Social Movement Case Studies Summary

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N
1	Finding	Strength of evidence	Case studies providing evidence	SI anti-abortion	SI ADPM	SI antislavery	SI Fair Trade	SI prisoners' rights	ACE children's rights	ACE environmentalism	MB antislavery	MB environmentalism	WG antislavery	Other social movements or other sources

2	The interaction of particular social movement strategies with wider hard-to-influence factors affects the chances of a movement’s success; change may be substantially more tractable in some periods than others.	Very strong	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery, Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights, children's rights, environmentalism, US antislavery, other social movements	"For securing desired legislative outcomes..."; "Stronger alignment with..."	"The interaction of particular social movement strategies..."; "In 1846, Michigan banned the death penalty..."; "The Mexican War..."; "Eight other states abolished..."; "Factors encouraging the reinstatement..."; "Trends that began in the 19th..."; "The influence of rising crime rates on this trend..."; "Subsequently, New Mexico..."; "Internationally, cultural factors..."; "Differing outcomes in the United States and Europe"	"Timing"; "Other contemporary British human rights movements and their intersections with antislavery"; "Focus on regions whose investment..."	"Business scholars William Low and Eileen Davenport..."; "It may be important to lobby..."	"The tractability of different litigation strategies..."	"By the nineteenth century things were..."; "However, her views on these subjects..."	"Silent Spring benefited from..."; "Silent Spring in Europe..."	"Sectional divergence" and the following two sections	"Emergence of Modern Environmentalism in the US"; "Two developments in the late ‘80s..."; "Early Climate Negotiations and Differences";	"By 1860, when the moderately..."	"External constraints on the impact of social movements"; "Scholars have suggested several causes of the development..."
3	While still being positive, the effects of some social movement victories can be disappointingly small for their intended beneficiaries.	Very strong	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery, US Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights, children's rights, US environmentalism	"Judicial rulings may have insubstantial..."; "Legislation that restricts access..."	"Court rulings can encourage..."	"The apparent failure of abolition..."	"Benefits to the Intended Beneficiaries..."	"Litigation can improve welfare..."	"This 'evolutionary process' was inaugurated in 1918..."	"The moral licensing effect of green..."		"The FCCC and the Kyoto Protocol"
4	Legislative change can occur without public support for that change.	Strong	US ADPM, EU ADPM, US anti-abortion, children's rights	"Since Gallup polls began directly asking the question..." in comparison to the successful advocacy discussed in the section on "Institutional Reform"	"In 1936, only one state’s..."; "Outside of the US..."				"Influencing politicians was more effective..."
5	Public opinion can positively affect legislative decision-making.	Strong	US anti-abortion, US antislavery, other social movements	"For securing desired legislative outcomes..."	"Public opinion can influence..."								"The number of signatures..."	"Another factor that has been tested..."
6	Once influential institutions in one country or region adopt a value, they can influence institutions elsewhere to adopt the same value.	Strong	US anti-abortion, EU ADPM, UK antislavery, children's rights	"Changes in some states may substantially influence..." though this refers to symbolic rather than proactive influence	"Once influential international bodies..."	"Perhaps most importantly, the citizens and Slaves of other nations both knew..."; "Both abolitionists and the planter lobby..."			"The impact of precedent-setting"		"The success of British abolitionists..."; "International Abolitionism"
7	Pressure tactics can be effective at challenging companies.	Strong	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights	"Disruptive and confrontational tactics seem likely to be effective at reducing the supply of targeted products or services..."; "Boycotts of specific companies..."	"A 2010 campaign by the UK group..."		"Victories can likely be won..."	"Disruptive tactics can lead to..."
8	Religious groups can provide a substantial pool of advocates and supporters for a movement.	Strong	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights, US antislavery. Contrary: US ADPM.	"Close alignment with the leadership..."; "Even if the theology of a particular religion..."	"Formal alignment with the leadership..."	Various mentions of advocacy by Quakers and Methodists.	"In addition to the founding role..."	"By the 1960s, court justices..."					"The AASS came into existence..."
9	Social movements can collaborate to challenge institutions.	Strong	UK antislavery, US ADPM, US prisoners' rights		"Social movements can collaborate..."	"Build coalitions with other movements?"		"Social movements can collaborate..."
10	Major political parties can change their stance on a social issue or adopt a strong position where previously they were indifferent.	Strong	US anti-abortion, several other social movements	"Political parties are more willing..."										"Abortion is not the only social issue..."
11	Incremental reforms do not prevent subsequent, more radical reforms.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, children's rights, US environmentalism. Mixed: US ADPM.	"An important question for the farmed..."	"The successful abolition of the death penalty..."; "There is some evidence that procedural reforms..."	"Smaller reforms to the industry..."			"This 'evolutionary process' was inaugurated in 1918..."	"Silent Spring" and "Radical critiques" compared to "Aftermath"
12	Marketing and efforts to raise awareness can have limited effects on behaviors or institutions.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, Fair Trade, US antislavery. Mixed: US environmentalism	"There is indirect evidence that proactive..."; "Although assessing causation is difficult..."; "Reactive behavioral support services..."		"Share information aggressively..."	"Marketing efforts likely increase..."			"Recycling"			"Moral suasion — an unqualified disaster" compared to "4. Abstention — an extraneous issue of comparatively small importance"
13	Advocates can start successfully publicly advocating for institutional change even if they don't yet have public support.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, children's rights. Contrary: US antislavery	"Since Gallup polls began directly asking the question..." in comparison to the successful advocacy discussed in the section on "Institutional Reform"		"Advocates can start advocating for a massive change..."; "1806: Passage of the Foreign Slave Trade Act"			"Influencing politicians was more effective..."				"Moral suasion — an unqualified disaster"
14	The attitude of policy-makers is a more important determinant of legislative outcomes than public opinion.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, children's rights. Mixed: other social movements	"For securing desired legislative outcomes..."	"Legislative change is surprisingly tractable..."; "Lobbying and effective mobilization..."				"Influencing politicians was more effective..."					"External constraints on the impact of social movements"
15	Legislative change can positively affect individual behavior.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, children's rights	"Legislation that restricts access..."		"Today, in no country..."			"The effect of the law on behavior"
16	Legislative change can cause backlash and counter-mobilization.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, children's rights. Contrary: UK antislavery	"Advocates who successfully push through controversial..."	"It is probably easier to introduce and implement...";	"1807: Abolition of the Transatlantic Slave Trade"			"A failed repeal of the law..."
17	Companies are more likely to succumb to pressure to stop selling a particular product type if it makes up only a small proportion of their profit margins.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, Fair Trade	"Boycotts of specific companies..."	"Companies are more likely..."		"Various companies have..."
18	Messaging that includes supplementary arguments attracts broader support, including among key institutional decision-makers.	Moderate	US ADPM, UK antislavery, US prisoners' rights		"Messaging that includes supplementary arguments..."; "In 2000, New Hampshire’s Congress..."; "A focus among the judiciary on supplementary arguments..."	"If moral advocacy seems insufficient..."		"Messaging that includes supplementary..."
19	Highlighting the stories of some of the intended beneficiaries (especially the most respectable and relatable among them), or otherwise building connections between them and advocates' audiences, can encourage support for change.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery, children's rights	"Imagery that encourages bonding..."	"The stories of individual criminals..."	"Move the public spotlight..."; "Emphasize the respectable and relatable..."			"Another question arises..."
20	Former antagonists can become influential advocates for a movement.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery	"In 1984, the NRLC and Bernard Nathanson..."; "The Republican candidate..."; "Political scientist David Karol..."		"Both abolitionists and the planter lobby..."
21	Successes are more tractable in places where a practice is not in regular use.	Moderate	US ADPM, UK antislavery, US antislavery		"It is probably easier to abolish..."	"Target people who are more removed from the institution"; "Americans had similar governance to Great Britain..."; "The same year, the King of Denmark..."					"Sectional divergence" and the following two sections		Various mentions of advocacy being more widespread in the North, where slavery was less important to the economy.
22	Consumer action can be taken by individuals who would otherwise be unlikely to contribute to a social movement.	Moderate	UK antislavery, Fair Trade, environmentalism			"Women could not participate..."	"Providing consumer action opportunities..."			"Immediate effects"
23	Institutional tactics can cause increases in the salience of an issue.	Moderate	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery, US prisoners' rights	"Several measures of the salience of abortion..."	"Important judicial rulings..."	"On his travels, Clarkson found..." and the subsequent four paragraphs.		"Litigation can draw public attention to an issue."
24	Moral arguments are important for activist mobilization.	Weak	US ADPM, UK antislavery, US antislavery		"Moral arguments are important..."	"Use secondary self-interested arguments..."							"Within a year of its founding..." and the following two paragraphs;
25	Social change may be more likely to occur if credible professional groups and institutions advocate for change before broader participation and pressure is encouraged.	Weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery, US antislavery	"Social change may be more likely..."	"Disruptive tactics may be effective..."	Throughout, e.g. "1772: Somerset v. Stewart" and "On his travels, Clarkson found..."							"The largest abolitionist organization..." and "Moral suasion — an unqualified disaster"
26	Legislative change can occur before the behaviors that will be regulated have changed.	Weak	UK antislavery, US antislavery. Mixed: US anti-abortion	Compare "Changes to behavior" to "Legislative and legal changes"		"Focus more on political campaigns..."							"4. Abstention — an extraneous issue of comparatively small importance"
27	Educational interventions can have positive effects on attitudes, but changing public opinion requires substantial resources.	Weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM. Contrary: US environmentalism	"Overall, efforts to modify public opinion..."	"As people become more aware of a topic..."					"Range of impact"; "Books as an effective intervention"; "Aftermath" [though these do not refer specifically to public opinion]
28	Decision-makers may support major changes to an institution even if they are not opposed to the institution itself.	Weak	US ADPM, UK antislavery		"Public support is higher for a moratorium..." and various evidence of decisions being made based on supplementary arguments rather than moral ones (e.g. flaws in the system as it was practiced at the time)	"People can support a ban on the institution..."
29	Legislative change can positively affect public opinion.	Weak	US anti-abortion, EU ADPM. Mixed: US ADPM, children's rights	"An important question for the farmed..."	"Abolition of a practice seems likely..."				"The effect of the law on public opinion"
30	A book by an impartial and credible author can become highly influential.	Weak	US ADPM, environmentalism, other social movements		"A book by an impartial and credible..."					"Silent Spring"				"The tractability of social change through intellectual developments"; "On the other hand, many scholars..."
31	Incremental successes can distract advocates’ attention from more important political and systemic issues.	Weak	Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights				"It may be important to lobby..."	"Incremental successes of improving..."
32	Some incremental tactics have a high risk of unintended negative consequences and should be avoided.	Weak	US ADPM, Fair Trade, US prisoners' rights		"Social movements should avoid incremental..."; "There is some evidence that procedural reforms..."		"Engaging directly with mainstream market institutions and dynamics may lead..."; though see also "Engaging directly with mainstream market institutions and dynamics will enable..." and "Social movements should implement..."	"Litigation may have unintended..."
33	Encouraging consumer action can build momentum for institutional campaigns.	Weak	UK antislavery, Fair Trade, several other social movements. Contrary: environmentalism			"Women could not participate in politics..."; "Focus more on political campaigns..."	"Individuals who participate in consumer action..."			"Broader effects"				"Individuals who participate..."
34	Moral circle expansion advocacy is more tractable in countries with high political participation.	Weak	EU ADPM, UK antislavery, children's rights. Contrary: US ADPM		"A number of observational analyses suggest..."; "It is probably easier to introduce..."	"Focus on nations with exceptionally strong cultures..."			"Also, Swedes had a collectivist..."
35	It is easier to introduce and implement unpopular laws if voters in the state do not have ready access to ballot initiatives or referenda.	Weak	US ADPM, children's rights		"It is probably easier to introduce..."				"A failed repeal of the law..."
36	Direct lobbying efforts can make the difference between victory or defeat in closely fought legislative campaigns.	Weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, UK antislavery	"In 1970, Hawaii legalized abortions..."; "Political scientist Rosemary Nossiff compares..."; "Additionally, before the Roe ruling..."	"Lobbying and effective mobilization..."	"That year, Parliament received..."; "In 1796, Wilberforce’s bill failed...";
37	The recommendations of credible institutions can affect policy.	Weak	US ADPM, EU ADPM, US prisoners' rights, children's rights. Contrary: UK antislavery		"Research groups and reports commissioned..."; "Social movements should avoid incremental..."; "Once influential international bodies..."	"The Privy Council issued an 850-page report..."		"The recommendations of credible..."	"A father who had badly beaten..."; "The credible support network..."
38	Selecting and encouraging the most compelling issue framings in public discourse can have substantial effects on public opinion.	Weak	US ADPM, children's rights		"Messaging that includes supplementary arguments..."; "The changing tone of media coverage..."				"Advocates were less successful..."
39	High issue salience can decrease the tractability of legislative change.	Very weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM. Contrary: US environmentalism	"High issue salience may contribute..."	"A single legislator seems to have been influential..."					"Aftermath"
40	Media coverage can encourage institutional change.	Very weak	US ADPM, US prisoners' rights		Footnote 945.			"Newspaper coverage may..."
41	Consistent use of one or two labels and symbolic images can be more effective than using a variety.	Very weak	UK antislavery, Fair Trade			"Adopt widespread use of one or two symbolic images"	"Social movements should seek..."
42	Movements that use a diversity of tactics can be more resilient.	Very weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM, US prisoners' rights	"Advocates who successfully push..."	"Social movements should proactively ensure..."			"Social movements based heavily..."
43	Demands for consumers' total abstention from products that harm a movement's intended beneficiaries can have little success.	Very weak	Fair Trade, US antislavery				"Engaging directly with mainstream market...						"4. Abstention — an extraneous issue of comparatively small importance"
44	Movements that do not exaggerate the problems they oppose can be more credible and respected.	Very weak	US anti-abortion, UK antislavery, children's rights	"As well as reducing movement credibility..."; "The anti-abortion movement seems to have gained a worse..."		"Do not exaggerate the facts..."			"The use of credible research..."
45	Politicians are incentivized to be more sensitive to public opinion on "morality issues" than on technical issues.	Very weak	US anti-abortion, US ADPM	Footnote 411	"Public opinion can influence legislation..."
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