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1 | Name | Index | ID | AKA | Era | Format | Format2 | Developed by | Capacity | Size | Fact1 | Fact2 | Fact3 | Fact4 | Fact5 | Fact6 | Manufacturers | Medium type | Material width | Tape speed | Encoding | Misc | Resources | ||||||||||||||
2 | Phonautograph | 1 | phonautograph | phonoautogram | 1857–1860s | analog | grooved surface | Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville | Under a minute | sheet of paper | This is the earliest known device for recording sound | Recordings from this format were not able to be played back until researchers were able to process them in 2008 | The design of this recording device was meant to mimic the human ear drum | n/a | smoke on paper or glass | n/a | n/a | n/a | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | Tinfoil phonograph | 2 | tinfoil-phonograph | (None) | 1877–1900s | analog | Thomas Edison | Under a minute | 13 × 38 cm | While this format was tinfoil wrapped around a metal roll, a "phonographic cylinder" refers to its wax-coated sibling and a "phonograph record" refers to disc-shaped records played by a gramophone | This format could be recorded and played back by turning a hand-crank | This format was invented by Edison while working on telegram technology | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Gramophone disc | 3 | gramophone-disc | 78s, Durinoid, Edison Diamond Disc, lacquer discs, Phonographic disc, record, shellac records, victrola | 1887–1950s | analog | grooved surface | Emile Berliner | 12": 3 minutes (per side) | 7", 10", 12", 16" | Earlier discs in this format were made from a shellac (a resin secreted by Iac insects) combined with other materials | Early recordings differed in speeds, ranging from 60-130 revolutions per minute (rpm), but 78 rpm became the industry-wide standard by the mid-1920s until the introduction of the microgroove disc in the 1940s | This format was eventually replaced by the microgroove disc, introduced by Columbia in 1948 | "The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction" | Emile Berliner also invented the microphone | everyone | shellac, polyvinyl chloride (vinyl) or polystyrene disc | https://recordplayerexpert.com/phonograph-gramophone-record-player/ | |||||||||||||||||||
5 | Phonographic cylinder | 4 | phonographic-cylinder | Wax cylinder, ediphone, dictaphone, graphophone | 1888–1929 | analog | grooved surface | Thomas Edison | 2 minutes | Various | This format had several different material compositions: brown wax (metal soap), molded wax (metal soap), and Blue Amberol (celluloid) | Early brown wax cylinders would commonly wear out after they were played only a few dozen times | While this format was typically 2.25” in diameter and around 4.25” long, they could be smaller (1.33" in diameter) or larger (5" in diameter) | Wax was the medium chosen for this format after seven years of lab research | Thomas Edison. Pathe | Wax Ivory or cream, black, brown | https://www.nedcc.org/fundamentals-of-av-preservation-textbook/chapter1-care-and-handling-of-audiovisual-collections/chapter-1-section-2 | ||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Wire recording | 5 | wire-recording | Telegraphone | 1894–1960s | analog | magnetic wire | Valdemar Poulsen | 1 hour | 2 3/4"–3 3/4" (diameter) 3/4"–1 1/4" (thickness) | This is a magnetic audio format where recordings are made on thin steel or stainless steel wire | This format was used for dictation and for recording radio programs at home | This format was used in airplane cockpits and crewless spacecraft in the 1970s because it could withstand higher temperatures than magnetic tape | Wire: approximately 4 mm in diameter (Casey and Gordon 2007) Standard commercial reel: 2.75 inches in diameter, 0.5 inch wide Armour Model 50a (U.S. Navy): 3.75-inch reel diameter, 1.5 inches wide Possible for each reel to hold up to 7,200 fee | American Telegraphone Company, others (incl. Brush Development Company and the Armour Research Foundation) | Magnetized steel or stainless steel wire wound around a plastic or metal spool | 4mm diameter, up to 7200 feet | ||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Sound on film | 6 | sound-on-film | Phonofilm, Tri-Ergon, Movietone, Photophone, Fantasound | 1923–2000s | Pre-1990s: analog 1990s onward: digital | film | Various | Various | Various | This format includes any process where audio is transformed into a visual representation and printed onto film, either alongside or separate from moving images | This process can be either an analog sound track or digital audio track, and the signal can be recorded optically or magnetically | Prior to this invention, the film's soundtrack could be played on a separate phonograph record or performed live | Film (nitrate, polyester, acetate) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Open reel tape | 7 | open-reel-tape | Magnetophone, magnetic tape, reel-to-reel, open reel audio | 1927–1980s | analog | magnetic tape | Fritz Pfleumer | 1927– | Various | This format is available in many widths: 1/4", 1/2" 1" and 2" are the most common widths | A common tape speed is 7 1/2 inches per second (ips); other recording speeds are 3 3/4, 15, and 30 ips | This was the primary format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s | Metal reels with large center holes, mostly 10.5" in diameter eventually became standardised and known as NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) reels | ferric oxide (Fe 2O 3) powder coating on paper | 6.35, 12.70, 25.40, or 50.80 mm | 9.525, 19.05, 38.10 or 76.20 cm/s | ||||||||||||||||||||
9 | Tefifon | 8 | tefifon | Tefi | 1936–1965 | analog | endless loop plastic band | Tefi | Small: 18 minutes Medium: 1 hour Large: 4 hours | Small: 4.5 × 8 × 8.5 cm Medium: 4.5 × 9.6 × 11.2 cm Large: 4.5 × 13.5 × 15.7 cm | This format used an endless loop plastic band onto which grooves were engraved and played back with a stylus | Players were available as standalone devices or combined with radios | This format's sound quality was higher than Gramophone discs, but not Microgroove discs | "The first Tefifon players and cartridges were available from 1950, but record companies were not interested in the format so relatively unknown artists were offered, mostly compilations of cover versions of hits or dance music, operas and operettas." | |||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Dictabelt | 9 | dictabelt | Dictaphone, Memobelt | 1947–1980 | analog | transparent vinyl | American Dictaphone | Standard speed: 15 minutes Half speed: 30 minutes | 8.9 × 30 × 0.013 cm | This format could be folded and fit into a standard letter-sized envelope | This format was more convenient and had better audio quality than reusable wax cylinders | Dictabelts were red until 1964, blue from 1964 to 1975, then purple until they were discontinued | American Dictaphone | cellulose acetate butyrate | 0.13mm | Analog groove modulation | ||||||||||||||||||||
11 | Microgroove disc | 10 | microgroove-disc | 45s, LP, record, vinyl | 1948– | analog | Columbia Records | 7": 3 minutes (per side) 10": 15 minutes (per side) 12": 25 minutes (per side) | 7", 10", 12" | This format is an updated verson of the gramophone disc and was adopted as the new standard by the entire record industry | The most well-known version of this format today is a 12” disc played at 33 ⅓ rpm (revolutions per minute) | An earlier version of this format was created by RCA Victor in 1931, intended to use as transcription discs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Minifon wire | 11 | minifon-wire | Minifon P55 | 1951–1967 | analog | wire reel | Monske & Co GmbH | Short: 2.5 hours Long: 5 hours | Up to 3" reels | This format was used by state government agencies for covert recording | This format came with accessories like microphones disguised as lapels or watches | Including battery and spools, this format weighed less than 28 ounces | Protona, Telefunken, EMI, ITT | Magnetized steel or stainless steel wire wound around a plastic or metal spool | https://reel-reel.com/tape-recorder/minifon-p55/ | |||||||||||||||||||||
13 | Fidelipac | 12 | fidelipac | NAB cartridge, cart tape | 1954–1990s | analog | magnetic tape | George Eash* | Size A: 10 minutes Size B: 20 minutes Size C: 30 minutes | Size A: 10.1 × 13.3 × 2.2 cm Size B: 15.2 × 17.8 × 2.2 cm Size C: 19.4 × 21.6 × 2.2 cm | This format was used in radio broadcasting for playback of material such as radio commercials or jingles | *The invention of this format is credited to George Eash as well as Vern Nolte (Automatic Tape Company) and it is based on endless loop magnetic tape cartridge design by Bernard Cousino | Size A was used for broadcasting commercials, and the B and C sizes were usually used for background music | " It was the first audio tape cartridge commercially available when it was introduced in 1959 by Collins Radio." ??? | 1/4" | 7.5 ips (also 3.75 or 15 ips) | n/a | http://jvnforg.dreamhosters.com/radiohistoria/spotmaster.htm https://www.richardhess.com/tape/history/NAB/NAB_Cartridge_Tape_Standard_1975_searchable.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||
14 | Stenorette | 13 | stenorette | (None) | 1954–1970s | analog | magnetic tape | Grundig | 45 minutes | 3" | The initial release of this format was nicknamed "tree frog" because of its green color | Cassettes were held together by a rubber retaining ring underneath the top cover | This format's microphone doubled as the speaker, and included stop/start controls | "Some tapes, particularly those from the US, seem to have no cover and are simply a small reel." | Grundig | 1/4" | 2 ips | ||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Sound Tape Cartridge | 14 | sound-tape-cartridge | RCA Tape Cartridge | 1958–1964 | analog | magnetic tape | RCA | 30 minutes (per side) | 13.7 × 19.7 × 1.3 cm | This format was designed to be more convenient than open reel by avoiding the need to thread tape into a machine | This format was introduced in 1958, following four years of development | This format included a brake that prevented the tape hubs from moving when the cartridge was not in a player | "With two interleaved stereo pairs, the track format and speed of the RCA tape cartridge is the same as that of consumer reel-to-reel stereo tape recorders run at 3.75 IPS. It is possible to dismantle the cartridge, spool the tape onto an open reel, and play it on such a machine. In fact, RCA offered an adapter for their Sound Tape Cartridge machines to enable them to both play back and record traditional reels of tape up to 5 inches in reel diameter. " | 3.75ips | ||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Minifon tape | 15 | minifon-tape | Protona Minifon Attaché | 1959–1967 | analog | tape | Monske & Co GmbH | 2 hours | 11 × 7.8 × 1.15 cm | Like its predecessor, the Minifon wire, this format was intended for covert recording | The tape closely resembled the Compact Cassette format but was its own unique design | A microphone in the shape of a pen was included with purchase of some recorders | Protona, Telefunken | 1/4" | Dimensions etc: https://vintage-technics.ru/Eng-Minifon_Attache.htm | |||||||||||||||||||||
17 | Stereo-Pak | 16 | stereo-pak | 4-track, CARtridges | 1962–1970 | analog | magnetic tape | Earl ‘Madman’ Muntz | 45 minutes | 13.3 × 10.2 × 2 cm | This format was a market success for several years until its successor, the 8-Track, became more popular despite being lower quality | Unlike its predecessor, the Fidelipac, this format used a movable head to switch between two programs | This format was installed in cars but also available as home players | 9.5 cm/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 8-track | 17 | 8-track | Stereo 8 | 1963–1980s | analog | magnetic tape | Lear Industries | 45 minutes | 13.3 × 10.2 × 2 cm | This format worked as an endless loop and it could not be rewound | This format was an evolution of the Stereo-Pak format | This format had 8 tracks for 4 stereo programs, and the format could change between the 4 options by a device that would shift the tape head | Polyester | 1/4" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Compact Cassette | 18 | compact-cassette | Audio cassette, Musicassette, Cassette tape | 1963– | analog | magnetic tape | Philips | C-60: 30 minutes (per side) C-90: 45 minutes (per side) C-120: 60 minutes (per side) | 10 cm × 6.3 cm × 1.3 cm | This format was initially called the Pocket Recorder; the name Compact Cassette wasn’t used until around 1966 | This format's design won out over other competing cassette designs partly due to a decision to freely license the design after 1965, and the assurance that other companies would support the format | In addition to audio, this format was used as data storage for microcomputers in the late 1970s–1980s | 1/8" | 4.8 cm / second | ||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Micro Pack 35 | 19 | micro-pack-35 | Channel Master 6546, Westinghouse H29R1 | 1964–1970 | analog | magnetic tape | Sanyo | 20 minutes (per side) | 6.6 cm × 7.4 cm × 4.8 cm | This format was announced a year after the Compact Cassette and was not able to gain adequate market share | This format was marketed for recording voice, for use while traveling, and events | The speed of this format's tape could be adjusted | transparent plastic | 1/4" | ||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Sabamobil | 20 | sabamobil | (None) | 1964– | analog | magnetic tape | SABA | 90 minutes | 29 × 19 × 9.5 cm | This format was introduced a year after the Compact Cassette and 8-track, and wasn't able to compete in the market | One model, the TK-R12, had a built-in radio and could be portable, using 5 D-size batteries | The cartridge could be opened by removing the two holding clamps | 1/4" | 3¾ ips (9.5 cm/s) | https://www.radiomuseum.org/r/saba_sabamobil.html#data | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | DC-International | 21 | dc-international | (None) | 1965–1967 | analog | magnetic tape | Grundig | DC-60: 30 minutes (per side) DC-90: 45 minutes (per side) DC-120: 60 minutes (per side) | 12 × 7.7 × 1.2 cm | After just two years, this format was discontinued in favor of the Compact Cassette | DC is short for double cassette because it was a two-reel cassette | This format could enable write protection by putting an insert into a recess in the base of the cassette | 1.75mm | |||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | PlayTape | 22 | playtape | (None) | 1966–1970 | analog | magnetic tape | Frank Stanton | 24 minutes | 7 × 8.5 × 1.2 cm | This format was a two-track system, intended to compete with 4-track and 8-track cartridges | PlayTape were issued in different colors according to the content: Red cartridge (two songs) Black cartridge (four songs) White cartridge (eight songs) Blue cartridge (children) Gray cartridge (educational) | This format was intended to be portable and to be installed in cars | endless loop | 1/8" / 3.81 mm | ||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Mini-Cassette | 23 | mini-cassette | (None) | 1967– | analog | magnetic tape | Philips | 30 minutes (per side) | 5 .5 × 3.5 × 5 cm | Unlike the Compact Cassette or Microcassette, this format does not use a capstan drive system; instead, the tape is propelled past the tape head by its reels | There was a smaller version of this format called an Ultra Mini-Cassette that could record up to 10 minutes on each side | This format was mostly used in dictation machines but could also be used as data storage | 2.4cm/s | |||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Microcassette | 24 | microcassette | (None) | 1969–2000s | analog | magnetic tape | Olympus | 30 minutes (per side) | 5 × 3.5 × 5 cm | This format has the same width of magnetic tape as the Compact Cassette but in a container roughly one quarter the size | This format was commonly used in dictation machines or telephone answering machines, but also computer data storage | This format was slightly more narrow (by 5mm) than the Mini-cassette | 1/8" / 3.81 mm | 2.4cm/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | HIPAC | 25 | hipac | HiPac | 1971–1973 | analog | magnetic tape | Pioneer | 60 minutes | 7 × 8.5 × 1.2 cm | This format is a successor of the PlayTape cartridge, licensed by Toshiba | This format was intended for use in vehicles but adoption was unsuccessful | The tape speed was detected automatically by a notch in the cartridge's case | endless loop | 1/8" / 3.81 mm | 60 minutes at 1⅞ ips or ~4.8 cm/s, and 30 minutes at 3¾ ips or ~9.5 cm/s | |||||||||||||||||||||
27 | 3/4" U-matic | 26 | umatic | (None) | 1971–1990s | digital | magnetic tape | Sony | Small: 20 minutes Standard: 60 minutes | Small (S): 18.4 × 12.2 × 3.2 cm Standard (SP): 22.1 × 14.0 × 3.2 cm | The 44.1 kHz sampling standard used in Compact Discs was defined by the bandwidth available on this format's tapes | While this format was primarily used to store analog video, it was also used for the storage of digital audio data | All tapes have a round red button on the back that can be removed to prevent accidental recording | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Elcaset | 27 | elcaset | L-cassette | 1976–1980 | analog | magnetic tape | Panasonic, Teac, Sony | 90 minutes | 15 × 10 × 2 cm | This format's name means L-cassette, or large cassette, since the cartridge was roughly double the size of the Compact Cassette | This format was meant to have the audio quality of reel-to-reel with the convenience of the Compact Cassette | This format was largely a market failure | TYPE I had the feature of low noise output (called SLH tape by Sony). TYPE II had the same performance as FeCr tape by Sony. TYPE III was the equivalent to CrO2 tape. Elcaset decks had a tape selector switch which should be set to match the type of tape used. | Panasonic, Teac, Sony | 1/4" | http://www.preservationsound.com/2012/09/forgotten-formats-the-elcaset/ | https://indiscriminate.tripod.com/audio/elcaset/default.htm | |||||||||||||||||||
29 | Laserdisc | 28 | laserdisc | Reflective Optical Videodisc Laser Videodisc Laservision DiscoVision | 1978–2001 | analog/digital | optical laser | Philips, MCA Inc., Pioneer Corporation | 1 hour (per side) | 12" | Audio stored on this format could be analog or digital; video could only be analog | In the UK, "LaserDisc" was used for discs that hold digital audio and "LaserVision" was used for discs with analog audio and video | This format's digital audio quality was better than anything else available to consumers at the time, but analog audio quality was inconsistent | "Acrylic disc containing a thin, reflective aluminum "data layer". Various types of adhesive were used to sandwich together the two acrylic disc sides" | |||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Compact disc | 29 | compact-disc | Compact Disc Digital Audio, CD | 1982– | digital | optical laser | Philips & Sony | 80 minutes | 4.7" | Tracks on this format begin on the inside of the disc and spiral outward | Mini CDs ranged between 2.4-3.1" in diameter and stored up to 24 minutes of audio | This format was later adapted to store data on the following formats: CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, Video CD, Super Video CD, Photo CD, Picture CD, CD-Interactive and Enhanced Music CD | "The track on the CD begins at the inside and spirals outward so a disc played from beginning to end slows its rotation rate during playback. " | "Polycarbonate plastic disc substrate coated with a thin, reflective "data layer" composed of metal (commercial CDs) or dyes (recordable, rewritable CDs)." | ||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | DAT | 30 | dat | Digital Audio Tape | 1987–2005 | digital | magnetic tape | Sony | 180 minutes | 7.3 × 5.4 × 1 cm | This format could record at sampling rates equal to, higher, and lower than CD quality (44.1, 48, or 32 kHz) | This format looks similar to a Compact Cassette but around half the size | This format was lobbied against by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in an attempt to prevent high-quality copies | "Although intended as a replacement for analog audio compact cassettes, the format was never widely adopted by consumers because of its expense, as well as concerns from the music industry about unauthorized high-quality copies." | polyester | 4mm | |||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Pocket Rockers | 31 | pocket-rockers | (None) | 1988–1991 | analog | endless loop magnetic tape | Fisher-Price | 5 minutes (per side) | 4 × 3 × 1 cm | This was a toy format marketed to children; Each cassette included two songs played in mono | This format played a proprietary version of miniature cassettes | 1/8" | 1 7/8 ips (same as cassette) 4.8 cm / second | |||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | ADAT | 32 | adat | Alesis Digital Audio Tape | 1992–2003 | digital | digital | Alesis | 40 minutes | 18.7 × 10.2 × 2.5 cm | This format could support recording up to 8 tracks, but it was possible to connect more machines together and create recordings with up to 128 tracks | This format's recorder used S-VHS cassettes as the recording medium | This format targeted the professional recording studio market | Alesis | |||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | DCC | 33 | dcc | Digital Compact Cassette | 1992–1996 | digital | magnetic tape | Philips and Panasonic | 105 minutes | 10.16 × 6.35 × 1.27 cm | Each tape has nine tracks per side with eight tracks for the audio and one additional track for auxiliary information (track metadata) | This format's shape was similar to the analog Compact Cassette, and its recorders and players could play back either type | This format's players and recorders were auto-reverse, meaning every player had to be able to position its heads for the A-side as well as the B-side of the tape | "Unlike helical scan systems such as DAT or VHS, the head is stationary and the tape moves in linear direction relative to the head." | "marketed as the successor to the standard analog Compact Cassette. It was also a direct competitor to Sony's MiniDisc (MD), but neither format toppled the then-ubiquitous analog cassette despite their technical superiority, and DCC was discontinued in October 1996. " | ... This backward compatibility was intended to allow users to adopt digital recording without rendering their existing tape collections obsolete, but because DCC recorders couldn't record (only play back) analog cassettes, it effectively forced consumers to either replace their cassette deck with a DCC recorder and give up analog recording, or keep the existing cassette deck and make space to add the DCC recorder to their setup. | polyester | 1/8" | 1 7/8 ips (same as cassette) 4.8 cm / second | Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding (MPEG-1 Audio Layer I) | |||||||||||||||||
35 | Minidisc | 34 | minidisc | MD | 1992–2013 | digital | optical laser in cartridge | Sony | 80 minutes | 6.8 × 7 × 0.5cm | This format's data is read to a memory buffer to minimize skipping, a problem with Compact Discs | This format was mostly popular in Japan, with little uptake in other countries | This format, along with the Digital Compact Cassette (released the same year), was intended to be a replacement for the Compact Cassette | "The initial low uptake of MiniDisc was attributed to the small number of pre-recorded albums available on MD as relatively few record labels embraced the format." | Recordable discs could be re-recorded | Sony, Maxell, JVC, Sharp, Pioneer, Panasonic and others | "Magneto-optical disc (ferromagnetic material under plastic layer) enclosed in a plastic cartridge with a sliding door" | Cartridge: 6.8cm × 7cm × 0.5cm, Disc diameter: 6.4cm | Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding (ATRAC) Hi-MD: ATRAC and LPCM | ||||||||||||||||||
36 | DTRS | 35 | dtrs | DTRS, Digital Tape Recording System, DA-88 | 1993–2012 | digital | digital | TASCAM | 108 minutes | 9.5 × 6.25 × 1.5 cm | Audio data stored in this format on Hi8 video cassettes allowed for up to 108 minutes of continuous recording per tape | In 1995, this format won an Emmy award for technical excellence | This format could record up to 16 tracks | TASCAM | |||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Digital audio player | 36 | digital-audio-player | iPod, Mp3 player, Portable media player | 1996–2010s | digital | digital | Various | 256 GB | Various | This industry was largely defined and popularized by the Apple iPod | This format was marketed as "MP3 players", but it supported other popular digital audio formats like WAV, Windows Media Audio (WMA), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Vorbis, FLAC, Speex and Ogg | Some players also included FM radio tuners, voice recording and other features | Apple, Sony ... | MP3, others | ||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | HitClips | 37 | hitclips | (None) | 1999–2004 | digital | digital | Tiger Electronics | 1 minute | 2 × 2 × 0.2 cm | Each cassette featured just a short clip of a pop song | Later models could store up to 2 minutes of audio | Approximately 30 million units were sold | Tiger Electronics | |||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | SD | 38 | sd | MiniSD, MicroSD, memory cards | 1999–2010s | digital | digital | SD Association | 1GB | Standard: 3.2 x 2.4 x 0.2 cm Mini: 2.15 x 2 x 0.2 cm Micro: 1.1 x 1.5 x 0.2 cm | This format was typically used for downloaded digital files, but a couple dozen albums were officially released on these cards | This format comes in different classes, denoting writing speed: C (Speed Class), U (UHS Speed Class), V (Video Speed Class), and Application Performance Class | There are four non-compatible SD card types: SD, SDHC (High Capacity), SDXC (eXtended Capacity), and SDUC (Ultra Capacity) | SanDisk, Panasonic, Toshiba |