||
63 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Repeated transcranial photobiomodulation improves working memory of healthy older adults: behavioral outcomes of poststimulation including a three-week follow-up | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, 👥 86 participants (61 active, 25 sham) ⌛ 1-week treatment -> 3-week follow-up | 1064 | "Repeated and single tPBM significantly improved accuracy rate in 1- and 3-back tasks and decreased response time in 3-back compared to the baseline. Moreover, the repeated tPBM resulted in a significantly higher improvement in accuracy rate than the single tPBM. These improvements in accuracy rate and response time lasted at least three weeks following repeated tPBM. In contrast, the control group showed no significant improvement in behavioral performance." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36177151/ | |||||||||||||||||||
64 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Effect of Transcranial Near-Infrared Light 1068 nm Upon Memory Performance in Aging Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study | 🧑 Human SB 👥 27 participants (~1 month) | 1068 | "A significant improvement in motor function, memory performance, and processing speed was observed in healthy individuals with PBM-T compared to the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34662523/ | |||||||||||||||||||
65 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Performance Improvement of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-based Brain-Computer Interfaces Using Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation with the Same Device | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, crossover, double-blind 👥 20 participants ⌛ two study sessions | 770+ 840 | "The tNIR-PBM was applied by simply turning on the NIRS recording equipment for 20 min. To evaluate the degree of performance improvement obtained after tNIR-PBM, the average BCI classification accuracy obtained under the tNIR-PBM condition was compared with that obtained under the sham stimulation condition. The classification accuracy of NIRS-based BCI was significantly improved upon conduction of tNIR-PBM (82.74%) as compared to that in the sham stimulation condition (76.07%, p < 0.005)." "Our experimental results demonstrated that tNIR-PBM for 20 min using a commercial NIRS recording device could influence the hemodynamic responses of most participants when performing specific tasks. Our results further suggest that the cognitive task performance or BCI performance in a long-term NIRS experiment may be influenced by the NIRS recording device." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33048667/ | |||||||||||||||||||
66 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Cognitive Enhancement by Transcranial Photobiomodulation Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex. | 🧑 Human SB 👥 18 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "fNIRS revealed large effects on prefrontal oxygenation during cognitive enhancement post-laser and provided the first demonstration that cognitive enhancement by transcranial photobiomodulation is associated with cerebrovascular oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex. Sham control data served to rule out that the laser effects were due to pre-post task repetition or other non-specific effects." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31680847 | |||||||||||||||||||
67 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Photobiomodulation improves the frontal cognitive function of older adults. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 30 participants ⌛ single session | 633+ 870 | "Our findings support that PBM may enhance the frontal brain functions of older adults in a safe and cost-effective manner." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30474306 | |||||||||||||||||||
68 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm study 👥 12 participants ⌛ 5 weeks | 1064 | "Cognitive performance, age, and carotid artery intima-media thickness were highly correlated, but all participants improved in all cognitive measures after TILS treatments. Baseline vs. chronic (five weekly sessions, 8 min each) comparisons of mean cognitive scores all showed improvements, significant for PVT reaction time (p < 0.001), PVT lapses (p < 0.001), and DMS correct responses (p < 0.05). The neural studies also showed for the first time that TILS increases resting-state EEG alpha, beta, and gamma power and promotes more efficient prefrontal blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD)-fMRI response. Importantly, no adverse effects were found. These preliminary findings support the use of TILS for larger randomized clinical trials with this non-invasive approach to augment neurocognitive function in older people to combat aging-related and vascular disease-related cognitive decline." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28466195 | |||||||||||||||||||
69 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Improving executive function using transcranial infrared laser stimulation. | 🧑 Human 📄 Non-randomized study, sham-controlled 👥 30 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "Participants who received laser treatment made fewer errors and showed improved set-shifting ability relative to placebo controls. These results suggest that transcranial laser stimulation improves executive function and may have exciting potential for treating or preventing deficits resulting from neuropsychological disorders or normal ageing." Comment: In some of the recent experiments, it's been shown that long wavelengths (>980nm) might have their effects via calcium channels (TRPV1 / TRPC) instead of cytochrome oxidase. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017772 | |||||||||||||||||||
70 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Acute Effects of Near Infrared Light Therapy on Brain State in Healthy Subjects as Quantified by qEEG Measures. | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm trial (with control phase) 👥 31 participants ⌛ single session* | 903 | "Change in reaction time significantly differed between treated and control, with a mean of 23.8 msec improvement compared with controls (p = 0.035). Amplitude increased an average of 0.81 μV in treatment versus 0.22 μV in controls and did not reach significance." "The data suggest that NIR light may have an acute effect on reaction time and amplitude in certain subject subsets. There were no adverse events registered across the 31 subjects in the treatment group, nor in the 18 evaluable control group subjects." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27855264 | |||||||||||||||||||
71 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Transcranial infrared laser stimulation improves rule-based, but not information-integration, category learning in humans. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 118 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "Participants (n=118) received either active infrared laser to the lateral prefrontal cortex or sham (placebo) stimulation, and then learned one of two category structures-a rule-based structure optimally learned by the reflective system, or an information-integration structure optimally learned by the reflexive system. We found that prefrontal rule-based learning was substantially improved following transcranial infrared laser stimulation as compared to placebo (treatment X block interaction: F(1, 298)=5.117, p=0.024), while information-integration learning did not show significant group differences (treatment X block interaction: F(1, 288)=1.633, p=0.202). These results highlight the exciting potential of transcranial infrared laser stimulation for cognitive enhancement and provide insight into the neurobiological underpinnings of category learning." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28039085 | |||||||||||||||||||
72 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Cognitive enhancement by transcranial laser stimulation and acute aerobic exercise. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 60 participants ⌛ single session (after baseline measurement day) | 1064 | "The transcranial infrared laser stimulation and acute aerobic exercise treatments were similarly effective for cognitive enhancement, suggesting that they augment prefrontal cognitive functions similarly." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27220529 | |||||||||||||||||||
73 | Brain | Cognitive performance | Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 40 participants ⌛ single session -> 2 week follow-up | 1064 | "Reaction time in a sustained-attention psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) was significantly improved in the treated (n=20) vs. placebo control (n=20) groups, especially in high novelty-seeking subjects. Performance in a delayed match-to-sample (DMS) memory task showed also a significant improvement in treated vs. control groups as measured by memory retrieval latency and number of correct trials. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-X), which tracks self-reported positive and negative affective (emotional) states over time, was administered immediately before treatment and 2 weeks after treatment. The PANAS showed that while participants generally reported more positive affective states than negative, overall affect improved significantly in the treated group due to more sustained positive emotional states as compared to the placebo control group. These data imply that transcranial laser stimulation could be used as a non-invasive and efficacious approach to increase brain functions such as those related to cognitive and emotional dimensions." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23200785/ | |||||||||||||||||||
74 | Brain | Concussion | Changes in Brain Function and Structure After Self-Administered Home Photobiomodulation Treatment in a Concussion Case | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛8-week treatment + 14 months follow-up | 810 | "The subject was a 23-year professional hockey player with a history of concussions, presumed to have caused his symptoms of headaches, mild anxiety, and difficulty concentrating. He treated himself at home with commercially available, low-risk PBM devices that used light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit 810-nm light pulsing at 10 or 40 Hz delivered by an intranasal and four transcranial modules that targeted nodes of the default mode network (DMN) with a maximum power density of 100 mW/cm2. After 8 weeks of PBM treatments, increased brain volumes, improved functional connectivity, and increased cerebral perfusion and improvements on neuropsychological test scores were observed. Although this is a single, sport-related case with a history of concussions, these positive findings encourage replication studies that could provide further validation for this non-invasive, non-pharmacological modality as a viable treatment option for TBI." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33013635/ | |||||||||||||||||||
75 | Brain | Depression | Efficacy of transcranial photobiomodulation in the treatment for major depressive disorder: A TMS-EEG and pilot study | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm study 👥 11 participants ⌛ 14-day treatment -> 8-week follow-up | 820 | "All of scales scores in the 11 patients decreased significantly after 14-day tPBM (p < .01) and remained at 8-week follow-up. The time-varying brain network analysis suggested that the brain regions with enhanced connection information outflow in MDD became gradually more similar to healthy controls after treatment." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38470033/ | |||||||||||||||||||
76 | Brain | Depression | Study of transcranial photobiomodulation at 945-nm wavelength: anxiety and depression. | 🧑 Human 📄 Controlled, non-randomized trial 👥 22 participants ⌛ 30 days | 945 | "The 945-nm LED transcranial photobiomodulation improves brain activity and may clinically decrease anxiety and depression." Comment: The paper is somewhat strangely written, and it seems that the between-the-groups changes (before-after) haven't been tested for statistical significance. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32144511 | |||||||||||||||||||
77 | Brain | Depression | Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 21 participants ⌛ 8 weeks | 823 | "The effect size for the antidepressant effect of t-PBM, based on change in HAM-D17 total score at end-point, was 0.90, 0.75, and 1.5 (Cohen's d), respectively for BOCF (n = 21), LOCF (n = 19), and completers (n = 13). Further, t-PBM was fairly well tolerated, with no serious adverse events." "t-PBM with NIR light demonstrated antidepressant properties with a medium to large effect size in patients with MDD. Replication is warranted, especially in consideration of the small sample size." Comment: The subsequent ELATED-3 trial has been completed. The study showed null results but the study has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal to this date (April 2022) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02959307). However, the dose parameters are slightly different between ELATED-2 and ELATED-3. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30346890 | |||||||||||||||||||
78 | Brain | Depression | A case control series for the effect of photobiomodulation in patients with low back pain and concurrent depression | 🧑 Human 📄 Retrospective study 👥 5 cases + 5 controls ⌛ 5 weeks | 660+ 850 | "After treatment, the mean decrease in depression scores (OMSQ-12 item #6) was significantly larger in the PBM-group (43.0 ± 22.0 vs. 8.0 ± 5.7, t(8) = 3.449, p = 0.009). Improvement in functional status (ARGS) in the PBM-group was similar to that in the controls (42.0 ± 13.5 vs. 43.4 ± 11.1, t(8) = 0.179, p = 0.862), suggesting group differences in antidepressant effect were independent of functional status improvement. Conclusions: This preliminary investigation suggests that an antidepressant effect may result from PBM to the back and thighs in patients with LBP and concurrent depression." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32158062 | |||||||||||||||||||
79 | Brain | Depression | Long-Term Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation for Anxious Depression Complicated by Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case report ⌛ | 810 830 | "This report describes the case of a 76-year-old white woman, diagnosed with MDD with anxious distress, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, and Takotsubo cardiomopathy, who had responded to cautious antidepressant pharmacotherapy, but failed to achieve remission, and who subsequently received a 31-month augmentation with NIR PBM." "In conclusion, long-term augmentation with PBM was well tolerated. The anxiety symptoms steadily improved with the add-on of i-PBM and then with the combination of i-PBM and t-PBM." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601319 | |||||||||||||||||||
80 | Brain | Depression | Multi-Watt Near-Infrared Phototherapy for the Treatment of Comorbid Depression: An Open-Label Single-Arm Study. | 🧑 Human 📄 Retrospective study 👥 39 participants ⌛ ~ 4-8 weeks | 810/ 980 | "For 36 of the 39 patients, after 16.82 ± 6.26 treatments, QIDS scores indicated a robust response (decrease of QIDS total score by ≥50%). For 32 of 39 patients, posttreatment QIDS scores indicated a remission from depression (decrease of QIDS total score ≤5). Overall, the QIDS score fell from 14.10 ± 3.39 to 3.41 ± 3.30 SD (p = 6.29 × 10-19)." "This is the first report of high-powered NILT showing efficacy for depression. Multi-Watt NILT showed far greater efficacy and persistent benefit compared to low-power (<1 Watt) infrared light treatments. Patients saw benefit often within four treatments and resolution of depressive symptoms occurred within 4 weeks for some. These data raise an intriguing possibility-that multi-Watt NILT may be a safe, effective, and rapid treatment for depression comorbid with TBI and possibly primary major depression disorder. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial is warranted to verify these proof-of-concept data." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29033859 | |||||||||||||||||||
81 | Brain | Depression | Transcranial Laser Stimulation as Neuroenhancement for Attention Bias Modification in Adults with Elevated Depression Symptoms. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 51 participants ⌛ one session -> 2wk follow-up | 1064* | "A significant three-way interaction between LLLT condition, ABM response, and time indicated that right LLLT led to greater symptom improvement among participants whose attention was responsive to ABM (i.e., attention was directed away from negative stimuli). Minimal change in depression was observed in the left and sham LLLT." "The results suggest that larger clinical trials examining the efficacy of using photoneuromodulation to augment cognitive training are warranted." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27267860 | |||||||||||||||||||
82 | Brain | Depression | Whole-Body Hyperthermia for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 30 participants ⌛ 6 weeks | 560- 1360 (?) | "Whole-body hyperthermia holds promise as a safe, rapid-acting, antidepressant modality with a prolonged therapeutic benefit." Comment: They didn't use just ordinary heating in this study. Instead, they used water-filtered infrared-A device Heckel HT3000. Therefore, the treatment can be interpreted as whole-body photobiomodulation with near-infrared light and the effects might be attributed to both thermal and athermal effects. Comment: The wavelength information was obtained at https://www.heckel-hyperthermia.com/index.php/en03. The same Heckel website mentions the irradiance: "The water-filtered infrared A radiation of hydrosun® enables a compliant irradiance up to 200 mW/cm2" | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27172277 | |||||||||||||||||||
83 | Brain | Depression | Psychological benefits 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study of 10 patients with major depression and anxiety. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial (crossover for acute effect) 👥 10 participants ⌛ single session -> 4 week follow-up | 810 | "At 2-weeks post treatment 6 of 10 patients had a remission (a score </= 10) on the HAM-D and 7 of 10 achieved this on the HAM-A." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995444 | |||||||||||||||||||
84 | Brain | Depression | Laser acupuncture for mild to moderate depression in a primary care setting--a randomised controlled trial. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 30 participants ⌛ 8 weeks -> 12 week follow-up | "At the end of the treatment period, Beck Depression Inventory scores fell from baseline by 16.1 points in the intervention group and by 6.8 points in the sham control group (P<0.001). The difference showed only a trend four weeks later, but was again significant after 12 weeks (P=0.007). Laser acupuncture was well tolerated with transient fatigue as the most common adverse effect." "Laser acupuncture may be worth further investigation as a treatment for mild to moderate depression in primary care." Comment: The parameters were extremely poorly reported. Even wavelength wasn't mentioned. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16259308 | ||||||||||||||||||||
85 | Brain | Depression | Prophylactic treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) by using light visors: bright white or infrared light? | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial 👥 38 participants ⌛ 26 weeks; from autumn until spring | 720- ? | "Almost every light fixture produces light with an infrared component. So, our data indicate that, if light is crucial to the response, it must be that component which is crucial. However, infrared light is beyond the visible range of the spectrum. The 720 nm filter in our light visor still transmitted some visible light. However, its visibility was virtually negligible (0.18 lux). The conclusion of this study might therefore be that the perception of light does not play a role in the therapeutic mechanism. Infrared might be effective through pathways other than those involved in perception." "Infrared light is just as effective as bright white light. Both are more effective than the control condition." Comment: In this study, they used a 720nm filter for the bright light to show that the effects of bright light might be mediated by the infrared, not visible light wavelengths. | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10418699 | |||||||||||||||||||
86 | Brain | Down syndrome (cognitive performance) | Transcranial Photobiomodulation for Down Syndrome. | 🧑 Human 📄 Case series 👥 3 cases ⌛ 4-8 weeks | 830 | "Although no quantitative measures were implemented, the following qualitative changes were reported: (1) improved dexterity (fine motor skills) was reported by the caregivers and also demonstrated by more accurate copying of drawings (spiral drawing test) and by more detailed portraits’ drawings (Fig. 2). (2) Improved verbal fluency (speaking in full sentences) paired with greater attention, suggesting both a motor and procognitive effect of NIR light. (3) Noticeable were also the mood and behavioral changes, with less emotional lability, less weeping, less agitation, or physical outbursts. (4) Greater engagement in leisure activities at home—such as watching TV—was reported by the parents, as they noticed their child required less supervision. They described their child as calmer, less hyperactive, more able to relax, and to attend to the activity of the moment. (5) Seasonal upper respiratory infections seemed less likely to occur, according to the parents." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31536469 | |||||||||||||||||||
87 | Brain | EEG | Simultaneous MEG and EEG source imaging of electrophysiological activity in response to acute transcranial photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 📄 Single-arm study 👥 25 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "The 8-min tPBM enabled significant increases in alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (13–30 Hz) powers across multiple cortical regions, as confirmed by MEG and EEG source images. Moreover, tPBM-enhanced oscillations in the beta band were located not only near the stimulation site but also in remote cerebral regions, including the frontal, parietal, and occipital regions, particularly on the ipsilateral side." "MEG and EEG results shown in this study demonstrated that tPBM modulates neurophysiological activity locally and in distant cortical areas. The EEG topographies reported in this study were consistent with previous observations. This study is the first to present MEG and EEG evidence of the electrophysiological effects of tPBM in the brain space, supporting the potential utility of tPBM in treating neurological diseases through the modulation of brain oscillations." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38817913/ | |||||||||||||||||||
88 | Brain | EEG | Directed physiological networks in the human prefrontal cortex at rest and post transcranial photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, crossover, sham-controlled 👥 22 participants ⌛ 1 session per condition (4 conditions), one-week washout period | 800 | "The results illustrate that the demand for oxygen by neuronal activity and metabolism (EEG and CCO) drives the hemodynamic supply (HbO) in all E/N/M bands in the resting prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, to investigate the effect of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM), we performed a sham-controlled study by delivering an 800-nm laser beam to the left and right prefrontal cortex of the same participants. After performing the same data processing and statistical analysis, we obtained novel and important findings: tPBM delivered on either side of the prefrontal cortex triggered the alteration or reversal of directed network couplings among the three neurophysiological entities (i.e., HbO, CCO, and EEG frequency-specific powers) in the physiological network in the E and N bands, demonstrating that during the post-tPBM period, both metabolism and hemodynamic supply drive electrophysiological activity in directed network coupling of the prefrontal cortex (PFC)." "Overall, this study revealed that tPBM facilitates significant modulation of the directionality of neurophysiological networks in electrophysiological, metabolic, and hemodynamic activities." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38702415/ | |||||||||||||||||||
89 | Brain | EEG | Temporal and spectral analyses of EEG microstate reveals neural effects of transcranial photobiomodulation on the resting brain | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, crossover, sham-controlled 👥 45 participants ⌛ 1 session per condition (2 conditions), one-week washout period | 1064 | "These findings confirm the neurophysiological effects of tPBM on EEG microstates of the resting brain, particularly in class D, which represents brain activation across the frontal and parietal regions. This study helps to better understand tPBM-induced dynamic alterations in EEG microstates that may be linked to the tPBM mechanism of action for the enhancement of human cognition." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37916179/ | |||||||||||||||||||
90 | Brain | EEG | Repeated Transcranial Photobiomodulation with Light-Emitting Diodes Improves Psychomotor Vigilance and EEG Networks of the Human Brain | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 22 participants ⌛ single session | 660+ 810 | "The reaction time of the PVT in the tPBM-treated group was significantly improved over four weeks compared to that in the sham group. We observed acute increases in EEG delta and alpha powers during a 10 min LED-tPBM while the participants performed the PVT task. We also found that the theta, beta, and gamma EEG powers significantly increased overall after four weeks of LED-tPBM. Combining gSVD with eLORETA enabled us to identify EEG brain networks and the corresponding network power changes by repeated 4-week tPBM. This study clearly demonstrated that a 4-week prefrontal LED-tPBM can neuromodulate several key EEG networks, implying a possible causal effect between modulated brain networks and improved psychomotor vigilance outcomes." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760145/ | |||||||||||||||||||
91 | Brain | EEG | Effects of Near-Infrared Pulsed Light on the Attention of Human Beings Using Electroencephalography | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, crossover 👥 40 participants ⌛ single session | 830 | "PBM stimulation was found to induce significant variation in beta activity in most of the regions of the brain in the laser group. Compared to the placebo group, the PBM stimulation has a significant change in beta activity on electroencephalography (EEG). Three types of tests, the random number test, the Stroop color-word test, and the Multiple-Dimension Attention Test (MDAT), were used to evaluate the effects of the PBM stimulation. The scores of MDAT in the laser group increased more significantly than those in the placebo group after PBM stimulation (p < 0.01). An improvement in attention was observed in this study." Comment: If the power is 30mW per diode (total 7 diodes), the total output should be 210 mW and during 10 minutes (600 seconds) of irradiation the total energy should be 0.210 * 600 = 126 joules, twice the 63 J dose claimed in the paper? | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37511867/ | |||||||||||||||||||
92 | Brain | EEG | Neuromodulation of brain topography and network topology by prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, crossover 👥 45 participants ⌛ two sessions with 5+ day washout | 1064 | "Frontal tPBM increased EEG alpha and beta powers in the frontal-central-parietal regions, enhanced the complexity of the global beta-wave brain network, and augmented local information flow and integration of beta oscillations across prefrontal cortical regions. This study sheds light on the potential link between electrophysiological effects and human cognitive improvement induced by tPBM." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36317341/ | |||||||||||||||||||
93 | Brain | EEG | Combination of Group Singular Value Decomposition and eLORETA Identifies Human EEG Networks and Responses to Transcranial Photobiomodulation | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, crossover 👥 44 participants ⌛ two sessions with 3+ day washout | 1064 | "Our results showed that tPBM-induced increases in alpha powers occurred at default mode network, executive control network, frontal parietal network and lateral visual network." "Many similarities were found between the cortical locations of SVD-revealed EEG networks and fMRI-identified resting-state networks. This consistency may shed light on mechanistic associations between tPBM-modulated brain networks and improved cognition outcomes." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35620152/ | |||||||||||||||||||
94 | Brain | EEG | Transcranial photobiomodulation and thermal stimulation induce distinct topographies of EEG alpha and beta power changes in healthy humans | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled, crossover 👥 57 participants ⌛ two sessions within a week | 1064 | "Overall, this study provided evidence to support our hypothesis, showing that the laser-induced heat on the human forehead is not a mechanistic source causing increases in EEG power during and after tPBM." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34556692/ | |||||||||||||||||||
95 | Brain | EEG | Transcranial photobiomodulation changes topology, synchronizability, and complexity of resting state brain networks | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 40 participants ⌛? | 850 | "Here, we employed electroencephalography and different methods (conventional and spectral) in the graph theory analysis to track the significant effects of tPBM on the resting state brain networks. The non-parametric statistical analysis showed that just one short-term tPBM session over right medial frontal pole can significantly change both topological (i.e. clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, eigenvector centrality) and dynamical (i.e. energy, largest eigenvalue, and entropy) features of resting state brain networks." "The topological results revealed that tPBM can reduce local processing, centrality, and laterality. Furthermore, the increased centrality of central electrode was observed." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873167/ | |||||||||||||||||||
96 | Brain | EEG | Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms. | 🧑 Human 📄 Non-randomized study, crossover, sham-controlled 👥 20 participants ⌛ single session | 1064 | "The results show time-dependent, significant increases of EEG spectral powers at the alpha (8 to 13 Hz) and beta (13 to 30 Hz) bands at broad scalp regions, exhibiting a front-to-back pattern. The findings provide the first sham-controlled topographic mapping that tPBM increases the strength of electrophysiological oscillations (alpha and beta bands) while also shedding light on the mechanisms of tPBM in the human brain." | PubMed | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31259198/ | |||||||||||||||||||
97 | Brain | EEG | Pulsed Near Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation Significantly Modulates Neural Oscillations: a pilot exploratory study. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind 👥 20 participants ⌛ single session | 810 (PW 40 Hz) | "Using electroencephalography (EEG), we found that a single session of tPBM significantly increases the power of the higher oscillatory frequencies of alpha, beta and gamma and reduces the power of the slower frequencies of delta and theta in subjects in resting state. Furthermore, the analysis of network properties using inter-regional synchrony via weighted phase lag index (wPLI) and graph theory measures, indicate the effect of tPBM on the integration and segregation of brain networks." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004126 | |||||||||||||||||||
98 | Brain | EEG | Effect of low-level laser stimulation on EEG power in normal subjects with closed eyes. | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, double-blind Crossover 👥 20 participants ⌛two sessions: active and sham | 830 | "We found a pronounced decrease in the EEG power in alpha-bandwidth during laser simulation and then less decrease in the EEG power in delta-bandwidth in normal subjects with laser stimulation. The EEG power in beta-bandwidth in the right occipital area also decreased significantly in the laser group. We suggest that LLL stimulation might be conducive to falling into sleep in patients with sleep problems." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24288562 | |||||||||||||||||||
99 | Brain | EEG | Effect of Low-Level Laser Stimulation on EEG | 🧑 Human 🎲 Randomized trial, sham-controlled 👥 40 participants ⌛ uninterpretable (1 or 6 sessions?) | 830 | "We found that the low-level laser stimulation was able to increase the power of alpha rhythms and theta waves, mainly in the posterior head regions. These effects lasted at least 15 minutes after cessation of the laser stimulation. The amplitude power of beta activities in the anterior head regions decreased after laser stimulation. We thought these EEG changes comparable to those in meditation." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22973409 | |||||||||||||||||||
100 | Brain | Excitability | Transcranial near-infrared stimulation may increase cortical excitability recorded in humans. | 🧑 Human | 820 | "The ΔMEPs percentage was evaluated, and a significant increase in amplitude was observed 10-20 min post-stimulation compared to that in sham." "This study provides evidence that an 820-nm tNIRS induces transitory increase in the excitability of the stimulated cortex." | PubMed | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31837460 |