A | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AQ | AR | AS | AT | AU | AV | AW | AX | AY | EF | EG | EH | EI | EJ | EK | ||
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1 | ID | Year | Authors | Title | Publisher / Organisation | Full reference | Publication Type | Public URL | Coral Restoration Technique or methods | Country | Location | For geocoding | Latitude | Longitude | Disturbance | Objective | Tourism | Stewardship? | Method specifics | Method of attachments (coral fragments) | Novelty in method | Spatial Scale | On going maintenance implemented | Location rationale | Coral Species | Genera | Morphology | Single species? | species rationale | Source of coral fragments | Controls? | Baseline Monitoring? | Post Monitoring? | Post monitoring length (months) | Biological/Ecological? | Variables measured | survival % (if measured) | MAX survival | Evidence of successful restoration outcome? | Indicators of success | Authors/Practitioners main results/conclusions | technical 'lessons learnt' | Temporal Scale | Objective = Outcome? | Outcome | Data entered by | |||||||
2 | PR001 | 2000 | H. Schuhmacher, P. van Treeck, M. Eisinger and M. Paster | Transplantation of coral fragments from ship groundings on electrochemically formed reef structures | Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000, Vol. 2 | H. Schuhmacher, P. van Treeck, M. Eisinger and M. Paster (2000) Transplantation of coral fragments from ship groundings on electrochemically formed reef structures. Proceedings 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Indonesia 23-27 October 2000, Vol. 2. | Conference Proceedings | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228404574_Transplantation_of_coral_fragments_from_ship_groundings_on_electrochemically_formed_reef_structures | Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Egypt | Ras Mohammed, Egypt | Ras Mohammed, Egypt, Egypt | 27.7420043 | 34.2347743 | Ship Grounding | 1 | No | No | Coral fragments transplanted onto steel mesh which is electrified to encourage the electrochemical deposition of calcium. Tent-like/pyramid shaped structures were tested as trays for coral fragment nurseries. | Wedged in mesh | none (location) | unknown | Not reported | Close to power source | Acropora hemprichiiAcropora squarrosaAcropora granulosaAcropora hyacinthusAcropora clathrataAcropora digitiferaAcropora eurystomaAcropora validaAcropora cythereaStylophora pistillataPorites luteaEchinopora gemmaceaPocillopora damicornisHydnophora exaesaMillepora dichotomaMillepora exaesaMerulina scabriculaEchinopora lamellosaMontipora digitataPocillopora damicornisPorites rusAcropora formosaMontipora aequituberculata | Acropora, Stylophora, Porites, Echinopora, Goniopora, Pocillopora, Hydnophora, Millepora | Mixed | No | Local abundance | Corals of opportunity | n/a | no | yes | 6 | biological | growth, survival | 93.5 | 97 | yes | survival/growth | Applying electricity enhances restoration success by providing a nature-like substrate, using coral nubbins speeds up recolonisation | Mount nurseries on poles to avoid Drupella infestations, All Pocilloporid nubbins died | 6 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
3 | PR002 | 2008 | Lee Shaish, Gideon Levy, Edgardo Gomez, Baruch Rinkevich | Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: Establishing the first step in the “gardening concept” of reef restoration | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Shaish, L., Levy, G., Gomez, E., and Rinkevich, B. (2008) Fixed and suspended coral nurseries in the Philippines: Establishing the first step in the “gardening concept” of reef restoration. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 358: 86-97. | Journal Article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209810800066X | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Philippines | Silaqui Island, Bolinao | Silaqui Island, Bolinao, Philippines | 16.4419444 | 119.9227778 | Destructive fishing | 1 | No | No | Leg fixed coral nurseries above substrate, populated with coral fragments collected from nearby reef. | Cyanoacrylate glue | suspended, leg fixed nurseries | 12 | yes | not reported | Merulina scabricula, Echinopora lamellosa, Montipora digitata, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites rus, Acropora formosa, Montipora aequituberculata | Merulina, Echinopora, Montipora, Pocillopora, Porites, Acropora, Montipora | Mixed | No | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | no | yes | 12 | biological | growth, survival | 88.2 | 91.1 | yes | survival/growth | No difference between fixed/suspended trays, mortality and growth species specific | super glue not strong enough to hold non-branching species to mesh | 12 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
4 | PR003 | 2010 | Villanueva, R. D., Edwards, A. J., and Bell,J. D. | Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications | Restoration Ecology | Villanueva, R. D., Edwards, A. J., and Bell,J. D. (2010) Enhancement of Grazing Gastropod Populations as a Coral Reef Restoration Tool: Predation Effects and Related Applied Implications. Restoration Ecology 18:803-809. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00742.x | Substrate addition - artificial reef, Substrate Enhancement - Algae removal | Philippines | Malilnep Channel, Bolinao | Malilnep Channel, Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | Overfishing | 5 | No | No | Factorial experiment with 42 experimental Reef Balls (tm): 14 with transplanted corals at low density (9.5 /m2), 14 at high density (19/m2), and 14 without coral transplants (control). Half of the Reef Balls (tm) in each treatment category were stocked with cultured trochus shells. Trochus niloticus were spawned and reared in aquaria for 5-6 months before release onto reef balls. Trochus were stocked at high densities that were continuously maintained over 6 months. | not reported | Using trochus shells (Trochus niloticus) as an indirect method of encouraging coral recruitment and transplant growth. The trochus shells consume fleshy algae which may inhibit recruitment and growth of corals. | 110 | yes | Area affected by disturbance | Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora muricata, Porites cylindrica, Montipora digitata, Echinopora lamellosa | Pocillopora, Acropora, Porites, Montipora, Echinopora | Mixed | No | not reported | not reported | yes | yes | yes | 6 | biological | Survival, recruitment | 74 | 97 | No | effect of algal grazers | The addition of an algal grazer did not enhance coral growth/recruitment on artificial reefs. No difference in recruitment, recruit/transplanted coral survival in either treatment. Speculate that octopus may have consumed large proportion of shells, reducing densities below those required to have an impact on algae cover. | Even heavily fished reefs that have been depleted of herbivores can have sufficient densities of octopus to feed on trochus shells. Therefore, the authors recommend adding refugia for trochus grazers that protect them from predators. | 6 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
5 | PR004 | 2007 | Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura | Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture | Coral Reefs | Omori, M., K. Iwao, and M. Tamura (2007) Growth of transplanted Acropora tenuis 2 years after egg culture. Coral Reefs 27: 165. | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227230418_Growth_of_transplanted_Acropora_tenuis2_years_after_egg_culture | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Japan | Akajima Island, Okinawa | Akajima Island, Okinawa, Japan | 26.199204 | 127.2784676 | None | 1 | Yes | No | A. tenuis (a hermaphroditic coral species) grown from fertilised eggs in cages 2m above seafloor (12-18 months), out planted using pegs and underwater glue. Nursery cages contained trochus shells to control algae. | pegs, uw glue | using hermaphroditic corals as fragment source | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora tenuis | Acropora | Branching | Yes | Reproductive characteristics | Sexual Reproduction | n/a | no | yes | 6 | biological | growth, survival | 89 | 89 | Yes | survival/growth | Ability to culture A. tenuis from eggs through successful transplantation and growth of juveniles on degraded reefs represents a valuable tool in reef restoration. | None | 36 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
6 | PR005 | 2010 | Borell, E. M., S. B. C. Romatzki, and S. C. A. Ferse. | Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field. | Coral Reefs | Borell, E. M., S. B. C. Romatzki, and S. C. A. Ferse (2009) Differential physiological responses of two congeneric scleractinian corals to mineral accretion and an electric field. Coral Reefs 29: 191-200. | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-009-0564-y | Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Indonesia | North Sulawesi | North Sulawesi, Indonesia | 0.6246932 | 123.9750018 | None | 1 | No | No | Field experiment testing benefits of electrochemical vs electric field in coral nurseries. Treatments: 5 x 42 nubbins grown on electrified steel frames, 5 x 42 nubbins grown on bamboo frames within electrical field, 4 x 42 nubbins grown on bamboo trays outside of electric field (control) | metal cups (on cathode), glued into concrete cups (on bamboo) | Experimental test of direct electrical current vs electric field | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora pulchra, A. yongei | Acropora | Branching | No | Fast growth, common | Transplantation - fragments | Yes | n/a | yes | 4 | biological | Mortality, growth, fluorescence, zoox densities and chl a concentrations | 88.66666667 | 99 | No | Mortality, growth, fluorescence, zoox densities and chl a concentrations | Direct exposure to electrical current (ie attached to a cathode) did not increase survival of coral fragments after 4 months. Growth was fastest for both species inside the electric field. A pulchra had higher zoox and chlorophyll a densities on cathode compared to electric field and controls. | The suggested benefits of mineral accretion technology vary between species. Except for chl a concentrations, the cathode had a significant adverse effect on all measured variables for A. yongei but not for A. pulchra. A pulchra had increased zooxs and chlorophyll a densities on the cathode, yet did not exhibit a corresponding fast growth and low mortality. | 4 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
7 | PR006 | 2001 | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. | Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Restoration Ecology | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich (2001) Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. Restoration Ecology 9: 432-442. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94012.x | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Israel | Eilat | Eilat, Israel | 29.557669 | 34.951925 | None | 7 | No | No | Donor experiment: testing effects of differing amount of damage to donor colonies (10, 20, 30%), on reproductive activity. | not reported | Testing effects on donor colonies | not relevant | No | n/a | Stylophora pistillata | Stylophora | Branching | Yes | Fast growth, common | Transplantation - fragments | yes | n/a | yes | 24 | biological | survival | 0 | 0 | Yes | survival | Donor colonies with >10% damage suffered 100% mortality within a month, while colonies with 10% damage survived longer (12-17 months). Eventually 100% of colonies died. Pruning during gametogenesis immediately reduces reproductive capacity, however this is restored after 5 months? | Prune less than 10% of donor colonies | 24 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
8 | PR007 | 2001 | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. | Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Restoration Ecology | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich (2001) Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. Restoration Ecology 9: 432-442. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94012.x | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Israel | Eilat | Eilat, Israel | 29.557669 | 34.951925 | Diver damage | 7 | No | No | Transplant experiment: test survival of fragments on two sites: one highly visited by scuba divers and one protected | not reported | Testing survival based on disturbance regime (visitation by scuba divers), and size of transplant (isolated branch vs small colony) | not relevant | No | Degraded site | Stylophora pistillata | Stylophora | Branching | Yes | Fast growth, common | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | n/a | yes | 6 | biological | survival | 53.75 | 5 | Yes | survival/growth | Higher survival (83%) on protected site, compared to site with heavy scuba diving pressure (25%). Isolated branches of S. pistillata had higher survivorship than small colonies, however the small colonies grew 10 times faster than isolated branches. | Small colonies can successfully be relocated from high disturbance sites into nurseries | 6 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
9 | PR008 | 2001 | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. | Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Restoration Ecology | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich (2001) Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. Restoration Ecology 9: 432-442. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94012.x | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Israel | Eilat | Eilat, Israel | 29.557669 | 34.951925 | None | 7 | No | No | Attachment procedures experiment: growth of fragments compared between treatments (fragments individually held by plastic clips, or in plastic trays) | plastic clips, in spaces of plastic mesh | Testing how growth is affected by attachment method | not relevant | No | n/a | Stylophora pistillata | Stylophora | Branching | Yes | Fast growth, common | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | n/a | yes | 6 | biological | survival | 54 | 82.5 | Yes | survival | Higher survival (83%) in plastic crate compared to individual plastic clips on cement tiles (25%). | 6 | yes | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
10 | PR009 | 2001 | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. | Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration. | Restoration Ecology | Epstein, N., R. P. M. Bak, and B. Rinkevich. 2001. Strategies for Gardening Denuded Coral Reef Areas: The Applicability of Using Different Types of Coral Material for Reef Restoration.,Restoration Ecology 9: 432-442. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2001.94012.x | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Israel | Eilat | Eilat, Israel | 29.557669 | 34.951925 | None | 7 | No | No | Planula larvae of S. pistillata were collected and reared in a laboratory for 3 months, then placed in underwater nurseries | not reported | Testing S. pistillata | not relevant | No | n/a | Stylophora pistillata | Stylophora | Branching | Yes | Fast growth, common | Sexual Reproduction | n/a | n/a | yes | 1 | biological | survival | 5 | 83 | Yes | survival | 41% of spats survived the nursery phase (3 month), while 5 % survived 1 month after transplanting | Low survival but high growth of survivors. Relies on using a species which reproduces several months of the year ( ie not a broadcasting species). Expensive because it requires ex situ maintenance of larvae. | 1 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
11 | PR010 | 2008 | Putchim, L., N. Thongtham, A. Hewett, and H. Chansang. | Survival and growth of Acropora spp. in mid-water nursery and after transplantation at Phi Phi Islands, Andaman Sea, Thailand. | Proceedings of the 11th Int. Coral Reef Symposium. Florida. Session | Putchim, L., N. Thongtham, A. Hewett, and H. Chansang (2008) Survival and growth of Acropora spp. in mid-water nursery and after transplantation at Phi Phi Islands, Andaman Sea, Thailand. Proceedings of the 11th Int. Coral Reef Symposium. Florida. Session | Conference Proceedings | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309697796_Survival_and_growth_of_Acropora_spp_in_mid-water_nursery_and_after_transplantation_at_Phi_Phi_Islands_the_Andaman_Sea_Thailand | Coral Gardening | Thailand | Phi Phi Island | Phi Phi Island, Thailand | 7.740738 | 98.77841 | Tsunami | 1 | No | No | Corals reared for 4 months in mid water nursery, consisting of trays suspended at 6 m depth with floats and anchors. | Pipes/tubes | none (location) | 10 | No | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora grandis, A. muricata | Acropora | Branching | No | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | n/a | yes | 12 | biological | growth, survival | 81.15 | 87 | Yes | survival/growth | Fragments of A. muricata and A. grandis had high survivorship both in nursery (95%) and after transplantation (81%), and the authors recommend the coral species as suitable for nursery and transplantation in the Andaman Sea. | Relatively few transplanted corals grew tissue/skeleton over the metal bar. No description of metal bar type etc in paper | 18 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
12 | PR011 | 2009 | Ferse, S. C. A., and A. Kunzmann. | Effects of Concrete-Bamboo Cages on Coral Fragments: Evaluation of a Low-Tech Method Used in Artisanal Ocean-Based Coral Farming. | Journal of Applied Aquaculture | Ferse, S. C. A., and A. Kunzmann (2009) Effects of Concrete-Bamboo Cages on Coral Fragments: Evaluation of a Low-Tech Method Used in Artisanal Ocean-Based Coral Farming. Journal of Applied Aquaculture 21: 31-49. | Journal Article | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10454430802694538 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Indonesia | Sambangan Island | Sambangan Island, Indonesia | -8.1485516 | 115.0983069 | None | 7 | No | No | Experiment testing effects of bamboo cages to exclude coral predators (fish and invertebrates). Nubbins on concrete bases, fixed onto 1 x 1m bamboo boards. Treatments = Bamboo cages with small and large mesh, shading vs no shading, deep vs shallow. Control = no cages, open cages, no shading. | Cement | Using inexpensive, locally available materials to construct cages and trays for coral nurseries, testing effects of handling and measuring, and effects of cages/shading | not relevant | Yes | n/a | Acropora gomezi, Pavona cactus | Acropora, Pavona | Mixed | No | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | yes | n/a | yes | 4.4 | biological | growth, survival | not reported | n/a | No | survival/growth | Fragments do not necessarily grow faster and at higher survival rates in cages, especially if they do not adequately exclude fish. A. gomezi fragments reached the highest mean skeletal extension when cultured outside of cages in shallow water, all other treatments showed net negative growth. P. cactus growth was only affected by cages in deeper sites. Similarly, A gomezi grew faster unshaded, while P. cactus grew more in the shade. | Bamboo cages not appropriate to keep fishes out, but rather attract fish, which may cause mechanical damage to coral fragments inside cages. | 4.4 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
13 | PR012 | 2010 | Levy, G., L. Shaish, A. Haim, and B. Rinkevich. | Mid-water rope nursery-Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. | Ecological Engineering | Levy, G., L. Shaish, A. Haim, and B. Rinkevich (2010) Mid-water rope nursery-Testing design and performance of a novel reef restoration instrument. Ecological Engineering 36:560-569. | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248412731_Mid-water_rope_nursery-Testing_design_and_performance_of_a_novel_reef_restoration_instrument | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Experiment testing three different types of rope nurseries: 1) Floats on surface, 2) attached on bottom with ropes, 3) attached to bottom with legs. Methods specifically target separate genotypes of colonies within the same species to increase genotypic diversity | Spliced in ropes | First test of floating rope nurseries. Considering genetic diversity. Simplistic rope nursery design, vene when fixed to bottom. | not relevant | Yes | Favourable environmental conditions | M. digitata, E.lamellosa, M. scabricula, Pocillopora damicornis | Montipora, Echinopora, Pocillopora | Mixed | No | not reported | Translocation - Colonies | n/a | n/a | yes | 10 | biological | Survival, growth, bleaching | 72.83846154 | 99.6 | Yes | survival/growth | Growth and survival vary between genotypes of the same species. Survival is highest in rope nurseries tied to the bottom, compared to those floating on the surface (presumably due to wave action). Branching species have a higher survival, compared to encrusting species. | Nurseries attached to surface increase movement of colonies, encourages unusual growth forms, lower growth and survival. May still be suitable for places with high tidal movement (as bottom affixed nurseries will experience depth changes during tidal cycle). Use larger fragments for encrusting species, to ensure survival. | 10 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
14 | PR013 | 2012 | Griffin, S., H. Spathias, T. Moore, I. Baums, and B. Griffin. | Scaling up Acropora nurseries in the Caribbean and improving techniques. | Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns | Griffin, S., H. Spathias, T. Moore, I. Baums, and B. Griffin (2012) Scaling up Acropora nurseries in the Caribbean and improving techniques. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns | Conference Proceedings | http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_20A_2.pdf | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Puerto Rico | South coast of Puerto Rico | South coast of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico | 18.0247132 | -66.6014073 | Ship grounding | 1 | No | No | Damaged fragments of Acropora cervicornis were cached in nurseries during emergency restoration, and line nurseries were set up to grow additional corals for restoration. Growth rates (linear and maximum diameter) and survival of 712 colonies were monitored for one year examining the effects of genotype, depth and attachment method. | rubber coated wire, line, monel wire, and cable ties | None (Location) | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | Yes | Local abundance | Corals of opportunity | No | no | yes | 12 | biological | growth, survival | 95.5 | 95.5 | yes | survival, growth | Coated wire had the lowest mortality (2.6%), and cable ties had the highest mortality (12.5%). Fragments placed at deeper depths had significantly higher growth rates than corals placed at shallower depths. Survival and growth rates also varied between genotypes. | The line nurseries produced high survival and growth rates, required low maintenance and held up well during storm events. Given the decline in A. cervicornis populations in the Caribbean over the last few decades and the current focus on scaling up nurseries in the Caribbean, the results and techniques presented here are useful for the development of future nursery operations. | 12 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
15 | PR014 | 2012 | Pizarro, V., N. Charuvi, and C. Garcia-Llano. | Growing corals in line and floating nurseries at Tayrona Park. | ISRS | Pizarro, V., N. Charuvi, and C. Garcia-Llano. 2012. Growing corals in line and floating nurseries at Tayrona Park. ,ISRS | Conference Abstract | http://www.icrs2012.com/Downloads/ICRS2012_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Colombia | Tayrona National Natural Park | Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia | 11.3064409 | -74.0657561 | None | 7 | No | No | Experiment testing growth and survival of fragments in line and floating nurseries. Opportunistic study of bleaching survival on nurseries vs reef corals. | not reported | Testing bleaching resilience | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata | Acropora | Branching | No | Species under threat | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | n/a | yes | 18 | biological | growth, survival | n/a | n/a | Yes | growth, survival | No significant differences between nurseries survivorship and growth in the first 7 months. Higher survival of coral fragments on nurseries (95%) compared to natural reef population (10-90%) during bleaching event | n/a | 18 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
16 | PR015 | 2012 | Schopmeyer, S. A., D. Lirman, E. Bartels, J. Byrne, D. S. Gilliam, J. Hunt, M. E. Johnson, E. A. Larson, K. Maxwell, K. Nedimyer, and C. Walter. | In Situ Coral Nurseries Serve as Genetic Repositories for Coral Reef Restoration after an Extreme Cold‐Water Event. | Restoration Ecology | Schopmeyer, S. A., D. Lirman, E. Bartels, J. Byrne, D. S. Gilliam, J. Hunt, M. E. Johnson, E. A. Larson, K. Maxwell, K. Nedimyer, and C. Walter (2012) In Situ Coral Nurseries Serve as Genetic Repositories for Coral Reef Restoration after an Extreme Cold‐Water Event. Restoration Ecology 20: 696 - 703. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2011.00836.x | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | USA | Florida Reef tract | Florida Reef tract, USA | 27.6648274 | -81.5157535 | None | 7 | No | No | Experiment testing whether wild and nursery bred coral colonies have a different tolerance for cold water exposure. Line or block nurseries. | not reported | Testing cold water exposure tolerance | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | Yes | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | No | Yes | Yes | 1 | biological | Survival | n/a | n/a | Yes | survival | Higher survival of coral fragments on nurseries due to less exposure to cold. Nurseries may serve as genetic repositories for wild populations. | Strategic deployment of nurseries in areas with lower risk may safeguard genetic material and diversity | 1 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
17 | PR016 | 2015 | Calderon, E. N., C. Zilberberg, and C. B. E. Castro. | Farming of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis for reef restoration purposes: the influence of inclination on growth. | Aquaculture Research | Calderon, E. N., C. Zilberberg, and C. B. E. Castro (2015) Farming of the fire‐coral Millepora alcicornis for reef restoration purposes: the influence of inclination on growth. Aquaculture Research 46: 2034-2036. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/are.12338 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Brazil | Recife de Fora, porto Seguro | Recife de Fora, porto Seguro, Brazil | -16.402684 | -38.981778 | None | 7 | No | No | Coral fragments on trays, oriented horizontally and vertically. | not reported | Testing effect of orientation in Millepora. | not relevant | No | not reported | Millepora alicornis | Millepora | Branching | Yes | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | n/a | Yes | 3 | biological | growth, survival | 100 | 100 | Yes | growth, survival | While horizontal nubbins grew more branch tips, vertical nubbins had higher growth. Authors speculate that orientation of fragment should be guided by objective: Fast growth=vertical, increase 3D complexity=horizontal orientation. | If nubbins are to be used as new donor colonies, they should be grown horizontally, since number of branch tips are increased in that orientation. | 3 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
18 | PR017 | 2014 | Ng, C. S. L., and L. M. Chou. | Rearing juvenile “corals of opportunity” in in situ nurseries – A reef rehabilitation approach for sediment-impacted environments. | Marine Biology Research | Ng, C. S. L., and L. M. Chou (2014) Rearing juvenile “corals of opportunity” in situ nurseries – A reef rehabilitation approach for sediment-impacted environments. Marine Biology Research 10: 833-838. | Journal Article | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17451000.2013.853124 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Singapore | Pulau Semakau | Pulau Semakau, Singapore | 1.2064868 | 103.7709177 | None | 1 | No | No | Coral juveniles (<4.5cm) collected on unstable substrate, reared in flow through aquaria ex situ . After rearing for 4-5 weeks, they were placed on PVC trays at an in situ nursery site. Coral sorted into size classes | Wedged in mesh | Transplanting recruits from area where they are unlikely to survive (COP). | not relevant | No | not reported | Pectinia paeonia, P. speciosa | Pectinia | Foliose | No | Local abundance | Corals of opportunity | n/a | n/a | Yes | 5 | biological | growth, survival | 81.05 | 97 | Yes | growth, survival | Using juvenile COP's is a viable coral gardening strategy. No difference in survival between size classes, however larger COP's grew faster than smaller ones. Differences in growth seem to not be related to sedimentation rates | Transportation stress may increase mortality. In species which stresses easily by fragmentation, using juvenile COP's may be an option that increases survival and growth. | 5 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
19 | PR018 | 2001 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001) Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 915-931 | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233556450_Low-tech_coral_reef_restoration_methods_modeled_after_fragmentation_process | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Puerto Rico | La Parguera | La Parguera, Puerto Rico | 17.9749654 | -67.0465664 | None | 7 | No | No | Factorial design testing three coral varieties (A. cervicornis back and front reef varieties, A prolifera back reef variety). Line nursery on rubble zones of back reef | Cable tie on monofilament line | testing two growth morphologies (adapted high vs low energy environments) of both species | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | Prone to fragmentation, fast growing | Translocation - fragments | Yes | n/a | Yes | 7 | biological | growth, survival | not reported | n/a | Yes | growth, survival | Differences between varieties in survival. Survival highest in species harvested from similar habitat to nursery location. (I.E back reef variety). Front reef varieties retain growth morphology adapted to front reef conditions, even when grown under backreef conditions | Line nurseries can survive a substantial hurricane, however some fragment damage is likely to occur. Fast growing branching species can be "pruned" to control growth and allow slower growing coral to catch up. This would also serve as a sustainable source of fragments. | 7 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
20 | PR019 | 2001 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001) Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 915-931 | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233556450_Low-tech_coral_reef_restoration_methods_modeled_after_fragmentation_process | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Puerto Rico | La Parguera | La Parguera, Puerto Rico | 17.9749654 | -67.0465664 | None | 7 | No | No | Factorial design testing growth and mortality of different coral fragment sizes. Apical tips of branches of three size classes used | Cable tie on monofilament line | none (location) | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | Prone to fragmentation, fast growing | Transplantation - fragments | Yes | n/a | Yes | 6 | biological | growth, survival | not reported | n/a | Yes | survival | Smaller fragments have higher mortality | 6 | yes | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
21 | PR020 | 2001 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001) Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 915-931 | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233556450_Low-tech_coral_reef_restoration_methods_modeled_after_fragmentation_process | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Puerto Rico | La Parguera | La Parguera, Puerto Rico | 17.9749654 | -67.0465664 | None | 7 | No | No | Factorial experiment testing the effect of fragment age (position within colony) on survival | Cable tie on monofilament line | testng effects of fragment age on survival | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | Prone to fragmentation, fast growing | Translocation - fragments | Yes | n/a | Yes | 7 | biological | survival | not reported | n/a | Yes | survival | Younger fragments have higher mortality | 7 | yes | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
22 | PR021 | 2001 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Bowden-Kerby, A. (2001) Low-tech coral reef restoration methods modeled after natural fragmentation processes. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 915-931 | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233556450_Low-tech_coral_reef_restoration_methods_modeled_after_fragmentation_process | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Puerto Rico | La Parguera | La Parguera, Puerto Rico | 17.9749654 | -67.0465664 | None | 7 | No | No | Factorial experiment testing the effect of substrate type and location on survival,growth and overgrowth of fragments. Fragments placed on 1) sand, 2) in contact with sand, supported by tray, 3) 5-10 cm above sand | trays | testing differences in fragment location during nursery phase | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | Prone to fragmentation, fast growing | Transplantation - fragments | Yes | n/a | Yes | 12 | biological | survival, growth, overgrowth | not reported | n/a | Yes | growth, survival | 100% of fragments on sand died, while ~80% survived on trays suspended above sand. Fragments placed on rubble, or in contact with sand suffered intermediate mortality. | Fragments grown suspended above sand will overgrow mesh and form a strong attachment to mesh within 2 months, however this attachment was lost within a year. Fragments on weighted frames can survive a strong hurricane. | 12 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
23 | PR022 | 2001 | Gleason, D. F., D. A. Brazeau, and D. Munfus. | Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? | Bulletin of Marine Science | Gleason, D. F., D. A. Brazeau, and D. Munfus (2001) Can self-fertilizing coral species be used to enhance restoration of Caribbean reefs? Bulletin of Marine Science 69:933-943. | Journal Article | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/2001/00000069/00000002/art00053?crawler=true | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | USA | St. Croix | St. Croix, USA | 17.7245968 | -64.8347992 | None | 7 | No | No | Testing survival/growth/ reproductive capacity of brooding corals after cutting in half (to increase output?) and outplanting at two different depths (9 & 24 metres). The corals used originated fom either 9 or 24m, and were tested ina factorial expriemnt. Also testing self-fertilisation rates in a separate genetic study. Measures growth through dye | Epoxy | Using self fertilising species, because it can guarantee reproductive output even at low population densities on restored reefs | not reported | No | not reported | Porites astreoides | Porites | Massive | Yes | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | Yes | n/a | Yes | 21 | biological | survival, growth, reproduction | 94.875 | 100 | Yes | Survival, growth, reproductive output | Colonies moved from deep to shallow bleached at first, but recovered and were indistinguishable from shallow colonies after 10 months. There was no difference in survival between intact and divided colonies. Colonies that were moved from shallow to deep sites grew slower, while colonies that were moved in the opposite direction (deep to shallow) grew faster. Results for reproductive output were similar to growth, albeit less pronounced. | Hermaphroditic brooders can survive handling and being split in half, and still produce reproductive output comparable to resident control colonies, and can therefore be valuable in restoration efforts. | 21 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
24 | PR023 | 2006 | Yeemin, T., M. Sutthacheep, and R. Pettongma. | Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. | Ocean & Coastal Management | Yeemin, T., M. Sutthacheep, and R. Pettongma. 2006. Coral reef restoration projects in Thailand. ,Ocean & Coastal Management | Journal Article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569106000780 | Transplantation | Thailand | Sattahip Bay | Sattahip Bay, Thailand | 12.6766338 | 100.8967847 | Sedimentation | 1 | No | Yes | Coral colonies (hard & soft), fragments relocated from disturbance site to restored site | Cement | none (location) | not reported | Not reported | not reported | n/a | Mixed | No | not reported | Translocation - colonies | No | No | Yes | 6 | biological | growth, survival | 92 | 92 | Yes | Survival, growth | High survival of translocated colonies | None | 6 | No | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
25 | PR024 | 2014 | Gomez, E. D., P. C. Cabaitan, H. T. Yap, and R. M. Dizon | Can Coral Cover be Restored in the Absence of Natural Recruitment and Reef Recovery? | Restoration Ecology | Gomez, E. D., P. C. Cabaitan, H. T. Yap, and R. M. Dizon (2014) Can Coral Cover be Restored in the Absence of Natural Recruitment and Reef Recovery? Restoration Ecology 22: 142-150. | Journal Article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec.12041 | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 1 | No | No | Testing whether P. cylindrica will survive in heavily degraded area where it is locally extinct. Survival growth compared between sites/ attachment orientation/attachment densities. Fragments attached in depressions created on bommies in sandy area. | Epoxy | Testing two sites with different sedimentation type, density of attachment and orientation of attachment | not reported | No | Degraded site | Porites cylindrica | Porites | Branching | Yes | Locally extinct | Transplantation - fragments | yes | No | Yes | 20 | Biological | growth, survival | 90.25 | 98 | Yes | Survival, growth | High survival and growth of translocated colonies at both locations (sedimentation rates and depths differed) | Fragments survive and grow better when transplanted to locations that are similar to their original habitats. | 20 | No | Biological | LBE | |||||||
26 | PR025 | 2005 | Fox, H. E., P. J. MOUS, J. S. PET, A. H. MULJADI, and R. L. CALDWELL. | Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing | Conservation Biology 19:98–107. | Fox, H. E., P. J. MOUS, J. S. PET, A. H. MULJADI, and R. L. CALDWELL. 2005. Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing,Conservation Biology 19:98–107. | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x/full | Substrate Stabilisation | Indonesia | Komodo National Park | Komodo National Park, Indonesia | -8.527716 | 119.4833198 | Destructive fishing | 7 | Yes | No | Small scale pilot experiment (1m2) of three rubble stabilisation techniques: 1)fishing net attached to rubble, 2) cement slabs pinned to rubble, 3) piles of rocks attached to rubble. Sites were not recruitment limited based on previous surveys. | n/a | Testing different techniques for rubble stabilisation | 1 | No | Area affected by disturbance | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Natural recruitment | yes | yes | Yes | 36 | Biological | recruitment, growth | not reported | n/a | Yes | Survival, growth | Rock piles had the highest recruitment and cover of hard corals after three years, followed by cement and netting, compared to control sites (no treatment). However, many sites (including rubble piles) were degraded over time, by water movement. | Rock piles need to be stabilised to ensure longevity | 36 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
27 | PR026 | 2005 | Fox, H. E., P. J. MOUS, J. S. PET, A. H. MULJADI, and R. L. CALDWELL. | Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. | Conservation Biology 19:98–107. | Fox, H. E., P. J. MOUS, J. S. PET, A. H. MULJADI, and R. L. CALDWELL. 2005. Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. ,Conservation Biology 19:98–107. | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x/full | Substrate Stabilisation | Indonesia | Komodo National Park | Komodo National Park, Indonesia | -8.527716 | 119.4833198 | Destructive fishing | 7 | Yes | No | Mid-scale experiment, building on pilot study of stabilisation techniques on reefs damaged by dynamite fishing. Rubble piles were piled higher (70-90cm) than in pilot to prevent burial in high currents. | n/a | Testing different techniques for rubble stabilisation | 100 | No | Area affected by disturbance | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Natural recruitment | yes | yes | Yes | 36 | Biological | recruitment, growth | not reported | n/a | Yes | Survival, growth | Coral counts and cover increased substantially on rock piles compared to control sites. Some high current sites low or decreasing coral cover over time, | Rock piles in areas of high water movement get covered in rubble | 36 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
28 | PR027 | 2005 | Fox, H. E., P. J. Mous, J. S. Pet, A. H. Muljadi, and R. L. Caldwell. | Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. 19:98–107. | Conservation Biology | Fox, H. E., P. J. Mous, J. S. Pet, A. H. Muljadi, and R. L. Caldwell (2005) Experimental Assessment of Coral Reef Rehabilitation Following Blast Fishing. Conservation Biology 19:98–107. | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00261.x/full | Substrate Stabilisation | Indonesia | Komodo National Park | Komodo National Park, Indonesia | -8.527716 | 119.4833198 | Destructive fishing | 1 | Yes | Yes | Large scale experiment testing rock piles in four types of configuration, designed to limit encroachment by rubble: 1) complete coverage, 2) rock piles, 3) spur and groove parallel to current, 4) spur and groove perpendicular to current | n/a | Testing different techniques for rubble stabilisation | 6430 | No | Area affected by disturbance | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Natural recruitment | yes | yes | Yes | 72 | biological / ecological | Coral cover, fish assemblage composition, coral recruitment | not reported | n/a | Yes | Coral cover, fish assemblage composition, coral recruitment | Coral cover, recruit size and fish abundance/diversity was higher on restored sites, compared to control sites. No clear data on different substrate enhancement types. High variability in success of various substrates stabilisation techniques between sites and stabilisation types. Success was highest at moderate current sites, compared to sites with high or low current. | Some heavier corals stopped being supported by the rubble piles - stabilisation of piles may be needed to ensure longevity. Technique only relevant where access to quarried rocks is relatively easy and cheap. | 72 | yes | biological / ecological | LBE | |||||||
29 | PR028 | 2013 | Ngai, N. D., N. D. Cu, and D. A. Tuye | Coral degradation and ability of rehabilitation of coral reefs in Co To Archipelago, Quang Ninh province, Vietnam. | Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography | Ngai, N. D., N. D. Cu, and D. A. Tuye (2013) Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 96: 50-55. | Journal Article | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064513001562?via%3Dihub | Transplantation | Vietnam | Cô Tô District | Cô Tô District, Vietnam | 21.1062206 | 107.8346924 | Destructive fishing | 1 | No | No | Fragments from donor colonies ('coral seed'?) out planted onto ReefBalls and existing hard substrate (dead coral) | Cable tie on monofilament line | None (Location) | not reported | not reported | Area affected by disturbance | not reported | n/a | n/a | n/a | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | yes | yes | 24 | Biological | survival | 88.3 | 88.3 | Yes | Survival | High survival of fragments on reef balls, but low survival on hard substrate. | The authors conclude that the method of attachment on stakes was insufficient to stop fragments from becoming dislodged. New fragments attracted Drupella, which caused increased mortality. | 24 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
30 | PR029 | 2005 | Omori, M | Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. | Coral Reefs | Omori, M (2005) Success of mass culture of Acropora corals from egg to colony in open water. Coral Reefs 24: 563-563. | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-005-0030-4 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Japan | Okinawa | Okinawa, Japan | 26.501301 | 127.945404 | None | 7 | No | No | Coral larvae induced to settle inside floating plastic cages to reduce issues with sedimentation, bioerosion and coral livores. Cages also contained topshell juveniles (Trochus nilocitus) to control algae and other fouling organisms. | n/a | Using sexual reproduction as source of corals, hanging cages to exclude predators and reduce sedimentation, including organisms that stop fouling. | n/a | No | N/a | Acropora tenuis | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Sexual reproduction | yes | n/a | yes | 9 | Biological | growth, survival | not reported | n/a | yes | Survival | Colonies inside cages grew to ~40mm in 9 months. 100% mortality in cages without trochus topsnails | Including trochus top nails inside cages can control fouling organisms like algae, sponges, hydroids and tunicates. | 9 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
31 | PR030 | 2017 | Schopmeyer, S. A., D. Lirman, E. Bartels, D. S. Gilliam, E. A. Goergen, S. P. Griffin, M. E. Johnson, C. Lustic, K. Maxwell, and C. S. Walter. | Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. | Coral Reefs | Schopmeyer, S. A., D. Lirman, E. Bartels, D. S. Gilliam, E. A. Goergen, S. P. Griffin, M. E. Johnson, C. Lustic, K. Maxwell, and C. S. Walter (2017) Regional restoration benchmarks for Acropora cervicornis. Coral Reefs 36: 1047-1057. | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-017-1596-3 | Coral Gardening | USA | Mixed | Mixed, USA | 37.09024 | -95.712891 | n/a | 1 | No | No | In situ coral nurseries populated with fragments collected from donor colonies (<10% collected, donor colonies selected based on size and condition). out planted after 1 year. Donor colonies monitored for 12 months following collection. Some overlap with Johnson et al 2011 | Cable tie on monofilament line | Largest coordinated species recovery effort in the world | not reported | Yes | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Species under threat | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | Survival, growth, condition | 88 | 90.8 | yes | Survival, growth | No negative effects (disease, mortality, growth) on donor colonies in any location. High survival on nurseries (90.8%) and outplants (85.2). The study proposes benchmarks which can be used to assess the success of other A. cervicornis projects: -75% donor survival in first year -80% survival of nursery fragments in first year -77% survival of out planted colonies in the first year Projects within 10% of benchmarks=Green (doing well), 10-20% = yellow (some changes needed), and >20% = red (issues needs to be addressed) | n/a | 12 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
32 | PR031 | 1982 | Alcala, A. C., E. D. Gomez, and L. C. Alcala. | Survival and growth of coral transplants in Central Philippines Kalikasan, | Kalikasan, Philipp J Biol | Alcala, A. C., E. D. Gomez, and L. C. Alcala. 1982. Survival and growth of coral transplants in Central Philippines Kalikasan, ,Kalikasan, Philipp J Biol | Journal Article | https://www.coralreef.gov/mitigation/coraltransplants_centralphilippines.pdf | Transplantation | Philippines | Sumilon MP | Sumilon MP, Philippines | 9.9162209 | 125.4432657 | n/a | 7 | No | No | Fragments from nearby donor colonies were fixed with ordinary cement in depressions in the rocky substrate. | Cement | First transplantation study? | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora securis, Acropora formosa, Acropora affinis, Acropora speciosa, Acropora brueggemanni, Euphyllia fimbriata, Montipora foliosa, Montipora undata, Turbinaria foliosa, Seriatopora caliendrum, Heliopora coerulea, Pocillopora danae, Pocillopora verrucosa, Millepora platyphylla, Millepora elegans, Stylophora danae, Stylophora pistillata, Hydnophora rigida, Porites spp., Hydnophora spp., Symphyllia spp., Millepora spp., Pavona spp. | Acropora, Euphyllia, Montipora, Turbinaria, Seriatopora, Heliopora, Pocillopora, Millepora, Stylophora, Hydnophora, Porites, Symphyllia, Pavona | Mixed | No | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | yes | yes | 13 | Biological | growth, survival | 60.4375 | 100 | yes | Survival, growth | Different levels of survival at the two sites tested (40 vs 71%), how were the reason for low survival are unknown. | none | 13 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
33 | PR032 | 2000 | Ammar, M. S. A., E. M. Amin, D. Gundacker, and W. E. G. Mueller. | One Rational Strategy for Restoration of Coral Reefs: Application of Molecular Biological Tools to Select Sites for Rehabilitation by Asexual Recruits. | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Ammar, M. S. A., E. M. Amin, D. Gundacker, and W. E. G. Mueller (2000) One Rational Strategy for Restoration of Coral Reefs: Application of Molecular Biological Tools to Select Sites for Rehabilitation by Asexual Recruits. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 618-627. | Journal Article | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X00000308 | Transplantation | Egypt | Red Sea | Red Sea, Egypt | 25.1076838 | 33.7964613 | none | 7 | No | No | Transplantation of fragments using donor colonies that have been analysed to be of high health using molecular tools? Also testing survival rate between fragments attached with resin to mesh, vs those just pushed in to the mesh without resin. | Mesh and/or epoxy resin | None (Location) | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora humilis, A. verweyi, A. hemprichii, Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Favia stelligera | Acropora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Favia | Mixed | No | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | Survival, growth, attachment | 46.49230769 | 78.5 | yes | Survival, growth | Higher survival of corals at sites with better water quality indicates corals require high water quality to survive and grow. | Attaching nubbins in mesh with epoxy resin ensures their survival during turbulent conditions. | 12 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
34 | PR033 | 2010 | Baria, M. V. B., J. R. Guest, A. J. Edwards, P. M. Aliño, A. J. Heyward, and E. D. Gomez. | Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Baria, M. V. B., J. R. Guest, A. J. Edwards, P. M. Aliño, A. J. Heyward, and E. D. Gomez (2010) Caging enhances post-settlement survival of juveniles of the scleractinian coral Acropora tenuis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 394: 149-153. | Journal Article | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098110003205 | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Philippines | NW Luzon | NW Luzon, Philippines | 16.5662318 | 121.2626366 | none | 7 | No | No | Transplanting spats (6 week old) of corals that had spawned ex situ. Testing the effects of cages to protect spats from herbivores and other grazers. | Natural settlement | Experimentally testing whether presence of cages protects spats from herbivores or other grazers | not reported | Yes | not reported | Acropora tenuis | Acropora | Branching | Yes | not reported | Sexual reproduction | yes | yes | yes | 3 | Biological | survival, algal biomass | 22.775 | 33 | yes | Survival | Significant higher survival of 6 week old spats in cages compared to uncaged, although no significant difference in survival between closed and open cages. Significantly higher levels of macroalgae in caged vs open cage and no cage indicate this is not due to herbivory. | 3 | yes | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
35 | PR034 | 2001 | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller. | The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller. 2001. The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far.,Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 881-896. | Journal Article | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2001/00000069/00000002/art00050# | Coral Gardening | USA | Florida Keys | Florida Keys, USA | 25.0273356 | -81.5357506 | ship grounding | 1 | No | No | Experiment 1 tested minimum viable size of fragments, and outplant orientation. Montastraea faveolata cores were mounted on pickets and reared in aquaria (1 year), before being out planted (1 & 2 years). | epoxy on mounts, drilled into dead reef | Trialling minimum size of massive coral fragments | not reported | Yes | Area affected by disturbance | Montastraea faveolata | Montastrea | Massive | Yes | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | No | Yes | yes | 24 | Biological | growth, survival | 63.88888889 | 58.3 | yes | Survival, growth | 100% survival in nurseries, 63% survival of out planted corals. No corals died in situ, but were lost from outplanting site.Orientation of out planted fragments did not affect growth or survival. There were significant year and site effects on growth. | Cores grew tissue over epoxy, while cores with exposed skeletons remained exposed (ie the tissue did not cover the coral skeleton) allowing algae and boring invertebrates to colonise. | 24 | no | Biological | LBE | |||||||
36 | PR035 | 2001 | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller. | The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller. 2001. The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far.,Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 881-896. | Journal Article | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2001/00000069/00000002/art00050# | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | USA | Florida Keys | Florida Keys, USA | 25.0273356 | -81.5357506 | ship grounding | 7 | No | No | Experiment 2 tests different nursery type for branching corals (closed aquaria, open systems or in situ field arrays). 7cm fragments were taken from donor colonies, and mounted onto plates using epoxy. Half of the fragments were reared ex situ in a flow through outdoor aquarium system, while half were reared in an in situ shallow nursery site (on a vertical tree-like construction) | Epoxy | testing difference in growth and survival between ex situ and in situ nurseries? | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora palmata, A. cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | No | Species under threat | Transplantation - fragments | No | Yes | yes | 10 | Biological | growth, survival | 95.83333333 | 100 | yes | Survival, growth | No difference in linear extension between in situ and ex situ nurseries for A. cervicornis, however the basal width was significantly larger in the tank compare to the field.In contrast A. palmata colonies had higher linear extension and mineral accretion in the field compared to ex situ nurseries, however the basal growth was larger in the tanks compared to field nurseries. Tank reared A cervicornis exhibited limited branching while field colonies formed multiple branches during the study period. | Growing in tanks allowed bases to develop which may be advantageous when outplanting, however the reduced water movement may have resulted in reduced branching. | 10 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
37 | PR036 | 2001 | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller. | The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Becker, L. C., and E. Mueller (2001) The culture, transplantation and storage of Montastraea faveolata, Acropora cervicornis and Acropora palmata: What we have learned so far. Bulletin of Marine Science 69: 881-896. | Journal Article | http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2001/00000069/00000002/art00050# | Transplantation | USA | Florida Keys | Florida Keys, USA | 25.0273356 | -81.5357506 | ship grounding | 7 | No | No | Experiment 3 tests outplanting without a nursery phase. M. faveolata cores on poles, and A cervicornis fragments were placed either in aquaria, on an in situ array, or directly on to the reef substrate. | Epoxy | testing storage of fragments | not relevant | Yes | Area affected by disturbance | Montipora faveolata, Acropora cervicornis | Montipora, Acropora | Mixed | No | Species under threat | Transplantation - fragments | No | Yes | yes | varies | Biological | growth, survival | 21.42857143 | 63.8 | partial | Survival, growth | Fragments in aquaria had issues with disease and suffered high mortality. Field fragment of both species did better, however a large hurricane dislodged and buried a large amount of the fragments, so survival and growth measurements were impossible after that. | - Closed aquaria allows for monitoring and maintenance, however growth morphology is affected.This is also the most expensive method (both time/cost). Disease was an issue in this experiment, however the authors suggest using a quarantine tank to safeguard against introduced pathogens. - Open aquaria require less maintenance but require high water quality.Acroporids grew slower in these tanks compared to those in the field. - Placing fragments directly onto the substrate is only suitable for short time storage under calm conditions. - In istue arrays raise the fragments above the substratum and protect against scouring and burying, how vere are vulnerable to discarded fishing gear and wave action. | various | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
38 | PR037 | 2012 | Boch, C. A., and A. N. C. Morse. | Testing the effectiveness of direct propagation techniques for coral restoration of Acropora spp. | Ecological Engineering | Boch, C. A., and A. N. C. Morse (2012) Testing the effectiveness of direct propagation techniques for coral restoration of Acropora spp. Ecological Engineering 40: 11-17. | Journal Article | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925857411003934 | Larval Enhancement | Palau | East side | East side, Palau | 7.51498 | 134.58252 | None | 7 | No | No | Comparing the growth and survival of fragments vs sexaully produced coral propagules on sites with differing water flow regimes. Fragments attached directly onto restoration siet in tubes using zip ties. Gametes collected after spawning in the lab, allowed to fertilise and then reared for 5 days in ex situ aquaria until competent. The planula were then encouraged to settle onto ocean conditioned pushmounts (~15 per pushmount). After 4 days (=9 days post fertilisation) the mounts were transplanted onto the reef in pre-drilled holes | plastic tubes and zip ties | None (Location) | not reported | no | not reported | Acropora digitifera, A. hyacinthus | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Translocation - fragments | No | yes | yes | 18 | Biological | growth, survival | 48.075 | 80 | partial | Survival, growth | Mean growth of both species was significantly higher at the site with higher water flow. Survival was high for fragments, and not significantly different between sites, however survival of sexual propagules was relatively low, although significantly higher in the high flow site) | Increase in density of larval settlement could increase survivorship by encouraging fusion of the polyps. Caging to reduce predation of recruits may also increase survival, but is difficult to scale up. | various | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
39 | PR038 | 1997 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Bowden-Kerby, A. 1997. Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Conference Proceedings | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275210184_Coral_transplantation_in_sheltered_habitats_using_unattached_fragments_and_cultured_colonies | Transplantation | Puerto Rico | , Puerto Rico | 18.220833 | -66.590149 | None | 7 | No | No | Pilot study of fragments on rubble. Fragments relocated and scattered over rubble. Coral cover and fish communities surveyed and compared to controls. | none | Surveying fish communities | 25 | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 12 | biological / ecological | Survival, growth, fish abundance, coral cover | not reported | 98.1 | yes | Coral cover, fish abundance | Coral cover increased at site from 2.2% to 24.5%, with a concomitant increase in fish abundance from 17 fish in control plot, to 13 in restored plot. 75% of coral were attached to the substrate or each other. | 12 | yes | biological / ecological | LBE | |||||||||
40 | PR039 | 1997 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Bowden-Kerby, A. (1997) Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Volume: 2: 2063-2068 | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_9981.aspx | Coral Gardening | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico | 18.220833 | -66.590149 | None | 7 | No | No | Different size classes of fragments were collected and attached to monofilament line, draped over rubble. | Cable tie on monofilament line | None (Location) | not relevant | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | not reported | Translocation - fragments | no | yes | yes | 3 | Biological | growth, survival | 87.55555556 | 95 | yes | Survival, growth | Larger and medium fragments of A cervicornis had significantly higher survival than smaller size classes. There was no effect of size in A. prolifera. | 3 | yes | Biological | LBE | ||||||||
41 | PR040 | 1997 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Bowden-Kerby, A. (1997) Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Volume: 2: 2063-2068 | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_9981.aspx | Transplantation | Micronesia | Pohnpei | Pohnpei, Micronesia | 6.8921132 | 158.2146857 | None | 7 | No | No | Pilot study of fragments on sand. Large fragments were placed on sand in various configurations to test the feasibility of transplanting corals on sand in two depths (shallow and deep). | none | None (Location) | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | no | yes | yes | 24 | Biological | growth, survival | 47.46666667 | 100 | partial | Survival, growth | All but three fragments died in shallow sites, while survival was higher in deeper sites. In particular, fragments with multiple branches survived at a higher arte (100%) than single branches (40%). The double brache also grew faster than single branches | Coral gardening can be achieved by creating rubble nursery sites, and transplanting fused coral fragments onto reefs. Fragments should be diverse to encourage resilience to disease etc. | 24 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
42 | PR041 | 1997 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Bowden-Kerby, A. 1997. Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Conference Proceedings | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275210184_Coral_transplantation_in_sheltered_habitats_using_unattached_fragments_and_cultured_colonies | Transplantation | Puerto Rico | , Puerto Rico | 18.220833 | -66.590149 | None | 7 | No | No | Intact coral colonies (from pilot study?) were translocated onto sandy areas to investigate mortality and fish recruitment | none | Surveying fish recruitment | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Transplantation - colonies | no | yes | yes | 3 | biological / ecological | Survival, growth, fish recruitment | 95 | 100 | yes | Survival, fish recruitment | High survival of entire colonies. Fish recruitment was higher n colones location >20 m from a reef, compared to those located <2m from a reef. | 3 | yes | biological / ecological | LBE | |||||||||
43 | PR042 | 1997 | Bowden-Kerby, A. | Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. | Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute: Panama. | Bowden-Kerby, A. (1997) Coral transplantation in sheltered habitats using unattached fragments and cultured colonies. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium Volume: 2: 2063-2068 | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_9981.aspx | Transplantation | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico | Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico | 18.220833 | -66.590149 | None | 7 | No | No | Testing survival and growth depending on different level of contact with the sand: 1) placed on sand,2) fragment supported but in contact with sand, 3) fragment not in contact with sand | none | Effect of sand contact | not reported | No | not reported | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | No | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | no | yes | yes | 3 | Biological | Survival, growth, attachment | 60.46666667 | n/a | yes | Survival, growth, attachment | All fragments scattered on sand died, while those suspended above the substrate showed higher survival compared to those in contact with the sand for A cervicornis. This difference was not evident in A. prolifera. More than half of coral fragments on wire frames had attached to the frame after 3 months. | Fragments are more resilient to storms if attached above the substrate, and less prone to smothering. | 3 | yes | Biological | LBE | |||||||
44 | PR043 | 2001 | Bruckner, A., and R. Bruckner. | Condition of restored Acropora palmata fragments off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, 2 years after the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding. | Coral Reefs | Bruckner, A., and R. Bruckner (2001) Condition of restored Acropora palmata fragments off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, 2 years after the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding. Coral Reefs 20: 235-243. | Journal article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003380100164 | Transplantation | Puerto Rico | Mona Island | Mona Island, Puerto Rico | 18.0829054 | -67.8927472 | Ship grounding | 7 | No | No | Nail and tie method used to attached fragments dislodged from a ship grounding | Wire | none (Location) | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora palmata | Acropora | Branching | yes | Species under threat | Corals of opportunity | no | no | yes | 24 | biological | growth, survival | not reported | n/a | yes | growth | Unable to determine mortality since only a subset of original branches were re-examined. Of those examined 57.5 % had live tissue remaining, and only 10% had fused to the substratum. No effect of orientation on growth. The data suggests larger fragments have a higher proportion live tissue | Cable ties became dislodged with wave action, switched to stainless steel wire instead. However 73% of fragments examined had tissue mortality where the wire touched the coral | 24 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
45 | PR044 | 2008 | Cabaitan, P. C., E. D. Gomez, P. A. J. O. E. Marine, | Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Cabaitan, P. C., E. D. Gomez, P. A. J. O. E. Marine (2008) Effects of coral transplantation and giant clam restocking on the structure of fish communities on degraded patch reefs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 357: 85-98. | Journal article | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022098108000191 | Transplantation | Philippines | Anda Island | Anda Island, Philippines | 16.2982564 | 119.9856157 | None | 7 | No | No | Coral fragments (>15 cm) attached to individual cement blocks (20 x 20 x 5cm) and assembled to create patch reef consisting of 100 fragments | Cement | Creating patch reefs with a mix of coral species and growth morphologies | not reported | no | not reported | Mixed | Acropora, Pocillopora, Heliopora, Tubipora, Millepora | Mixed | no | fish habitat | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 10 | biological / ecological | survival, fish community | 72 | 72 | yes | fish community | 72% of transplanted corals in the coral only treatments survived, however no fragments survived in the coral + clam treatments. Fish species richness and abundance increased significantly on coral patch reefs compared to controls. The authors conclude that restoration efforts can rapidly have positive effects on reef fish communities | 10 | yes | ecological | LBE | ||||||||
46 | PR045 | 2015 | Cabaitan, P. C., H. T. Yap, and E. D. Gomez. | Performance of single versus mixed coral species for transplantation to restore degraded reefs. | Restoration Ecology | Cabaitan, P. C., H. T. Yap, and E. D. Gomez (2015) Performance of single versus mixed coral species for transplantation to restore degraded reefs. Restoration Ecology 23: 349-356. | Journal article | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/rec.12205 | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Experiment comparing the survival and the growth of corals transplanted in single-species plots with those in mixed-species plots. Corals attached directly onto substrate with epoxy, either in drilled holes or pre-existing crevices. Three treatments were tested: 1) single species assemblage P. cylindrica 2) single species assemblage P. frondifera 3) both species mixed | Epoxy | testing single vs mixed species assemblages | not reported | no | not reported | Porites cylindrica, Pavona frondifera, Hydnophora rigida | Porites, Pavona | Mixed | no | not reported | Corals of opportunity | no | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | growth, survival | 89.5 | 95 | yes | growth, survival | P. cylindrica had overall high survival (84-95%), and was unaffected by single vs mixed species assemblages. However. P. frondifera showed site effects, with higher survival in low water movement sites. P. frondofera showed higher survival in mixed assemblages on high water movement sites. The authors claim that the high mortality on the high water movement sites was due to predation by COTS and Drupella. Neither species showed any long term differences in linear growth in any treatment. | Pick a species that is not a COTS (or other coral predator) favourite. P. cylindrica is not a preferred species, and was this spared. However, Hydnophora rigida was completely consumed by COTS in a pilot experiment. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
47 | PR046 | 2016 | Carne, L., L. Kaufman, K. Scavo, | Measuring success for Caribbean acroporid restoration: key results from ten years of work in southern Belize. | ISRS | Carne, L., L. Kaufman, K. Scavo (2016) Measuring success for Caribbean acroporid restoration: key results from ten years of work in southern Belize. Proceedings of the 13th International Coral Reef Symposium, Honolulu, Hawai'i. | Conference Proceedings | http://coralreefs.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Session-42-B-2-Carne-ICRS-clean-and-final-ATB1.pdf | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Belize | Laughing Bird Caye NP | Laughing Bird Caye NP, Belize | 16.4434667 | -88.1971864 | None | 1 | Yes | Yes | Coral fragments were out planted with a mix of genotypes and species at each location. | plaster of paris, rope, wedging and cement | Long-term study | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora palmata, A. cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | no | Species under threat | Corals of opportunity | no | yes | yes | 114 | biological / ecological | growth, survival, genetic diversity | 94 | 94 | yes | coral cover, survival | Individual tracking of survival on a small subset revealed high survival. A. palmata transplanted from one reef to another showed 89% survival, while nursery grown A. palmata showed 99% survival. Photo tracking of the much larger number of transplanted corals revealed increases in coral cover ranging from 4.7 -23.4% over a single year. All three species spawned a year after outplanting. | The outplant sites are located in a national park, where guides accompany each diver/snorkeler. These guides are trained in the removal of coral predators, and may therefore have helped the transplants survive unusually high proportions. | 114 | no | biological | LBE | |||||||
48 | PR047 | 2015 | Casey, J. M., S. R. Connolly, and T. D. Ainsworth. | Coral transplantation triggers shift in microbiome and promotion of coral disease associated potential pathogens | Scientific Reports | Casey, J. M., S. R. Connolly, and T. D. Ainsworth (2015) Coral transplantation triggers shift in microbiome and promotion of coral disease associated potential pathogens. Scientific Reports 5: 11903. | Journal article | https://www.nature.com/articles/srep11903 | Transplantation | Australia | Lizard Island | Lizard Island, Australia | -14.6680433 | 145.463777 | None | 7 | No | No | Coral fragments were transplanted inside and outside Stegastes damselfish territories, to determine the impact of exposure to the Epilithic algal matrix sustained by the farming behaviour of Stegastes, on the bacterial community of each fragment. | Epoxy | Evaluating the effect of transplantation on bacterial communities | not relevant | no | presence of Stegastes | Acropora muricata | Acropora | Branching | yes | Associated with Stegastes colonies | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | survival, bacterial community | not reported | n/a | no | survival, bacterial community | Corals transplanted inside damselfish territories suffered higher mortality than those transplanted outside Stegastes territories. Potential coral pathogens increased significantly compared to baseline fragments, in all treatments, however these levels were lower inside damslefish territories compared to outside territories. Microbial communities on fragments with a high amount of mortality are more similar to microbial communities on the EAM, than to those of healthy baseline coral microbial communities. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
49 | PR048 | 2015 | Ng, C., S. C. Lim, J. Y. Ong, L. Teo, L. Chou, K. E. Chua, and T. KS. | Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls | Ecological Engineering | Ng, C., S. C. Lim, J. Y. Ong, L. Teo, L. Chou, K. E. Chua, and T. KS (2015) Enhancing the biodiversity of coastal defence structures: transplantation of nursery-reared reef biota onto intertidal seawalls. Ecological Engineering 82: 480-486. | Journal article | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857415300409 | Coral Gardening | Singapore | Changi | Changi, Singapore | 1.3450101 | 103.9832089 | Construction | 8 | No | No | The project is attempting to establish a coral reef on sewalls erected in area of high ship traffic. Fragments collected and transported to ex situ nursery, stored for 1 month, then further fragmented, and allowed to grow in holding tanks for a further 3 months. Coral fragments were then attached (15 cm apart) to the stone seawall using marine epoxy. | Epoxy | Establishing a coral reef on rock wall | not reported | no | Development site | Porites lobata, Pocillopora damicornis, Diploastrea heliopora, Goniastrea minuta | Porites, Pocillopora, Diploastrea, Goniastrea | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | yes | 24 | Biological | growth, survival | 15.9 | 47.7 | yes | growth, survival | Almost half of P. lobata fragments survived after 2 years, however P. damicornis and H rigida suffered complete mortality after 2 months. 90% G. minuta and 10% D. heliopora survived after 12 months. | While all coral species were present on nearby reefs, some were more successful than others. Slow growing massive corals were better suited for the high energy environment than fast-growing branching corals, which were more vulnerable to becoming dislodged by flotsam. | 24 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
50 | PR049 | 2017 | Chamberland, V. F., D. Petersen, J. R. Guest, U. Petersen, M. Brittsan, and M. J. A. Vermeij. | New Seeding Approach Reduces Costs and Time to Outplant Sexually Propagated Corals for Reef Restoration. | Scientific Reports | Chamberland, V. F., D. Petersen, J. R. Guest, U. Petersen, M. Brittsan, and M. J. A. Vermeij (2017) New Seeding Approach Reduces Costs and Time to Outplant Sexually Propagated Corals for Reef Restoration. Scientific Reports 7: 18076 . | Journal article | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-17555-z | Coral Gardening | Curacao | Curacao | Curacao, Curacao | 12.16957 | -68.99002 | None | 7 | No | No | Testing the effectiveness of two types of cement tetrapods seeded with coral propagules. The tetrapods were incubated for 6 months in flow-through aquaria, and placed in containers with planula from aquarium reared coral colonies. The tetrapods, with coral settlers, were transferred to holding tanks for three weeks, after which they were transplanted at the restoration sites. Restoration sites were of low, medium or high structural complexity. | Wedging into substrate | New seeding approach | 1500 | no | not reported | Favia favum | Favia | Massive | yes | not reported | Sexual reproduction | no | no | yes | 12 | Biological | seeding unit dispersal, growth, survival | 56 | 56 | yes | retention, growth survival | Tetrapods moved very little and a majority became attached to the substrate, with no differences between the two designs. An average of 9.6 % of settlers survived on the two designs, and there was no difference in the growth rate on either design. 56% of tetrapods sustained a >1 coral polyp after one year, and this proportion is higher in medium and high complexity reefs. | Seeding in areas with low complexity may not be successful, as tetrapods may move and cause abrasion to to settlers. Concrete is ideal for algae to grow on, so the authors suggest trying a non-porous material like glass or glaze ceramics to limit algal growth | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
51 | PR050 | 2013 | Toh, T. C., C. S. L. Ng, J. Guest, and L. M. Chou. | Grazers improve health of coral juveniles in ex situ mariculture. | Aquaculture | Toh, T. C., C. S. L. Ng, J. Guest, and L. M. Chou (2013) Grazers improve health of coral juveniles in ex situ mariculture. Aquaculture 414-415: 288-293. | Journal article | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0044848613004237 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Singapore | Changi | Changi, Singapore | 1.3450101 | 103.9832089 | None | 7 | No | No | Investigating the use of biocontrols to limit macro-algal growth in ex situ coral nursery tanks. Corals were encouraged to spawn, and planula settled on concrete embedded plugs. Trochus maculatus (shell) and Salmacis sphaeroides (urchin) were introduced into aquaria, and growth and survival of the coral recruits was examined. | n/a | testing whether biocontrol of invertebrates can improve condition of coral fragments | not relevant | no | n/a | Pocillopora damicornis | Pocillopora | Branching | yes | not reported | Sexual reproduction | yes | no | yes | 6 | Biological | growth, survival, condition | 77.16666667 | 87.7 | yes | growth | Growth was faster in the biocontrol tanks than in the control tanks, although survival was similar across all three treatments. Furthermore, the corals were healthier (colour and presence of lesions) in biocontrol treatments compared to controls | 6 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
52 | PR051 | 1997 | Clark, T. | Tissue regeneration rate of coral transplants in a wave exposed environment, Cape D’Aguilar, Hong Kong. | Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium | Clark, T. 1997. Tissue regeneration rate of coral transplants in a wave exposed environment, Cape D’Aguilar, Hong Kong. ,Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_9982.aspx | Coral Gardening | Hong Kong | Cape D'Aguilar | Cape D'Aguilar, Hong Kong | 22.2166667 | 114.2666667 | None | 7 | No | No | Investigating how the regeneration of tissue occurs in transplanted corals, and how it is impacted by different sheltering regimes. Colonies collected and transported to ex situ aquaria, and held for one month. A lesion is then inflicted on the coral colony, and recovery is recorded. | cement, hooks and ropes | Looking specifically at regeneration in transplanted corals | not reported | no | proposed marine reserve | Favia speciosa, Goniastrea aspera, Porites lobata | Favia, Goniastrea, Porites | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Translocation - colonies | yes | no | yes | 4 | Biological | tissue regeneration | not reported | n/a | yes | regeneration times | Generation times differed between species, wave exposure and attachment method. Exposed sites with loose attachment methods (ie hook and rope) were the slowest to regenerate. | 4 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
53 | PR052 | 1995 | S. Clarke, A.J. Edwards | Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands | Coral Reefs | Clarke, S., and Edwards, A. J. (1995) Coral transplantation as an aid to reef rehabilitation: evaluation of a case study in the Maldive Islands. Coral Reefs 14: 201-213. | Journal article | http://rdcu.be/Epvm | Transplantation | Maldives | Galu Falhu | Galu Falhu, Maldives | 3.202778 | 73.22068 | Coral mining | 1 | No | No | Transplanting whole coral colonies from unmined reef to mined site. Colonies attached to concrete mat with concrete and/or nails. | concrete mat, concrete and nails | none (Location) | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora hyacinthus, A. cytherea, A. divaricata, A. digitfera, A. gemmifera, A. humilis, A. tenuis, Montipora spp., Astreopora spp., Porites lobata, P. lichen, P. lutea, P. nigrescens, Favia spp., Favites spp., Pocillopora verrucosa, P. damicornis, Montastrea spp., Cyphastrea spp., Pavona spp., Psammocora spp., Symphyllia spp., Goniastrea reticulosa, Leptastrea purpurea, L. transversa, Hydnophora spp., Galaxea spp., Heliopora spp. | Acropora, Pocillopora, Porites, Favia, Favites, Montipora, Astreopora, Montastrea, Cyphastrea, Pavona, Psammacora, Symphyllia, Goniastrea, Leptastrea, Hydnophora, Galaxea, Heliopora | Mixed | no | not reported | Translocation - colonies | yes | yes | yes | 28 | Biological | growth, survival | 51 | 0.51 | yes | growth, survival | A quarter of all transplanted corals were dislodged and lost, and overall 51% of colonies survived. A large proportion of colonies experienced negative growth, ie partial mortality. Natural recovery on contro sites was non-existent. | The concrete mats also encourage and promote natural recovery through recruitment | 28 | no | biological | LBE | |||||||
54 | PR053 | 1997 | H. M. Custodio III, H. T. Yap | Skeletal extension rates of Porites cylindrica and Porites (Synaraea) rus after transplantation to two depths. | Coral Reefs | H. M. Custodio III, H. T. Yap (1997) Skeletal extension rates of Porites cylindrica and Porites (Synaraea) rus after transplantation to two depths. Coral Reefs 16: 267-268. | Journal article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003380050083 | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Comparing growth of transplants between depth and to non transplanted colonies. Colonies collected from nearby reef, fragmented and attached to plexiglass plates. The plates were attached to wire tables at the restoration site (raised 20cm from the bottom). All fragments and colonies were sacrificed at the end of the experiment, to measure growth | Cyanoacrylate glue | Untested species | not reported | yes | not reported | Porites cylindrica, P. rus | Porites | Mixed | no | not reported | Translocation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 14 | Biological | growth | not reported | n/a | yes | growth | There were significant differences between species (P. cylindrica grew faster than P. russ),and depths (deeper depths grew slower, control grew fastest) | 14 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
55 | PR054 | 2014 | Cruz, D. W. D., R. D. Villanueva, and M. V. B. Baria. | Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals. | ICES Journal of Marine Science | Cruz, D. W. D., R. D. Villanueva, and M. V. B. Baria (2014) Community-based, low-tech method of restoring a lost thicket of Acropora corals. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71: 1866-1871. | Journal article | https://academic.oup.com/icesjms/article/71/7/1866/664250 | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | Yes | Developing a cost-effective restoration method that is simple and low-tech enough to involve the local community. Fragments staked into sand, in tow treatments: high (6 fragments m-2) and low density (3 fragments m-2) coral. | Stakes into sand | none (Location) | not reported | no | Degraded site | Acropora pulchra, A. intermedia | Acropora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 19 | biological / ecological | growth, survival, fish abundance and biomass | 78.5 | 89 | yes | growth, survival, fish abundance and biomass | Coral transplantation sites increased in coral cover from 0% to 24 and 54% in low and high density treatments respectively. Transplants had grownsignificnalty over 19 months. Fish abundance increased by 50% on high density treatments compared to low density and control plots. Macroinvertebrate abundance also increased in both transplantation plots compared to control plots. | Pick a species that is known to survive in your restoration area. | 19 | yes | biological / ecological | LBE | |||||||
56 | PR055 | 2015 | Dela Cruz, D. W., B. Rinkevich, E. D. Gomez, and H. T. Yap. | Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. | Ecological Engineering | de la Cruz, D. W., B. Rinkevich, E. D. Gomez, and H. T. Yap. (2015) Assessing an abridged nursery phase for slow growing corals used in coral restoration. Ecological Engineering 84: 408-415. | Journal article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857415301865/pdfft?md5=a32ac7bd9ffec7ae0df295d2e4a48d84&pid=1-s2.0-S0925857415301865-main.pdf | Coral Gardening | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Testing the benefits of a nursery phase in coral gardening, compared to direct transplantation, for slow-growing coral species. Fragments were either collected and directly transplanted onto dead coral bommies, or housed in table-nurseries in situ for 1 year, and then out planted | Epoxy | Testing value of nursery phase of coral gardening | not reported | no | not reported | Echinopora lamellosa, Merulina scabricula | Echinopora, Merulina | Foliose | no | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | growth, survival, attachment | 8.333333333 | 21 | partial | growth, survival | Most corals died following a bleaching event, however data prior to bleaching suggest patterns of higher growth rates, higher survivorship as well as improved attachment rate of corals in the nursery when compared to directly transplanted counterparts of the first experiment (wild out planted vs fragments in nurseries). E. lamellosa is sensitive to transplantation and benefits form a nursery phase. Both species had significantly higher rates of self-attachment and growth in nurseries compared to out planted individuals. However, the second experiment suggests that these differences are not maintained over time (after 1 year in nursery) | Costs associated with nurseries are not necessarily linked to the time corals spend in the nursery, so slow-growing corals may be best spending longer time in the nursery, rather than trying to shorten the time to save money. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
57 | PR056 | 2012 | Polak, O., and N. Shashar. | Can a small artificial reef reduce diving pressure from a natural coral reef? | Ocean & Coastal Management | Polak, O., and N. Shashar (2012) Can a small artificial reef reduce diving pressure from a natural coral reef? Ocean & Coastal Management 55: 94-100. | Journal article | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964569111001591 | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Egypt | Gulf of Eilat | Gulf of Eilat, Egypt | 28.6929261 | 34.7298765 | None | 4 | Yes | No | Deploying artificial reef in area with extremely high densities of scuba diving tourists. Six large (4 x 4 x 4m) concrete units were deployed on sandy bottom, and left for 5 months, before coral transplants were attached in pre drilled holes. Diving groups were followed before and after deployment, immediately following coral transplantation and two years post deployment, and time spent on the artificial reef was compared to time spent inside the adjacent marine park, and a nearby coral outcrop. Coral cover, fish abundance was monitored on all three sites. | Holes in concrete | Testing whether the creation of artificial reefs can take pressure off existing reefs with high visitation by scuba diving tourists | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora spp., Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora verrucosa, Dendronephthya hemprichi and others | Acropora, Stylophora, Pocillopora, Dendronephthya and others | Mixed | No | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 24 | Other | diver visitation | not reported | n/a | yes | diver visitation | The deployment of the artificial reefs did not change the visitation rates inside the marine reserve or adjacent coral bommie, either for certified or uncertified divers in training. However, the duration of dives inside the MPA were reduced for instructor-lead dives. | An artificial reef in close proximity to an otherwise attractive dive site (e.g MPA) must be sufficiently large and attractive to encourage instructors/guides/divers to divert their time to it. However, an attractive artificial reef further away from the MPA may completely divert divers away from the MPA. The authors further suggest that the location of artificial dive sites should be discussed with dive guides/instructors prior to deployment, to ensure that they will take their divers there. | 24 | yes | other | LBE | |||||||
58 | PR057 | 2002 | Heyward, A. J., L. D. Smith, M. Rees, and S. N. Field. | Enhancement of coral recruitment by in situ mass culture of coral larvae. | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Heyward, A. J., L. D. Smith, M. Rees, and S. N. Field (2002) Enhancement of coral recruitment by in situ mass culture of coral larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230: 113-118. | Journal article | https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=0037023603&origin=inwar | Larval Enhancement | Australia | Coral Bay | Coral Bay, Australia | -23.144722 | 113.776389 | None | 7 | No | No | Creation of a floating in situ larval nursery pond (2 x 2m). Gametes and embryos were collected from the slick formed during spawning. The larvae were kept in the ponds for 7 days, until competency was determined (using CCA in vitro method). They were then flushed into a floorless mesh tent (1.8 x 1m), placed on the reef. Two seeding densities were tested (low/high). Recruit density after 6 weeks was assessed in high/low/control plots using terracotta tiles. | Natural settlement | First in situ larval rearing experiment? | 14.4 | no | not reported | A. formosa, A. grandis, A. hyacinthus, A. humulis, A. millepora, A. nobilis, A. secale, A. tenuis. | Acropora | Mixed | No | n/a | Sexual reproduction | yes | no | yes | 1.5 | Biological | Natural recruitment | not relevant | n/a | yes | Natural recruitment | 5% of larvae survived to 6 days in ponds. Recruitment was greatly enhanced in experimental quadrats, with the highest density treatment receiving 100 times more recruits than natural recruitment in the bay. The higher density treatment had significantly higher densities of settled recruits. | 1.5 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
59 | PR058 | 2017 | Dela Cruz, D. W., and P. L. Harrison. | Enhanced larval supply and recruitment can replenish reef corals on degraded reefs. | Scientific Reports | de la Cruz, D. W., and P. L. Harrison (2017) Enhanced larval supply and recruitment can replenish reef corals on degraded reefs. Scientific Reports 7: 13985. | Journal article | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-14546-y | Larval Enhancement | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Gravid colonies of A. tenuis were collected and placed in aquaria ex situ, until spawning. The gametes were collected and placed in a fertilisation container with filtered seawater. Developing embryos were then transferred to rearing tanks, until competent. Competent larvae were then transferred into a bag for transportation to restoration site. Larvae were introduced into mesh tents (size??) placed on the reef, and maintained for 5 days, to allow larval settlement to occur. Settlement tiles ( of condition dead tabular acropora) were the examined to estimate settlement numbers | Natural settlement | First long term monitoring of larval enhancement | 96 | yes | Degraded site | Acropora tenuis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Sexual reproduction | yes | yes | yes | 36 | Biological | recruitment, growth, reproduction | not reported | n/a | yes | growth, reproduction | High mortality in the first 5 months of settled spats (Type III survival curve), both on tiles and on natural substrate within the larval enhancement plots. Survivorship stabilised after 9 months, with very low mortality of coral colonies past 1 year. Coral colonies grew and many reached reproductive size after 3 years (avg ~16 cm in 3 years). The results illustrate the importance of early rapid growth to reach a size where survival is more likely. | Authors note that method is only suitable in locations where environmental conditions are suitable for reef corals to grow, but natural recruitment is limited. Furthermore, chronic disturbances and key threats must be effectively managed. | 35 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
60 | PR059 | 2015 | Edwards, A. J., J. R. Guest, A. J. Heyward, R. D. Villanueva, M. V. Baria, I. S. F. Bollozos, and Y. Golbuu. | Direct seeding of mass-cultured coral larvae is not an effective option for reef rehabilitation. | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Edwards, A. J., J. R. Guest, A. J. Heyward, R. D. Villanueva, M. V. Baria, I. S. F. Bollozos, and Y. Golbuu (2015) Direct seeding of mass-cultured coral larvae is not an effective option for reef rehabilitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 525: 105-116. | Journal article | http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v525/p105-116/ | Larval Enhancement | Palau | Iou Lukes reef | Iou Lukes reef, Palau | 7.51498 | 134.58252 | None | 7 | No | No | Gravid colonies of A. digitifera were collected from nearby reefs and placed in in situ flow-through tanks, until they spawned. Gamete bundles were collected and placed in a fertilisation tank. Larvae were considered competent when >50% were competent to settle (using CCA chip to induce settlement). Larvae were then introduced to concrete Reef balls (pallet ball type), which was covered in a camping tent to contain the larvae on the artificial substrate. The mesh tent was removed after 24 hours. Settlement was measured on fibre cement tiles attached to each reef ball, and on visible settlement on the reef balls themselves. | Natural settlement | Testing whether high larval density can enhance recruit success | 20.58 | no | not reported | Acropora digitifera | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Sexual reproduction | yes | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | recruitment, growth | not reported | n/a | no | none | Seeding Reef Balls with larvae increased the settlement substantially after five weeks, however this this increase did not persist after 30 weeks. In addition, comparisons to visible recruits after 12 months revealed no difference between the treatment and control reef balls. The authors report a 4 fold increase in visible settlers compared to the background of natural recruitment, but speculate that this is because the area a;ready receives a relatively large contribution of recruiting larvae, compared other restoration sites. | Authors concede that larval supplemental methods may be more suitable to places with low background recruitment levels. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
61 | PR060 | 2005 | Okamoto, M., S. Nojima, Y. Furushima, and W. C. Phoel. | A basic experiment of coral culture using sexual reproduction in the open sea. | Fisheries Science | Okamoto, M., S. Nojima, Y. Furushima, and W. C. Phoel (2005) A basic experiment of coral culture using sexual reproduction in the open sea. Fisheries Science 71: 263-270. | Journal article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00959.x/full | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Japan | Sekisei Lagoon | Sekisei Lagoon, Japan | 36.204824 | 138.252924 | Bleaching | 7 | No | No | Settlement tiles were placed on a site with high natural recruitment, and recruitment analysed. Three types of settlement tiles were tested, 1) regular pottery stone tiles, arranged in towers 2) circular pottery's stone rods, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes, 3) square limestone pillars, pitted with 4 mm diameter holes. The towers, rods and pillars were arranged in a stainless steel frame (42cm x 45 cm x 40 cm). The plates were deployed on a shallow site, and remained there over the coral spawning period (~14 weeks). The rods were then dried and recruits counted. | Natural settlement | Testing different recruitment tiles | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Sexual reproduction | no | no | yes | 3 | Biological | Natural recruitment | not reported | n/a | yes | Natural recruitment | The number of settlers on the square stick was 4 times higher than on the cylindrical stick. MOst settlers on plates were on the underside | Holes on settlement sticks may have been too shallow to protect corals from predation | 3 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
62 | PR061 | 2006 | Shafir, S., J. Van Rijn, and B. Rinkevich. | Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. | Marine Biology | Shafir, S., Van Rijn, J. and Rinkevich, B., 2006. Steps in the construction of underwater coral nursery, an essential component in reef restoration acts. Marine Biology, 149(3), pp.679-687. | Journal article | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-005-0236-6 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Israel | Gulf of Eilat | Gulf of Eilat, Israel | 29.5508922 | 34.9593004 | None | 7 | No | No | A in situ hanging coral nuresey was established nera a fish farm, providing nutrient enrichment to the growing corals. Mpther colonies were collcted from artifical port structures and fragmented. Fragments were superglued ontoplastic pins, which were placedwithi a frame. The fraes were plasedon a supsenden mid-water nursery, and maintained for approxiimatey 10 months. | Cyanoacrylate glue | Testing whether corals grow in mid water nurseries, near fish farm(nutrient enrichment) | not relevant | yes | not reported | Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora pharaonis, A. eurystoma, A. valida | Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora | Branching | no | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | yes | 10 | Biological | growth, survival | 68.5 | 68.5 | yes | survival, growth | A large number of corals detached in the first 144 days, but remaining corals grew fast, increasing in height 6-fold, and coulee 5-fold after 306 days. | Super Glue is insufficient attachment method on plastic pins. Avoid planting corals too close as it excludes grazing herbivores and invertebrates, which my remove macroalgae etc. Drupella was attracted to coral nurseries. | 10 | no | biological | LBE | |||||||
63 | PR062 | 2015 | Forsman, Z. H., C. A. Page, R. J. Toonen, and D. Vaughan. | Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. | PeerJ | Forsman, Z. H., C. A. Page, R. J. Toonen, and D. Vaughan (2015) Growing coral larger and faster: micro-colony-fusion as a strategy for accelerating coral cover. PeerJ 3:e1313. | Journal article | https://peerj.com/articles/1313 | Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | not reported | not reported | not reported, not reported | None | 7 | No | No | Small fragments (~1x1cm) were cut from massive corals and placed on tiles, which were placed in ex situ aquaria. Maintenance involved daily siphoning of detritus, and manual algae removal. In a second experiment, the tiles were mounted to a concrete triangular concrete and placed in two tanks, one cleaned tank and one established. | Cyanoacrylate glue | testing microfragmentation | 12 | yes | not reported | Orbicella faveolata, Pseudodiploria clivosa, Porites lobata | Orbicella, Pseudodiploria, Porites | Massive | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | no | yes | 12 | Biological | growth, survival | 100 | 100 | yes | survival, growth | Orbicella faveolata and Pseudodiploria clivosa grew an average 20 cm2 per month (although it was highly variable), with overall area increasing 329 and 154% (respectively) in 5 months. Larger fragments grew at a faster rate. For Porites lobata, there was a diffrence in growth between tanks (cleaned/established), with fragments growing faster in the established tank compared to the cleaned tank. | The mesocosm of the established tank provided herbivores and increased diversity in terms of microbial , planktonic and benthic macrofauna. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||||
64 | PR063 | 2014 | Page, C., and Vaughan, D. E. | The cultivation of massive corals using “micro-fragmentation” for the “reskinning” of degraded coral reefs | Benthic Ecology Meeting | Page, C., and Vaughan, D. E. (2014) The cultivation of massive corals using “micro-fragmentation” for the “reskinning” of degraded coral reefs. Benthic Ecology Meeting, University of North Florida | Conference Poster | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christopher_Page6/publication/287204400_The_cultivation_of_massive_corals_using_micro-fragmentation_for_the_reskinning_of_degraded_coral_reefs/links/5672f34a08aedbbb3f9f75d6.pdf | Coral Gardening - Microfragmentation | USA | Florida | Florida, USA | 27.6648274 | -81.5157535 | None | 7 | No | No | A diamond band saw was used to cut 1cm2 fragment from massive coral skeletons. The fragments were then mounted on tiles. The tiles are kept in indoor ex situ aquaria for 1 week, until fragments heal over their cuts. The tiles are then moved to outdoor tanks, until fragments have covered the tiles (4-12 months). | Cyanoacrylate glue | testing microfragmentation | not relevant | yes | n/a | Orbicella faveolataMontastraea cavernosaDiploria clivosaPorites astreoidesSiderastrea sidereaSolenastrea hyadesStephanocoenia interseptaEusmilia fastigiataPorites poritesOrbicella robusta | Montastrea, Orbicella, Diploria | Massive | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | no | yes | Biological | growth, survival | 99.56666667 | 99.7 | yes | survival, growth | The marine lab has 4347 microfragments in culture, with survival exceeding 99% | 10 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||||
65 | PR064 | 2003 | Lindahl, U. | Coral reef rehabilitation through transplantation of staghorn corals: effects of artificial stabilization and mechanical damages. | Coral Reefs | Lindahl, U. (2003) Coral reef rehabilitation through transplantation of staghorn corals: effects of artificial stabilization and mechanical damages. Coral Reefs 22: 217-223. | Journal article | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-003-0305-6 | Transplantation | Tanzania | Mafia Island | Mafia Island, Tanzania | -7.869895 | 39.7549511 | None | 7 | No | No | Branches of two species of Acropora, were collected from nearby reefs, and placed on a degraded reef using two methods. 1) loosely placed on the seabed, or 2) attached to a grid of strings which was loosely placed on the rubble. | none | Testing the string-grid method to stabilise loose fragments | not reported | no | Degraded site | Acropora muricata, A. vaughani | Acropora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 12 | Biological | growth, survival | 97 | 97 | yes | survival, growth | Corals attached to the string grid had higher survival and faster growth compared to unattached fragments. 97% of attached branches survived, although 87% had experienced partial mortality, while 87% of unattached fragments survived, and 93% of survivors had partial mortality. | To stop a defensive response between neighbouring fragments, which may affect growth, make sure that fragments attached to the same string originate from the same clone | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | |||||||
66 | PR065 | 1997 | Van Treeck, P., and H. Schuhmacher. | Initial survival of coral nubbins transplanted by a new coral transplantation technology - Options for reef rehabilitation. | Marine Ecology Progress Series | Van Treeck, P., and H. Schuhmacher (1997) Initial survival of coral nubbins transplanted by a new coral transplantation technology - Options for reef rehabilitation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 150: 287-292. | Journal article | http://www.jstor.org/stable/24857616 | Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Israel | Gulf of Aqaba | Gulf of Aqaba, Israel | 28.6929261 | 34.7298765 | None | 7 | No | No | A folded steel (chicken wire) cathode was connected to a DC power supply, and an anode of titanium mesh, placed 20 cm above each square. The magnesium and calcium minerals precipitate on the cathode by electrochemical deposition, and can form a calcium carbonate layer of 5-10mm thickness within 2 months. Coral fragments are inserted into the mesh (cathode) | Wedged in mesh | Testing the effect of electrochemical frames on fragments | not relevant | no | not reported | Stylophora pistillata, Pocillopora damicornis, Acropora variabilis, A. squarrosa, Montipora danae, Pavona varians | Stylophora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Montipora, Pavona | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Translocation - fragments | no | no | yes | 12 | Biological | growth, survival | 67.5 | 96 | yes | survival, growth | After 8 weeks, fragments were cemented to the mesh. After 12 months, a large proportion were still alive, and had continued to grow. | 12 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
67 | PR066 | 2002 | Sabater, M. G., and H. T. Yap. | Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCo3. | Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Sabater, M. G., and H. T. Yap. 2002. Growth and survival of coral transplants with and without electrochemical deposition of CaCo3. ,Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | Journal article | http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022098102000515 | Substrate Enhancement - Electric | Philippines | Quezon Island | Quezon Island, Philippines | 16.2226498 | 120.0462109 | None | 7 | No | No | Testing how electrochemical deposition influences growth and survival of corals, using an experimental design including controls. The system was designed using a graphite anode, and a cathode made from galvanised steel mesh (10mm mesh size). The power was supplied using solar modules, and initially batteries, although these were later removed due to to corrosion. A control setup using the same cathode, and wooden blocks producing the same shading effect as the anode. Finally, control corals on the reef of the same species were tagged and served as controls. Fragments were placed on the three experimental setups (electrochemical, transplantation control, and reef control) | Wedged in mesh | Testing the effect of electrochemical frames on fragments, with controls | not relevant | no | not reported | Porites cylindrica, Acropora echinata | Porites, Acropora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Translocation - fragments | yes | yes | yes | 6 | Biological | growth, survival | 83.66666667 | 95 | yes | survival, growth | There was no significant difference in growth between fragments with electrochemical treatment compared to those without, in the same experimental setup. Furthermore, control colonies grew significantly faster that both treatments. However, survival and girth growth were both significantly higher in treated fragments compared to untreated. | 6 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
68 | PR067 | 2003 | Fox, H. E., J. S. PET, R. Dahuri, and R. L. Caldwell. | Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Fox, H. E., J. S. PET, R. Dahuri, and R. L. Caldwell (2003) Recovery in rubble fields: Long-term impacts of blast fishing. Marine Pollution Bulletin 1024-1031. | Journal article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X03002467 | Transplantation | Indonesia | Bunaken | Bunaken, Indonesia | 1.6235162 | 124.7602683 | Destructive fishing | 7 | No | No | Coral fragments were transplanted onto rubble field, testing two methods of attachment: 1) attached to rubble (unstable), 2) attached to PVC pipes driven into rubble (more stable) | wire, cable ties | none (Location) | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora yongei | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | yes | 6 | Biological | survival | 52.5 | 65 | partial | survival | Increased survival in fragments that are stabilised (65%) compared to those attached to rubble (40%) | 6 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
69 | PR068 | 1989 | Hudson, J. H., D. M. Robbin, J. T. Tilmant, and J. L. Wheaton. | Building a coral reef in southeast Florida: Combining technology and aesthetics. | Bulletin of Marine Science | Hudson, J. H., D. M. Robbin, J. T. Tilmant, and J. L. Wheaton. 1989. Building a coral reef in southeast Florida: Combining technology and aesthetics.,Bulletin of Marine Science | Journal article | not available | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | USA | Biscayne | Biscayne, USA | 25.693713 | -80.1628248 | ship grounding | 1 | No | No | Concrete balls were cast into hollow dome shapes, and fragmented corals were cemented onto the domes. | Cement | none (Location) | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Mixed | n/a | not reported | no | not reported | Natural recruitment | no | no | yes | 120 | Biological | survival, fish community | 87.5 | 87.5 | yes | survival, fish community | The concrete domes show no signs of deterioration after 10 years, and a high proportion of transplanted corals survived. Furthermore, a large number of hard and soft-coral recruits have settled onto the domes. The fish community was intermediate compared to a natural reef patch and the sea floor after 10 years. | 120 | yes | biological / ecological | LBE | ||||||||
70 | PR069 | 2006 | Monty, J. A., D. S. Gilliam, K. Banks, D. K. Stout, and R. E. Dodge. | Coral of opportunity survivorship and the use of coral nurseries in coral reef restoration. | Proceedings of the 10th international coral reef symposium | Monty, J. A., D. S. Gilliam, K. Banks, D. K. Stout, and R. E. Dodge (2006) Coral of opportunity survivorship and the use of coral nurseries in coral reef restoration. Proceedings of the 10th international coral reef symposium | Conference Proceedings | https://www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwidm4Pfz5fZAhVHy7wKHRGXBN4QFggpMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnsuworks.nova.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1030%26context%3Docc_facpresentations&usg=AOvVaw3UPrycLk3f2k5o60Kbyfmp | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | USA | Florida | Florida, USA | 27.6648274 | -81.5157535 | None | 7 | No | Yes | Corals of opportunity from 17 species were collected near the nursery site, transported and handled on boat (<2 hours), and then transplanted to concrete artificial structures (2 types: Warren and DERM modules). The goal was to establish a nursery site which can be used as a donor source for future restoration activities. | Cement | First Corals of Opportunity trials? | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Siderastrea sidereaMontastraea cavernosaMeandrina meandritesSolenastrea bournoniStephanocoenia micheliniiDichocoenia stokesiiPorites astreoidesColpophyllia natansDiploria labyrinthiformisPorites poritesMontastraea faveolataEusmilia fastigiataAgaricia agricitesDiploria strigosa | Siderastrea, Meandrina, Solenastrea, Stephanocoenia, Dichocoenia, Colpophyllia, Diploria, Porites, Orbicella, Eusmilia, Agaricia, Diploria | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Corals of opportunity | yes | no | yes | 24 | Biological | Growth, survival, condition | 96 | 96 | yes | survival | The high survival, ease of collection and representative avialbaliklty of corals of opportunity makes the authors conclude that the method is viable in the location testes (Borward County, Florida, USA). Coral of opportunity which were not transplanted, but left loose as control colonies had significantly reduced survivorship | 24 | yes | biological | LBE | ||||||||
71 | PR070 | 2004 | Chilcoat, G. C. | Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 2: Seasonal Branching Patterns in transplanted reef-building corals Acropora Cervicornis and Acropora prolifera | University of Georgia | Chilcoat, G. C. (2004). Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration (Doctoral dissertation, uga). | Thesis | https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/chilcoat_geoffrey_c_200408_ms.pdf | Transplantation | Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas, Bahamas | 24.5569474 | -81.8024352 | None | 7 | No | No | 15 Artificially broken fragments (15-200mm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. The weight, branching number and growth were measured quarterly. | Epoxy to PVC pipe in cement bricks | Seasonal factors modulating branching patterns of coral species | not reported | no | Degraded site | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | no | Rare species in area | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | Weight, branching rate, growth | not reported | n/a | n/a | not relevant | Seasonal variation in branching rates. Highest branching rate and growth rate during late spring/early summer and slowed or stopped during late summer/early fall. Earlier and more frequent branching in larger coral fragments. Growth rate and branching rate higher in A. prolifera than A. cervicornis, however linear extension to accretion (g/mm) not statistically different between species. | 36 | yes? | biological | LL | ||||||||
72 | PR071 | 2004 | Chilcoat, G. C. | Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 3: Effect of season and coral size on the growth rate of transplanted Acropora cervicornis | University of Georgia | Chilcoat, G. C. (2004). Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration (Doctoral dissertation, uga). | Thesis | https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/chilcoat_geoffrey_c_200408_ms.pdf | Transplantation | Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas, Bahamas | 24.5569474 | -81.8024352 | None | 7 | No | No | 15 Artificially broken fragments (2-19cm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. Weight, length, branching were measured quarterly. | Epoxy to PVC pipe in cement bricks | None (Location) | not reported | no | Degraded site | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Rare species in area | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | Weight, branching rate, growth | not reported | n/a | n/a | not relevant | Highest growth rate in late spring and early summer. Accretion (g) to linear growth (mm) ratio relatively constant, depending on wave energy of site. Growth rate generally positively correlated with colony size. Time of transplantation important for subsequent growth. | 24 | yes? | biological | LL | ||||||||
73 | PR072 | 2004 | Chilcoat, G. C. | Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration. Chapter 4: Effect of season and coral size on the survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis | University of Georgia | Chilcoat, G. C. (2004). Growth and survival of transplanted Acropora cervicornis in relation to coral reef restoration (Doctoral dissertation, uga). | Thesis | https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/chilcoat_geoffrey_c_200408_ms.pdf | Transplantation | Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas | Florida Keys and Bahamas, Bahamas | 24.5569474 | -81.8024352 | None | 7 | No | No | 15 Artificially broken fragments (25-200mm) were transplanted to 3 sites from a parent colony four times per year (Acropora prolifera only one time in the Bahamas) corresponding to the seasons and monitored quarterly. Fragments were glued to PVC pipe (into a 2'' section of ½ '' PVC with Oately® epoxy putty) and attached to cement bricks adjacent to the reef they were collected. The weight, length, growth and mortality were measured quarterly. | Epoxy to PVC pipe in cement bricks | None (Location) | not reported | no | Degraded site | Acropora cervicornis, A. prolifera | Acropora | Branching | no | Rare species in area | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | Weight, length, growth, mortality | 100 | 100 | n/a | not relevant | For A. cervicornis: Survival rate higher in Florida keys than in Bahamas site. Survival of smaller colonies lower than larger at most sites. For A. prolifera: survival rate 100% | 36 | yes? | biological | LL | ||||||||
74 | PR073 | 2006 | Dizon, R. T., Yap, H. T. | Effects of coral transplantation in sites of varying distances and environmental conditions | Marine Biology | Dizon, R. T., & Yap, H. T. (2006). Effects of coral transplantation in sites of varying distances and environmental conditions. Marine Biology, 148(5), 933-943. | Journal article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00227-005-0142-y | Transplantation | Philippines | Pangasian province and Quezon province | Pangasian province and Quezon province, Philippines | 15.8949055 | 120.2863183 | None | 7 | No | No | Whole colonies pried off using hammer and chisel. Sizes ranged up to three-fold for all species. Transferred to transplant site. Two attachment methods tested: 1) depression excavated in rock, cement mix with seawater poured in depression covering the base of the coral, 2) tied to plastic screen (1m²) nailed to surface. Each attachment equals a treatment and each was replicated three times, hence 6 plots (each 1m², with 7 or 12 colonies in each plot) per transplant site and 4 sites per location plus 3 control sites. Measurements taken quarterly. | Cement | Suitability for transplantation is compared at varying distances and environmental conditions in small scales (1m² plots) | 48 | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora palifera, A. microphthalma, Porites cylindrica, P. lobata, Echinopora lamellosa | Acropora, Porites, Echinopora | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - colonies | yes | no | no | no | Biological | growth, survival | 57.125 | 95 | n/a | not relevant | Survivorship higher for slow-growing corals, than branching and foliose. Highest survival for A.palifera (94%) and lowest for A.microphthalma (8%); clear trend in higher survivorship in Quezon sites (62-95%) than Pangasian sites (39-16%). Growth differed between most species across all sites, highest growth rate compared to low survivorship for A. microphthalma and E. lamellosa. No growth difference between attachment method, but survival higher in cement method. Hence successful coral transplantation is both site- and species-specific. | Growth and survival rates, however, should not be considered as the sole criteria in the evaluation of transplantation performance, as reproduction strategy should be taken into account. Consider broad environmental context of restoration to develop assembly rules allowing to match coral types and their sequence to each unique context. | varied | yes | biological | LL | |||||||
75 | PR074 | 2008 | Dizon, R. T., Edwards, A. J., Gomez, E. D. | Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Dizon, R. M., Edwards, A. J., & Gomez, E. D. (2008). Comparison of three types of adhesives in attaching coral transplants to clam shell substrates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(7), 1140-1148. | Journal article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.944/full | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | 45 giant clam shells (300-500mm length) used as substrate. Using hand-held grinder 12 notches on the ridges of each shell were made and identification labels were glued on each shell. One nubbin of each coral species (each 2-3 cm length, total of 540 nubbins) was attached to each clam using one type of adhesive per shell on the horizontal surface of the shell. 3 adhesive methods: 1) Cyanoacrylate glue (Super Glue Gel by Loctite); 2) Epoxy putty (Epoxyclay Aqua by Pioneer); 3) Marine epoxy (Non-Sag Marine Epoxy by Pioneer). Monitoring every two weeks for 5 months. | Cyanoacrylate glue; Epoxy putty; Marine epoxy. On giant clam shell | Comparison of different attachment methods | not reported | no | not reported | Acropora muricataMontipora digitataPocillopora damicornisPocillopora verrucosaSeriatopora caliendrumStylophora pistillataPorites cylindricaPorites nigrescensPorites rusHydnophora rigidaPavona frondiferaHeliopora coerulea | Acropora, Pocillopora, Merulina, Agaricia, Heliopora, Porites | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | Detachments, mortality, self-attachment, other occurrences notes such as dislodgements, overgrowth, predation | 57.4 | 57.4 | n/a | not relevant | Mortalities between species varied with highest mortality for Pocilloporids (between 71-82%) and A.muricata (71%). Lowest mortality for P. frondifera, H. coerulea and P. cylindrica with only between1-7 mortalities during the study. Overall SG treatment had poorest atachment effectiveness and self-attachment rate, however might do well in calm and sheltered environments. EP and ME performed equally well in atachment effectiveness, survival, and self-attachment, but differences between application time, cost, ease and effectiveness of attachment were observed. | Appropriate attachment method should be selected and species specific traits should be considered carefully when selecting species to reintroduce as they determine which transplants survived in experiment. | 5 | yes? | biological | LL | |||||||
76 | PR075 | 2017 | Dubininkas, V. | Effects of substratum on the growth and survivorship of Montipora capitata and Porites lobata transplants | Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology | Dubininkas, V. (2017). Effects of substratum on the growth and survivorship of Montipora capitata and Porites lobata transplants. Journal of experimental marine biology and ecology, 486, 134-139 | Journal article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002209811630185X | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | USA | Ānuenue Fisheries, Honolulu | Ānuenue Fisheries, Honolulu, USA | 21.3040736 | -157.8711253 | None | 7 | No | No | One single colony per species was collected to coral nursery in Ānuenue Fisheries Research Center, 132 fragments (2-3cm length) generated per species. 3 fragments of each species were attached to the respective substratum (size of substratum area ~10x10cm to 118x18cm) using two part marine epoxy. Natural substrata, mostly volcanic in origin were used, including black and red ʻAʻā lava, types of gray amygdaloidal basalt, gray ignimbrite, brown rhyolite breccia, and white amorphous coral skeletons. The synthetic substrata selected included white ceramic, translucent glass, white cultured marble, and white porcelain tiles.All replicates were moved into circular tanks. Transplants (n=264) were suspended ~0.3m below the surface on random locations within the tanks using PVP pipes and nylon rope. Photographs monitored growth and survival upon initiating of the experiment and after 78, 184 and 365 days to measure coenosarc surface area. | Epoxy on either natural or synthetic substratum | Type of substratum used to test substratum affinity | not relevant | no | not reported | Porites lobata, Montipora capitata | Porites, Montipora | Mixed | no | morphological distinctive species | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | growth, survival | 83.22222222 | 100 | n/a | not relevant | Apart from glass attachment (50% survival), survival onto other substrata was >70%. Hence it seems there is no distinct substratum affinity. | Study limited to only one colonie of each species, further investigations need to include more colonies. Coenosarc tissue could not be measured after 184 days, due to fusion between fragments. Hence fragments should be attached further apart to avoid this issue. | 12 | yes | biological | LL | |||||||
77 | PR076 | 2010 | Ferse, S.C. | Poor performance of corals transplanted onto substrates of short durability | Restoration Ecology | Ferse, S. C. (2010). Poor performance of corals transplanted onto substrates of short durability. Restoration ecology, 18(4), 399-407. | Journal article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00682.x/full | Transplantation | Indonesia | North Sulawesi | North Sulawesi, Indonesia | 0.6246932 | 123.9750018 | none | 7 | No | No | Three plots of each 100m² were subdivided into 100 squares of 1m² that were covered with bamboo strips, connected with nails (suitable for sea water) to frame squares. Fragments (5-10cm) were glued to cement base (1:4 cement and sand mix), that was attached to bamboo frame using cable ties. Coral fragments were transplanted onto half the frames, alternated in chessboard pattern with frame onto which hollow concrete block (60cm high) was constructed. These structures were part of a parallel study examining the effects on reef fishes (Ferse 2008). Monitoring was done ~ once a month for up to 20 months. | Epoxy to cement base, attached to bamboo frame with cable ties | Testing of cheap, low-tech and non-durable substrate materials | 300 | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora muricata, A. yongei, Pocillopora verrucosa, Isopora brueggemanni | Acropora, Pocillopora, Isopora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | no | no | Biological | Survival, Substrate disintegration, coral cover | 29.8 | 80 | no | Survival, Substrate disintegration, coral cover | Very high mortality of transplants by the end of the study in three of 4 species (67-95%), that was partially linked to substrate disintegration. Highest survival for Isopora species (>80%), followed by Acropora species and lowest survival of Pocillopora species (<20%). Apart from one frame, all frames were damaged after the end of the experiment after ~400 days. Particularly in areas with stronger currents or waves, higher effort has to be invested in more durable attachments than bamboo. | Bamboo cannot be recommended as a good general low-tech substrate method and it would be better to invest in more durable materials that provide better attachment, considering the high effort that is put into coral transplantation. Post- monitoring should last for several years to decades to monitor long-term success of substrate used. | 20 | no | biological | LL | |||||||
78 | PR077 | 1993 | Edwards, A., and Clark, S. | Re-establishment of fish populations on a reef flat degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives | Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium | Edwards, A., and Clark, S. (1993) Re-establishment of fish populations on a reef flat degraded by coral quarrying in the Maldives. Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, 1992, Vol. 1: 593-600 | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_536.aspx | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Maldives | Garu Falhu, 2.4 km northwest of Malé | Garu Falhu, 2.4 km northwest of Malé, Maldives | 4.1754959 | 73.5093474 | Coral mining | 1 | No | No | Four sets of artificial structures of varying structural complexity were deployed into three replicate 5 x 10 m sites, each positioned at the centre of a 50 x 50 m grid square. The four types of structures were: (1) one-cubic-metre SHED (Shephard Hill Energy Dissipator) hollow concrete blocks, modified with infills to reduce internal space, (2) Armorflex-220 flexible concrete mattresses (62 m2), (3) Armorflex onto which corals were transplanted (36 m2), and (4) chain-link fencing anchored by paving slabs. Controls included three 50m2 sites on the quarried reef flat, and 50m2 sites on undisturbed reef flats. Fish were surveyed with 30 minute timed swims, at weekly intervals for a month after deployment, then at roughly monthly intervals for six months and at approximately three to five monthly intervals thereafter. | none | Comparison of effects of four different artificial structures on fish community | 40000 | no | Area affected by disturbance | not reported | n/a | not reported | n/a | n/a | n/a | yes | no | yes | 16 | Ecological | Fish species composition | not relevant | n/a | partial | fish density, species richness and species composition | Within one year of emplacement, the three sets of structures with higher topographic complexity were supporting fish communities of similar species richness and higher density than undisturbed control reefs. However, after one year the fish species composition was significantly different from that in undisturbed reefs. | Structures with higher topographic complexity are more successful at attracting fish on degraded reefs. | 16 | yes? | ecological | DMC | |||||||
79 | PR078 | 1981 | Alcala, A. C., L. C. Alcala, E. D. Gomez, M. E. Cowan, and H. T. Yap. | Growth of certain corals, molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in the Philippines. | Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium | Alcala, A. C., L. C. Alcala, E. D. Gomez, M. E. Cowan, and H. T. Yap. 1982. Growth of certain corals, molluscs and fish in artificial reefs in the Philippines. Pages 215–220 in. Proceedings of the 4th International Coral Reef Symposium | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_18.aspx | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | Philippines | Bantayan & Ajong | Bantayan & Ajong, Philippines | 11.1999448 | 123.7405967 | None | 5 | No | No | Three artificial reefs were established using used car tires, and monitored for 30 months. | n/a | none (Location) | 213 | no | not reported | not reported | Acropora, Dendrophyllia, Favia, Pocillopora, Seriatopora, Stylophora, Millepora | Mixed | no | naturally recruiting | Natural recruitment | n/a | yes | yes | 30 | Ecological | growth, mollusc and fish densities | not reported | n/a | yes | presence of target fish species | Seven genera of corals, and multiple species of non-mobile molluscs recruited and grew on the artificial reefs. Two species of fish targeted by local fishermen were present at the artificial reef sites, at sufficient numbers to sustain fishing. | Recruited corals more likely to attach to concrete bases rather than rubber tire, suggesting concrete is a better recruitment substrate for coral planula. | 30 | yes | ecological | LBE | |||||||
80 | PR079 | 1997 | Muñoz-Chagín, R. F. | Coral transplantation program in the Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island, Mexico | Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium | Muñoz-Chagín, R. F. (1997) Coral transplantation program in the Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island, Mexico. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 2: 2075-2078 | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefbase.org/resource_center/publication/pub_9983.aspx | Transplantation | Mexico | Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island | Paraiso coral reef, Cozumel Island, Mexico | 20.4013196 | -87.017594 | Construction | 3 | No | No | Benthic fauna (mobile and sessile) was removed from the area of a proposed building site and relocated between 100 and 600 m away. Artificial substrata were used to transplant sessile organisms. | hydraulic cement, epoxy; animals tied to eyebolts with electrical cables | Translocation of entire benthic community prior to disturbance. | 600 | no | Favourable environmental conditions | not reported | Not reported | Mixed | no | complete benthic community | Translocation - colonies | no | no | yes | 1 | Ecological | survival | 97 | 0.97 | yes | survival | 23,796 individual organisms, including 161 species belonging to 17 groups, were moved from a proposed building site to a location between 100 and 600m away, which was enhanced with artificial substrata. High survival rate (97%) overall in the first month indicates a successful rescue of organisms. | Artificial reef structures combined with transplantation efforts enhanced survival | 5 | yes | ecological | DMC | |||||||
81 | PR080 | 2003 | Alfeche, L. R. | Coral reef restoration through coral transplantation: the case of Duka Bay, Medina, Misamis Oriental. Manila. | Proceedings of Second International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS) | 2003. Coral reef restoration through coral transplantation: the case of Duka Bay, Medina, Misamis Oriental. Manila. Proceedings of Second International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS) | Conference Proceedings | http://www.reefball.com/map/phillipinescoraltransplant/T10_DukaBayLAlfeche.pdf | Transplantation | Philippines | Duka Bay | Duka Bay, Philippines | 8.928261 | 124.998911 | None | 7 | Yes | No | Cement blocks (10 x 16 x 56 cm) were placed on disturbed reef, and coral fragments sourced from nearby reef transplanted. | Cement | none (Location) | 500 | no | Area affected by disturbance | not reported | n/a | not reported | n/a | not reported | Transplantation - fragments | no | n/a | yes | 24 | Ecological | growth, survival, fish abundance | not reported | n/a | yes | survival | The transplanted corals grew faster than their donor colonies, and 24 species of fish were recorded at the transplantation sites at the conclusion of the experiment (2 years). The 'restored' sites became popular tourist attractions, generating income for the nearby resort and village. | 24 | yes | ecological | LBE | ||||||||
82 | PR081 | 2002 | Salvat, B., Chancerelle, Y., Schrimm, M., Morancy, R., Porcher, M., and Aubanel, A. | Restauration d'une zone corallienne dégradée et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynésie Française | Révue Ecologique | Salvat, B., Chancerelle, Y., Schrimm, M., Morancy, R., Porcher, M., and Aubanel, A. (2002) Restauration d'une zone corallienne dégradée et implantation d'un jardin corallien à Bora Bora, Polynésie Française. Révue Ecologique 9: 81-96 | Journal article | http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/55523/RevuedEcologie_2002_SUP9_81.pdf?sequence=1 | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | French Polynesia | Bora Bora | Bora Bora, French Polynesia | -16.5004126 | -151.7414904 | Dredging | 1 | No | No | Dredged pits were filled with 10,000m3 of sand, three 20m long groynes were built and the beach was replenished with sand. 125 artificial concrete structures, between 1.6 and 17t each, were deployed on the sandy shallow reef flat to act as breakwaters to protect the coastline. A 7,200 m2 “coral garden” was created by transplanting 311 coral colonies to 11 artificial structures and 200 large branching (Acropora spp.) and massive (Porites spp.) colonies to surrounding sand patches. Monitoring surveys were carried out at 1, 3, 6, 9,13, 28 and 32 months after transplantation. Monitoring measured survival, growth, disease, predation, bleaching, and the colonisation of the artificial structures by other organisms. | cement, epoxy glue | none (Location) | 7200 | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora spp., Montipora spp., Pavona cactus, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites rus, Psammocora spp., Fungia spp., Porites spp., Cyphastrea spp., Pocillopora verrucosa, Herpolitha limax | Acropora, Porites, Pavona, Montipora, Pocillopora, Fungia, Herpolitha, Cyphastrea, Psammocora | Mixed | no | Similar to nearby undisturbed habitats | Translocation - colonies | no | n/a | yes | 32 | biological / ecological | survival, growth, health | 90.36363636 | 100 | yes | survival, growth, colonization by other species | The transplanted corals had a 95% survival rate, on average, except for high mortality of submassive Porites rus from smothering in sand. The coral gardens were further colonised by 53 coral colonies, sea urchins, tridacnid clams and a variety of reef fishes. | Location effects need to be considered in the future, as the coral garden was affected by anchors and large amounts of sand. | 32 | partial (see notes) | biological / ecological | DMC | |||||||
83 | PR082 | 1988 | Gittings, S. R., Bright, T. J., Choi, A., and Barnett, R. R. | The recovery process in a mechanically damaged coral reef community: recruitment and growth | Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium | Gittings, S. R., Bright, T. J., Choi,A., and Barnett, R. R. (1988) The recovery process in a mechanically damaged coral reef community: recruitment and growth. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium 2: 225-230 | Conference Proceedings | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/89b7/3c18d2e9272d62859a8cf783bcabefbb325f.pdf | Substrate Addition - Artificial reef | USA | Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida | Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA | 24.4269857 | -83.1112798 | Ship grounding | 1 | No | No | Horizontal, grooved quarry tiles were grouped into 8 "recruitment stations" along a line ranging from no impact to maximum impact. Four tiles per station were secured on posts embedded into the reef, approx. 5cm from the substratum. Tiles were collected at 6 month intervals and checked for recruits. | n/a | none (Location) | 4100 | no | Area affected by disturbance | Pseudopterogorgia spp, Millepora alcicornis, Favia fragum, Briareum asbestinum, Agaricia agaricites | Pseudopterogorgia, Millepora, Favia, Briareum, Agaricia | Mixed | no | not reported | Natural recruitment | yes | no | yes | 27 | Biological | Natural recruitment | not reported | n/a | n/a | Natural recruitment | Coral recruit density was negatively correlated with the severity of the impact; lowest recruitment was measured in the zone of maximal impact. | 27 | yes | biological | DMC | ||||||||
84 | PR083 | 1997 | Oren, U., and Benayahu, Y. | Transplantation of juvenile corals: a new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs | Marine Biology | Oren, U., and Benayahu, Y. (1997) Transplantation of juvenile corals: a new approach for enhancing colonization of artificial reefs. Marine Biology 127: 499-505 | Journal article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002270050038 | Substrate addition - artificial reef, transplantation | Israel | Nature Reserve at Eilat | Nature Reserve at Eilat, Israel | 29.5097265 | 34.9226082 | Pollution | 7 | Yes | No | An artificial reef was constructed using a modular block deployed at a depth of 18m, a buoy 2-3m below the surface, and nine 50 x 50 x 3 cm PVC settlement plates attached vertically and horizontally between them. Coral planulae and fragments were transplanted onto the plates. Survivorship was monitored biweekly. | Planulae or autotomous fragments attached to small tiles or petri dishes, these were then attached to the plates. | Transplantation of planulae rather than fragments of adults | not reported | no | Area affected by disturbance | Stylophora pistillata, Dendronephthya hemprichi | Stylophora, Dendronephthya | Mixed | no | Local abundance | Sexual reproduction | no | no | yes | 5 | Biological | survival | not reported | n/a | partial | survival | The survivorship of the transplanted D. hemprichi colonies was significantly higher on the lower sides of shallower plates. Survivorship of S. pistillata colonies increased with depth when located on the vertical plates, or on the upper sides of the horizontal plates. The highest survivorship of this coral was on the vertical plates and on the upper sides of the horizontal plates, while very low survivorship was recorded on the lower sides. The results indicate that vertical artificial surfaces offer the optimal biotic and abiotic conditions (light intensity, sedimentation, colonisation by other organisms) for the survival of the two examined corals. | Vertical artificial surfaces offer the optimal biotic and abiotic conditions (light intensity, sedimentation, colonisation by other organisms) for the survival of the two examined corals | 14 | yes | biological | DMC | |||||||
85 | PR084 | 2003 | Bongiorni, L., S. Shafir, and B. Rinkevich. | Effects of particulate matter released by a fish farm (Eilat, Red Sea) on survival and growth of Stylophora pistillata coral nubbins | Marine Pollution Bulletin | Bongiorni, L., S. Shafir, and B. Rinkevich. 2003. Effects of particulate matter released by a fish farm (Eilat, Red Sea) on survival and growth of Stylophora pistillata coral nubbins. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46:1120–1124. | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10601856_Effects_of_particulate_matter_released_by_a_fish_farm_Eilat_Red_Sea_on_survival_and_growth_of_Stylophora_pistillata_coral_nubbins | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Israel | Eilat | Eilat, Israel | 29.557669 | 34.951925 | Pollution | 7 | No | No | Tested the survival and growth of 1322 nubbins pruned from five colonies that were transplanted at a depth of 6 m in the vicinity of the fish cages and in a reference site. Nubbins were attached in three orientations (up, vertical and down positions). | Cyanoacrylate glue | Testing the effects of nutrient enrichment on transplanted corals | not reported | no | Proximity to fish farm | Stylophora pistillata | Stylophora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 1.5 | biological | growth, survival | 93.5 | 94 | n/a | survival, growth | After 50 days, survival was high in both localities and no difference was recorded between the spatial orientations. At the fish farm, burial of the nubbin�s lateral growths and partial coverage of nubbins by settled particulate matter resulted in significant reduction of the lateral growth rates of nubbins settled in the up position as compared to the reference site. On the other hand, faster growth rates were recorded in the vertical set of nubbins at the fish farm when compared with the IUI site. | Physical effects, rather than nutrient enrichment, may constitute the main cause of stress for minute coral fragments (resembling coral recruits) growing near the vicinity of a fish farm. | 1.5 | yes | biological | DMC | |||||||
86 | PR085 | 2013 | Ferse, S. C. A., Nugues, M. N., Romatzki, S. B. C., and Kunzmann, A. | Examining the use of mass transplantation of brooding and spawning corals to support natural coral recruitment in Sulawesi / Indonesia | Restoration Ecology | Ferse, S. C. A., Nugues, M. N., Romatzki, S. B. C., and Kunzmann, A. (2013) Examining the use of mass transplantation of brooding and spawning corals to support natural coral recruitment in Sulawesi / Indonesia. Restoration Ecology 21: 745-754 | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12004/abstract | Transplantation | Indonesia | Sulawesi | Sulawesi, Indonesia | -1.8479 | 120.5279 | None | 7 | No | No | At each of three locations, three 10 x 10 m plots, set 30 m apart, were marked and cleared, and then assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) control, 2) structures, 3) structures and transplants. Controls were left alone, and treatments received 50 concrete structures arranged in a chessboard pattern. Structures+Transplants plots received coral fragments fixed on bamboo trays, which were placed on the rubble between the concrete structures. Species composition varied between three locations. Coral settlement was measured with 18 limestone plates (15 x 15 x 1 cm) per plot; plates were exchanged every 3 months. | not reported | measuring effects of transplants on coral recruitment | 300 | no | not reported | Acropora yongei, A. muricata, Pocillopora verrucosa, Isopora brueggemanni | Acropora, Pocillopora, Isopora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 24 | biological | number of recruits | n/a | n/a | no | coral recruitment | Coral transplantation did not appear to be a suitable tool for enhancing coral recruitment in the short term. | Under the study conditions, providing stable substrate for settlement in the form of artificial reefs, together with improved management to reduce chronic stressors, may be more effective approaches to support coral recruitment. | 24 | no | biological | DMC | |||||||
87 | PR086 | 2012 | Forrester, G. E., Maynard, A., Schofield, S., and Taylor, K. | Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora palmata used for coral reef restoration | Bulletin of Marine Science | Forrester, G. E., Maynard, A., Schofield, S., and Taylor, K. (2012) Evaluating causes of transplant stress in fragments of Acropora palmata used for coral reef restoration. Bulletin of Marine Science 88: 1099-1113. | Journal Article | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262908362_Evaluating_Causes_of_Transplant_Stress_in_Fragments_of_Acropora_Palmata_Used_for_Coral_Reef_Restoration | Transplantation | British Virgin Islands | White Bay, Guana Island | White Bay, Guana Island, British Virgin Islands | 18.4667219 | -64.5769945 | None | 7 | No | No | To evaluate transplant stress, newly transplanted coral fragments were compared to a restoration site to two other groups: (1) non-transplants, or fragments that remained at the source site, and (2) established transplants, or fragments that had been transplanted from the same source population to the restoration site 2 yrs prior. 84 healthy fragments were transplanted to a site that already had 45 established transplants, and 48 non-transplants were selected for comparison. Colony growth was measured, as well as bleaching, tissue loss, and damage from parrotfishes and territorial damselfishes, 2 weeks, 3 months and 1 year after transplantation. | Cable ties | measuring effects of transplantation stress and effects of herbivores directly on the corals | 2500 | no | already in use as a restoration site | Acropora palmata | Acropora | Branching | yes | already in use at the restoration site | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 12 | biological | tissue loss, bleaching, growth | not reported | n/a | n/a | no difference in growth, tissue loss and bleaching between treatments | After 2 wks, new transplants displayed greater tissue loss and bleaching than both other groups. New transplants were affected by disease (white syndrome) more frequently than non-transplants or established transplants. Transplant-induced bleaching caused a slight reduction in growth and survival after 3 mo, but no carry-over effects were detectable after 1 yr. Damselfish bites significantly affected coral fragments but did not preferentially target new transplants. | 12 | yes | biological | DMC | ||||||||
88 | PR087 | 2014 | Forrester, G. E., Ferguson, M. A., O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E., and Jarecki, L. L. | Long-term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration | Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems | Forrester, G. E., Ferguson, M. A., O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E., and Jarecki, L. L. (2014) Long-term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 24: 81-91 | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aqc.2374/abstract | Transplantation | British Virgin Islands | Guana Island | Guana Island, British Virgin Islands | 18.4752932 | -64.5695896 | None | 7 | No | No | 832 storm-generated Acropora palmata fragments that had been transplanted over the course of 7 years were monitored 3 months and 1 year after transplanting, and annually thereafter. Growth and survival were analysed and modelled as a function of initial colony size and time since transplantation. | nylon cable ties, epoxy, cement | Adding initial colony size into the analysis | not reported | no | already in use as a restoration site | Acropora palmata | Acropora | Branching | yes | already in use at the restoration site | Corals of opportunity | no | no | yes | 72 | biological | growth, survival | 54.57142857 | 85 | n/a | survival, growth | Mortality was highest in the first year after transplanting, suggesting stress from handling or failure of the attachment method. Survival also varied with the year of transplantation, and was lowest in years with major storms (2007 and 2010). Fragment survival increased with increasing initial size. Colony size tended to decrease slightly in the first 3 months after being reattached, presumably due to stress from transplanting. Subsequently, the surface area of surviving colonies tended to increase over time. Colony growth was extremely variable and largely independent of initial colony size. Despite initial reductions in growth and survival due to transplanting, long-term survival of transplanted fragments was roughly comparable with that of natural colonies. Transplanting fragments is thus a promising tool for grass-roots restoration projects. | Demographic monitoring of transplanted colonies should focus on the first year after transplantation. | 72 | yes | biological | DMC | |||||||
89 | PR088 | 2010 | Forrester, G. E., O'Connell-Rodwell, C., Baily, P., Forrester, L. M., Giovannini, S., Harmon, L., Karis, R., Krumholz, J., Rodwell, T., and Jarecki, L. | Evaluating methods for transplanting endangered elkhorn corals in the Virgin Islands | Restoration Ecology | Forrester, G. E., O'Connell-Rodwell, C., Baily, P., Forrester, L. M., Giovannini, S., Harmon, L., Karis, R., Krumholz, J., Rodwell, T., and Jarecki, L. (2010) Evaluating methods for transplanting endangered elkhorn corals in the Virgin Islands. Restoration Ecology doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00664.x | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2010.00664.x/abstract | Transplantation | British Virgin Islands | Guana Island | Guana Island, British Virgin Islands | 18.4752932 | -64.5695896 | None | 7 | No | No | Two experiments were conducted with three treatments: (1) control fragments left unattached at the source sites; (2) fragments attached to the reef at the source sites; and (3) fragments moved to the restoration site and attached. Comparing treatments (1) and (2) isolated the effect of attaching fragments, and comparing (2) with (3) isolated the effect of relocating fragments. Additionally, attachment methods were compared. In experiment 1, two methods were compared: Z-spar epoxy resin and cable ties. In experiment 2, the authors compared four methods: Z-spar epoxy, cable ties, PC Marine Epoxy Putty, and hydrostatic cement. For each method of attachment, roughly 50% of fragments were attached at the source site and 50% at the restoration site. Final, algal removal was tested in experiment 2. Growth and survival were measured over 4 years. | Z-Spar epoxy resin, cable ties, PC Marine Epoxy Putty, hydrostatic cement | Factorial design testing effects of translocation, crossed with attachment methods. Adding macroalgal removal | not reported | yes | already in use as a restoration site | Acropora palmata | Acropora | Branching | yes | already in use at the restoration site | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 48 | biological | growth, survival | 40 | 40 | yes | survival, growth | Unattached control fragments at the donor site died faster and grew slower than fragments attached to the reef; attaching fragments to the reef is beneficial. There were no effects of moving fragments between donor and restoration sites. Growth and survival were similar using four methods of attaching fragments to the reef. Clearing surrounding algae improved the growth of fragments. After 4 years, transplanted fragments grew to 1,450 cm2 in area. | Clearing algae from restored areas is beneficial to coral growth. The simplicity of the approach makes it useful for volunteers. Cable ties are cheaper and easier to use in areas of higher reef complexity. | 48 | yes | biological | DMC | |||||||
90 | PR089 | 2015 | Frias-Torres, S., Goehlich, H., Reveret, C., and Montoya-Maya, P. H. | Reef fishes recruited at midwater coral nurseries consume biofouling and reduce cleaning time in Seychelles, Indian Ocean | African Journal of Marine Science | Frias-Torres, S., Goehlich, H., Reveret, C., and Montoya-Maya, P. H. (2015) Reef fishes recruited at midwater coral nurseries consume biofouling and reduce cleaning time in Seychelles, Indian Ocean. African Journal of Marine Science 2015: 1-6 | Journal Article | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2989/1814232X.2015.1078259 | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Seychelles | Cousin Island Special Reserve | Cousin Island Special Reserve, Seychelles | -4.3314832 | 55.6620239 | None | 7 | No | No | Deployed midwater net nurseries with coral fragments of mixed growth form. Observed nursery-associated fish assemblages with GoPro. Nurseries were then emptied and the fish surveys repeated. | not reported | testing the effects of coral nursery on fish, and effect of fish on the effort to clean fouling. | 108 | yes | already in use as a restoration site | Goniastrea edwardsiGoniopora tenuidensHydnophora microconosLobophyllia hemprichiiAstrae curtaParamontastraea serageldiniPavona decussataPavona explanulataPlatygyra acutaPorites lobataEchinophyllia asperaEchinopora hirsutissimaFavites pentagonaLeptastrea purpureaLeptoseris incrustansPsammocora haimianaTurbinaria irregularis | Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Acanthastrea, Astreopora, Coscinaraea, Cyphastrea, Dipsastraea, Favites, Galaxea, Goniastrea, Goniopora, Hydnophora, Lobophyllia, Astrae, Montastrea, Pavona, Platygyra, Porites, Echinophyllia, Echinopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Leptoseris, Psammocora, Turbinaria | Mixed | no | not reported | Corals of opportunity | no | yes | yes | 7 | Ecological | Fish species composition, fish density, fish trophic level, cleaning effort by divers | n/a | n/a | yes | reduced maintenance hours by divers in the presence of fishes | The density of blue-yellow damselfish Pomacentrus caeruleus was 12–16 times higher when corals were present than when corals were removed. Fish assemblages recruited into the nurseries included three trophic levels, from herbivores to omnivores, in six families: Ephippidae, Pomacentridae, Labridae (Scarinae), Gobiidae, Siganidae and Monacanthidae. Higher abundance of large fish (total number of individuals) resulted in 2.75 times less person-hours spent in nursery cleaning. | Coral nurseries that attract recruiting fishes take less time and effort to clean, because the fish eat the algae and fouling organisms. | 7 | yes | Ecological | DMC | |||||||
91 | PR090 | 2008 | Garrison, V., and Ward, G. | Storm-generated coral fragments - A viable source of transplants for reef rehabilitation | Biological Conservation | Garrison, V., and Ward, G. (2008) Storm-generated coral fragments - A viable source of transplants for reef rehabilitation. Biological Conservation 141: 3089-3100 | Journal Article | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320708003467 | Transplantation | US Virgin Islands | Virgin Islands National Park | Virgin Islands National Park, US Virgin Islands | 18.3424047 | -64.7485759 | None | 7 | No | No | Sixty coral fragments were transplanted and compared with control colonies left in situ. Survival and growth were monitored over 5 years. | Cable ties | None (Location) | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata, Porites porites | Acropora, Porites | Branching | no | Availability at donor sites | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 60 | biological | growth, survival | 13.33333333 | 20 | no | survival and growth of transplanted fragments | One-fourth of the 135 colonies and fragments monitored were alive at the conclusion of the 5-year study. Survival of control and transplanted A. cervicornis and P. porites was very low, with no differences between transplant and control colonies. A. palmata colony survival was dependent on colony size and transplant/control status. Probability of survival increased with colony size. | Viability for transplantation is species-specific. | 60 | no | Biological | DMC | |||||||
92 | PR091 | 2012 | Garrison, V., and Ward, G. | Transplantation of storm-generated coral fragments to enhance Caribbean coral reefs: a successful method but not a solution | Revista de Biología Tropical | Garrison, V., and Ward, G. (2012) Transplantation of storm-generated coral fragments to enhance Caribbean coral reefs: a successful method but not a solution. Revista de Biologia Tropical 60: 59-70. | Journal Article | http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77442012000500006 | Transplantation | US Virgin Islands | Virgin Islands National Park | Virgin Islands National Park, US Virgin Islands | 18.3424047 | -64.7485759 | Storm | 1 | No | Yes | Coral fragments were collected from unfavourable habitat and transplanted to damaged reefs. Survival and growth of 60 transplanted fragments and 75 reference colonies were monitored for 12 years. | Cable ties | None (Location) | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora cervicornis, A. palmata, Porites porites | Acropora, Porites | Branching | no | Availability at donor sites | Transplantation - fragments | yes | no | yes | 144 | biological | growth, survival | 5.333333333 | 13 | no | survival and growth of transplanted fragments | Only 9% of colonies were alive after 12 years: no A. cervicornis; 3% of A. palmata transplants and 18% of reference colonies; and 13% of P. porites transplants and 7% of reference colonies. Only A. palmata showed a difference between transplant and reference colony survival, and only in the first year. No coral conservation strategy will be effective until underlying intrinsic and/or extrinsic factors driving high mortality rates are understood and mitigated or eliminated. | Physical dislodgement resulted in the loss of 56% of colonies, whereas 35% died in place. | 144 | no | Biological | DMC | |||||||
93 | PR092 | 2011 | Gomez, E. D., P. C. Cabaitan, H. T. Yap, and R. M. Dizon | Successful transplantation of a fragmenting coral, Montipora digitata, for reef rehabilitation | Coastal Management | Gomez, E. D., P. C. Cabaitan, H. T. Yap, and R. M. Dizon (2011) Successful transplantation of a fragmenting coral, Montipora digitata, for reef rehabilitation. Coastal Management 39: 556-574. | Journal Article | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08920753.2011.600240 | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Fragments were transplanted to two different locations. The treatments were: Low-Horizontal, Low-Vertical, High-Horizontal, and High-Vertical. Each treatment was replicated on each of three bommies in a site, yielding three replicates per treatment. Forty transplants were used for each density × surface combination. Survival and growth were monitored bimonthly. | Epoxy | None (Location) | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Montipora digitata | Montipora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | yes | 21 | biological / ecological | survival, growth, effects of environmental variables, presence of other organisms | not reported | n/a | yes | survival and growth of transplanted fragments | Growth and survival were significantly better at the site that resembled the natural habitat of the donor corals more closely. Environmental conditions at this site also favored the establishment of a greater diversity of species around the coral transplants. There was no difference in performance between transplants on vertical and horizontal surfaces, and the transplants showed limited differences due to density within the experimental range. Water motion showed significant effects on survival and growth. | Effects of physical environmental variables. The presence of M. digitata at a previously denuded site enhanced structural complexity, and, as a result, overall diversity of benthic organisms. | 21 | yes | biological / ecological | DMC | |||||||
94 | PR093 | 2015 | Griffin, J. N., Schrack, E. C., Lewis, K. -A., Baums, I. B., Soomdat, N., and Silliman, B. R. | Density-dependent effects on initial growth of a branching coral under restoration | Restoration Ecology | Griffin, J. N., Schrack, E. C., Lewis, K. -A., Baums, I. B., Soomdat, N., and Silliman, B. R. (2015) Density-dependent effects on initial growth of a branching coral under restoration. Restoration Ecology 23: 197-200 | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12173/abstract | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | US Virgin Islands | Cane Bay, St Croix | Cane Bay, St Croix, US Virgin Islands | 17.771639 | -64.810145 | None | 7 | No | No | Coral fragments were transplanted onto flat areas of bare substratum in a range of densities, from 1 to 20, spaced 5cm apart, and growth rates were compared. | Epoxy | Testing the effects of out-plant density on growth | 100 | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | already in use at the restoration site | Transplantation - fragments | n/a | no | yes | 3 | biological | growth | not reported | n/a | n/a | growth | Increasing density led to a reduction in average out-plant growth, probably due to competition for space. | Suggest explicit consideration of out-plant spatial arrangement and density in coral reef restoration projects. | 3 | n/a | Biological | DMC | |||||||
95 | PR094 | 2015 | Griffin, S. P., Nemeth, M. I., Moore, T. D., and Gintert, B. | Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site | Coral Reefs | Griffin, S. P., Nemeth, M. I., Moore, T. D., and Gintert, B. (2015) Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site. Coral Reefs 34:885 | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00338-015-1310-2.pdf | Coral Gardening - Transplantation Phase | Puerto Rico | Tallaboa | Tallaboa, Puerto Rico | 17.9949661 | -66.7162855 | Ship grounding | 1 | No | No | 227 fragments and 400 colonies were attached to the damaged area. | Fragments were attached to wire cages and cement puddles with stakes. Colonies were outplanted from the nursery using masonry nails, cable ties, and/or epoxy. | None (Location) | 180 | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Translocation - fragments | n/a | no | not reported | 108 | biological | growth | not reported | n/a | yes | growth | At the restoration site, transplanted corals have survived, grown and spread to surrounding areas. | 108 | yes | Biological | DMC | ||||||||
96 | PR095 | 2015 | Griffin, S. P., Nemeth, M. I., Moore, T. D., and Gintert, B. | Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site | Coral Reefs | Griffin, S. P., Nemeth, M. I., Moore, T. D., and Gintert, B. (2015) Restoration using Acropora cervicornis at the T/V MARGARA grounding site. Coral Reefs 34:885 | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00338-015-1310-2.pdf | Substrate Stabilisation | Puerto Rico | Tallaboa | Tallaboa, Puerto Rico | 17.9949661 | -66.7162855 | Ship grounding | 1 | No | No | Rubble was stabilised and loose colonies reattached. | n/a | None (Location) | 180 | no | Area affected by disturbance | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | Translocation - fragments | n/a | no | not reported | 108 | biological | growth | not reported | n/a | yes | growth | At the restoration site, transplanted corals have survived, grown and spread to surrounding areas. | 108 | yes | Biological | DMC | ||||||||
97 | PR096 | 2011 | Guest, J. R., Dizon, R. M., Edwards, A. J., Franco, C., and Gomez, E. D. | How quickly do fragments of coral "self-attach" after transplantation? | Restoration Ecology | Guest, J. R., Dizon, R. M., Edwards, A. J., Franco, C., and Gomez, E. D. (2011) How quickly do fragments of coral "self-attach" after transplantation? Restoration Ecology 19: 234-242. | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00562.x/abstract | Transplantation | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Fragments were collected from 25 colonies of 13 species and transplanted into a sheltered environment for two re-attachment experiments. The first experiment examined times to self-attachment in 11 species of differing morphologies from seven families over approximately 7 months, and the second experiment examined three fast-attaching Acropora species over approximately 1 month. | Epoxy | Examination of reattachment time | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora muricata, A. hyacinthus, A. digitifera, Montipora digitata, Pavona frondifera, Echinopora lamellosa, Heliopora coerulea, Hydnophora rigida, Pocillopora damicornis, Porites cylindrica, P. lutea, P. nigrescens, P. rus | Acropora, Montipora, Pavona, Echinopora, Heliopora, Hydnophora, Pocillopora, Porites | Mixed | no | range of morphologies | Transplantation - fragments | no | no | yes | 7 | biological | tissue growth / attachment | not reported | n/a | n/a | self-attachment | In the first experiment, Acropora muricata had the fastest self-attachment time, while Echinopora lamellosa had the slowest. For the second experiment, A. muricata (branching) was significantly slower to self-attach than Acropora hyacinthus (tabular) and Acropora digitifera (corymbose digitate). Growth rates, growth form and life history may determine how quickly fragments of coral species self-attach after fragmentation and transplantation. | Knowledge about self-attachment times is useful for reef restoration practitioners when selecting appropriate species for coral transplantation. If the transplant site is subjected to seasonal storms or wave surge coral transplants should be deployed so as to have time to self-attach before the onset of rough weather. | 7 | yes | Biological | DMC | |||||||
98 | PR097 | 2014 | Guest, J. R., Baria, M. V., Gomez, E. D., Heyward, A. J., and Edwards, A. J. | Closing the circle: is it feasible to rehabilitate reefs with sexually propagated corals? | Coral Reefs | Guest, J. R., Baria, M. V., Gomez, E. D., Heyward, A. J., and Edwards, A. J. (2014) Closing the circle: is it feasible to rehabilitate reefs with sexually propagated corals? Coral Reefs 33: 45-55. | Journal Article | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00338-013-1114-1 | Coral Gardening | Philippines | Bolinao | Bolinao, Philippines | 16.3425356 | 119.8927296 | None | 7 | No | No | Acropora millepora larvae were induced to settle on pre-conditioned coral plug-ins, reared in the lab, and transplanted onto the reef. Corals were transplanted onto the reef in three batches: 7, 14 and 19 months after settlement. Survival and growth were monitored for 2 years after the first outplanting, more or less monthly. | Plastic plugs | Sexual propagation of a broadcast spawning coral species and rearing to sexually mature size. | not reported | no | Favourable environmental conditions | Acropora millepora | Acropora | Branching | yes | not reported | Sexual reproduction | no | no | yes | 24 | biological | growth, survival | 22.23333333 | 46.7 | no | survival, growth, cost | Survival rates were higher in corals that were transplanted onto the reef at larger sizes. An intermediate ocean nursery stage is critical in the sexual propagation of corals for reef rehabilitation. 3 years post-settlement, colonies were reproductively mature, making this one of few published studies to date to rear a broadcasting scleractinian from eggs to spawning adults. | Producing a single 2.5- year-old coral on the reef cost at least US$60, which would constrain delivery of new corals to relatively small scales in many countries with coral reefs. | 24 | yes | biological | DMC | |||||||
99 | PR098 | 1991 | Guzman, H. M. | Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica | Conservation Biology | Guzman, H. M. (1991) Restoration of coral reefs in Pacific Costa Rica. Conservation Biology 5: 189-195 | Journal Article | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00123.x/abstract | Transplantation | Costa Rica | Caño Island Biological Reserve | Caño Island Biological Reserve, Costa Rica | 8.707268 | -83.8817571 | General degradation | 1 | No | No | Coral fragments collected from damaged reef and transplanted into the reserve in two locations; 58 in one and 52 in the other. | Wire | None (Location) | 20 | no | Area affected by disturbance | not reported | Pocillopora | Branching | no | Local abundance | Transplantation - fragments | no | yes | yes | 36 | biological | growth, survival | 81 | 83 | yes | survival, growth, coral cover | After three years, survivorship was 79%-83%. Furthermore, subsequent fragmentation caused a 41%-115% increase in new colonies. | 36 | yes | biological | DMC | ||||||||
100 | PR099 | 2014 | Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Mercado-Molina, A. E., Alejandro-Camis, P. J., Candelas-Sánchez, F., Fonseca-Miranda, J. S., González-Ramos, C. M., Guzmán-Rodríguez, R., Mège, P., Montañez-Acuña, A. A., Maldonado, I. O., Otaño-Cruz, A., and Suleimán-Ramos, S. E. | Community-based coral reef rehabilitation in a changing climate: lessons learned from hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and changing land use impacts. | Open Journal of Ecology | Hernández-Delgado, E. A., Mercado-Molina, A. E., Alejandro-Camis, P. J., Candelas-Sánchez, F., Fonseca-Miranda, J. S., González-Ramos, C. M., Guzmán-Rodríguez, R., Mège, P., Montañez-Acuña, A. A., Maldonado, I. O., Otaño-Cruz, A., and Suleimán-Ramos, S. E. (2014) Community-based coral reef rehabilitation in a changing climate: lessons learned from hurricanes, extreme rainfall, and changing land use impacts. Open Journal of Ecology 4: 918-944 | Journal Article | https://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJE_2014102811431713.pdf | Coral Gardening - Nursery Phase | Puerto Rico | Culebra Island | Culebra Island, Puerto Rico | 18.310394 | -65.3030705 | General degradation | 1 | No | Yes | Corals were farmed on frames (180 × 150 cm wire panels with 15 × 15 cm sq. holes). Each farm was subdivided in 6 replicate units per site, one per each genetic clone, at approximately 5 m depth. A total of 80 replicate fragments per clone, per site, were grown during a year in 2011-2012 on the frames. A second experiment, conducted a year later, used larger fragments (32-37cm). | Cable ties | None (Location) | not reported | no | already in use as a restoration site | Acropora cervicornis | Acropora | Branching | yes | Local abundance | not reported | yes | no | yes | 24 | biological | growth, survival | 73 | 84 | partial | survival, growth | Survival rate in “A frame” units improved from 73% during 2011-2012 to 81% during 2012-2013. Coral survival rate improved to 97% in horizontal line nurseries (HLN) incorporated during 2012-2013. Percent tissue cover ranged from 86% to 91% in “A frames”, but reached 98% in HLN. Mean coral skeletal extension was 27 cm/y in “A frames” and 40 cm/y in HLN. These growth rates were up to 545% to 857% faster than previous reports from coral farms from other parts of the Caribbean, and up to 438% faster than wild colonies. Coral mortality was attributed to hurricane physical impacts and sediment-laden runoff impacts associated to extreme rainfall and deforestation of adjacent lands. | Achieving successful local management of reefs and adjacent lands is vital to maintain the sustained net production in coral farms and of reef structure, and the provision of the important ecosystem services that they provide. | 24 | partial | biological | DMC |