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1 | # | Category | Link | Name | Authors | Abstract | Description/Findings | Conflicts of Interest/Funding | Citation | ||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 2 | Hydration | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/464354/ | Body water content and turnover in cats fed dry and canned rations | S L Seefeldt, T E Chapman | Body water content and total body water turnover in cats fed commercially available dry food and then given canned rations were determined with tritiated water. Cats during the feeding of either ration did not differ in body water content or turnover. Cats during the feeding of the dry ration derived a greater fraction of their total water turnover from drinking water, and these cats drank more water per gram of dry matter intake than when fed the canned ration. On the basis of total water intake, however, those given the canned ration had significantly greater water intake per gram of dry matter; also, their total water turnover per gram of dry matter was greater. Compared with other animals, cats have a similar ratio of body water to body solids, but the rate of water turnover per unit of body weight is slower. | 1. Cats drink more water orally per gram when eating dry food only 2. Cats eating canned food had 2x greater total water intake 3. Cats do not properly compensate for water lost in dry food 4. Cats fed canned food have significantly higher total hydration | Seefeldt SL, Chapman TE. Body water content and turnover in cats fed dry and canned rations. Am J Vet Res. 1979 Feb;40(2):183-5. PMID: 464354. | |||||||||||||||||||||
3 | 3 | Hydration Caloric Intake | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S027153178180053X | Feeding behavior of the cat fed laboratory and commercial diets | E.Kane+Q.R.Rogers*J.G.Morris+ | Using a continuous recording computerized system, an experiment was conducted to examine the feeding and drinking patterns of the cat. Four diets; 1), dry commerical; 2), canned commercial; 3), casein based purified cats during 8 consecutive 7–10 day periods. Mean daily dry matter intake was greater (P<.01) for the dry than the canned diets. Mean daily caloric intake was 71 kcal/kg BW. Drinking water intake was greater (P<.01) during feeding of diet 1. Total water intake (mls/g DM) was highest (P<.01) for diet 2, even though the cats drank no water. There were no differences in meal frequency among diets (16 meals/day). Mean meal size (g DM/meal) was 4.8 g. It is concluded that domestic cats eat many small meals throughout the 24 h period, showing no diurnal cycle. After only a brief adaptive period cats clearly adjusted their dietary intake to their maintenance requirement despite the variable caloric content of the 4 diets. | 1. Cats on dry food drank more water orally 2. Cats on wet food drank no water, but had greater total water intake 3. Cats eat many small meals during a 24 hour period 4. Cats adapted to their daily calorie maintance requirement intake | E. Kane, Q.R. Rogers, J.G. Morris, Feeding behavior of the cat fed laboratory and commercial diets, Nutrition Research, Volume 1, Issue 5, 1981, Pages 499-507, ISSN 0271-5317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(81)80053-X. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027153178180053X) | |||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 4 | Hydration Urinary Struvite | https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/effect-of-dietary-water-intake-on-urinary-output-specific-gravity-and-relative-supersaturation-for-calcium-oxalate-and-struvite-in-the-cat/7FF71DDA2706FDCDA3BA961C3D8DB46F | Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat | Catherine M. F. Buckley , Amanda Hawthorne , Alison Colyer, Abigail E. Stevenson | It has been reported that daily fluid intake influences urinary dilution, and consequently the risk of urolithiasis in human subjects and dogs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary moisture on urinary parameters in healthy adult cats by comparing nutritionally standardised diets, varying only in moisture content. A total of six cats were fed a complete dry food (6·3 % moisture) hydrated to 25·4, 53·2 and 73·3 % moisture for 3 weeks in a randomised block cross-over design. Urinary specific gravity (SG), urine volume, water drunk and total fluid intake were measured daily; relative supersaturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate (CaOx) and struvite was calculated using the SUPERSAT computer program. Cats fed the 73·3 % moisture diet produced urine with a significantly lower SG (P < 0·001) compared with diets containing 53·2 % moisture or lower. Mean RSS for CaOx was approaching the undersaturated zone (1·14 (SEM 0·21); P = 0·001) for cats fed the diet with 73·3 % moisture and significantly lower than the 6·3 % moisture diet (CaOx RSS 2·29 (SEM 0·21)). The effect of diet on struvite RSS was less clear, with no significant difference between treatment groups. Total fluid intake was significantly increased (P < 0·001) in the 73·3 % moisture diet (144·7 (SEM 5·2) ml, or 30 ml/kg body weight per d) compared with the 6·3 % (103·4 (SEM 5·3) ml), 25·4 % (98·6 (SEM 5·3) ml) and 53·3 % (104·7 (SEM 5·3) ml) moisture diets, despite voluntary water intake decreasing as dietary moisture intake increased. Cats fed the 73·3 % moisture diet had a higher total daily fluid intake resulting in a more dilute urine with a lower risk of CaOx when compared with the lower-moisture diets. | Buckley, C., Hawthorne, A., Colyer, A., & Stevenson, A. (2011). Effect of dietary water intake on urinary output, specific gravity and relative supersaturation for calcium oxalate and struvite in the cat. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(S1), S128-S130. doi:10.1017/S0007114511001875 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | 5 | Hydration Urinary | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jfms.2009.10.008 | Effect of water source on intake and urine concentration in healthy cats | David C. Grant, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVIM | Increasing water intake and decreasing urine concentration are recommended for cats with urolithiasis and with idiopathic cystitis. Fountains are advocated to encourage drinking; however, effects on drinking of fountains have not been reported in cats living in pet owners homes. Thirteen healthy cats were assigned to have 24-h water intake and urine osmolality and specific gravity measured when water was offered from a bowl or fountain. One cat developed excessive barbering, vomiting, and refusal to drink water offered from the fountain. For the remaining 12 cats, intake was slightly greater from the fountain. However, urine osmolality was not significantly different. In this study, a fountain failed to substantially increase water intake and dilute urine in cats. A similar study including a greater period of time and additional cats may clarify the results of this study. | Cats kept on their home diets, only signficant change was observed in one cat who introduced wet food against the study terms | Funded by and Internal Research Competition Grant for the Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Fountains donated by Veterinary Ventures, but "Neither Veterinary Ventures nor any other party had any influence on the results of this study or were aware of the results of the study until after such time that it was accepted for publication." | Grant DC. Effect of water source on intake and urine concentration in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2010 Jun;12(6):431-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.10.008. Epub 2009 Dec 14. PMID: 20005758. | ||||||||||||||||||||
6 | 6 | Hydration | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30303439/ | Quantified water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and circulating water bowls, and its effects on selected urinary parameters | Michael T Robbins, Martha G Cline, Joseph W Bartges, Erin Felty, Korinn E Saker, Richard Bastian, Angela L Witzel | Objectives: The study objectives were to determine if the method of water presentation (still [S], circulating [C] or free-falling [FF] bowl systems) influences daily water consumption in cats in a controlled environment, and whether differences in water intake affect urine relative super saturation (RSS) for calcium oxalate and struvite, urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (Uosmol) and urine volume. Methods: Sixteen healthy laboratory cats fed a dry diet were individually housed with urine collection systems. Each cat underwent a randomized 2 week crossover period with all bowl systems, allowing a 1 week acclimation period between each crossover. Water intake was measured daily by bowl weight, accounting for spillage and evaporation. USG and urine volume were measured daily, whereas other urinary parameters were measured at various time points throughout each 14 day crossover period. Results: Fourteen cats completed the study. Average daily water intake (ml/kg/day), urine volume, USG and urine RSS for struvite and calcium oxalate were not significantly different between water bowls. Uosmol was significantly higher in C compared with S and FF bowl systems (P = 0.009 for both). Three individual cats demonstrated a significant water bowl preference (Cat 4: C >S, P = 0.039; Cat 10: FF >C, P = 0.005; Cat 11: S >C, P = 0.037). Conclusions and relevance: Overall, water bowl type had no appreciable effect on water intake. Uosmol was the only urinary parameter found to be significantly different, and was higher for the C bowl. The implication of this is unknown, considering water intake did not differ significantly between bowls. Alternative methods to increase water intake should be implemented beyond providing unique water bowls in patients where augmented water intake would be beneficial for disease management. | 1. 21% of individual cats demonstrated a water bowl type preference 2. Despite slight increase in water consumption from 21% of cats, the overall sample had no change 3. Urine Osmolality wa higher in the circulated water bowl 4. Primary recommendations for increasing hydration is food management with a wet diet | Funded by Radio Systems "Radio Systems Corporation had no influence on study design, results, outcome or reporting of information. Radio Systems Corporation was only made aware of the study results and they had no access to the study data beyond this. Radio Systems Corporation did donate the water bowls at the end of this study, though their intent to do this was not known to the authors/participants until after data collection." | Robbins MT, Cline MG, Bartges JW, Felty E, Saker KE, Bastian R, Witzel AL. Quantified water intake in laboratory cats from still, free-falling and circulating water bowls, and its effects on selected urinary parameters. J Feline Med Surg. 2019 Aug;21(8):682-690. doi: 10.1177/1098612X18803753. Epub 2018 Oct 10. PMID: 30303439. | ||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 15 | Hydration Calorie intake | https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/72/7/ajvr.72.7.918.xml | Effect of water content in a canned food on voluntary food intake and body weight in cats | Alfreda Wei PhD1, Andrea J. Fascetti VMD, PhD2, Cecilia Villaverde BVSc, PhD3, Raymond K. Wong BS4, and Jon J. Ramsey PhD5 | Objective—To determine whether water content in a canned food diet induces decreases in voluntary energy intake (EI) or body weight (BW) in cats fed ad libitum. Animals—16 sexually intact male domestic shorthair cats. Procedures—Maintenance EI was determined for 2 months in 10 weight-stable cats consuming a control diet (typical colony diet). Cats were allocated into 2 groups of equal BW and fed a canned diet (with-water [WW] diet) or a freeze-dried version of the canned diet (low-water [LW] diet) twice daily. Diets were identical in nutrient profile on a dry-matter basis. Each dietary treatment period of the crossover experiment lasted 3 weeks, with a 3-week washout period between diets. Body composition measurements were determined by use of deuterium oxide at the end of each dietary treatment. Daily food intake was measured for determination of dry-matter intake and EI. Six other cats were used in preference tests for the 3 diets. Results—EI was significantly decreased for the WW diet (mean ± SD, 1,053.0 ± 274.9 kJ/d), compared with EI for the LW diet (1,413.8 ± 345.8 kJ/d). Cats had a significant decrease in BW during consumption of the WW diet. Body composition was unaltered by diet. In short-term preference tests, cats ate significantly more of the WW than the LW diet. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bulk water in the WW diet stimulated decreases in EI and BW in cats. The impact of water content on energy density and food consumption may help promote weight loss in cats. | 1. Diets identical in nutrional composition 2. Lower elective intake on the wet diet 3. Higher water content recommended for weight loss regimens | Funding Supported by a grant from the Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis. | Wei, A., Fascetti, A. J., Villaverde, C., Wong, R. K., & Ramsey, J. J. (2011). Effect of water content in a canned food on voluntary food intake and body weight in cats, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(7), 918-923. Retrieved Aug 22, 2022, from https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/ajvr/72/7/ajvr.72.7.918.xml | ||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 16 | Hydration Urinary | https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.840.9273&rep=rep1&type=pdf#:~:text=The%20cats%20balanced%20the%20higher,in%20lower%20fecal%20water%20excretion. | Influence of water content and the digestibility of pet foods on the water balance of cats | Aulus Cavalieri CARCIOFI1 Rodrigo Sousa BAZOLLI1 Ariovaldo ZANNI2 Luiz Roberto Lanzoni KIHARA1 Flávio PRADA | Dietary adjustment has been studied for the control and prevention of the Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. This work studied the influence of the amount of water and food digestibility on water intake and excretion (urinary and fecal). Ten adult female cats housed in metabolic cages were used. Four treatments were tested: low price dry food, low price dry food with 50% added water, super-premium dry food and canned food. Water intake with food and by drinking, fecal and urinary water excretion and food’s digestibility coefficient were determined, in a Latin square experimental design with repetitions over time. The results were submitted to variance analysis; to Tukey’s test to compare means and to Pearson’s Correlation to test the association between variables (p<0.05). Moist food led to the highest water intake and the largest urine volume with the lowest density. The cats balanced the higher water intake with food by drinking less water. Adding 50% water to the food did not result in a higher total water intake and urine excretion. The lowest consumption of dry matter and highest food digestibility resulted in lower fecal water excretion. Dry foods with high and low digestibility had a urine:feces water excretion rate of 0.7:1 and 1.6:1, respectively. Among the nutrients, fat intake had a positive correlation with the urine volume. Foods with higher digestibility resulted in lower fecal water loss. Canned food (high water:dry matter ratio) led to the highest total water intake and urinary volume excretion, and lower urinary density. | This one has its own whole document because its results were interesting https://docs.google.com/document/d/1GfCW0r8LNAcc9v1-1lDK6fJACAwBVXcWbDz3KLPFd88/edit?usp=sharing | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 7 | Carbohydrate | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28569080/ | Comparison of carbohydrate content between grain-containing and grain-free dry cat diets and between reported and calculated carbohydrate values | Lori R Prantil, Cailin R Heinze, Lisa M Freeman | Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the carbohydrate content of grain-containing and grain-free dry cat diets and compare major protein and carbohydrate sources of these diets. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 77 randomly selected dry cat diets (42 grain-containing, 35 grain-free). Reported carbohydrate values were compared between grain-containing and grain-free cat diets. A subset of 25% of diets from each category (grain-containing and grain-free) was analyzed and nitrogen-free extract was calculated as an estimate of carbohydrate content. These calculated values were compared with reported values from the manufacturer. Animal- and plant-sourced ingredients were also compared between grain-containing and grain-free diets. Results: Mean reported carbohydrate content of the grain-free diets (n = 35) was lower than the grain-containing diets (n = 41; 64 ± 16 vs 86 ± 22 g/1000 kcal; P <0.001). Reported carbohydrate values were higher than analyzed nitrogen-free extract (n = 20; 79 ± 30 vs 73 ± 27 g/1000 kcal; P = 0.024). Poultry (P = 0.009) and soy (P = 0.007) were less common in grain-free diets than in diets containing grain. The alternative carbohydrate sources of chickpeas, lentils, peas, potato, sweet potato and cassava/tapioca were more common (P <0.05) in grain-free diets than in diets containing grain. Conclusions and relevance: This sample of grain-free diets had lower mean reported carbohydrate content than grain-containing diets, but there was considerable overlap between groups and individual diets’ carbohydrate/nitrogen-free extract content varied widely. | 1. Grain free diets contained 25% lower carbohydrate on average 2. The grain-free diets differed considerably in their carbohydrate % 3. Grain-free food is not a guarantee of low-carbohydrate food 4. Common carbohydrate sources: chickpeas, lentils, peas, potato, sweet potato, cassava/tapioca | Conflict of interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Funding Dr Prantil’s residency was funded by VCA Antech and Mars Petcare. This project was supported by VCA Antech. | Prantil LR, Heinze CR, Freeman LM. Comparison of carbohydrate content between grain-containing and grain-free dry cat diets and between reported and calculated carbohydrate values. J Feline Med Surg. 2018 Apr;20(4):349-355. doi: 10.1177/1098612X17710842. Epub 2017 Jun 1. PMID: 28569080. | ||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 8 | Carbohydrate | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469063/ | Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin responses in cats | L D de-Oliveira 1, A C Carciofi, M C C Oliveira, R S Vasconcellos, R S Bazolli, G T Pereira, F Prada | The effects of diets with different starch sources on the total tract apparent digestibility and glucose and insulin responses in cats were investigated. Six experimental diets consisting of 35% starch were extruded, each containing one of the following ingredients: cassava flour, brewers rice, corn, sorghum, peas, or lentils. The experiment was carried out on 36 cats with 6 replications per diet in a completely randomized block design. The brewers rice diet offered greater DM, OM, and GE digestibility than the sorghum, corn, lentil, and pea diets (P < 0.05). For starch digestibility, the brewers rice diet had greater values (98.6%) than the sorghum (93.9%), lentil (95.2%), and pea (96.3%) diets (P < 0.05); however, starch digestibility was >93% for all the diets, proving that despite the low carbohydrate content of carnivorous diets, cats can efficiently digest this nutrient when it is properly processed into kibble. Mean and maximum glucose concentration and area under the glucose curve were greater for the corn-based diet than the cassava flour, sorghum, lentil, and pea diets (P < 0.05). The corn-based diets led to greater values for the mean glucose incremental concentration (10.2 mg/dL), maximum glucose incremental concentration (24.8 mg/dL), and area under the incremental glucose curve (185.5 mg.dL(-1).h(-1)) than the lentil diet (2.9 mg/dL, 3.1 mg/dL, and -40.4 mg.dL(-1).h(-1), respectively; P < 0.05). When compared with baseline values, only the corn diet stimulated an increase in the glucose response, occurring at 4 and 10 h postmeal (P < 0.05). The corn-based diet resulted in greater values for maximum incremental insulin concentration and area under the incremental insulin curve than the lentil-based diet (P < 0.05). However, plasma insulin concentrations rose in relation to the basal values for cats fed corn, sorghum, pea, and brewers rice diets (P < 0.05). Variations in diet digestibility and postprandial response can be explained by differences in the chemical composition of the starch source, including fiber content and granule structure, and also differences in the chemical compositions of the diets. The data suggest that starch has less of an effect on the cat postprandial glucose and insulin responses than on those of dogs and humans. This can be explained by the metabolic peculiarities of felines, which may slow and prolong starch digestion and absorption, leading to the delayed, less pronounced effects on their blood responses | 1. Only the corn diet stimulated an increase in the glucose response, occurring at 4 and 10 hours postmeal 2. The corn-based diet resulted in greater values for maximum incremental insulin concentration and area under the incremental insulin curve than the lentil-based diet 3. Plasma insulin concentrations rose in relation to the basal values for cats fed corn, sorghum, pea, and brewers rice diets | de-Oliveira LD, Carciofi AC, Oliveira MC, Vasconcellos RS, Bazolli RS, Pereira GT, Prada F. Effects of six carbohydrate sources on diet digestibility and postprandial glucose and insulin responses in cats. J Anim Sci. 2008 Sep;86(9):2237-46. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0354. Epub 2008 May 9. PMID: 18469063. | |||||||||||||||||||||
11 | 9 | Carbohydrate Diabetes | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344379/ | Effect of acarbose on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in healthy cats fed low and high carbohydrate diets | Ranee Singh 1, Jacquie S Rand 2, Marcia Coradini 2, John M Morton 3 | Objectives: Feeding a low carbohydrate diet is recommended for diabetic cats; however, some cats may require diets containing moderate-to-high carbohydrate and may benefit from the use of therapeutic agents to improve glycemic control. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on postprandial plasma glucose concentration when combined with commercially available feline diets high and low in carbohydrate. Methods: Twelve healthy, adult, non-obese, neutered cats were enrolled. Plasma glucose concentrations were assessed over 24 h after feeding high and low carbohydrate diets, with and without acarbose, during single and multiple meal tests, in a crossover study. Commercially available feline diets were used, which were high and low in carbohydrate (providing 51% and 7% of metabolizable energy, respectively). Results: In cats fed the high carbohydrate diet as a single meal, mean 24 h glucose concentrations were lower when acarbose was administered. Mean glucose concentrations were lower in the first 12 h when acarbose was given once daily, whereas no significant difference was observed in mean results from 12–24 h. Acarbose had little effect in cats eating multiple meals. Compared with consumption of the high carbohydrate diet with acarbose, lower mean 24 h and peak glucose concentrations were achieved by feeding the low carbohydrate diet alone. Conclusions and relevance: In healthy cats meal-fed diets of similar composition to the diets used in this study, acarbose has minimal effect when a low carbohydrate diet is fed but reduces postprandial glucose concentrations over 24 h when a high carbohydrate diet is fed. However, mean glucose concentrations over 24 h are still higher when a high carbohydrate diet with acarbose is fed relative to the low carbohydrate diet without acarbose. Future studies in diabetic cats are warranted to confirm these findings. | Conflict of interest The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest to declare. Funding Funding was obtained from the Centre for Companion Animal Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. The abstract was presented in 2006 at the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine meeting and at the Nutrition Society of Australia meeting. Accepted: 29 September 2014 | Singh R, Rand JS, Coradini M, Morton JM. Effect of acarbose on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in healthy cats fed low and high carbohydrate diets. J Feline Med Surg. 2015 Oct;17(10):848-57. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14556559. Epub 2014 Oct 24. PMID: 25344379. | |||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 10 | Cabohydrate Fat | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15265476/ | Effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diet on plasma metabolite levels and on iv glucose tolerance test in intact and neutered male cats | S. Thiess, C. Becskei, K. Tomsa, T.A. Lutz*, M. Wanner | To elucidate the impact of dietary influence on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and on the development of diabetes mellitus in the carnivorous cat, a 3 weeks feeding trial was carried out on six sexually intact and six neutered adult male cats. The effects of two isonitrogenic diets, differing in carbohydrate and fat content, were investigated on plasma metabolite levels in a 24-h blood sampling trial. Plasma leptin concentrations were also determined at the beginning and at the end of the 24-h trial. Glucose and insulin response was measured in an i.v. glucose tolerance test. A 5 days long digestion trial was also performed, which revealed a high digestion capacity of both fat and carbohydrates in cats. The high fat diet induced a significant rise in the plasma triglyceride, FFA, beta-hydroxybutyrate and cholesterol concentration, while the elevation in the glucose level did not reach significance. In the glucose tolerance test no significant difference was found between the neutered and intact cats. However, independently of the sexual state, the cats on the high fat diet showed a slightly elongated glucose clearance and reduced acute insulin response to glucose administration. This is indicative of diminished pancreatic insulin secretion and/or beta-cell responsiveness to glucose. The results of this preliminary study may be the impetus for a long-term study to find out whether it is rather the fat rich ration than carbohydrate rich diet that is expected to impair glucose tolerance and thus might contribute to the development of diabetes mellitus in cats. Whether the alteration in glucose metabolism is due to altered leptin levels remains to be determined. | N/A | Thiess S, Becskei C, Tomsa K, Lutz TA, Wanner M. Effects of high carbohydrate and high fat diet on plasma metabolite levels and on i.v. glucose tolerance test in intact and neutered male cats. J Feline Med Surg. 2004 Aug;6(4):207-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2003.09.006. PMID: 15265476. | |||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 11 | Carbohydrate Protein | https://www.izs.it/vet_italiana/2017/53_2/141.htm https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28675251/ | Diet effect on short- and long-term glycaemic response in adult healthy cats | Nadia Musco1*, Serena Calabrò1 , Raffaella Tudisco1 , Micaela Grossi1 , Laura Addi1 ,Giuseppe Moniello2 , Pietro Lombardi1 and Monica Isabella Cutrignelli1 | In the paper the short‑ and long‑term glycaemic response after 4 diet programmes was evaluated. Each diet programme was alternatively administered to 6 healthy cats for 30 days. At the end of each period cats were weighed and underwent blood sampling for glucose and fructosamine determination. Glycaemia was measured every 2 hours for 24 hours using an automated glucometer. Very high protein level and low starch (VHP/LS) and high protein and moderate starch level (HP/LS) diets showed glucose (Mean and Peak) and fructosamine values significantly lower compared to the moderate protein and high starch diets (MP/HS). It is likely that these results are due to the contemporary effect of the following nutritional characteristics: protein level, protein/starch ratio and dietary fibre. All these parameters were higher in VHP/LS and HP/MS diets. These preliminary results suggest that the use of diets with high protein/starch ratio and soluble fibre levels favours the carbohydrate metabolism of healthy cats. | Higher glycaemic values registered when both MP/HS diets were fed indicates that carnivores, and in particular felines, are not well adapted to readily metabolize large amounts of glucose 2. the administration of high protein diets proved to modulate post-prandial glycaemic response | Grant support The present study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Education and University Research (Principal Investigator Prof. Cutrignelli). | Musco N, Calabro S, Tudisco R, Muhammad G, Grossi M, Addi L, Moniello G, Lombardi P, Cutrignelli MI. Diet effect on short- and long-term glycaemic response in adult healthy cats. Vet Ital. 2017 Jun 30;53(2):141-145. doi: 10.12834/VetIt.57.166.3. PMID: 28675251. | ||||||||||||||||||||
14 | 12 | Carbohydrate | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22653915/ | Postprandial glycaemia in cats fed a moderate carbohydrate meal persists for a median of 12 hours--female cats have higher peak glucose concentrations | Heidi Farrow 1, Jacquie S Rand, John M Morton, Gregory Sunvold | The postprandial increase in glucose concentration is typically not considered in selecting diets to manage diabetic and pre-diabetic cats. This study describes increases in glucose and insulin concentrations in 24 clinically healthy, neutered adult cats following one meal (59 kcal/kg) of a moderate carbohydrate diet (25% of energy). Median time to return to baseline after feeding for glucose was 12.2 h (1.8-≥24 h) and for insulin was 12.3 h (1.5-≥24 h). Time to return to baseline for glucose was not different between male (10.2 h) and female (17.2 h) cats. There was evidence female cats had a longer return to baseline for insulin (18.9 h versus 9.8 h) and females had higher (0.9 mmol/l difference) peak glucose than males. This demonstrates that the duration of postprandial glycaemia in cats is markedly longer than in dogs and humans, and should be considered when managing diabetic and pre-diabetic cats. | Funding The authors are grateful for the funding provided by The Iams Company, Lewisburg, OH, USA for this project. Conflict of interest The authors report no real or perceived vested interests that relate to this article (including relationships with the granting body or other entities whose products or services are related to topics covered in this article) that could be construed as a conflict of interest. | Farrow H, Rand JS, Morton JM, Sunvold G. Postprandial glycaemia in cats fed a moderate carbohydrate meal persists for a median of 12 hours--female cats have higher peak glucose concentrations. J Feline Med Surg. 2012 Oct;14(10):706-15. doi: 10.1177/1098612X12449702. Epub 2012 May 31. PMID: 22653915. | |||||||||||||||||||||
15 | 13 | Carbohydrate | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23869495/ | Effect of dietary carbohydrate, fat, and protein on postprandial glycemia and energy intake in cats | H A Farrow 1, J S Rand, J M Morton, C A O'Leary, G D Sunvold | Background: Reducing carbohydrate intake is recommended in diabetic cats and might also be useful in some healthy cats to decrease diabetes risk. Objective: To compare postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations and energy intakes between cats fed diets high in protein, fat, or carbohydrate. Animals: Twenty-four lean cats with normal glucose tolerance. Methods: In a prospective randomized study, each of 3 matched groups (n = 8) received a different test diet for 5 weeks. Diets were high in either protein (46% of metabolizable energy [ME]), fat (47% ME), or carbohydrate (47% ME). Glucose and insulin were measured during glucose tolerance, ad libitum, and meal-feeding tests. Results: During ad libitum feeding, cats fed the high-carbohydrate diet consumed 25% and 18% more carbohydrate than cats fed diets high in fat and protein, respectively, and energy intake was highest when the high-fat and high-protein diets were fed. Regardless of the feeding pattern, cats fed the high-carbohydrate diet had 10-31% higher peak and mean glucose compared with both other diets; peak glucose in some cats reached 10.4 mmol/L (188 mg/dL) in cats fed 47% ME carbohydrate and 9.0 mmol/L (162 mg/dL) in cats fed 23% ME. Conclusions and clinical importance: High-carbohydrate diets increase postprandial glycemia in healthy cats compared with diets high in fat or protein, although energy intake is lower. Avoidance of high- and moderate-carbohydrate diets can be advantageous in cats at risk of diabetes. Maintenance energy requirements should be fed to prevent weight gain when switching to lower carbohydrate diets. | Acknowledgments The authors thank the Iams Company, Procter & Gamble, Lewisburg, OH 45338, USA for contributing funding towards the study and Lyn Knott for help with sample analysis, Delisa Appleton and Linda Fleeman for technical assistance and advice and Caitlin McGuckin for assistance with writing and editing. Conflict of Interest Declaration: Authors disclose no conflict of interest. | Farrow HA, Rand JS, Morton JM, O'Leary CA, Sunvold GD. Effect of dietary carbohydrate, fat, and protein on postprandial glycemia and energy intake in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2013 Sep-Oct;27(5):1121-35. doi: 10.1111/jvim.12139. Epub 2013 Jul 19. PMID: 23869495. | |||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 14 | Carbohydrate | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344379/ | Effect of acarbose on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in healthy cats fed low and high carbohydrate diets | Ranee Singh 1, Jacquie S Rand 2, Marcia Coradini 2, John M Morton 3 | Objectives: Feeding a low carbohydrate diet is recommended for diabetic cats; however, some cats may require diets containing moderate-to-high carbohydrate and may benefit from the use of therapeutic agents to improve glycemic control. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose on postprandial plasma glucose concentration when combined with commercially available feline diets high and low in carbohydrate. Methods: Twelve healthy, adult, non-obese, neutered cats were enrolled. Plasma glucose concentrations were assessed over 24 h after feeding high and low carbohydrate diets, with and without acarbose, during single and multiple meal tests, in a crossover study. Commercially available feline diets were used, which were high and low in carbohydrate (providing 51% and 7% of metabolizable energy, respectively). Results: In cats fed the high carbohydrate diet as a single meal, mean 24 h glucose concentrations were lower when acarbose was administered. Mean glucose concentrations were lower in the first 12 h when acarbose was given once daily, whereas no significant difference was observed in mean results from 12-24 h. Acarbose had little effect in cats eating multiple meals. Compared with consumption of the high carbohydrate diet with acarbose, lower mean 24 h and peak glucose concentrations were achieved by feeding the low carbohydrate diet alone. Conclusions and relevance: In healthy cats meal-fed diets of similar composition to the diets used in this study, acarbose has minimal effect when a low carbohydrate diet is fed but reduces postprandial glucose concentrations over 24 h when a high carbohydrate diet is fed. However, mean glucose concentrations over 24 h are still higher when a high carbohydrate diet with acarbose is fed relative to the low carbohydrate diet without acarbose. Future studies in diabetic cats are warranted to confirm these findings. | Conflict of interest The authors do not have any potential conflicts of interest to declare. Funding Funding was obtained from the Centre for Companion Animal Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. The abstract was presented in 2006 at the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine meeting and at the Nutrition Society of Australia meeting. Accepted: 29 September 2014 | Singh R, Rand JS, Coradini M, Morton JM. Effect of acarbose on postprandial blood glucose concentrations in healthy cats fed low and high carbohydrate diets. J Feline Med Surg. 2015 Oct;17(10):848-57. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14556559. Epub 2014 Oct 24. PMID: 25344379. | |||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 17 | Broad Nutritional Literature Review | https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.nu.04.070184.002513?casa_token=o8GRCzuniwwAAAAA:xW03MruM2CIZH7Ov-XcVBFYKhlrUtaxweHBy9E9Sx0dPbZ8QnZXPKHM3QoiAXhH5vrC22MVSegh7Mg | Nutrition of the Domestic Cat, A Mammalian Carnivore | M. L. MacDonald and Q. R. Rogers J. G. Morris | From the foregoing discussion of the nutritional requirements and some of the metabolic anomalies of the cat, it is clear that the cat is adapted to eating a carnivorous diet. It may, however, have less capability than omnivores and herbivores to adapt to wide ranges in dietary composition. For example, the lack of ability to synthesize sufficient vitamin A from carotene, ornithine from glutamic acid, arachidonate from linoleate, and taurine from cysteine results from a complete deletion or severe limitation of the enzyme or pathway that makes each nutrient. Other nutrient requirements , such as the absolute requirement for niacin and the high protein requirement, appear to result from the high activity of one or more enzymes and the fact that these enzymes are not adaptive in the cat. For example, the cat cannot decrease picolinic carboxylase in order to force tryptophan toward the niacin-synthetic pathway (244) nor can it decrease the urea cycle enzymes when dietary protein is decreased in the diet in order to conserve nitrogen (209). Indeed, the cat appears to have less capability to adapt to most changes in dietary composition because it cannot change the quantities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways (209). This evolutionary development has resulted in more stringent nutritional requirements for cats than for omnivores such as the rat, dog, and man. What little evidence exists for other carnivore species leads us to suggest that this pattern may well be common among other strict carnivores. | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 18 | Raw protein microbiome | https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0216072 | Addition of plant dietary fibre to a raw red meat high protein, high fat diet, alters the faecal bacteriome and organic acid profiles of the domestic cat (Felis catus) | Christina F. Butowski,David G. Thomas,Wayne Young,Nick J. Cave,Catherine M. McKenzie,Douglas I. Rosendale,Emma N. Bermingham | Commercial diets high in animal protein and fat are increasingly being developed for pets, however little is understood about the impacts of feeding such diets to domestic cats. The carbohydrate content of these diets is typically low, and dietary fibre is often not included. Dietary fibre is believed to be important in the feline gastrointestinal tract, promoting stool formation and providing a substrate for the hindgut microbiome. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effects of adding plant-based dietary fibre to a high animal protein and fat diet. Twelve domestic short hair cats were fed three complete and balanced diets in a cross-over design for blocks of 21 days: raw meat (Raw), raw meat plus fibre (2%, ‘as is’ inclusion of inulin and cellulose; Raw+Fibre) and a commercially available Kibble diet. A commercially available canned diet was fed for 21 days as a washout phase. Apparent macronutrient digestibility, faecal output, score, pH, organic acid concentrations and bacteriome profiles were determined. Diet significantly affected all faecal parameters measured. The addition of dietary fibre to the raw meat diet was found to reduce apparent macronutrient digestibility, increase faecal output, pH and score. Thirty one bacterial taxa were significantly affected by diet. Prevotella was found to dominate in the Kibble diet, Clostridium and Fusobacterium in the Raw diet, and Prevotella and a group of unclassified Peptostreptococcaceae in the Raw+Fibre diet. Our results show that diets of different macronutrient proportions can strongly influence the faecal microbiome composition and metabolism, as shown by altered organic acid concentrations and faecal pH, in the domestic cat. The addition of 2% of each fibre to the Raw diet shifted faecal parameters closer to those produced by feeding a Kibble diet. These results provide a basis for further research assessing raw red meat diets to domestic cats. | Acknowledgement: Dr Nicola Schreurs (Massey University) for her assistance with the diet, Ms Mylène Refloch (AgroParisTech) for trial assistance and Ms Karin Weidgraaf and the staff at the Centre for Feline Nutrition for assistance with the animal study. We acknowledge Ms Halina Stoklosinski for performing the organic acid analysis. | Butowski CF, Thomas DG, Young W, Cave NJ, McKenzie CM, et al. (2019) Addition of plant dietary fibre to a raw red meat high protein, high fat diet, alters the faecal bacteriome and organic acid profiles of the domestic cat (Felis catus). PLOS ONE 14(5): e0216072. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216072 | |||||||||||||||||||||
19 | 19 | Broad Nutrition: Wild Diet | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22005434/ | Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats | Esther A Plantinga 1, Guido Bosch, Wouter H Hendriks | Cats are strict carnivores and in the wild rely on a diet solely based on animal tissues to meet their specific and unique nutritional requirements. Although the feeding ecology of cats in the wild has been well documented in the literature, there is no information on the precise nutrient profile to which the cat's metabolism has adapted. The present study aimed to derive the dietary nutrient profile of free-living cats. Studies reporting the feeding habits of cats in the wild were reviewed and data on the nutrient composition of the consumed prey items obtained from the literature. Fifty-five studies reported feeding strategy data of cats in the wild. After specific exclusion criteria, twenty-seven studies were used to derive thirty individual dietary nutrient profiles. The results show that feral cats are obligatory carnivores, with their daily energy intake from crude protein being 52 %, from crude fat 46 % and from N-free extract only 2 %. Minerals and trace elements are consumed in relatively high concentrations compared with recommended allowances determined using empirical methods. The calculated nutrient profile may be considered the nutrient intake to which the cat's metabolic system has adapted. The present study provides insight into the nutritive, as well as possible non-nutritive aspects of a natural diet of whole prey for cats and provides novel ways to further improve feline diets to increase health and longevity. | 1. Feral diet consists of 69.5% water, 62.7% CP, 22.8% EE, 11.8% ash, 2.8% NFE 2. Starch content is low 3. Feral fatty acid profile ratio of n-6:n-3 in the order of 2:1; pet cats ratio differs (ranging between 5:1 to 17:1) | All authors contributed fundamentally to the present study. E. A. P. contributed to all facets, including research design, data collection, statistical analysis, interpretation and manuscript preparation. G. B. and W. H. H. contributed to research design, data interpretation and manuscript preparation. The present study received no specific grant from a funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors, and therefore the present study is free of any conflicts of interest. | Plantinga EA, Bosch G, Hendriks WH. Estimation of the dietary nutrient profile of free-roaming feral cats: possible implications for nutrition of domestic cats. Br J Nutr. 2011 Oct;106 Suppl 1:S35-48. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511002285. PMID: 22005434. | ||||||||||||||||||||
20 | The Effect of Diet on Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/128/12/2753S/4724437 | The Effect of Diet on Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats | Peter J. Markwell, C. Tony Buffington, Brigitte H. E. Smith | Because dietary ingredients and feeding patterns influence the volume, pH and solute concentration of urine, diet can contribute to the etiology, management or prevention of recurrence of some causes of lower urinary tract disease. Most research assessing the effect of diet has focused on the latter two aspects, primarily because of interest in struvite urolithiasis. Manipulation of urine pH through dietary means has proven an effective tool for the management and prevention of struvite urolithiasis; acidification of urine, however, may be a risk factor for calcium oxalate urolithiasis, which now appears to occur with approximately equal frequency in cats. Prediction of urine pH from dietary analysis would thus be a valuable tool, but considerable further research is required before this can be achieved with commercial canned foods. With the growing importance of urolith types other than struvite, alternatives to the measurement of urine pH are required to assess critically the likely beneficial (or detrimental) effects of manipulation of nutrient profile. Measurement of urinary saturation may permit the development and fine tuning of nutrient profiles aimed at controlling lower urinary tract diseases in cats that are associated with a range of different mineral types. The majority of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease do not, however, have urolithiasis; indeed, no specific cause can be established in most of these cats. Recent observations suggest that recurrence rates of signs in cats classified as having idiopathic lower urinary tract disease may be more than halved if affected animals are maintained on high, rather than low moisture content diets. J. Nutr. 2753S–2757S, 1998 | no specific cause can be established in most of these cats. Recent observations suggest that recurrence rates of signs in cats classified as having idiopathic lower urinary tract disease may be more than halved if affected animals are maintained on high moisture content diets | N/A | Peter J. Markwell, C. Tony Buffington, Brigitte H. E. Smith, The Effect of Diet on Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 128, Issue 12, December 1998, Pages 2753S–2757S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/128.12.2753S | |||||||||||||||||||||
21 | 21 | Diabetes | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/134/8/2072S/4688883 | Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture? | Jacquie S. Rand, Linda M. Fleeman, Heidi A. Farrow, Delisa J. Appleton, Rose Lederer | There is evidence for the role of genetic and environmental factors in feline and canine diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes in cats. Evidence for genetic factors in feline diabetes includes the overrepresentation of Burmese cats with diabetes. Environmental risk factors in domestic or Burmese cats include advancing age, obesity, male gender, neutering, drug treatment, physical inactivity, and indoor confinement. High-carbohydrate diets increase blood glucose and insulin levels and may predispose cats to obesity and diabetes. Low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets may help prevent diabetes in cats at risk such as obese cats or lean cats with underlying low insulin sensitivity. | N/A | Jacquie S. Rand, Linda M. Fleeman, Heidi A. Farrow, Delisa J. Appleton, Rose Lederer, Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 134, Issue 8, August 2004, Pages 2072S–2080S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.8.2072S | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Broad Nutrition | https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/C4D7CA40FEECA8292DFBB867FFAF77AD/S0954422402000070a.pdf/idiosyncratic-nutrient-requirements-of-cats-appear-to-be-diet-induced-evolutionary-adaptations.pdf | Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations* | James G. Morris | Cats have obligatory requirements for dietary nutrients that are not essential for other mammals. The present review relates these idiosyncratic nutritional requirements to activities of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of these nutrients. The high protein requirement of cats is a consequence of the lack of regulation of the aminotransferases of dispensable N metabolism and of the urea cycle enzymes. The dietary requirements for taurine and arginine are consequences of low activities of two enzymes in the pathways of synthesis that have a negative multiplicative effect on the rate of synthesis. Cats have obligatory dietary requirements for vitamin D and niacin which are the result of high activities of enzymes that catabolise precursors of these vitamins to other compounds. The dietary requirement for pre-formed vitamin A appears to result from deletion of enzymes required for cleavage and oxidation of carotenoids. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) requirements have not been defined but low activities of desaturase enzymes indicate that cats may have a dietary need for pre-formed PUFA in addition to those needed by other animals to maintain normal plasma concentrations. The nutrient requirements of domestic cats support the thesis that their idiosyncratic requirements arose from evolutionary pressures arising from a rigorous diet of animal tissue. These pressures may have favoured energy conservation through deletion of redundant enzymes and modification of enzyme activities to result in metabolites more suited to the cat's metabolism. However, this retrospective viewpoint allows only recognition of association rather than cause and effect. | N/A | Morris, J. (2002). Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutrition Research Reviews, 15(1), 153-168. doi:10.1079/NRR200238 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Dental | https://www.usab-tm.ro/utilizatori/ZOOTEHNIE/file/simpozion%202012/Vol%201/FZB_vol2_2012_Editura/Fundamental%20Sciences%20in%20Animal%20Husbandry/Morfologie_fiziologie/morphology_physiology_pdf/Zambori.pdf | Biofilm Implication in Oral Diseases of Dogs and Cats | Csilla Zambori1 , Emil Tirziu1 , Ileana Nichita1 , Ciceronis Cumpanasoiu1 , Radu Valentin Gros1 , Monica Seres1 , Bianca Mladin1 , Daniela Mot2 | The importance of biofilm in disease processes in humans and animals is now widely recognized. In animal species, the risk of infection is probably greater than the risk in humans. This is due to the difference in animal housing and living environments – animals naturally live in environments with a large and much more diverse microbial community. Most oral bacteria live symbiotically in biofilm. This symbiotic association gives the bacteria different communal properties than individual planktonic bacteria. Bacteria that form biofilm live and develop in communities which are an important property for dental plaque formation that leads to dental calculus formation, periodontal diseases, dental caries and systemic diseases. The objective of this study is to reveal the role of dental plaque (oral biofilm) in pathogenesis of dental calculus, periodontal disease and dental caries in dogs and cats. | C Zambori, E Tirziu, I Nichita, C Cumpanasoiu, RV Gros, M Seres, B Mladin and D Mot, "Biofilm Implication in Oral Diseases of Dogs and Cats," Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies 45, no. 2, 2012. 11. Christopher S. Cowell, Neil P. Stout, Mark F. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Mycotoxins | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf062363%2B# | Mycotoxins in Pet Food: A Review on Worldwide Prevalence and Preventative Strategies | Maxwell C. K. Leung, Gabriel Díaz-Llano, and Trevor K. Smith | Mycotoxins contaminate cereal grains worldwide, and their presence in pet food has been a potential health threat to companion animals. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, and Fusarium mycotoxins have been found in both raw ingredients and final products of pet food around the globe. Aflatoxin, a hepatotoxin and carcinogen, has caused several food poisoning outbreaks in dogs, and aflatoxin content is regulated in pet food in many countries. Ochratoxin A and Fusarium mycotoxins including trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins may have chronic effects on the health of companion animals. Grain processing, sampling error, analytical methods, conjugated mycotoxins, storage conditions, and synergistic interactions are common challenges faced by the pet food industry. Food-processing techniques such as sieving, washing, pearling, ozonation, and acid-based mold inhibition reduce the mycotoxin content of cereal grains. Dietary supplementation with large neutral amino acids, antioxidants, and omega-3 polysaturated fatty acids as well as inclusion of mycotoxin-sequestering agents and detoxifying microbes may ameliorate the harmful effects of mycotoxins in contaminated pet food. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | 25 | Broad Nutrition Manufactoring | https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/10018997/Patrick06.pdf?sequence=1 https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/10018997 | Deconstructing the Regulatory Facade: Why Confused Consumers Feed their Pets Ring Dings and Krispy Kremes | Justine S. Patrick | Americans own more than 130 million cats and dogs and spend over $12 billion per year on commercial pet foods. The commercial pet food industry faces minimal substantive regulation, despite navigating several layers of regulation from various groups including the FDA, the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), and state regulators. The FDA entrusts AAFCO to issue regulations governing ingredients, feeding trials, labels and nutritional claims. But AAFCO’s rules fall short of ensuring that America’s pets receive adequate nutrition, or even foods that won’t cause chronic digestive, skin, eye, and coat problems. The influence by the pet food industry over AAFCO manifests itself through AAFCO’s irrational regulations, including ingredient definitions which effectively prohibit organic chickens and vegetables, while blindly permitting thousands of euthanized cats and dogs to make their way into pet foods through the unsupervised rendering industry. Trusting, but uneducated, consumers purchase these commercial pet foods under the assumption that the FDA or some other regulatory body has ensured that the foods contain “balanced” meals, and “complete” nutrition. These consumers naively believe veterinarians that endorse and sell pet foods from their offices while neglecting to mention that these “pet doctors” are often “on the take” and can earn up to 20% of their total income from such sales. This paper will examine the ways in which inadequate regulation results in confused consumers and sick, malnourished pets. Ultimately this paper seeks to reveal that multiple parties, including consumers themselves, share the blame for the current muddled state of regulation. | Deconstructing the Regulatory Facade: Why Confused Consumers Feed their Pets Ring Dings and Krispy Kremes (2006 Third Year Paper) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Evolutionary Nutrition | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/136/7/1927S/4664714 | The Evolutionary Basis for the Feeding Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis catus) | John W. S. Bradshaw | The dentition, sense of taste and meal patterning of domestic dogs and cats can be interpreted in terms of their descent from members of the order Carnivora. The dog is typical of its genus, Canis, in its relatively unspecialized dentition, and a taste system that is rather insensitive to salt. The preference of many dogs for large infrequent meals reflects the competitive feeding behavior of its pack-hunting ancestor, the wolf Canis lupus. However, its long history of domestication, possibly 100,000 years, has resulted in great intraspecific diversity of conformation and behavior, including feeding. Morphologically and physiologically domestic cats are highly specialized carnivores, as indicated by their dentition, nutritional requirements, and sense of taste, which is insensitive to both salt and sugars. Their preference for several small meals each day reflects a daily pattern of multiple kills of small prey items in their ancestor, the solitary territorial predator Felis silvestris. Although in the wild much of their food selection behavior must focus on what to hunt, rather than what to eat, cats do modify their food preferences based on experience. For example, the “monotony effect” reduces the perceived palatability of foods that have recently formed a large proportion of the diet, in favor of foods with contrasting sensory characteristics, thereby tending to compensate for any incipient nutritional deficiencies. Food preferences in kittens during weaning are strongly influenced by those of their mother, but can change considerably during at least the first year of life. | The author's research was supported by WALTHAM and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK). | John W. S. Bradshaw, The Evolutionary Basis for the Feeding Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis catus), The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 136, Issue 7, 1 July 2006, Pages 1927S–1931S, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.7.1927S | ||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Dental | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/089875641002700202 | Segev G, Livne H, Ranen E, et al. Urethral obstruction in cat: predisposing factors, clinical, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. J Feline Med Surg. 2011 Feb;13(2):101-108. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Jiang P, Josue J, Li X, et al. Major taste loss in carnivorous mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Mar 27;109(13):4956-4961.. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Markwell PJ, Buffington CA, Chew DJ, et al. Clinical evaluation of commercially available urinary acidification diets in the management of idiopathic cystitis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1999 Feb 1;214(3):361-365. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Kerr KR, Vester Boler BM, Morris CL, et al. Apparent total tract energy and macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end- product concentrations of domestic cats fed extruded, raw beef-based, and cooked beef-based diets. J Anim Sci. 2012 Feb;90(2):515-522. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | Fava F, Gitau R, Griffin BA, et al. The type and quantity of dietary fat and carbohydrate alter faecal microbiome and short-chain fatty acid excretion in a metabolic syndrome ‘at-risk’ population. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Feb;37(2):216-223. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Deng P, Iwazaki E, Suchy SA, et al. Effects of feeding frequency and dietary water content on voluntary physical activity in healthy adult cats. J Anim Sci. 2014 Mar;92(3):1271-1277. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Hewson-Hughes AK, Hewson-Hughes VL, Miller AT, et al. Geometric analysis of macronutrient selection in the adult domestic cat, Felis catus. J Exp Biol. 2011 Mar 15;214(Pt 6):1039-1051. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Hewson-Hughes AK, Hewson-Hughes VL, Colyer A, et al. Consistent proportional macronutrient intake selected by adult domestic cats (Felis catus) despite variations in macronutrient and moisture content of foods offered. J Comp Physiol B. 2013 May;183(4):525-536. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | Pottenger Jr., FM. Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition, Price Pottenger Nutrition; 2nd edition (June 1, 1995) Lemon Grove, CA. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | Fats, Vitamin E | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/132/6/1613S/4687848?login=false | Vitamin E Requirement of Adult Cats Increases Slightly with High Dietary Intake of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids | Wouter H. Hendriks, Yuben B. Wu, Rick G. Shields, Mark Newcomb, Kay J. Rutherfurd, Tsegaw Belay, Jonathan Wilson | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Phosphorus | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.15961 | A review of phosphorus homeostasis and the impact of different types and amounts of dietary phosphate on metabolism and renal health in cats | Dottie Laflamme,Robert Backus,Scott Brown,Richard Butterwick,Gail Czarnecki-Maulden,Jonathan Elliott,Andrea Fascetti,David Polzin | Funding information: Nestle Purina PetCare; Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | Phosphorus | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jvim.15689 | Evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium content in commercially available foods formulated for healthy cats | Stacie C. Summers,Jonathan Stockman,Jennifer A. Larsen,Lei Zhang,Anais Sanchez Rodriguez | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Phosphorus | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6390406/ | Effects of the long-term feeding of diets enriched with inorganic phosphorus on the adult feline kidney and phosphorus metabolism | Janet Alexander,1 Jonathan Stockman,1 Jujhar Atwal,1 Richard Butterwick,1 Alison Colyer,1 Denise Elliott,2 Matthew Gilham,1 Penelope Morris,1 Ruth Staunton,1 Helen Renfrew,3 Jonathan Elliott,4 and Phillip Watson1 | Mars Petcare | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Hydration | https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/003/010/603/RUG01-003010603_2021_0001_AC.pdf | THE WATER METABOLISM OF THE CAT AND ITS RELATION TO NUTRITION AND HEALTH PROBLEMS | Suzanne van der Meer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | Broad Nutrition | https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aqeCwxbRWvsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR21&dq=cat+wat+canned+food+add+water&ots=LDf1uQwArS&sig=WMiYFALJ7hwC4CcaLniaXfbxXTU#v=onepage&q=cat%20wat%20canned%20food%20add%20water&f=false | Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats | National Research Council | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Contamination | https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/126/3/477/66126/Human-Salmonella-Infections-Linked-to-Contaminated | Human Salmonella Infections Linked to Contaminated Dry Dog and Cat Food, 2006–2008 | Casey Barton Behravesh, MS, DVM, DrPH; Aimee Ferraro, PhD, MPH;Marshall Deasy, III;Virginia Dato, MD, MPH;Mària Moll, MD;Carol Sandt, PhD;Nancy K. Rea, PhD;Regan Rickert, MPH;Chandra Marriott, MPH;Kimberly Warren, MPH;Veronica Urdaneta, MD, MPH;Ellen Salehi, MPH;Elizabeth Villamil, MPH;Tracy Ayers, MS;R. M. Hoekstra, PhD;Jana L. Austin, MPH;Stephen Ostroff, MD;Ian T. Williams, PhD, MS;the Salmonella Schwarzengrund Outbreak Investigation Team | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Broad Nutrition | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/136/7/1927S/4664714 | The Evolutionary Basis for the Feeding Behavior of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris) and Cats (Felis catus) | John W. S. Bradshaw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Protein, Weight | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/139/5/855/4670357?searchresult=1 | Protein Intake during Weight Loss Influences the Energy Required for Weight Loss & Maintenance in Cats | Ricardo S. Vasconcellos, Naida C. Borges, Karina N. V. Gonçalves, Júlio C. Canola, Francisco J. A. de Paula, Euclides B. Malheiros, Marcio A. Brunetto, Aulus C. Carciofi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | Protein | https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/145/11/2471/4644382?searchresult=1 | Amino Acid Oxidation Increases with Dietary Protein Content in Adult Neutered Male Cats as Measured Using [1-13C]Leucine and [15N2]Urea | Timothy J Wester, Karin Weidgraaf, Margreet Hekman, Claudia E Ugarte, Sandra F Forsyth, Michael H Tavendale | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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