| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | |
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1 | Date | Ramsey No. | Geographic Associations,Event | Sources | Type | |||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 481? BCE Sept-Dec. | 1 | Battle of Salamis (Sept. 480) | Salamis: Plin. NH 2.90 ; Xerxes' Invasion: Lydus, De Mensibus 4.116 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 467? BCE | 2 | Aegospotami- falling meterorite | Diogenes Laertius 2.11; IG XII.5 444.l.72-73; Eusebius, Chron. P.110 (ed. Helm); Aristotle, Mete. 1.7 344b.31-34; Seneca, Natural Questions 7.5.3; Plin. NH. 2.149; Plutarch, Life of Lysander 12.6 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 430 BCE | 1a App. | Plague at Athens, Earthquakes | Manilius, Astronomica, 1.880-1886 | Object | |||||||||||||||||||||
5 | 426 BCE Jan.-Feb. | 3 | Recurrence of Plague at Athens, Earthquakes | [Hippocrates]. Epidemics 4.21; Aristotle Mete. 1.6 343b4-6; Manilius, Astron. 1.880-886 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
6 | 394 BCE | 2a App | Battle of Cnidus | Plin. NH. 2.96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 372 BCE Jan./Feb.? | 4 | Buris and Helike (Gulf of Corinth) Destroyed, Battle of Leuctra (July? 371) | Helike and Buris: Ephorus, Histories fr. 212 (Seneca, NQ 7.16.2); Aristotle, Mete. 1.6 343b1-4, 18-25, 1.7 344b34-345al; Seneca, NQ 7.5.4; Callisthenes, Hellenica fr. 21; Paus. 7.24.8; Battle of Leuctra: Diodorus Siculus 15.50.1-3; Cic. Div. 2.54. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 350/349 BCE | 3a App. | Warfare in Greece, Philip II | Plin. NH. 2.96-97 | Chasma (aurora borealis?) | |||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 346? BCE | 5 | Plin. NH. 2.90 | Comet | ||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 344 BCE | 6 | Torch of Timoleon / Voyage to Sicily between Ionian Gulf, from the island of Corcyra to Metapontum | Diodorus Siculus 16.66.1, 3; Plutarch, Life of Timoleon, 8.5-6. | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
11 | 341/0 BCE | 7 | Storm at Corinth | Aristotle, Mete. 1.7 345a2-5 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 303/2 BCE | 8 | Expedition of Lysimachus to Asia Minor | IG XII.5.444 (taken with); IG XI.5 444.l.130= FGrH 239 B 25. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 216 BCE | 9 | Battle of Cannae | Silius Italicus, Punica 8.636-7. | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
14 | 204 BCE Aug.-Sept. | 10 | Second Punic War (later associated with win at the Battle of Zama) | Livy, AUC, 29.14.3; | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
15 | 203 BCE | 11 | Second Punic War (observed in Anagnia) | Livy, AUC, 30.2.11 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 176 BCE | 12 | Death of Consul (seen at Tusculum) | Livy, AUC, 41.16.6 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 174 BCE | 4a App. | Plague, Observed in the district of Lanuvium | Livy, AUC, 41.21.13 | faces (torches) | |||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 169 BCE | 13 | Third Macedonian War (observed in Anagnia, Menturnae) | Livy, AUC, 43.13.3 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
19 | 168 BCE | 5a App. | Battle of Pydna | Seneca, NQ, 1.1.2 | globus ignis (fireball) | |||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 167 BCE | 14 | After Illyrian and Macedonian Wars (observed in Lanuvium) | Livy. AUC, 45.16.5 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
21 | 166 BCE | 15 | Observed at Lanuvium, at Casinum "the sun was seen for some hours during the night" | Obsequens 12. | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | 163 BCE | 16 | Observed at Capua, Formiae, Pisaurum. *Comet also observed from Babylonia | Obsequens 14 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 147 BCE Aug. | 17 | Achaian War Comet (after death of Demetrius I Soter?) | Seneca NQ 7.15.1; Obsequens 20. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 137 BCE Sept.-Oct. | 18 | [Numantine War] Observed at Praeneste | Obsequens 24 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
25 | 135 BCE July-Sept. | 19 | King Mithridates Born | Seneca NQ 7.15.2; Justin 37.2.1-3; Numismatic Evidence | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
26 | 134 BCE June-July | 6a App. | "New Star" of Hipparchus?; Observed from Amiternum | Plin. NH. 2.95; Obsequens 27 | "Guest Star" (nova?) | |||||||||||||||||||||
27 | 119 BCE Mar.-Jun. | 20 | King Mithridates Ascends Throne | Justin 37.2.1-3; Numismatic Evidence | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
28 | 116 BCE Aug. 29 | p.90 | France, NW Africa | Eclipse | ||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | 106 BCE | 7a App. | Observed at Rome | Obsequens 41 | fax (torch) | |||||||||||||||||||||
30 | 105 BCE Feb. 3 | p.90 | Visible in Sicily and Greece | Eclipse | ||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | 104? BCE 19 July | 21 | Posidonius' eclipse comet / Seen from Rhodes? | Seneca, NQ 7.20.4 | Eclipse and Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
32 | 100 BCE | 8a App. | Observed at Tarquinii | Obsequens 45 | fax (torch); Probably a meteor | |||||||||||||||||||||
33 | 94 BCE | 22 | Observed from the district of Vestini | Obsequens 51 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
34 | 92 BCE | 23 | Observed from Faesulae | Obsequens 53 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
35 | 91 BCE | 9a App. | Social War | Obsequens 56; Orosius 5.18.3 | Fireball | |||||||||||||||||||||
36 | 88 BCE | 10a App. | Outbreak of First Mithridatic War; Possibly observed by Mithridates on Island of Rhodes | sidus (heavenly body)= meteor | ||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | 87 BCE July-Aug. | 24 | Halley's Comet / Marian-Cinnan Civil War. Observed from Rome. *Comet also observed from Babylonia: Devastation in Rome: civil war, pestilence (17,000 dead), later proscriptions | Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.14; Pliny, NH 2.92; Obsequens 56a | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
38 | 78 BCE March 6 | p.90 | Visible from W. Mediterranean, N. Italy | Eclipse | ||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | 76 BCE | 11a App. | Roman Province of Asia | Plin. NH. 2.100 | Fireball | |||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 73 BCE May 8 | p.90 | Visible in S. Italy and N. Greece | Eclipse | ||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | 63 BCE March/Apr. | 12a App. | Conspiracy of Catiline; Observed from Alban Hills outside Rome | Cicero, In Catilinam, 3.18 | Meteors? | |||||||||||||||||||||
42 | 56 BCE Jan.-Apr. | 13a App. | Conflict between Clodius and Cicero;Earthquake at Potentia in Picenum; Rebuilding of Cicero's House; Observed from Rome? | Dio 39.20.1 | Meteor? | |||||||||||||||||||||
43 | 53/52 BCE | 14a App. | Murder of Clodius (jan. 52 BCE); Observed from Rome? | Dio 40.47.2 | Meteor? | |||||||||||||||||||||
44 | 49 BCE Jan., April-May | 25 | Civil War between Pompey and Caesar. Observed from Rome. | Lucan, The Civil War 1.526-529; Plin. NH. 2.92; Dio 41.14.3 | Lunar eclipse (jan.), solar eclipse (9 Aug.), comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
45 | 45 BCE | 15a App. | Battle of Munda | Dio 43.35.3 | Meteors | |||||||||||||||||||||
46 | 44 BCE mid May to late July | 26 | Caesar's Funeral Games/ Apotheosis. Observed from Rome | Virgil, Eclogues 9.46-49; Virgil, Geogics 1.487-88; Caesar Augustus, Memoirs fr. 6 (=Plin. NH. 2.94); Seneca NQ 7.17.2; Plin. NH 2.90, 93-94; Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 69.3; Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar, 88; Obsequens 68; Caesar Augustus, Memoirs fr. 7 (ap. Servius on Virgil, Eclogues, 9.46); Horace, Odes, 1.12.46-48; Propertius 3.18.33-34; Tibullus 2.5.71; Virgil, Aeneid, 8.681; Numismatic Evidence; Propertius 4.6.59; Ovid, Met. 15.746-750, 840-850; Baebius Macer fr. 1 (=Servius on Virgil, Eclogues, 9.46); Valerius Maximus, pr. Book 1. 3.2.19, 6.9.15; Calpurnius Siculus, Eclogues, 1.82-83; Silius Italicus, Punica 13.862-864; Dio Cassius 45.7.1; Zonaras, Epitome of Histories, 10.13; Dio 45.17.4; Obsequens 68; Avien(i)us (=Servius on Virgil, Aeneid, 10.272; Servius on Virgil, Eclogues, 9.46; Servius on Virgil, Aeneid, 1.287, 6.790, 8.681; Lydus, De Ostentis, 15 (p.43 ed. Wachsmuth). | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
47 | 43 BCE | 16a App. | Siege of Mutina (Jan.-April) | Plin. NH. 2.96 | Bolide | |||||||||||||||||||||
48 | 42 BCE | 17a App. | Battle of Philippi; Observed at Rome | Manilius 1.907-909; Dio 47.40.2 | Meteors | |||||||||||||||||||||
49 | 32 BCE Feb.-Mar. | 27 | Battle of Actium (Sept. 31 BCE): Observed over the Greek Sea, likely over Actium. | Dio 50.8.2 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
50 | 30 BCE | 28 | Suicide of Cleopatra (near Alexandria) | Dio 51.17.5 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
51 | 17 BCE | 29 | Augustus' Secular games (June) | Dio 54.19.7; Obsequens 71; Numismatic Evidence | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
52 | 12 BCE Aug.-Oct. | 30 | Halley's Comet / Death of Marcus Agrippa (late Mar.) in Campania; Observed in Rome | Dio 54.29.8 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
53 | 9 CE | 31 | Battle of Teutoburg Forest; Possibly also observed in Rome by Seneca? | Seneca, NQ, 7.17.2; Dio 56.24.4 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
54 | 13? CE Nov.-Dec. | 32 | Death of Augustus (19 August, 14 CE); Observed from Rome | Seneca NQ, 7.17.2; Dio 56.29.3 | Possible Comet, Eclipse (mistake of Seneca) | |||||||||||||||||||||
55 | 54 CE June-July | 33 | Murder of Emperor Claudius (13 October); Observed from Rome | Calpurnius Siculus, Eclogue 1.77-81; Seneca, NQ, 7.6.1, 7.17.2, 7.21.3-4, 7.23.1, 7.29.2-3; Plin. NH. 2.92; Suetonius, Life of Claudius, 46.1; Dio (epitome of Xiphilinus) 60.35.1; Zonaras, Epitome of Histories, 11.11 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 60 CE Aug.-Dec. | 34 | 1st Neronian Comet / Earthquakes in Greece.Portends uprising of the Parthians (Lydus). Observed from Rome | Seneca, NQ, 7.6.1, 7.17.2, 7.21.3-4, 7.23.1, 7.28.3, 7.29.2-3; Plin. NH. 2.90, 2.92; Tac. Ann. 14.22.1; [Seneca], Octavia, 231-234; Lydus, De Ostensis, 10b | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
57 | 64 CE May-July | 35 | Pisonian Conspiracy (Spring 65 CE), the Vinician conspiracy at Beneventum; Possibly observed from Rome | Plin. NH. 2.92; Tac. Ann. 15.47.1; Suetonius, Life of Nero, 36.1. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
58 | 66 CE jan.-Apr. | 36 | Halley's Comet / Jewish Rebellion (summer); Above Jerusalem | Josephus, Bellum Judaicum, 6.5.3.289-291; Eus. HE, 3.8.2 (with Josephus quoted); [Rufinius], De Bello Judaico, 7.12; Ps. -Hegesippus, De Bello Judaico, 5.44.1; George Cedrenus, Historiae Compendium (PG 121.412); Zonaras, Epitome of Histories, 6.24; Plin. NH. 2.92. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
59 | 69 CE | 37 | Vespasian's overthrow of Vitellius; Observed at Rome. | Dio (epitome of Xiphilinus) 65.8.1 (Book 64, ed. Boissevain) | Comet; Eclipses | |||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 76 CE Oct. | 38 | acontias ("javelin") comet | Plin. NH. 2.89 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
61 | 79 CE Mar.-Apr. | 39 | Death of Vespasian (June 24) | Suet. Life of Vespasian, 23.4; Dio (epitome of Xiphilinus) 66.17.2-3 (Book 66, ed. Boissevain); [Sextus Aurelius Victor], Epitome de Caesaribus, 9.18; | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
62 | 117? CE Jan. | 40 | Omens regarding Trajan's Parthian War; Observed from Rome? | Juvenal, Satires, 6.407-408; | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
63 | 132? CE | 41 | New Star of Antinous/ Link to death of Antinous; Observed by Hadrian from Rome? | Dio (epitome of Xiphilinus) 69.11.4 (ed. Boissevain?) | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
64 | 141? CE | 42 | Halley's Comet / linked to reign of Antoninus Pius | HA, Life of Antoninus Pius, 9.3. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
65 | 162 CE | 18a App. | Visit of Verus to Athens; Cited as at Athens | Cassiodorus, Chronicon (ed. Mommsen, Chronica Minora II.143); coss. Rusticus and Aquilinus (162 CE) | Bolide? | |||||||||||||||||||||
66 | 191 CE Oct. | 43 | Commodan Comet / Fire in Rome and mad behavior of Commodus | Herodian, History of the Empire after Marcus Aurelius, 1.14.1; HA, Life of Commodus, 16.1 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
67 | 204 CE Nov.-Dec. | 44 | Execution of Plautianus (Jan. 22, 205 CE) at Rome; Observed from Rome | Dio (epitome of Xiphilinus) 75.16.5 (Book 76, ed. Boissevain) | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
68 | 218 CE May-June | 45 | Halley's Comet / Death of Macrinus, defeated in battle near Syrian Antioch | Dio 78.30.1 | Comet, Eclipse | |||||||||||||||||||||
69 | 336 CE mid Feb. | 46 | Death of Constantine the Great (May 22, 337 CE) at Nicomedia; Observed from Antioch | Eutropius 10.8.2; Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus, 41.16; Theophanes Confessor, Chronographia, a.m. 5826 (333/4 CE) (ed. C. de Boor I.29-30) | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
70 | 351 CE | 19a App. | Gallus appointed Caesar; Overtop Jerusalem from Mount Calvary to Mt. of Olives | St. Cyril of Jerusalem, Letter to the emperor Constantius, 4.17-23; Philostorgius, HE, 3.fr.26 (in the epitome of Photius); Soc. Schol. HE, 2.28; Soz. HE, 4.5.1-4; Consularia Constantinopolitana p.238 (ed. Mommsen), post coss. Sergius and Nigrinianus (351 CE); Chronicon Paschale, p.540 (ed. Dindorf). | Portent in shape of a cross with rainbows | |||||||||||||||||||||
71 | 363 CE spring | 20a App. | Death of Emperor Julian (June); Appeared in Mesopotamia | Ammianus Marcellinus, RG, 25.2.4. | Meteor | |||||||||||||||||||||
72 | 363 Aug.-Sept. | 47 | Jovian Comet / Death of Jovian (Feb. 17, 364) at Dadastana | Ammianus Marcellinus, RG, 25.10.2 | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
73 | 375 CE late Oct.-early Nov. | 48 | Death of Valentinian (Nov. 17), Observed at Brigetio in Pannonia | Ammianus Marcellinus, RG, 30.5.16 | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
74 | 389 CE Aug.-Sept. | 49 | Unspecified disasters; Concludes state visit of Theodosius I to Rome in September 389 CE; Observed at Rome | Philostorgius, HE, 10.fr.9 (epitome of Photius); Nicephorus Callistus, HE, 12.37; Marcellinus, Chronicon (ed. Mommsen, Chronica Minora, 2.62) | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
75 | 390 CE | 50 | Blazing Column Comet; Observed from Constantinople? (Marcellinus) | Marcellinus, Chronicuon (ed. Mommsen, Chronica Minora 2.62); Fasti Vindobenses Priores 514 (ed. Mommsen Chronica Minora, 1.298); Chronica Gallica A. 452.26 (ed. Mommsen, Chronica Minora, 1.648); Chronica Gallica, A. 511.528 (ed. Mommsen, Chronica Minora, I.649). | Possible Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
76 | 393 CE Nov. | 21a App. | Honorius named Augustus (20 Nov.); Observed at Milan? | Claudian, Panegyric on the Fourth Consulship of Honorius (poem 8 ed. Gesner) 184-188. | Nova? Star | |||||||||||||||||||||
77 | 398 CE | 22a App. | Threatened destruction of Constantinople, earthquakes; Appeared above Constantinople | Aug. Serm. 397, De Urbis Excidio, 6.7 (delivered soon after the sack of Rome in 410) | chasma | |||||||||||||||||||||
78 | 400 CE Mar.-Apr. | 51 | Gainas (Alaric) Comet / Plot of Gainas (Constantinople), Invasion of Alaric (Italy), Pestilence; Observed in Constantinople | Philostorgius, HA, 11.fr.7 (epitome of Photius)l; Nicephorus Callistus, HE, 13.6; Soc. Schol. HE, 6.6; Claudian, De Bello Gothico, (poem 26 ed. Gesner) 243-248; Sozomen, HE, 8.4.10. | Comet | |||||||||||||||||||||
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