ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAAABACADAEAFAGAHAIAJ
1
Specimen
2
Straight Shank
Pointed End
Rounded Head
Flat Under Head
Flanged Under Head
Head and shank the same size or very close
Head Extends 2cm over shank
Parallel "ribs" on shank
Twisted Shank
Parallel ridges around entire shank
Threaded
Multi-Thread Pattern
Composite Head
Self-Tapping Tip
Parallel Lines along Shank Length
Entire Shank Threaded
Partially-threaded Shank
Flat Slotted
Phillips Slotted
Square shank under head
Complex Pattern on Head
Double Tip, No Head
Hex Head
Bent Shank
Eye Hole Head
Rubber Washer
Butterfly Washer
Sheathed Shank
Spring
Wing Nut
Steel Washer (any pattern)
NutTotalsDirectionsCladogram Contruction Example
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1112Step 1: Access the collection of "Fossils" provided in this folder. They are also each linked in the specimen numbers in column A.
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2112
5
311
6
41113
7
5111115
8
61113
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71113Step 2: As you examine the numbered specimens (they're in no particular order), use the sheet here to mark with a "0" or "1" whether it contains that trait or not.
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81113
11
91113
12
10112
13
111113
14
12111115
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13111115Step 3: You may feel free to rename the specimens with something descriptive, rather than numbers. Once you have completed the character analysis, begin constructing you cladogram (phylogeny). Begin with the character that best represents what is likely the most primitive form. This is the character, and representative specimen, that can be seen in EVERY organism. This specimen is your "ancestral form". It will be the specimen that shares the fewest traits with otherYou have no dates to work with - which is unusual. However, from there, you should be able to use the principle of parsimony (a hypothesized change that requires fewer assumptions is more defensible) to reason out the subsequent evolutionary pattern. These will be based upon "shared-derived" characters. A "Shared" character is one that two lieneages have in common. A "derived" character is one that evolved in the lineage leading up to the clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals. "Shared-derived" characters can be used to group organisms into clades. Using the "Totals" column and row, can you reason out which characters you think fall in these categories? Create your "clades" and overall "cladogram" to make your argument. Please use the example provided to the right of this box.
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1411111117
17
151111116
18
16111115
19
1711114
20
181111116
21
191111116
22
201111116
23
211111116
24
221111116
25
231111116
26
241111116
27
2511111117
28
2611111117
29
271111116
30
281111116
31
291111116
32
3011111117
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311111116Step 4: Construct your candidate cladogram! Use a Google Draw document so that it's digital. There can be more than one possibility cladogram. After all, these are MODELS!
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3211111117
35
331111116
36
341113
37
3511114
38
36112
39
3711111117
40
3811114
41
391111116
42
401111116
43
41111115
44
421111116
45
43111115
46
4411111117
47
45111111118
48
461111111111111
49
471111116
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4811111117
51
4911111117
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50111111111110
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511111116
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52111115
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Totals47361728163122233221311181194216422121224
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57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100