Apple II Video Display Theory

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AB	AC	AD	AE	AF	AG	AH	AI	AJ	AK	AL	AM	AN	AO	AP	AQ	AR	AS	AT	AU	AV	AW	AX	AY	AZ	BA	BB	BC	BD	BE	BF	BG	BH	BI	BJ	BK	BL	BM	BN	BO	BP	BQ	BR	BS	BT	BU	BV	BW	BX	BY	BZ	CA	CB	CC	CD	CE	CF	CG	CH	CI	CJ	CK	CL	CM	CN	CO	CP	CQ	CR	CS	CT	CU	CV
1	Apple II Video Display Theory
2	40-Column Text
3								Column 0														Column 1														Column 2														Column 3														Column 4														Column 5														...							Column 38
4																																																																																												...
5																																																																																												...
6																																																																																												...
7																																																																																												...
8																																																																																												...
9																																																																																												...
10																																																																																												...
11																																																																																												...
12	Standard Lo-Res Graphics
13								Column 0														Column 1														Column 2														Column 3														Even Columns														Odd Columns														...							Column 38
14								0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	...							0	1
15								0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	...							0	1
16								0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	...							0	1
17								0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	3	...							0	1
18								4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	...							4	5
19								4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	...							4	5
20								4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	...							4	5
21								4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	7	...							4	5
22	Standard Hi-Res Graphics
23								Column 0														Column 1														Column 2														Column 3														Column 4														Column 5														...							Column 38
24	Bit 7 Clear							0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	6	C = Bit 6 of							0	0
25	Bit 7 Set							C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	C	0	0	1	1	2	2	3	3	4	4	5	5	6	Previous Byte							C	0
26	Video Display
27	Bit Pattern																																																																																											Bit Pattern
28	Color							Black				Red				D Blue				Violet				D Green				Gray				Blue				L Blue				Brown				Orange				Pink				Green				Yellow				Aqua				Red				D Blue				Violet				D Green				Blue				L Blue				Brown				Color							Orange
29	COLOR=							0				1				2				3				4				5				6				7				8				9				11				12				13				14				1				2				3				4				6				7				8				COLOR=							9
30	Y							0				0.25				0.25				0.5				0.25				0.5				0.5				0.75				0.25				0.5				0.75				0.5				0.75				0.75				0.25				0.25				0.5				0.25				0.5				0.75				0.25				Y							0.5
31	I (Naïve)							0				+0.25				−0.25				0				−0.25				0				−0.5				−0.25				+0.25				+0.5				+0.25				0				+0.25				−0.25				+0.25				−0.25				0				−0.25				−0.5				−0.25				+0.25				I (Naïve)							+0.5
32	Q (Naïve)							0				+0.25				+0.25				+0.5				−0.25				0				0				+0.25				−0.25				0				+0.25				−0.5				−0.25				−0.25				+0.25				+0.25				+0.5				−0.25				0				+0.25				−0.25				Q (Naïve)							0
33	I (Actual)							0				+0.297				−0.193				+0.104				−0.297				0				−0.489				−0.193				+0.193				+0.489				+0.297				−0.104				+0.193				−0.297				+0.297				−0.193				+0.104				−0.297				−0.489				−0.193				+0.193				I (Actual)							+0.489
34	Q (Actual)							0				+0.193				+0.297				+0.489				−0.193				0				+0.104				+0.297				−0.297				−0.104				+0.193				−0.489				−0.297				−0.193				+0.193				+0.297				+0.489				−0.193				+0.104				+0.297				−0.297				Q (Actual)							−0.104
35	-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I		+I		-I			-I		+I		-I		+I		-I
36		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q		-Q			-Q		+Q		-Q		+Q
37	0				0.25				0.25				0.5				0.25				0.5				0.5				0.75				0.25				0.5				0.75				0.5				0.75				0.75				0.25				0.25				0.5				0.25				0.5				0.75				0.25				Y							0.5				0.5				0.75
38	0				−0.25				−0.25				−0.5				+0.25				0				0				−0.25				+0.25				0				−0.25				+0.5				+0.25				+0.25				−0.25				−0.25				−0.5				+0.25				0				−0.25				+0.25				I (Naïve)							0				0				−0.25
39	0				+0.25				−0.25				0				−0.25				0				−0.5				−0.25				+0.25				+0.5				+0.25				0				+0.25				−0.25				+0.25				−0.25				0				−0.25				−0.5				−0.25				+0.25				Q (Naïve)							+0.5				0				+0.25
40	0				−0.193				−0.297				−0.489				+0.193				0				−0.104				−0.297				+0.297				+0.104				−0.193				+0.489				+0.297				+0.193				−0.193				−0.297				−0.489				+0.193				−0.104				−0.297				+0.297				I (Actual)							+0.104				0				−0.193
41	0				+0.297				−0.193				+0.104				−0.297				0				−0.489				−0.193				+0.193				+0.489				+0.297				−0.104				+0.193				−0.297				+0.297				−0.193				+0.104				−0.297				−0.489				−0.193				+0.193				Q (Actual)							+0.489				0				+0.297
42	0				2				4				6				8				10				12				14				1				3				7				9				11				13				2				4				6				8				12				14				1				COLOR=							3				5				7
43	Black				D Blue				D Green				Blue				Brown				Gray				Green				Aqua				Red				Violet				L Blue				Orange				Pink				Yellow				D Blue				D Green				Blue				Brown				Green				Aqua				Red				Color							Violet				Gray				L Blue
44																																																																																					Bit Pattern
45	Double Hi-Res Graphics
46	Aux Col 0							Main Col 0							Aux Col 1							Main Col 1							Aux Col 2							Main Col 2							Aux Col 3							Main Col 3							Aux Col 4							Main Col 4							Aux Col 5							Main Col 5							...							Aux Col 38							Main Col 38
47	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	...							0	1	2	3	4	5	6	0	1
48	Double Lo-Res Graphics
49	Aux Col 0							Main Col 0							Aux Col 1							Main Col 1							Aux Col 2							Main Col 2							Aux Col 3							Main Col 3							Aux Even Col							Main Even Col							Aux Odd Col							Main Odd Col							...							Aux Col 38							Main Col 38
50	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	...							0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1
51	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	...							0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1
52	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	...							0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1
53	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1	2	3	0	1	2	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	2	3	0	1	2	3	0	...							0	1	2	3	0	1	2	0	1
54	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	...							4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5
55	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	...							4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5
56	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	...							4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5
57	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5	6	7	4	5	6	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	6	7	4	5	6	7	4	...							4	5	6	7	4	5	6	4	5
58	80-Column Text
59	Aux Col 0							Main Col 0							Aux Col 1							Main Col 1							Aux Col 2							Main Col 2							Aux Col 3							Main Col 3							Aux Col 4							Main Col 4							Aux Col 5							Main Col 5							...							Aux Col 38							Main Col 38
60																																																																																					...
61																																																																																					...
62																																																																																					...
63																																																																																					...
64																																																																																					...
65																																																																																					...
66																																																																																					...
67																																																																																					...