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PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY AT TRB 2022
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DateTime (Eastern)#TypeSessionPresentation TitlePresentersAbstract
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1/10/20221:30 PM- 3:00 PM1152PCritical Transportation Infrastructure ProtectionTransportation System Resiliency and Disaster Response and Recovery: A Review on U.S. Metropolitan Long-range Transportation PlansJai Daniels*, Portland State University; John MacArthur, Portland State UniversityNatural disasters pose a threat to the proper functioning of transportation systems, and their risks and impacts may intensify as a result of climate change, making it critical for cities and regions to enhance their transportation systems and emergency response operations to better withstand and respond to future threats. This study analyzed whether metropolitan planning organizations across the U.S. incorporate the concepts of transportation system resiliency and disaster or emergency response and recovery into the guidance statements (vision, goals, and objectives) and performance measures (metrics and targets) of their long-range plans. The study evaluated 20 long-range plans and focused on the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region as a case study. Overall, most plans recognize the need for more resilient transportation systems yet lack performance measures intended to ensure that the MPOs are actually increasing the resiliency of their systems. Disaster and emergency response and recovery showed up minimally in both the guidance statements and performance measures of the plans. The Portland, Oregon metropolitan region has done extensive work with disaster recovery, and the region’s MPO plans to incorporate resiliency and recovery work in the next version of the region’s long-range transportation plan.
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1/10/20224:00 PM- 5:30 PM1162LTranslating Safety Research to Real-World SolutionsSystemic Opportunities to Improve Older Pedestrian Safety: Merging Crash Data Analysis and a Stakeholder WorkshopJason Anderson, Portland State University; Sirisha Kothuri, Portland State University; Christopher Monsere, Portland State University; David Hurwitz, Oregon State UniversityThis paper presents a framework for improving older pedestrian safety in regards to serious (fatal and incapacitating) crashes, using Oregon as a case study. Upon review of state and federal practices pertaining to older pedestrian safety, four years of crash data identified 112 older (≥ 65 years) pedestrian serious injury crashes. These data were explored for factors that might be addressed systemically using two methods. First, raw frequencies in the crash data were assessed to determine trends and crash-related factors that are overrepresented. Second, a random forest analysis is conducted to determine important variables for predicting older pedestrian serious injury crashes. Using these crash-related factors, a workshop was held with 18 local stakeholders and experts. As part of the workshop, key crash trends, potential causations, and potential countermeasures by priority of implementation were determined based on perspectives from workshop participants. Three key systemic solutions were identified to improve older pedestrian safety, including improving pedestrian visibility and illumination, implementing treatments for left-turns, and shortening pedestrian crossing distances across the state. The framework presented in the current study can be adopted by other agencies to systemically address a wide variety of safety concerns.
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1/10/20224:00 PM- 5:30 PM1162LTranslating Safety Research to Real-World SolutionsEvaluation of Posted Speed Limits Reductions on Urban Roads with a High Percentage of CyclistsMiguel Figliozzi, Portland State University; Jaclyn Schaefer*, Portland State University; Avinash Unnikrishnan, Portland State UniversityThis paper presents a before and after analysis of the impact of posted speed limit (PSL) changes on passenger car (FHWA class two vehicles) speeds in Portland, OR. The study focuses on urban roads, comparing sites that underwent a PSL 5-mph reduction (treatment sites) and sites where the PSL did not change (control sites). Sites with a high percentage of and priority for cyclists (neighborhood greenways) and sites with a more standard traffic composition were compared. Differences in speed characteristics such as mean and 85 th percentile speeds, the speed variance, and the proportion of vehicles exceeding a speed threshold (relative to the posted speed limit) were evaluated on aggregate and individual scales. A series of statistical hypothesis tests were employed to assess changes in the speed characteristics among individual dataset pairs. The results suggest distinct differences between the treatment and control groups and neighborhood greenway and non-neighborhood greenway sites. Although there is a high degree of variability, the treatment group experienced more decreases in the speed characteristics, and by a greater amount than the control group, on average. Within the treatment group, sites with a priority for cyclists were even more likely to experience a larger reduction in operating speeds.
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1/10/20224:00 PM- 5:30 PM1177PAdvances in Understanding About Bicycle Safety, Modeling, and BehaviorComparative Observational Assessment of Bicyclists’ Interactions on Urban Streets with On-Street and Sidewalk-Level Bicycle LanesCat Silva, Technical University of Munich; Rolf Moeckel, Technical University of Munich; Kelly Clifton, Portland State UniversityThe competition over urban space and the debate over where people can and should ride their bicycles began not long after the new form of mobility was introduced to the public. For two centuries, we have debated and eventually investigated whether bicycle lanes belong at the sidewalk-level or if they should on-street at-grade with the vehicular roadway. Existing research has provided evidence for preferences for bicycle lane alignments based on perceived safety or comfort as well as objective measures of comparative safety based on available crash and hospital data. Much of the existing research has been driven by deductive assumptions or is limited by the lack of data describing near miss events and subtle, everyday interactions bicyclists experience while using different type of bicycle lanes. To help us better understand what role everyday interactions have on relative functionality of sidewalk-level and on-street bicycle lanes, an observational study was conducted using a new qualitative-quantitative grounded theory-driven approach for identifying and interpreting the outcome of bicyclists’ interactions. Using data gathered on 2583 interactions observed on four case study street segments in Munich, Germany, four outcomes were identified including: no reaction, adjusting or yielding, lane exiting, or multiple reactions. Based on inferential analyses of these outcomes, this paper presents an assessment of the safety, directness and access afforded or hindered by the spatial conditions of observed interactions. The results of this assessment revealed a trade-off between frequent and minor interactions in sidewalk-level lanes and infrequent but less safe interactions in on-street bicycle lanes.
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1/10/20224:00 PM- 5:30 PM1197PCurrent Issues in AviationRobust Multi-Period Maximum Coverage Facility Location Problem Considering Coverage ReliabilityDarshan Rajesh Chauhan*, Portland State University; Avinash Unnikrishnan, Portland State University; Miguel Figliozzi, Portland State University; Stephen Boyles, University of Texas, AustinThis study proposes a multi-period facility location formulation to maximize coverage while meeting a coverage reliability constraint. The coverage reliability constraint is a chance-constraint limiting the probability of failure to maintain the desired service standard, commonly followed by emergency medical services and fire departments. Further, uncertainties in the failure probabilities are incorporated by utilizing robust optimization using polyhedral uncertainty sets, which results in a compact mixed-integer linear program. A case study in the Portland, OR metropolitan area is analyzed for employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones to deliver defibrillators in the region to combat out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. In our context, multiple periods represent periods with different wind speed and direction distributions. The results show that extending to a multi-period formulation, rather than using average information in a single period, is particularly beneficial when either response time is short or uncertainty in failure probabilities is not accounted for. Accounting for uncertainty in decision-making improves coverage significantly while also reducing variability in simulated coverage, especially when response times are longer. Going from a single-period deterministic formulation to a multi-period robust formulation boosts the simulated coverage values by 74%, on average. The effect of considering a distance-based equity metric in decision-making is also explored.
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1/10/20226:00 PM- 7:30 PM—CTransportation History Subcommittee, AME00(1)-Presiding-John MacArthur, Portland State University
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1/11/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1232PPublic Transportation in the Spectrum of Mobility OptionsTransit and Active Transportation Use for Non-commute Travel among Portland TOD ResidentsJennifer Dill, Portland State University; Nathan McNeil, Portland State UniversityTransit oriented development (TOD) seeks to promote non-single occupancy vehicle travel by placing dense residential and mixed-use buildings near high-capacity, high-frequency transit. Most research to date on the impact of TODs on travel behavior have focused on commute trips; however, many trips are for non-work purposes, and a sizable portion of the population does not commute to work. This study utilizes a set of surveys, conducted between 2005 and 2019, of residents of TODs in the Portland OR region to assess factors associated whether or not, and how often, people walk, bike or take transit for home-based non-work trips. Findings show that about 20% of TOD residents take transit for non-work trips at least once per week, while 65% walk or bike for such trips. Attitudes and housing preferences are important factors in predicting whether and how frequently TOD residents walk, bicyle or take transit for non-work trips. Within TODs, higher transit accessibility is associated with more non-work transit use, and street connectivity is associated with more non-work walking and bicycling. Lower access to a personal vehicle is also an important factor in non-work travel.
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1/11/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM1280PCommunity Resources and ImpactsEffect of COVID-19 on Property Value Premium of Light Rail Transit: A Case Study of the Portland Metropolitan AreaSangwan Lee*, Portland State University; Liming Wang, Portland State University; Aaron Golub, Portland State UniversitySince the start of COVID-19 pandemic, scholars have conducted research to identify its impacts on our lives. So far studies have found the pandemic has led to plummeted transit ridership and shifted residential location preferences toward less-populated areas. If these impacts persist, the well-established preference for living in neighborhoods with better transit accessibility in many US cities may start to reverse. However, none of studies has investigated whether/how the preference for transit accessibility in residential location choice might have changed due to the pandemic and whether/how the potential changing preference is reflected in property value. To answer these research questions, we used a longitudinal quasi-experimental design and followed a four-step process: (1) collected repeat sales data, (2) employed Propensity Score Matching, (3) used Spatial Lag Model, and (4) conducted sensitivity tests. The results indicate that the appreciation rate increased by 0.9 percent if the single-family homes were located within a half-mile of a light rail station in the Portland metropolitan area, Oregon, compared to otherwise identical homes. The finding suggests that, despite the COVID-19 impact on transit ridership and residential location perference, homebuyers continue to pay a premium on single-family homes proximate to transit stations.
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1/11/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM1281PAccess, Development, and the EconomyMaximum Profit Facility Location and Dynamic Resource Allocation for Instant Delivery LogisticsDarshan Rajesh Chauhan*, Portland State University; Avinash Unnikrishnan, Portland State University; Stephen Boyles, University of Texas, AustinIncreasing e-commerce activity, competition for shorter delivery times, and innovations in transportation technologies has pushed the industry towards instant delivery logistics. In this paper, we study a facility location and online demand allocation problem applicable for a logistics company expanding to instant delivery service using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) or drones. The problem is decomposed into two stages. During the planning stage, the facilities are located, and product and battery capacity are allocated. During operational stage, the customers place orders dynamically and real-time demand allocation decisions are made. We explore a multi-armed bandit framework for maximizing the cumulative reward realized by the logistics company subject to various capacity constraints and compare it with other strategies. Multi-armed bandit (MAB) framework provides about 7% more rewards than the second-best strategy when tested on standard test instances. A case study based in Portland Metro Area showed that MAB can outperforms second-best strategy by more than 20%.
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1/11/20221:30 PM- 3:00 PM1304PSafety Performance and StrategiesImpact of COVID-19 on Injury Severity of Drivers Involved in Run-Off-Road CrashesSeyedmirsajad Mokhtarimousavi, Florida International University; Angela Kitali, University of Washington Tacoma; Jason Anderson, Portland State University; Priyanka Alluri, Florida International University; Armin Mehrabi, Florida International UniversityThis study examined the impact of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the severity of drivers involved in Run-Off-Road (ROR) crashes. A random Parameter Ordered Logit (RPOL) modeling framework was utilized to account for the ordinal nature of severity outcome and capture the potential unobserved heterogeneity. The data used in this study contained ROR crashes that occurred from April to September for 2019 and 2020 as non-pandemic and during pandemic time periods, respectively. Separate driver injury severity models were developed across the two time periods, and the overall stability of the model estimates was examined through likelihood ratio tests. The impacts of various potential contributing factors, including crash-, driver-, and vehicle-related variables, roadway geometric characteristics, environmental conditions, and traffic-specific factors, were assessed. The analysis results showed that, although the developed models share some common features, the model specifications indicated a strong temporal instability among the estimated parameters. Compared to the non-pandemic period, the following variables resulted in increased driver injury severity in ROR crashes during the pandemic: drivers 65 years or older, careless driving, and absence of traffic control devices.
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1/11/20224:00 PM- 5:30 PM1338PAdvances in Traffic Monitoring Research and PracticeUtilizing Pneumatic Tube Data to Predict Bicycle Speed on Urban RoadsJaclyn Schaefer*, Portland State University; Miguel Figliozzi, Portland State UniversityNew policies and updates to the roadway infrastructure are being implemented to better serve existing cyclists and encourage new ones. The success of many of these projects depends on a thorough understanding of the dynamics of cycling, including travel speeds. The ability to predict bicycle speeds has implications for bikeway design, signal timing, and trip-planning purposes. Previous research attempts to predict bicycle speeds most frequently include a mix of site-level characteristics and characteristics at the individual level, such as gender, age, type of bicycle, or cycling experience. Collecting data at the individual level is more complex than site-level data, generally requiring cyclists to opt into studies by using gps tracking devices or smartphone apps, which may bias results. Automatic speed recorders such as pneumatic tubes are easier to administer and are widely used to collect traffic speeds, including those of bicycles. However, data about the individual is unavailable with this data collection method. Therefore, this paper focuses on traffic, geometric, and roadway factors to model bicycle speeds. The results of a regression analysis indicated that bicycle speed is predominantly influenced by grade. Additionally, the average passenger car speed, the segment length, the percentage of bicycles, and the type of bikeway facility were found to have statistically significant (p < 0.05) effects on bicycle speeds. On shared roads, the interaction of the bicycle facility type and the percentage of bicycles was found to have a moderating effect on speed.
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1/12/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1353LEquity Issues in Pedestrian Walkability and SafetyAn Ecological Analysis of Pedestrian Crashes in Oregon: Assessing the Relationship between Sociodemographic, Built Environment, and Traffic Factors on Pedestrian Injuries and FatalitiesJoshua Roll, Oregon Department of Transportation; Nathan McNeil, Portland State UniversityPedestrian fatalities increased both in absolute numbers and as a percentage of traffic fatalities in the United States over the past decade, while national data and prior research shows that Black, Indigenous and people of color (BIPOC) and lower-income people experience disproportionately high pedestrian fatalities. This study employs an ecological / spatial analysis to explore pedestrian safety disparities in Oregon, incorporating crash data, roadway and land use factors, and sociodemographic data such as income and race. This approach allows us to examine factors that are associated with increased pedestrian injuries and fatalities. Median income of a census tract is found to be a consistent and stable predictor of pedestrian injury across study periods and injury severities. Measures of BIPOC racial categories, specifically Asian and Latinx are significant as well, and are likely proxies for other traffic exposure and deficient built environmental variables, which may reflect a lack of historic investment in the neighborhoods where these populations are more concentrated.
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1/12/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1369PCurrent Perspectives on Human Factors of Infrastructure Design and OperationsUser Comprehension of Bicycle Signal Countdown TimersDouglas Cobb; Christopher Monsere, Portland State University; David Hurwitz, Oregon State University; Sirisha Kothuri, Portland State University; Hisham JashamiFor a person on a bicycle at signalized intersections, trail crossings, or midblock locations, knowing how long they must wait to receive a green indication is valuable information. In the international context, this information is often provided by small, nearside bicycle signal heads that contain a countdown display that visually conveys the amount of waiting time. This paper presents the results of research to investigate the comprehension of bicycle countdown timer displays in the US context. The study conducted an online survey to analyze understanding and preference of three alternative bicycle countdown timer displays. Respondents were recruited by two recruitment methods: mailed postcards (568 responses) and social media ads (772 responses). A countdown timer with circular disappearing dots was then installed at an intersection in Portland, OR and an intercept survey was conducted of users (29 responses). For both surveys, comprehension rates were established by coding an open-ended response to a question about the display's intended meaning. The surveys found that the bicycle signal countdown displays were intuitive, and the intended meaning was fully understood by over 60% of online survey respondents and 52% of the intercepted cyclists. Partial comprehension increased to over 70% and 97% of intercepted would result in a safe user interpretation. A countdown timer may also improve the waiting experience for stopped cyclists, as 70% of respondents strongly or somewhat agreed that they would feel better about waiting at an intersection if a bicycle countdown timer was present.
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1/12/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1374PImpacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Activities and Travel
“It’s Complicated”: Exploring the Relationship Status of In-store and Online Grocery Shopping During the COVID-19 PandemicGabriella Abou-Zeid, ICF; Max Nonnamaker*, Portland State University; Kristina Currans, University of Arizona; Amanda Howell, University of Oregon; Kelly Clifton, Portland State UniversityIn 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic drastically impacted travel for in-person shopping, commute trips, global supply chains, and food business operations. Shopping for food and household items became markedly different as new social distancing and mask guidelines were put in place to mitigate the spread. Concurrently, e-commerce sales in the U.S. skyrocketed. E-grocery pickup and delivery services saw unprecedented expansions. The adoption and use of e-grocery services have implications for mobility, although the nature of the relationship of e-grocery to the latter is still unclear. The goal of this work is primarily to highlight the complexity of relationships between online and in-person food shopping behaviors during the pandemic, controlling for household and individual characteristics, COVID-19 related experiences, and attitudes. This work is carried out using novel survey data of persons who are primarily responsible for grocery shopping for their households (or who share this responsibility with other members) located in five U.S. states. Three models are developed estimating weekly trip rates for in-person, online pickup, and online delivery grocery shopping. The culmination of results shows complicated and varying relationships in the ways households shop for food and, in turn, in their generated trips. Implications for how these relationships might inform the way we think about the interactions between transportation, land use, technology, and infrastructure are discussed.
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1/12/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1391PNew Developments in Urban Freight in the Era of COVID-19: The Boom of Home Deliveries and the Promise of AutomationA Study of Factors Affecting Commercial Vehicles Permits, Loading Zones, and Double-Parking FinesMiguel Figliozzi, Portland State University; Sabya Mishra, The University of Memphis; Evangelos Kaisar, Florida Atlantic UniversityCurbside parking management is a growing priority for municipalities trying to manage economic activity, road safety, and parking demand. This research is timely as many cities have reallocated street space during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a post-pandemic world on-street parking may be scarcer. This research surveys and analyzes data from 80 US urban areas regarding double parking and loading zone violation fees as well as general characteristics such as cost-of-living, density, population, congestion levels, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per person. Statistical analysis of the data is performed utilizing exploratory techniques as well as factor and cluster analyses. There is a clear association between parking violation penalties such as loading zone and double-parking violations and urban areas characteristics. Double parking and loading zone violations are related in distinct ways to urban area characteristics and there are two distinct groups of urban areas. There are several approaches to define and charge for commercial vehicle permits and loading zones, but they tend to be rather rigid and not broadly used. Policy implications are discussed, especially regarding the need for more flexible traffic and parking codes that can incentivize and better accommodate more sustainable emerging technologies and new commercial vehicle types that can improve urban logistics efficiency.
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1/12/20228:00 AM- 9:30 AM1391PNew Developments in Urban Freight in the Era of COVID-19: The Boom of Home Deliveries and the Promise of AutomationSpatial Accessibility and Equity Analysis of Amazon Parcel Lockers FacilitiesJaclyn Schaefer*, Portland State University; Miguel Figliozzi, Portland State UniversityThe onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the growth of ecommerce and home deliveries. Automated parcel lockers are a way to improve delivery efficiency but despite their rapid growth little is known about their accessibility and equity impacts. Among ecommerce players in the US, Amazon stands out by its large market share. This research studies the location of Amazon lockers in in Portland, Oregon utilizing highway, land use, employment, and sociodemographic datasets. Geographical tools and cluster analysis are utilized to estimate accessibility and equity metrics. Lockers tend to be located in mixed-use areas and can be utilized by a large percentage of the population. However, the equity metrics indicate that the current distribution of lockers could be improved to reach traditionally underserved populations. Given the environmental and economic advantages of lockers, policymakers should encourage the expansion of this type of last mile solution in areas that are currently underserved.
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1/12/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM—CEmerging Vehicles for Low-Speed Transportation, ACH20(2), Joint Subcommittee of ACH20, ACH10, ACS30, AP020-Presiding-John MacArthur, Portland State University
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1/12/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM1406LSpeed Round Through the Latest Innovation in Urban FreightModeling Optimal Drone Courier Fleet Size and Sustainability TradeoffsYuval Hadas, Bar Ilan University; Miguel Figliozzi, Portland State UniversityThe last mile delivery is particularly challenging for stochastic deliveries with narrow time windows. Stochasticity and narrow delivery window increase costs and emissions. This topic is timely due to the rise of e-commerce and the rise of courier type services that range from medicines and health services to food delivery. A novel contribution of this research is to provide an optimization approach, extending the newsvendor model, to provide an optimal drone fleet sizing solution with stochastic demand in terms of number of deliveries and deliveries weight or payload. The solutions obtained are robust, as shown in a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. Another contribution of this research is to analyze energy consumption, sustainability, tradeoffs when electric trucks and drones are utilized. A simulation study indicates that there is an optimal policy to allocate drones and electric trucks based on the demand arrival rate and that the profit seeking and sustainability optimal solutions in terms of drone utilization do not necessarily coincide.
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1/12/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM 1410PPedestrian Models and ModelingIntegration of a Fine-Grained Pedestrian Model into an Agent-Based Transport Model for Assessing Travel and Health OutcomesQin Zhang, Technical University of Munich; Rolf Moeckel, Technische Universität München; Kelly Clifton, Portland State UniversityOriginally, transport demand models were designed for simulating car trips. Nowadays researchers and planners are considering pedestrian travel and its health and safety impacts in the regional transport models. However, the existing transport models lack the knowledge and experience in pedestrian modeling for health assessment. This paper contributes to the modeling practice by developing an integrated model – called the MITO/MoPeD model – that builds upon previous model development and integrates the fine-grained pedestrian modeling tool into the agent-based transport model. The MITO/MoPeD model is applied to the Munich metropolitan area. Model performances are analyzed based on travel and health outcomes. Results show that the MITO/MoPeD model can better represent pedestrian travel behavior than the Munich Model. It performed better in simulating the spatial distribution of walk shares and the distribution of walk trip lengths. Moreover, it overcomes the issue of overestimating physical activity volumes. These findings suggest that the MITO/MoPeD model can provide more precise outcomes to health assessment tools for further health and safety impacts analysis.
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1/12/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM 1412PRoad Scholars: New Research in Travel Time, Speed, and Reliability DataDistribution Free Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Test for the Travel Time Buffer IndexAvinash Unnikrishnan, Portland State University; Subhash Kochar, Portland State University; Miguel Figliozzi, Portland State UniversityTravel time reliability is a key metric of interest to practitioners and researchers because it affects travel choice and the economic competitiveness of urban areas. One common metric to measure travel time reliability is the buffer index which is related to the ratio of the travel time 95 th percentile to the travel time sample mean, i.e., the additional time needed to arrive on time 95% of the time. The key novel contributions of this research include using the bi-variate delta method to arrive at the buffer index sampling distributions that are asymptotically normal and a formula for its standard error. This result, in turn, is used to derive a formula for the buffer index confidence interval. The derivations do not impose any shape requirement on travel time distributions. A case study based on a highway corridor in Portland, OR, is utilized to estimate buffer indices and confidence intervals for several travel time distributions with different shapes and levels of skewness. The performance of the proposed method is compared against several bootstrappingbased confidence intervals with favorable performance. Finally, upper-tailed, lower-tailed, and two-tailed one-sample hypothesis testing procedures are developed for the buffer index, and numerical tests show a positive performance and high statistical power for sample sizes larger than 1000.
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1/12/202210:30 AM- 12:00 PM 1418PPublic Transportation Fare Policy and Marketing: Research Results and Implications for PracticeExploring the costs of addressing equity in the transition to cashless fare collectionAaron Golub, Portland State University; Anne Brown, University of Oregon; Candace Brakewood, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; John MacArthur, Portland State UniversityMany transit agencies plan to automate their fare collection and limit the use of cash, with the goals of improving boarding, data collection and lowering operating costs. As fare technologies automate, many riders will find it difficult to ride because of barriers to access smartphones, internet and banking needed to use fare payment systems. This project explores the practices used to address equity issues in cashless fare payment systems. A first phase of this project used a survey of transit riders in three major metros to explore barriers to transitioning to cashless payment. We found that a significant number of riders (~30%) still pay cash on-board buses, and while many could stop using cash, a significant number imagine they will continue to rely on cash where available, and a small number claim they would not be able to ride any longer. In this last part of our project, we explore the costs of maintaining cash collection in different configurations, in order to transition over the coming decade. Our analysis is based on a spreadsheet cost model. Employing our survey data, we estimate ridership changes following from configurations of cash collection in our three case cities. We find that where large groups of riders are potentially excluded, efforts to continue some cash collection is quite cost effective, adding retail is least costly, and continuing on-board cash collection is also reasonable.
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1/13/20219:00 AM- 12:00 PM1431WDo You Count If You Are Not Counted?: An Exploration of Systematic Bias in Crash Data Systems-Presiding-Kelly Rodgers, Portland State University
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1/13/20219:00 AM- 12:00 PM1431WDo You Count If You Are Not Counted?: An Exploration of Systematic Bias in Crash Data SystemsPedestrian Injuries by Social Equity Factors in Oregon: Measuring Statewide Pedestrian Injury Disparity Using Common DataJoshua Roll, Oregon Department of Transportation; Nathan McNeil, Portland State UniversityPast research and planning has highlighted the existence of pedestrian injury disparities throughout the United States. Some local agencies have performed cursory analysis in Oregon, but no statewide analysis of pedestrian injuries has been completed to see how these injury outcomes differ by race and income. This paper first documents racial pedestrian fatality disparities in Oregon, and then presents an analysis using a simplified index to explore if areas with higher concentrations Black, Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) and or lower-income Oregonians face disproportionate levels of pedestrian crashes and fatalities. The analysis shows that BIPOC Oregonians experience higher levels of pedestrian fatalities, and that these disparities have worsened in recent years. Further, census tracts with higher proportions of BIPOC and low-income Oregonians experience higher rates of pedestrian injuries and fatalities, as well as being subject to more vehicle miles travelled, more high-speed arterials, and higher levels of travel by walking and transit. The analysis approach provides a set of tools to analyze pedestrian injuries and disparities which can be easily implemented using accessible data sources, and provides a starting point for agencies to assess and begin acting to improve pedestrian safety inequities.
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