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TítuloAutoresAñoRevista académicaObjeto de estudioPaísResumenReferencia completaEnlace
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Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidenceLuoping Zhang, Iemaan Rana, Rachel M. Shaffer, Emanuela Taioli, Lianne Sheppard2019Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation ResearchHumanosEEUUGlyphosate is the most widely used broad-spectrum systemic herbicide in the world. Recent evaluations of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) by various regional, national, and international agencies have engendered controversy. We investigated whether there was an association between high cumulative exposures to GBHs and increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in humans. We conducted a new meta-analysis that includes the most recent update of the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) cohort published in 2018 along with five case-control studies. Using the highest exposure groups when available in each study, we report the overall meta-relative risk (meta-RR) of NHL in GBH-exposed individuals was increased by 41% (meta-RR = 1.41, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.13–1.75). For comparison, we also performed a secondary meta-analysis using high-exposure groups with the earlier AHS (2005), and we calculated a meta-RR for NHL of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.11–1.91), which was higher than the meta-RRs reported previously. Multiple sensitivity tests conducted to assess the validity of our findings did not reveal meaningful differences from our primary estimated meta-RR. To contextualize our findings of an increased NHL risk in individuals with high GBH exposure, we reviewed publicly available animal and mechanistic studies related to lymphoma. We documented further support from studies of malignant lymphoma incidence in mice treated with pure glyphosate, as well as potential links between glyphosate / GBH exposure and immunosuppression, endocrine disruption, and genetic alterations that are commonly associated with NHL or lymphomagenesis. Overall, in accordance with findings from experimental animal and mechanistic studies, our current meta-analysis of human epidemiological studies suggests a compelling link between exposures to GBHs and increased risk for NHL.Zhang, L., Rana, I., Shaffer, R. M., Taioli, E., & Sheppard, L. (2019). Exposure to glyphosate-based herbicides and risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis and supporting evidence. Mutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Research, 781, 186–206. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.02.001https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383574218300887
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Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding PopulationsMateus Dias, Rudi Rocha & Rodrigo R. Soares2019IZA Institute of Labor Economics. Discussion Paper Series HumanosBrasilThis paper assesses the impact of glyphosate use in agriculture on birth outcomes of
human populations in surrounding areas. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in
the world. Still, despite ongoing controversy, little is known about its effects on human
populations at large. Our empirical strategy relies on the fact that glyphosate is strongly
complementary to the use of genetically modified seeds in soybean production. We use
an instrument based on the gains in productivity from adoption of genetically modified
soybeans and look at externalities across municipalities sharing the same water resources.
We detect negative and statistically significant effects of glyphosate use on birth outcomes.
Our results indicate externality effects of glyphosate use on populations distant from the
original locations of use, but receiving water from these locations. 		Dias, M., Rocha, R. & Soares, R. (2019). Glyphosate Use in Agriculture and Birth Outcomes of Surrounding Populations. IZA Institute of Labor Economics: Discussion Paper Series . http://ftp.iza.org/dp12164.pdf
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Developmental and epigenetic effects of Roundup and glyphosate exposure on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)Chelsea M. Smith; Madeline K. M. Vera; Ramji K. Bhandari2019Aquatic Toxicology AnimalesJapónRoundup and other glyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used herbicides in the world, yet their effects on developing fish embryos are not clearly understood. The present study, therefore, examined developmental teratogenic effects and adult-onset reproductive effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate and Roundup in Japanese medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Hd-rR strain medaka embryos were exposed to 0.5 mg/L glyphosate, 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L Roundup (glyphosate acid equivalent) for the first 15 days of their embryonic life and then allowed to sexually mature without further exposure. Whole body tissue samples were collected at 15 days post fertilization (dpf) and brain and gonad samples were collected in mature adults. Hatching success and phenotypic abnormalities were recorded up until 15 dpf. Roundup (0.5 mg/L) and glyphosate decreased cumulative hatching success, while glyphosate exposure increased developmental abnormalities in medaka fry. Expression of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase gene Dnmt1 decreased, whereas expression of methylcytosine dioxygenase genes (Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3) increased in fry at 15 dpf suggesting that epigenetic alterations increased global DNA demethylation in the developing fry. Fecundity and fertilization efficiency were not altered due to exposure. Among the reproduction-related genes in the brain, kisspeptin receptor (Gpr54-1) expression was significantly reduced in females exposed to 0.5 mg/L and 5 mg/L Roundup, and Gpr54-2 was reduced in the 0.5 mg/L Roundup treatment group. No change in expression of these genes was observed in the male brain. In the testes, expression of Fshr and Arα was significantly reduced in medaka exposed to 0.5 mg/L Roundup and glyphosate, while the expression of Dmrt1 and Dnmt1 was reduced in medaka exposed to 0.5 mg/L glyphosate. No change in expression of these genes was observed in the ovaries. The present study demonstrates that Roundup and its active ingredient glyphosate can induce developmental, reproductive, and epigenetic effects in fish; suggesting that ecological species, mainly fish, could be at risk for endocrine disruption in glyphosate and Roundup-contaminated water bodies.Smith, C. M., Vera, M. K. M., & Bhandari, R. K. (2019). Developmental and epigenetic effects of Roundup and glyphosate exposure on Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquatic Toxicology, 210, 215–226. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.03.005https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X18310713?via%3Dihub
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Effect of in vitro glyphosate on Fusarium spp. growth and disease severity in maizeCecilia Soledad Carranza; Melisa Eglé Aluffi; Nicolás Benito; Karen Magnoli; Carla Lorena Barberis; Carina Elizabeth Magnoli2019Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture.HongosArgentinaBACKGROUND Glyphosate (GP) is one of the main pesticides used for maize production. Fusarium sp. is a fungal genus with several phytopathogenic species and toxigenic features. In this study, the culturable soil mycota was evaluated using the surface‐spray method. The effect of GP on the growth parameters (growth rate and lag phase) of Fusarium spp. was also tested on solid media conditioned with different water activities. Finally, the GP effect on disease severity caused by Fusarium sp. in maize seedlings was studied. RESULTS: The results showed that Fusarium species are frequently isolated from GP‐exposed soils. The GP concentrations tested had a significant effect on F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum growth parameters on solid media. The pathogenicity tests showed that the disease severity of the maize seedlings significantly increased with increasing GP concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that Fusarium species are frequently isolated from pesticide‐exposed soils and the GP concentrations tested had a significant effect both on growth parameters and disease severity in maize. This study provides an approach to the effect of GP on Fusarium sp. growth and pathogenicity that reinforces the importance of evaluating all the factors that could affect feed and food production. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Carranza, C. S., Aluffi, M. E., Benito, N., Magnoli, K., Barberis, C. L., & Magnoli, C. E. (2019). Effect of in vitro glyphosate on Fusarium spp. growth and disease severity in maize. Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture, 99(11), 5064–5072. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9749https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jsfa.9749
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Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown OriginSarath Gunatilake, Stephanie Seneff, Laura Orlando2019International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthHumanosEEUUChronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is a global epidemic. Sri Lanka has experienced a doubling of the disease every 4 or 5 years since it was first identified in the North Central province in the mid-1990s. The disease primarily affects people in agricultural regions who are missing the commonly known risk factors for CKD. Sri Lanka is not alone: health workers have reported prevalence of CKDu in Mexico, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. A global search for the cause of CKDu has not identified a single factor, but rather many factors that may contribute to the etiology of the disease. Some of these factors include heat stroke leading to dehydration, toxic metals such as cadmium and arsenic, fluoride, low selenium, toxigenic cyanobacteria, nutritionally deficient diet and mycotoxins from mold exposure. Furthermore, exposure to agrichemicals, particularly glyphosate and paraquat, are likely compounding factors, and may be the primary factors. Here, we argue that glyphosate in particular is working synergistically with most of the other factors to increase toxic effects. We propose, further, that glyphosate causes insidious harm through its action as an amino acid analogue of glycine, and that this interferes with natural protective mechanisms against other exposures. Glyphosate’s synergistic health effects in combination with exposure to other pollutants, in particular paraquat, and physical labor in the ubiquitous high temperatures of lowland tropical regions, could result in renal damage consistent with CKDu in Sri Lanka.Sarath Gunatilake, Stephanie Seneff, & Laura Orlando. (2019). Glyphosate’s Synergistic Toxicity in Combination with Other Factors as a Cause of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Origin. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(15), 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152734https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/15/2734/htm
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Toxicology and human health risk assessment of polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant used in glyphosate formulationsMark A. Martens; Marian S. Bleeke; Vincent A. Leopold; Donna R. Farmer2019 Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyHumanosEEUURoundup® branded herbicides contain glyphosate, a surfactant system and water. One of the surfactants used is polyethoxylated tallow amine (POE-T). A toxicology dataset has been developed to derive the most representative points of departure for human health risk assessments. Concentrated POE-T was very irritating to skin, corrosive to eyes, and sensitizing to skin. The irritation and sensitization potential of POE-T diminishes significantly upon dilution with water. Repeated dosing of rats with POE-T produced gastrointestinal effects but no systemic effect on organ systems. POE-T was not genotoxic and had no effect on embryo-fetal development or reproduction. The occupational risk assessment of POE- T for the agricultural use of glyphosate products has demonstrated that margins of exposure (MOEs) are 2517 and 100,000 for maximum and geometric mean dermal exposures, respectively. In the food risk assessment for relevant agricultural uses, the range of MOEs for consumption of foods from plant and animal origin were 330 to 2909. MOEs ≥100 are generally considered to be of no toxicological concern. Based on the results of the occupational and food risk assessments, it is concluded that there are no significant human health issues associated with the use of POE-T as a surfactant in glyphosate products.Martens, M. A., Bleeke, M. S., Leopold, V. A., & Farmer, D. R. (2019). Toxicology and human health risk assessment of polyethoxylated tallow amine surfactant used in glyphosate formulations. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 107. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.014https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31082430
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The response of the algae Fucus virsoides (Fucales, Ochrophyta) to Roundup® solution exposure: A metabolomics approachS. Felline; L. Del Coco; S.Kaleb; G. Guarnieri; S. Fraschetti; A. Terlizzi; F.P.Fanizzi; A. Falace2019Environmental Pollution PlantasItaliaGlyphosate, as a broad-spectrum herbicide, is frequently detected in water and several studies have investigated its effects on several freshwater aquatic organisms. Yet, only few investigations have been performed on marine macroalgae. Here, we studied both the metabolomics responses and the effect on primary production in the endemic brown algae Fucus virsoides exposed to different concentration (0, 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 mg L−1) of a commercial glyphosate-based herbicide, namely Roundup®. Our results show that Roundup® significantly reduced quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv/Fm) and caused alteration in the metabolomic profiles of exposed thalli compared to controls. Together with the decrease in the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), an increase in shikimate content was detected. The branched-amino acids differently varied according to levels of herbicide exposure, as well as observed for the content of choline, formate, glucose, malonate and fumarate. Our results suggest that marine primary producers could be largely affected by the agricultural land use, this asking for further studies addressing the ecosystem-level effects of glyphosate-based herbicides in coastal waters.Felline, S., Del Coco, L., Kaleb, S., Guarnieri, G., Fraschetti, S., Terlizzi, A., Fanizzi, F. P., & Falace, A. (2019). The response of the algae Fucus virsoides (Fucales, Ochrophyta) to Roundup® solution exposure: A metabolomics approach. Environmental Pollution, 254(Part A). https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112977https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749119318986
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Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of glyphosate herbicides in human liver, lung, and nerveYouwu Hao, Yang Zhang, Hongfei Ni, Jufang Gao, Yun Yang, Wenping Xu & Liming Tao2019 Journal of Environmental Science & Health,CélulasShangaiGlyphosate-based herbicides are broad-spectrum pesticides widely used in the world, which is considered a highly safe pesticide due to their target specificity, but recently, there has been an ongoing controversy regarding their carcinogenicity and possible side effects of glyphosate on human health. Commercial glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) consist of declared active ingredient (glyphosate salts) and a number of formulants such as ethoxylated formulants (4130®, 3780®, and A-178®). The aim of our study is to investigate whether the toxicity of GBHs is related to formulants. The effects of GBHs on human health were studied at the cellular level based on their toxicity to liver, lungs and nerve tissue. The inhibitory toxicity to cell viability by GBHs was examined with cell-based systems using three human cell lines: HepG2, A549, and SH-SY5Y. Data obtained showed that all tested ethoxylated formulants and their mixtures with declared active ingredient glyphosate isopropylamine salt (GP) have significant inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, while the declared active ingredient has no significant toxicity. Our study demonstrates that the toxic effect of GBH is primarily due to the use of formulants. This result suggests that GP is relatively safe and a new approach for the assessment of toxicity should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]Hao, Youwu; Zhang, Yang; Ni, Hongfei; Gao, Jufang; Yang, Yun; Xu, Wenping; Tao, Liming. Journal of Environmental Science & Health, Part B -- Pesticides, Food Contaminants, & Agricultural Wastes. 2019, Vol. 54 Issue 9, p737-744. 8p. DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1633215. , Base de datos: GreenFILEhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31232652
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Impact of the glyphosate-based commercial herbicide, its components and its metabolite AMPA on non-target aquatic organismsLaísde Brito Rodrigues; Gessyca Gonçalves Costa; Emanoela Lundgren Thá; Lucas Rafael da Silva; Rhaulde Oliveira; Daniela Morais Leme; Marta Margarete Cestari; Cesar Koppe Grisolia; Marize Campos Valadares; Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira2019Detection of Genotoxins in Aquatic and Terrestric Ecosystems,AnimalesBrasilGlyphosate (GLY) is the active ingredient of several herbicide formulations widely used to control weeds in agricultural and non-agricultural areas. Due to the intensive use of GLY-based herbicides and their direct application on soils, some of their components, including the active ingredient, may reach the aquatic environment through direct run-off and leaching. The present study assessed the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of the GLY-based formulation Atanor 48 (ATN) and its major constituents GLY, surfactant polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), as well as the main metabolite of GLY aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on non-target aquatic organisms. The toxic effects of these chemicals were evaluated in the fish embryo acute toxicity test with zebrafish (Danio rerio), while genotoxic effects were investigated in the comet assays with cells from zebrafish larvae and rainbow trout gonad-2 (RTG-2). GLY and AMPA caused no acute toxic effect, while ATN and POEA induced significant lethal effects in zebrafish (LC50-96 h 76.50 mg/L and 5.49 mg/L, respectively). All compounds were genotoxic in comet experiments with zebrafish larvae (LOEC 1.7 mg/L for GLY, ATN, AMPA and 0.4 mg/L for POEA). Unlike in vivo, only POEA induced DNA damage in RTG-2 cells (LOEC 1.6 mg/L), suggesting that it is a direct acting genotoxic agent. In summary, these data indicate that the lethal effects on zebrafish early-life stages can be ranked in the following order from most to least toxic: surfactant POEA > formulation ATN > active ingredient GLY ≈ metabolite AMPA. Genotoxic effects were observed in both RTG-2 cells (only POEA) and zebrafish (all test compounds) with the lowest tested concentrations. Therefore, it is important to evaluate different toxicological endpoints as well as use different non-target organisms to predict the hazards of GLY-based formulations and their components and breakdown product to aquatic biota.de Brito Rodrigues, L., Gonçalves Costa, G., Lundgren Thá, E., da Silva, L. R., de Oliveira, R., Morais Leme, D., Cestari, M. M., Koppe Grisolia, C., Campos Valadares, M., & de Oliveira, G. A. R. (2019). Impact of the glyphosate-based commercial herbicide, its components and its metabolite AMPA on non-target aquatic organisms. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 842, 94–101. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.05.002https://www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/pubmed/31255230
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Effects of the glyphosate-based herbicide roundup on the survival, immune response, digestive activities and gut microbiota of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensisXiaozhen Yang; Yameng Song; Cong Zhang; Yangyang Pang; Xiaozhe Song; Mengyao Wu; Yongxu Cheng2019Aquatic ToxicologyAnimalesChinaGlyphosate is one of the most widely used pesticides in the world and can be transported easily by surface runoff, air, and rivers, potentially affecting aquaculture. In this study, the survival rate, intestinal and hepatopancreatic immune and digestive functions, and the intestinal microbial diversity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were evaluated after 7 days of exposure to glyphosate (48.945 mg/L from 1/2 96-h LC50 value). The results showed that glyphosate significantly reduced the survival rate of E. sinensis. After exposure to glyphosate, the totoal antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the midgut and hindgut of E. sinensis was significantly decreased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the midgut was significantly increased (P < 0.05). After glyphosate exposure, the activities of digestive enzymes (including lipase and amylase) in the intestinal tract were significantly decreased and trypsin was significantly increased, while three enzymes in the hepatopancreas were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Using high-throughput sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota, the results showed that glyphosate significantly decreased the diversity of E. sinensis gut microbiota, while significantly increasing the taxonomic richness of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). This study suggested that these bacteria may be involved in glyphosate effects on survival by regulation of immune and digestive function.Yang, Xiaozhen; Song, Yameng; Zhang, Cong; Pang, Yangyang; Song, Xiaozhe; Wu, Mengyao; Cheng, Yongxu. In Aquatic Toxicology. September 2019 214 Language: English. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105243https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X19304175
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Glyphosate contamination in grains and foods: An overviewJingwen Xu; Shayna Smith; Gordon Smith; Weiqun Wang; Yonghui Li2019Food Control Cultivo de alimentosEEUUGlyphosate is an active ingredient in most herbicides utilized for the purpose of weed control and desiccation on cereal and other grain crops in the U.S. and globally. Glyphosate residues in these products are causing public health concerns regarding its exposure. This review focuses on glyphosate applications for grain crops and contamination in relevant products. Topics include: brief history of glyphosate, glyphosate safety issues and health concerns, regulations regarding glyphosate maximum residue limits (MRLs), glyphosate quantification and residue analysis, its degradation during grain and food processing, and water contamination. Although herbicide degradation is reported during post-harvest grain processing, there lacks consensus to support glyphosate degradation in cereal grains through these processes. Animal trials found that high doses of glyphosate damaged the organs, reproduction and nerve systems; however, limited human evidence supports the carcinogenicity of glyphosate exposure on humans. Due to primary application of glyphosate in agriculture, glyphosate has recovered from environmental samples such as water. Overall, glyphosate residues in grains and foods were below the current MRLs. More studies are needed to further elucidate any health-related concerns pertaining to glyphosate exposure and consumption, degradation of glyphosate during grain storage and processing, as well as its long-term safety.Xu, J., Smith, S., Smith, G., Wang, W., & Li, Y. (2019). Glyphosate contamination in grains and foods: An overview. Food Control, 106. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106710https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956713519302919
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Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificad o en el departamento del Cesar, ColombiaAdriana Patricia Tofiño Rivera; Rafael Enrique Carbono Murgas; Aslenis Emidia Melo Ríos; Luciano José Merini2019 Revista Argentina de MicrobiologiaSuelosColombiaLas estrategias en seguridad alimentaria con cultivos de alto contenido nutricional deben enmarcarse en prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, orientadas a la conservación del suelo, el alto rendimiento y la inocuidad. Esta última característica implica la producción de alimentos sin trazas detectables de agroquímicos, los que podrían amenazar la salud del consumidor. Se desarrolló un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del herbicida glifosato sobre la fertilidad química y microbiológica del suelo, así como su residualidad en la semilla de frijol biofortificado cultivado en el departamento de Cesar, Colombia. La metodología comprendió un análisis correlacional de indicadores de calidad de suelo, rendimiento del cultivo y residualidad en los granos. Los tratamientos evaluados incluyeron la aplicación o no de glifosato, el uso de coberturas sintéticas (mulch) o naturales, frente al control manual de las malezas. Se hallaron diferencias de rendimiento y de la respuesta de los indicadores químicos y microbiológicos en función del tratamiento y las condiciones iniciales de la rizósfera de frijol. La aplicación del herbicida glifosato en suelo sin mulch generó una disminución del 29% en el rendimiento, asociada a la mayor prevalencia de plagas y enfermedades fúngicas. En ninguno de los tratamientos con aplicación de glifosato se observó residualidad de este herbicida en semillas, pero sí de otras moléculas derivadas de insecticidas usados en el sistema local de producción. De este estudio se concluyó que en lotes de frijol biofortificado con alta presión de la maleza Cyperus rotundus (coquito), se recomienda el uso del herbicida glifosato acompañado de mulch como alternativa para mantener la productividad en el tiempo. Esto constituye un sistema de protección frente al efecto negativo del herbicida sobre ambos, el sistema radical de la planta y la microbiota del suelo.Tofiño Rivera, A. P., Carbono Murgas, R. E., Melo Ríos, A. E., & Merini, L. J. (2020). Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificado en el departamento del Cesar, Colombia. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 52(1), 61–71. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.ram.2019.01.006https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0325754 119300252#!
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How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate- based herbicides?Charles M. Benbrook2019Environmental Sciences EuropeConclusiones de organizacionesEE.UU.The US EPA considers glyphosate as “not likely to be carcinogenic to humans.” The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified glyphosate as “probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A).” EPA asserts that there is no convincing evidence that “glyphosate induces mutations in vivo via the oral route.” IARC concludes there is “strong evidence” that exposure to glyphosate is genotoxic through at least two mechanisms known to be associated with human carcinogens (DNA damage, oxidative stress). Why and how did EPA and IARC reach such different conclusions?
Results: A total of 52 genotoxicity assays done by registrants were cited by the EPA in its 2016 evaluation of technical glyphosate, and another 52 assays appeared in the public literature. Of these, one regulatory assay (2%) and 35 published assays (67%) reported positive evidence of a genotoxic response. In the case of formulated, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), 43 regulatory assays were cited by EPA, plus 65 assays published in peer-reviewed journals. Of these, none of the regulatory, and 49 published assays (75%) reported evidence of a genotoxic response following exposure to a GBH. IARC considered a total of 118 genotoxicity assays in six core tables on glyphosate technical, GBHs, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), glyphosate’s primary metabolite. EPA’s analysis encompassed 51 of these 118 assays (43%). In addition, IARC analyzed another 81 assays exploring other possible genotoxic mechanisms (mostly related to sex hormones and oxidative stress), of which 62 (77%) reported positive results. IARC placed considerable weight on three positive GBH studies in exposed human populations, whereas EPA placed little or no weight on them.
Conclusions: EPA and IARC reached diametrically opposed conclusions on glyphosate genotoxicity for three primary reasons: (1) in the core tables compiled by EPA and IARC, the EPA relied mostly on registrant-commissioned, unpublished regulatory studies, 99% of which were negative, while IARC relied mostly on peer-reviewed studies of which 70% were positive (83 of 118); (2) EPA’s evaluation was largely based on data from studies on technical glyphosate, whereas IARC’s review placed heavy weight on the results of formulated GBH and AMPA assays; (3) EPA’s evaluation was focused on typical, general population dietary exposures assuming legal, food-crop uses, and did not take into account, nor address generally higher occupational exposures and risks. IARC’s assessment encompassed data from typical dietary, occupational, and elevated exposure scenarios. More research is needed on real-world exposures to the chemicals within formulated GBHs and the biological fate and consequences of such exposures.		Benbrook, C. M. (2019). How did the US EPA and IARC reach diametrically opposed conclusions on the genotoxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides? Environmental Sciences Europe, 31(1). https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1186/s12302-018-0184-7https://enveurope.springeropen.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12302-018-0184-7
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Meta-analysis of glyphosate contamination in surface waters and dissipation by biofilmsLouis Carles; Hélène Gardon; Laura Joseph; Josep Sanchís; Marinella Farré; Joan Artigas2019Environment International AguaFranciaOne consequence of the intensive use of glyphosate is the contamination of rivers by the active substance and its metabolites aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) and sarcosine, inducing river eutrophication. Biofilms are the predominant lifestyle for microorganisms in rivers, providing pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning and pollutant removal. The persistence of glyphosate in these ecosystems is suspected to be mostly influenced by microbial biodegradation processes.The present study aimed to investigate the tripartite relationship among biofilms, phosphorus and glyphosate in rivers. The first part consists of a co-occurrence analysis among glyphosate, AMPA and phosphorus using an extensive dataset of measurements (n = 56,198) from French surface waters between 2013 and 2017. The second part investigated the capacity of natural river biofilms to dissipate glyphosate, depending on phosphorus availability and the exposure history of the biofilm, in a microcosm study.A strong co-occurrence among glyphosate, AMPA and phosphorus was found in surface waters. More than two-thirds of samples contained phosphorous with glyphosate, AMPA or both compounds. Seasonal fluctuations in glyphosate, AMPA and phosphorus concentrations were correlated, peaking in spring/summer shortly after pesticide spreading. Laboratory experiments revealed that natural river biofilms can degrade glyphosate. However, phosphorus availability negatively influenced the biodegradation of glyphosate and induced the accumulation of AMPA in water. An increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphorus uptake was observed in glyphosate-degrading biofilms, evidencing the tight link between phosphorus limitation and glyphosate degradation by biofilms.The results of the present study show that phosphorus not only is a key driver of river eutrophication but also can reduce complete glyphosate degradation by biofilms and favour the accumulation of AMPA in river water. The predominant role of biofilms and the trophic status of rivers must therefore be considered in order to better assess the fate and persistence of glyphosate.Carles, L., Gardon, H., Joseph, L., Sanchís, J., Farré, M., & Artigas, J. (2019). Meta-analysis of glyphosate contamination in surface waters and dissipation by biofilms. Environment International, 124, 284–293. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.064https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018323286
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Glyphosate-based herbicides at low doses affect canonical pathways in estrogen positive and negative breast cancer cell linesElaine Stur, Andre´s Felipe Aristizabal-Pachon, Kamila Chagas Peronni, Lidiane Pignaton Agostini, Sabine Waigel, Julia Chariker, Donald M. Miller, Shelia Dian Thomas, Francine Rezzoug, Raquel Spinasse´ Detogni, Raquel Silva dos Reis, Wilson Araujo Silva Junior, Iuri Drumond Louro2019PLoS ONECélulasBrasilGlyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is used worldwide. It represents a potential harm to surface water, and when commercially mixed with surfactants, its uptake is greatly magnified. The most well-known glyphosate-based product is Roundup. This herbicide is potentially an endocrine disruptor and many studies have shown the cytotoxicity potential of glyphosate-based herbicides. In breast cancer (BC) cell lines it has been demonstrated that glyphosate can induce cellular proliferation via estrogen receptors. Therefore, we aimed to identify gene expression changes in ER+ and ER- BC cell lines treated with Roundup and AMPA, to address changes in canonical pathways that would be related or not with the ER pathway, which we believe could interfere with cell proliferation. Using the Human Transcriptome Arrays 2.0, we identified gene expression changes in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468 exposed to low concentrations and short exposure time to Roundup Original and AMPA. The results showed that at low concentration (0.05% Roundup) and short exposure (48h), both cell lines suffered deregulation of 11 canonical pathways, the most important being cell cycle and DNA damage repair pathways. Enrichment analysis showed similar results, except that MDA-MB-468 altered mainly metabolic processes. In contrast, 48h 10mM AMPA showed fewer differentially expressed genes, but also mainly related with metabolic processes. Our findings suggest that Roundup affects survival due to cell cycle deregulation and metabolism changes that may alter mitochondrial oxygen consumption, increase ROS levels, induce hypoxia, damage DNA repair, cause mutation accumulation and ultimately cell death. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the effects of Roundup and AMPA on gene expression in triple negative BC cells. Therefore, we conclude that both compounds can cause cellular damage at low doses in a relatively short period of time in these two models, mainly affecting cell cycle and DNA repairStur, E., Aristizabal-Pachon, A. F., Peronni, K. C., Agostini, L. P., Waigel, S., Chariker, J., Miller, D. M., Thomas, S. D., Rezzoug, F., Detogni, R. S., Reis, R. S. dos, Silva Junior, W. A., & Louro, I. D. (2019). Glyphosate-based herbicides at low doses affect canonical pathways in estrogen positive and negative breast cancer cell lines. PLoS ONE, 14(7), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219610https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6622539/pdf/pone.0219610.pdf
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Roundup®, but Not Roundup-Ready® Corn, Increases Mortality of Drosophila melanogasterBecky Talyn, Rachael Lemon, Maryam Badoella, Darwin Melchiorre, Maryori Villalobos, Raquel Elias, Kelly Muller, Maggie Santos & Erik Melchiorre2019ToxicsAnimalesEEUUGenetically modified foods have become pervasive in diets of people living in the US. By far the most common genetically modified foods either tolerate herbicide application (HT) or produce endogenous insecticide (Bt). To determine whether these toxicological effects result from genetic modification per se, or from the increase in herbicide or insecticide residues present on the food, we exposed fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to food containing HT corn that had been sprayed with the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup®, HT corn that had not been sprayed with Roundup®, or Roundup® in a variety of known glyphosate concentrations and formulations. While neither lifespan nor reproductive behaviors were affected by HT corn, addition of Roundup® increased mortality with an LC50 of 7.1 g/L for males and 11.4 g/L for females after 2 days of exposure. Given the many genetic tools available, Drosophila are an excellent model system for future studies about genetic and biochemical mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity.Becky Talyn, Rachael Lemon, Maryam Badoella, Darwin Melchiorre, Maryori Villalobos, Raquel Elias, Kelly Muller, Maggie Santos, & Erik Melchiorre. (2019). Roundup®, but Not Roundup-Ready® Corn, Increases Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster. Toxics, 7(3), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics7030038https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/7/3/38
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Activation of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor is involved in glyphosate‐induced renal proximal tubule cell apoptosisHui Gao; Jing Chen; Fan Ding; Xin Chou; Xiaoyan Zhang; Yi Wan; Jianying Hu; Qing Wu2019Journal of Applied Toxicology;CélulasChinaGlyphosate‐based herbicides have been used worldwide for decades and have been suggested to induce nephrotoxicity, but the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. In this study, we treated a human renal proximal tubule cell line (HK‐2) with glyphosate for 24 hours at concentrations of 0, 20, 40 and 60 μm. Glyphosate was found to reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis and oxidative stress in a dose‐dependent manner. Because the chemical structures of glyphosate and those of its metabolite AMPA are similar to glycine and glutamate, which are agonists of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR), we investigated the potential role of the NMDAR pathway in mediating the proapoptotic effect of glyphosate on proximal tubule cells. We found that NMDAR1 expression, as well as intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, increased after glyphosate treatment. Blocking NMDAR attenuated glyphosate‐induced upregulation of [Ca2+]i and ROS levels as well as apoptosis. Meanwhile, inhibition of [Ca2+]i reduced glyphosate‐induced ROS and apoptosis, and inhibition of ROS alleviated glyphosate‐induced apoptosis. In mice exposed to 400 mg/kg glyphosate, the urine low molecular weight protein levels started to increase from day 7. Upregulation of apoptosis and NMDAR1 expression in renal proximal tubule epithelium and an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidative products were observed. These results strongly suggest that activation of the NMDAR1 pathway, together with its downstream [Ca2+]i and oxidative stress, is involved in glyphosate‐induced renal proximal tubule epithelium apoptosis. The mechanism of glyphosate‐induced renal toxicity is unclear. In this study, we treated HK‐2 human renal proximal tubule cells with glyphosate. By blocking N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) 1, we found glyphosate induced cell apoptosis via the NMDAR1‐[Ca2+]i‐reactive oxygen species pathway. Then, we administered glyphosate to mice and observed increases in NMDAR1 expression and apoptosis in renal proximal tubule epithelium, as well as the appearance of low molecular weight proteins in urine. Thus, NMDAR1 has been suggested to play an important role in glyphosate‐induced kidney damage.Gao, H., Chen, J., Ding, F., Chou, X., Zhang, X., Wan, Y., Hu, J., & Wu, Q. (2019). Activation of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor is involved in glyphosate‐induced renal proximal tubule cell apoptosis. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 39(8), 1096.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.3795
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Degradation of glyphosate and bioavailability of phosphorus derived from glyphosate in a soil-water systemMingjing Sun; Hui Li; Deb P. Jaisi2019Water ResearchSuelosEEUUGlyphosate, the most commonly used herbicide in the world, can be degraded into more toxic and persistent products such as aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) or non-toxic products such as sarcosine and glycine. In this study, we used liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI) source Q Extractive Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI-Orbitrap MS) to identify glyphosate degradation products and combined with sequential extraction and stable isotopes to investigate the degradation of glyphosate and transformation of phosphorous (P) product in a soil-water system. The LC-MS and ESI-Orbitrap MS results showed that glycine formed during the early stage but was rapidly utilized by soil microorganisms. AMPA started to accumulate at the late stage and was found to be 3–6 times more resistant than glyphosate against degradation; while no sarcosine was formed. The 18O labeling and phosphate oxygen isotope results allowed a clear distinction of the fraction of inorganic P (Pi) derived from glyphosate, about half of which was then rapidly taken up and recycled by soil microorganisms. Our results provide the first evidence of the preferential utilization of glyphosate-derived Pi by microorganisms in the soil-water system. The rapid cycling of Pi derived from this disregarded source has important implications on nutrient management as well as water quality.Sun, M., Li, H., & Jaisi, D. P. (2019). Degradation of glyphosate and bioavailability of phosphorus derived from glyphosate in a soil-water system. Water Research, 163. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.007https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135419306062
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Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health StudyGabriella Andreotti, Stella Koutros, Jonathan N. Hofmann, Dale P. Sandler, Jay H. Lubin, Charles F. Lynch, Catherine C. Lerro, Anneclaire J. De Roos, Christine G. Parks, Michael C. Alavanja, Debra T. Silverman, Laura E. Beane Freeman2018Journal of the National Cancer InstituteHumanosEEUUGlyphosate is the most commonly used herbicide worldwide, with both residential and agricultural uses. In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans," noting strong mechanistic evidence and positive associations for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in some epidemiologic studies. A previous evaluation in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS) with follow-up through 2001 found no statistically significant associations with glyphosate use and cancer at any site.<bold>Methods: </bold>The AHS is a prospective cohort of licensed pesticide applicators from North Carolina and Iowa. Here, we updated the previous evaluation of glyphosate with cancer incidence from registry linkages through 2012 (North Carolina)/2013 (Iowa). Lifetime days and intensity-weighted lifetime days of glyphosate use were based on self-reported information from enrollment (1993-1997) and follow-up questionnaires (1999-2005). We estimated incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Poisson regression, controlling for potential confounders, including use of other pesticides. All statistical tests were two-sided.<bold>Results: </bold>Among 54 251 applicators, 44 932 (82.8%) used glyphosate, including 5779 incident cancer cases (79.3% of all cases). In unlagged analyses, glyphosate was not statistically significantly associated with cancer at any site. However, among applicators in the highest exposure quartile, there was an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) compared with never users (RR = 2.44, 95% CI = 0.94 to 6.32, Ptrend = .11), though this association was not statistically significant. Results for AML were similar with a five-year (RRQuartile 4 = 2.32, 95% CI = 0.98 to 5.51, Ptrend = .07) and 20-year exposure lag (RRTertile 3 = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.05 to 3.97, Ptrend = .04).<bold>Conclusions: </bold>In this large, prospective cohort study, no association was apparent between glyphosate and any solid tumors or lymphoid malignancies overall, including NHL and its subtypes. There was some evidence of increased risk of AML among the highest exposed group that requires confirmationAndreotti, G., Koutros, S., Hofmann, J. N., Sandler, D. P., Lubin, J. H., Lynch, C. F., Lerro, C. C., De Roos, A. J., Parks, C. G., Alavanja, M. C., Silverman, D. T., & Beane Freeman, L. E. (2018). Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(5), 509.https://www.baumhedlundlaw.com/pdf/monsanto-documents/johnson-trial/PTX-0669-Gly-Use-Cancer-Incidence-AHS.pdf
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Glyphosate decreases mycorrhizal colonization and affects plant-soil feedbackMarjo Helander; Irma Saloniemi; Marina Omacini; Magdalena Druille; Juha-Pekka Salminen; Kari Saikkonen2018Science of the Total EnvironmentPlantasFinlandiaOur aim was to study the effects of glyphosate, tilling practice and cultivation history on mycorrhizal colonization and growth of target (weeds) and non-target (crops) plants. Glyphosate, the world's most widely used pesticide, inhibits an enzyme found in plants but also in microbes. We examined the effects of glyphosate treatment applied in the preceding fall on growth of a perennial weed, Elymus repens (target plant) and a forage grass, Festuca pratensis (non-target plant) and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) root colonization in a field pot experiment. Non-target plants were sown in the following spring. Furthermore, we tested if glyphosate effects depend on tillage or soil properties modulated by long cultivation history of endophyte symbiotic grass (E+ grass). AMF root colonization, plant establishment and growth, glyphosate residues in plants, and soil chemistry were measured. Glyphosate reduced the mycorrhizal colonization and growth of both target and non-target grasses. The magnitude of reduction depended on tillage and soil properties due to cultivation history of E+ grass. We detected glyphosate residues in weeds and crop plants in the growing season following the glyphosate treatment. Residues were higher in plants growing in no-till pots compared to conspecifics in tilled pots. These results demonstrate negative effects of glyphosate on non-target organisms in agricultural environments and grassland ecosystems.Helander, M., Saloniemi, I., Omacini, M., Druille, M., Salminen, J.-P., & Saikkonen, K. (2018). Glyphosate decreases mycorrhizal colonization and affects plant-soil feedback. Science of the Total Environment, 642, 285–291. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.377https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718320345
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Effects of glyphosate on the ovarian function of pregnant mice, the secretion of hormones and the sex ratio of their fetusesXin Ren; Ruonan Li; Junze Liu; Kai Huang; Sheng Wu; Yansen Li; Chunmei Li2018 Environmental PollutionAnimalesChinaGlyphosate is the active ingredient of the commercial formulation Roundup®, which is used worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of pure glyphosate or Roundup® on pregnant mice and their fetuses during pregnancy. From gestation days (GDs) 1–19, ICR mice were orally administered distilled water, 0.5% glyphosate solution or 0.5%-glyphosate Roundup® solution. The ovaries and serum were collected at GD19. The results showed decreases in body weight gain and, ovary and liver weight in glyphosate-treated mice. Additionally, histopathological alterations in the ovary including increased atretic follicles, interstitial fibrosis and decreased mature follicles were observed in the groups treated with glyphosate. The serum concentrations of both progesterone and estrogen were markedly altered after glyphosate exposure, and there were also changes in the expression of GnRH, LHR, FSHR, 3β-HSD and Cyp19a1 genes at the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Furthermore, oxidative stress was observed in the treated mice, increasing the activity of T-AOC, CAT and GSH-Px, as well as the MDA content in both the serum and ovary. With regard to litters, the sex ratio was significantly altered by pure glyphosate. These results show that glyphosate is able to cause several effects on pregnant mice, such as ovarian failure, interference with hormone secretion by affecting the steroidogenesis-related gene expression, and oxidative stress. The sex ratio of litters was also influenced by prenatal exposure to pure glyphosate.Ren, X., Li, R., Liu, J., Huang, K., Wu, S., Li, Y., & Li, C. (2018). Effects of glyphosate on the ovarian function of pregnant mice, the secretion of hormones and the sex ratio of their fetuses. Environmental Pollution, 243(Part B), 833–841. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.049https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749118330197
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Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth cohort studyS. Parvez, R. R. Gerona, C. Proctor, M. Friesen, J. L. Ashby, J. L. Reiter, Z. Lui and P. D. Winchester2018Environmental HealthHumanosIndianápolisBackground Glyphosate (GLY) is the most heavily used herbicide worldwide but the extent of exposure in human pregnancy remains unknown. Its residues are found in the environment, major crops, and food items that humans, including pregnant women, consume daily. Since GLY exposure in pregnancy may also increase fetal exposure risk, we designed a birth-cohort study to determine exposure frequency, potential exposure pathways, and associations with fetal growth indicators and pregnancy length. Method Urine and residential drinking water samples were obtained from 71 women with singleton pregnancies living in Central Indiana while they received routine prenatal care. GLY measurements were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Demographic and survey information relating to food and water consumption, stress, and residence were obtained by questionnaire. Maternal risk factors and neonatal outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Correlation analyses were used to assess relationships of urine GLY levels with fetal growth indicators and gestational length. Results The mean age of participants was 29 years, and the majority were Caucasian. Ninety three percent of the pregnant women had GLY levels above the limit of detection (0.1 ng/mL). Mean urinary GLY was 3.40 ng/mL (range 0.5–7.20 ng/mL). Higher GLY levels were found in women who lived in rural areas (p = 0.02), and in those who consumed > 24 oz. of caffeinated beverages per day (p = 0.004). None of the drinking water samples had detectable GLY levels. We observed no correlations with fetal growth indicators such as birth weight percentile and head circumference. However, higher GLY urine levels were significantly correlated with shortened gestational lengths (r = − 0.28, p = 0.02). Conclusions This is the first study of GLY exposure in US pregnant women using urine specimens as a direct measure of exposure. We found that > 90% of pregnant women had detectable GLY levels and that these levels correlated significantly with shortened pregnancy lengths. Although our study cohort was small and regional and had limited racial/ethnic diversity, it provides direct evidence of maternal GLY exposure and a significant correlation with shortened pregnancy. Further investigations in a more geographically and racially diverse cohort would be necessary before these findings could be generalized.S. Parvez, R. R. Gerona, C. Proctor, M. Friesen, J. L. Ashby, J. L. Reiter, Z. Lui, & P. D. Winchester. (2018). Glyphosate exposure in pregnancy and shortened gestational length: a prospective Indiana birth cohort study. Environmental Health, 17(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0367-0https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12940-018-0367-0
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Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosateVan Bruggen, A.H.C.; He, M.M.; Shin, K.; Mai, V.; Jeong, K.C.; Finckh, M.R.; Morris, J.G. Jr2018Science of the Total EnvironmentAnimales y plantasEE.UU.The herbicide glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, has been used extensively in the past 40years, under the assumption that side effects were minimal. However, in recent years, concerns have increased worldwide about the potential wide ranging direct and indirect health effects of the large scale use of glyphosate. In 2015, the World Health Organization reclassified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans. A detailed overview is given of the scientific literature on the movement and residues of glyphosate and its breakdown product aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) in soil and water, their toxicity to macro- and microorganisms, their effects on microbial compositions and potential indirect effects on plant, animal and human health. Although the acute toxic effects of glyphosate and AMPA on mammals are low, there are animal data raising the possibility of health effects associated with chronic, ultra-low doses related to accumulation of these compounds in the environment. Intensive glyphosate use has led to the selection of glyphosate-resistant weeds and microorganisms. Shifts in microbial compositions due to selective pressure by glyphosate may have contributed to the proliferation of plant and animal pathogens. Research on a link between glyphosate and antibiotic resistance is still scarce but we hypothesize that the selection pressure for glyphosate-resistance in bacteria could lead to shifts in microbiome composition and increases in antibiotic resistance to clinically important antimicrobial agents. We recommend interdisciplinary research on the associations between low level chronic glyphosate exposure, distortions in microbial communities, expansion of antibiotic resistance and the emergence of animal, human and plant diseases. Independent research is needed to revisit the tolerance thresholds for glyphosate residues in water, food and animal feed taking all possible health risks into account.Van Bruggen, A. H. C., He, M. M., Shin, K., Mai, V., Jeong, K. C., Finckh, M. R., & Morris, J. J. G. (2018). Environmental and health effects of the herbicide glyphosate. Science of the Total Environment, 616–617, 255–268. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.309https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969717330279
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Environment al Exposure to Glyphosate and Reproductive Health Impacts in Agricultural Population of ArgentinaMedardo Avila-Vazquez, Flavia S. Difilippo, Bryan Mac Lean, Eduardo Maturano, Agustina Etchegoyen2018JEPHumanosArgentinaArgentina annually utilizes 240,000 tones of glyphosate in industrial agriculture and a change in the profile of morbidity is perceived for physicians of agricultural areas; now reproductive disorders seem to prevail. The objective of this study is to determine concurrence of glyphosate exposure and reproductive disorders in a typical argentine agricultural town (Monte Maíz). An ecological study was developed with an environmental analysis of pollution sources including measurements of glyphosate and other pesticides and a cross-sectional study of spontaneous abortions and congenital abnormalities prevalence. Glyphosate was detected in soil and grain dust and was found to be at an even higher concentration in the village soil than in the rural area; 650 tonnes of glyphosate are used annually in the region and manipulated inner town contaminating the soil and dust in suspension of the town creating an burden of environmental exposure to glyphosate of 79 kg per person per year. We do not find other relevant sources of pollution. The spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities rates are three and two times higher than the national average reported by the national health (10% vs. 3% and 3% - 4.3% vs 1.4% respectively). Our study verified high environmental exposure to glyphosate in association with increased frequencies of reproductive disorders (spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormalities) in argentine agricultural village, but is unable to make assertions cause-effect. Further studies are required with designs for such purposes.Avila-Vazquez, M., Difilippo, F., Mac Lean, B., Maturano, E. & Etchegoyen, A.(2018). Environmental Exposure to Glyphosate and Reproductive Health Impacts in Agricultural Population of Argentina. JEP 9: 3http://www.gefree.org.nz/assets/pdf/EnvironmentalExposuretoGlyphosateandReproduct.pdf
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Glyphosate application increased catabolic activity of gram-negative bacteria but impaired soil fungal communityYehao Liu; Yongchun Li; Xiaomei Hua; Karin Müller; Hailong Wang; Tongyi Yang; Qiong Wang; Xin Peng; Mengcheng Wang; Yanjun Pang; Jinliang Qi; Email author; Yonghua Yang2018Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchSuelosNankínGlyphosate is a non-selective organophosphate herbicide that is widely used in agriculture, but its effects on soil microbial communities are highly variable and often contradictory, especially for high dose applications. We applied glyphosate at two rates: the recommended rate of 50 mg active ingredient kg−1 soil and 10-fold this rate to simulate multiple glyphosate applications during a growing season. After 6 months, we investigated the effects on the composition of soil microbial community, the catabolic activity and the genetic diversity of the bacterial community using phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), community level catabolic profiles (CLCPs), and 16S rRNA denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) was reduced by 45%, and the numbers of the cultivable bacteria and fungi were decreased by 84 and 63%, respectively, under the higher glyphosate application rate. According to the PLFA analysis, the fungal biomass was reduced by 29% under both application rates. However, the CLCPs showed that the catabolic activity of the gram-negative (G−) bacterial community was significantly increased under the high glyphosate application rate. Furthermore, the DGGE analysis indicated that the bacterial community in the soil that had received the high glyphosate application rate was dominated by G− bacteria. Real-time PCR results suggested that copies of the glyphosate tolerance gene (EPSPS) increased significantly in the treatment with the high glyphosate application rate. Our results indicated that fungi were impaired through glyphosate while G− bacteria played an important role in the tolerance of microbiota to glyphosate applications.Liu, Y., Li, Y., Hua, X., Müller, K., Wang, H., Yang, T., Wang, Q., Peng, X., Wang, M., Pang, Y., Qi, J., & Yang, Y. (2018). Glyphosate application increased catabolic activity of gram-negative bacteria but impaired soil fungal community. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(15), 14762. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1007/s11356-018-1676-0https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-1676-0
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Wheat preharvest herbicide application, whole‐grain flour properties, yeast activity and the degradation of glyphosate in breadPierre Gélinas; Fleur Gagnon; Carole McKinnon2018
International Journal of Food Science & Technology		Cultivo de alimentosQuebec The aim of this study was to determine the effects of wheat preharvest application of a glyphosate‐based herbicide (Roundup WeatherMax® with Transorb® 2 Technology) on whole‐grain flour composition and properties, including yeast activity. The effect of dough fermentation on the degradation of herbicide residues was also estimated. Grain samples from two hard red spring wheat varieties exceeded the maximum residue limits (5 mg kg−1) in Canada. Glyphosate had minor effects on wheat kernels composition and properties, including fructans content and yeast gassing power. No degradation of Roundup® or pure glyphosate was seen after dough fermentation for up to 4 h and baking. These results call for more scientific studies on glyphosate residues in wheat. Gélinas, P., Gagnon, F., & McKinnon, C. (2018). Wheat preharvest herbicide application, whole‐grain flour properties, yeast activity and the degradation of glyphosate in bread. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 53(7), 1597–1602. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13741https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ijfs.13741
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Glyphosate based-herbicide exposure affects gut microbiota, anxiety anddepression-like behaviors in miceYassine Aitbali, Saadia Ba-M'hamed, Najoua Elhidar, Ahmed Nafis, Nabila Soraa, Mohamed Bennis2018Neurotoxicol Teratol
. 		AnimalesMarruecosRecently, a number of studies have demonstrated the profound relationship between gut microbiota (GM) alterations and behavioral changes. Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) have been shown to induce behavioral impairments, and it is possible that they mediate the effects through an altered GM. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of GBH on GM and its subsequent effects on the neurobehavioral functions in mice following acute, subchronic and chronic exposure to 250 or 500 mg/kg/day. The effect of these acute and repeated treatments was assessed at the behavioral level using the open field, the elevated plus maze, the tail suspension and splash tests. Then, mice were sacrificed and the intestinal samples were collected for GM analysis. Subchronic and chronic exposure to GBH induced an increase of anxiety and depression-like behaviors. In addition, GBH significantly altered the GM composition in terms of relative abundance and phylogenic diversity of the key microbes. Indeed, it decreased more specifically, Corynebacterium, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus in treated mice. These data reinforce the essential link between GM and GBH toxicity in mice and suggest that observed intestinal dysbiosis could increase the prevalence of neurobehavioral alterations.Aitbali Y, Ba-M'hamed S, Elhidar N, Nafis A, Soraa N, Bennis M. Glyphosate based- herbicide exposure affects gut microbiota, anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2018;67:44-49. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.04.002https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0892036218300254?via%3Dihub
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Effects of glyphosate herbicide on the gastrointestinal microflora of Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) LinnaeusRonald P. Kittle; Karla J. McDermid; Lisa Muehlstein; George H. Balazs2018Marine Pollution BulletinAnimalesHawaiIn Hawaii, glyphosate-based herbicides frequently sprayed near shorelines may be affecting non-target marine species. Glyphosate inhibits aromatic amino acid biosynthesis (shikimate pathway), and is toxic to beneficial gut bacteria in cattle and chickens. Effects of glyphosate on gut bacteria in marine herbivorous turtles were assessed in vitro. When cultures of mixed bacterial communities from gastrointestinal tracts of freshly euthanized green turtles (Chelonia mydas), were exposed for 24h to six glyphosate concentrations (plus deionized water control), bacterial density was significantly lower at glyphosate concentrations≥2.2×10−4gL−1 (absorbance measured at 600nm wavelength). Using a modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, the growth of four bacterial isolates (Pantoea, Proteus, Shigella, and Staphylococcus) was significantly inhibited by glyphosate concentrations≥1.76×10−3gL−1. Reduced growth or lower survival of gut bacteria in green turtles exposed to glyphosate could have adverse effects on turtle digestion and overall health.Kittle, R. P., McDermid, K. J., Muehlstein, L., & Balazs, G. H. (2018). Effects of glyphosate herbicide on the gastrointestinal microflora of Hawaiian green turtles (Chelonia mydas) Linnaeus. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127, 170–174. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.11.030https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025326X17309876
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Effects of low doses of glyphosate on DNA damage, cell proliferation and oxidative stress in the HepG2 cell lineVilena Kašuba & Mirta Milić1 & Ružica Rozgaj & Nevenka Kopjar & Marin Mladinić & Suzana Žunec & Ana Lucić Vrdoljak & Ivan Pavičić & Ana Marija Marjanović Čermak & Alica Pizent & Blanka Tariba Lovaković & Davor Želježić2017Environmental Science and Pollution ResearchCélulasCroaciaWe studied the toxic effects of glyphosate in vitro on HepG2 cells exposed for 4 and 24 h to low glyphosate concentrations likely to be encountered in occupational and residential exposures [the acceptable daily intake (ADI; 0.5 μg/mL), residential exposure level (REL; 2.91 μg/mL) and occupational exposure level (OEL; 3.5 μg/mL)]. The assessments were performed using biomarkers of oxidative stress, CCK-8 colorimetric assay for cell proliferation, alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay. The results obtained indicated effects on cell proliferation, both at 4 and 24 h. The levels of primary DNA damage after 4-h exposure were lower in treated vs. control samples, but were not significantly changed after 24 h. Using the CBMN assay, we found a significantly higher number of MN and nuclear buds at ADI and REL after 4 h and a lower number of MN after 24 h. The obtained results revealed significant oxidative damage. Four-hour exposure resulted in significant decrease at ADI [lipid peroxidation and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)] and OEL [lipid peroxidation and level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC)], and 24-h exposure in significant decrease at OEL (TAC and GSH-Px). No significant effects were observed for the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) for both treatment, and for 24 h for lipid peroxidation. Taken together, the elevated levels of cytogenetic damage found by the CBMN assay and the mechanisms of primary DNA damage should be further clarified, considering that the comet assay results indicate possible cross-linking or DNA adduct formation.Kašuba, V., Milić, M., Rozgaj, R., Kopjar, N., Mladinić, M., Žunec, S., Vrdoljak, A. L., Pavičić, I., Čermak, A. M. M., Pizent, A., Lovaković, B. T., & Želježić, D. (2017). Effects of low doses of glyphosate on DNA damage, cell proliferation and oxidative stress in the HepG2 cell line. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(23), 19267. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1007/s11356-017-9438-yhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11356-017-9438-y
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Metabolic profiling of goldfish (Carassius auratis) after long-term glyphosate-based herbicide exposureMing-Hui Li; Ling-Yu Ruan; Jin-Wei Zhou; Yong-Hong Fu; Lei Jiang; He Zhao; Jun-Song Wang2017 Aquatic ToxicologyAnimalesChinaGlyphosate is an efficient herbicide widely used worldwide. However, its toxicity to non-targeted organisms has not been fully elucidated. In this study, the toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicide was evaluated on goldfish (Carassius auratus) after long-term exposure. Tissues of brains, kidneys and livers were collected and submitted to NMR-based metabolomics analysis and histopathological inspection. Plasma was collected and the blood biochemical indexes of AST, ALT, BUN, CRE, LDH, SOD, GSH-Px, GR and MDA were measured. Long-term glyphosate exposure caused disorders of blood biochemical indexes and renal tissue injury in goldfish. Metabolomics analysis combined with correlation network analysis uncovered significant perturbations in oxidative stress, energy metabolism, amino acids metabolism and nucleosides metabolism in glyphosate dosed fish, which provide new clues to the toxicity of glyphosate. This integrated metabolomics approach showed its applicability in discovering the toxic mechanisms of pesticides, which provided new strategy for the assessment of the environmental risk of herbicides to non-target organisms.Li, M.-H., Ruan, L.-Y., Zhou, J.-W., Fu, Y.-H., Jiang, L., Zhao, H., & Wang, J.-S. (2017). Metabolic profiling of goldfish (Carassius auratis) after long-term glyphosate-based herbicide exposure. Aquatic Toxicology, 188, 159–169. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.05.004https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X17301315?via%3Dihub
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The health consequences of aerial spraying illicit crops: The case of ColombiaAdriana Camacho & Daniel Mejía2017Journal of Health EconomicsHumanosColombiaThis paper exploits variations in aerial spraying across time and space in Colombia and employs a panel of individual health records in order to study the causal effects of the aerial spraying of herbicides (glyphosate) on short-term health-related outcomes. Our results show that exposure to the herbicide used in aerial spraying campaigns increases the number of medical consultations related to dermatological and respiratory illnesses, as well as the number of miscarriages. These findings are robust to the inclusion of individual fixed effects, which compare the prevalence of these medical conditions for the same person under different levels of exposure to the herbicide used in the aerial spraying program over a period of 5 years. Also, our results are robust to controlling for the extent of illicit coca cultivation in the municipality of residence.Camacho, A., & Mejía, D. (2017). The health consequences of aerial spraying illicit crops: The case of Colombia. Journal of Health Economics, 54, 147–160. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.04.005https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167629617303922
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Glyphosate and Roundup® alter morphology and behavior in zebrafishDaiane Bridi; Stefani Altenhofen; Jonas Brum Gonzalez; Gustavo Kellermann Reolon; Carla Denise Bonan2017Toxicology AnimalesBrasilGlyphosate has become the most widely used herbicide in the world, due to the wide scale adoption of transgenic glyphosate resistant crops after its introduction in 1996. Glyphosate may be used alone, but it is commonly applied as an active ingredient of the herbicide Roundup ® . This pesticide contains several adjuvants, which may promote an unknown toxicity. The indiscriminate application poses numerous problems, both for the health of the applicators and consumers, and for the environment, contaminating the soil, water and leading to the death of plants and animals. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) is quickly gaining popularity in behavioral research, because of physiological similarity to mammals, sensitivity to pharmacological factors, robust performance, low cost, short spawning intervals, external fertilization, transparency of embryos through larval stages, and rapid development. The aim of this study was evaluate the effects of glyphosate and Roundup ® on behavioral and morphological parameters in zebrafish larvae and adults. Zebrafish larvae at 3 days post-fertilization and adults were exposed to glyphosate (0.01, 0.065, and 0.5 mg/L) or Roundup ® (0.01, 0.065, and 0.5 mg/L) for 96 h. Immediately after the exposure, we performed the analysis of locomotor activity, aversive behavior, and morphology for the larvae and exploratory behavior, aggression and inhibitory avoidance memory for adult zebrafish. In zebrafish larvae, there were significant differences in the locomotor activity and aversive behavior after glyphosate or Roundup ® exposure when compared to the control group. Our findings demonstrated that exposure to glyphosate at the concentration of 0.5 mg/L, Roundup ® at 0.065 or 0.5 mg/L reduced the distance traveled, the mean speed and the line crossings in adult zebrafish. A decreased ocular distance was observed for larvae exposed at 0.5 mg/L of glyphosate. We verified that at 0.5 mg/L of Roundup ® -treated adult zebrafish demonstrated a significant impairment in memory. Both glyphosate and Roundup ® reduced aggressive behavior. Our data suggest that there are small differences between the effects induced by glyphosate and Roundup ® , altering morphological and behavioral parameters in zebrafish, suggesting common mechanisms of toxicity and cellular responseBridi, D., Altenhofen, S., Gonzalez, J. B., Reolon, G. K., & Bonan, C. D. (2017). Glyphosate and Roundup® alter morphology and behavior in zebrafish. Toxicology, 392, 32–39. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.tox.2017.10.007https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300483X17303128
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Efectos de la intoxicación por glifosato en la población agrícola: revisión de temaCarolina Campuzano Cortina, Luisa María Feijoó Fonnegra, Karen Manzur Pineda, María Palacio Muñoz, Julián Rendón Fonnegra, Juan Pablo Zapata Díaz2017Revista CES Salud PúblicaHumanosColombiaEl glifosato es un herbicida que se ha utilizado por los agricultores para erradicar plantas no deseadas y cultivos ilícitos en el área rural. La exposición a este compuesto, por parte de los trabajadores ha demostrado resultados clínicos que varían incluyendo toxicidad de múltiples órganos, nefrotoxicidad, hepatotoxicidad, efectos gastrointestinales, cardiovasculares y respiratorios. Objetivo: Evaluar la toxicidad del glifosato (Roundup®) en agricultores expuestos crónicamente al uso de este compuesto como herbicida. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistematica de la literatura publicada durante el periodo comprendido entre 2000 y 2016, sobre intoxicación por glifosato, efectos agudos y crónicos, consideraciones para el tratamiento, repercusiones sociales por la aspersión de herbicidas. Además se utilizaron datos del ministerio de salud y protección social. Las bases de datos utilizadas incluyeron la Librería Nacional de Medicina de Estados Unidos (Pubmed/Medline), SciELO, google académico en búsqueda de estudios clínicos, reportes de caso, artículos derevisión, artículos de opinión y leyes en idioma inglés ,español y polaco. Se emplearon los siguientes términos MeSH solos o en combinación: "glyphosate intoxication", "glyphosate poisoning", "glyphosate herbicide", "glyphosate human toxicity". Resultados: Se obtuvo información con relación al impacto del glifosato en la salud humana, encontrando como son las manifestaciones por intoxicación por dicha sustancia y cómo será su tratamiento óptimo. Conclusiones: En los estudios que se han realizado queda comprobado que el glifosato es altamente toxico por el compromiso que genera en los múltiples sistemas del cuerpo, lo que compromete la salud de la población agrícola que tiene historia de exposición.Campuzano Cortina, C., Feijoó Fonnegr, L. M., Manzur Pineda, K., Palacio Muñoz, M., Rendón Fonnegra, J., & Zapata Díaz, J. P. (2017). Efectos de la intoxicación por glifosato en la población agrícola: revisión de tema. Revista CES Salud Pública, 8(1), 121–133.http://revistas.ces.edu.co/index.php/ces_salud_publica/article/view/4427*
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Ecotoxicological assessment of glyphosate‐based herbicides: Effects on different organismsLaís de Brito Rodrigues; Rhaul de Oliveira; Flávia Renata Abe; Lara Barroso Brito; Diego Sousa Moura; Marize Campos Valadares; Cesar Koppe Grisolia; Danielle Palma de Oliveira; Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira2017Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry.Animales y plantasBrasilGlyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used worldwide because they are effective and relatively nontoxic to nontarget species. Unlimited and uncontrolled use of such pesticides can have serious consequences for human health and ecological balance. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of 2 glyphosate-based formulations, Roundup Original (Roundup) and Glyphosate AKB 480 (AKB), on different organisms: cucumber ( Cucumis sativus), lettuce ( Lactuca sativa), and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds, and microcrustacean Artemia salina and zebrafish ( Danio rerio) early life stages. For the germination endpoint, only L. esculentum presented significant sensitivity to AKB and L. sativa to Roundup, whereas both formulations significantly inhibited the root growth of all species tested. Both AKB and Roundup induced significant toxicity to A. salina; both are classified as category 3, which indicates a hazard for the aquatic environment, according to criteria of the Globally Harmonized Classification System. However, Roundup was more toxic than AKB, with 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 14.19 mg/L and 37.53 mg/L, respectively. For the embryo-larval toxicity test, Roundup proved more toxic than AKB for the mortality endpoint (96-h LC50 values of 10.17 mg/L and 27.13 mg/L, respectively), whereas for the hatching parameter, AKB was more toxic than Roundup. No significant genotoxicity to zebrafish larvae was found. We concluded that AKB and Roundup glyphosate-based formulations are phytotoxic and induce toxic effects in nontarget organisms such as A. salina and zebrafish early life stages. Brito Rodrigues, L., de Oliveira, R., Abe, F. R., Brito, L. B., Moura, D. S., Valadares, M. C., Grisolia, C. K., de Oliveira, D. P., & de Oliveira, G. A. R. (2017). Ecotoxicological assessment of glyphosate-based herbicides: Effects on different organisms. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 36(7), 1755–1763. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3580https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306089470_Ecotoxicological_assessment_of_glyphosate-based_herbicides_Effects_on_different_organisms_Ecotoxicity_of_glyphosate-based_herbicides
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Coca cultivation and crop eradication in Colombia: The challenges of integrating rural reality into effective anti-drug policyAlexander Rincón-Ruiz; Hyarold Leonardo Correa; Daniel Oswaldo León; Stewart Williams2016 International Journal of Drug PolicyPolítica de drogasColombiaThis paper examines the positive and negative (or intended and unintended) impacts of anti-drug policies such as the aerial spraying of coca crops in Colombia. It provides spatial analysis of coca cultivation and crop eradication at a fine scale of resolution using the latest UNODC data. The findings suggest that anti-drug policy in Colombia between 2001 and 2012 has had some success with a significant decrease in overall levels of coca cultivation, but that it has also led to the displacement of coca cultivation, notably to areas within the Colombian Pacific region. Negative impacts include continued deforestation and damage to ecosystems, and the further marginalization of Afro-Colombian communities whose collective territories have been subject to increased coca cultivation between 2001 and 2012. Alternative development programs have not been well aligned with such areas where other illegal activities such as mining as well as coca cultivation now occur. Hence the importance of designing anti-drug policy that comprehensively integrates the local nuances of those peoples and places affected by coca cultivation and crop eradication according to their particular contexts.Rincón-Ruiz, A., Correa, H. L., León, D. O., & Williams, S. (2016). Coca cultivation and crop eradication in Colombia: The challenges of integrating rural reality into effective anti-drug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 33, 56–65. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.06.011https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395916301931
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New answers to an old problem: Social investment and coca crops in ColombiaEleonora Davalos2016 International Journal of Drug PolicyPolítica de drogasColombiaHighlights •This paper explores an alternative approach to control coca cultivation.•Social investment is a complementary and effective strategy to control coca crops.•Eradication deters farmers from increasing the size of their new coca fields.•The effect of eradication on new coca crops is small.

Methods This paper analyses how social investment in conjunction with eradication affects new coca crops. The model is tested using a dataset consisting of annual data for 440 contiguous municipalities that had coca in any year between 2001 and 2010. The analysis includes the two main techniques used to control illicit crops, manual eradication and aerial spraying.

Results Aerial spraying is effective in deterring farmers from increasing the size of their new coca fields, but this effect is small. Social investment, in addition to generating social welfare, has a significant negative relationship with new coca crops, 0.09-hectare reduction in new coca crops per additional 50-cent spent in social investment (human capital and infrastructure) per inhabitant.

Conclusion Social investment emerges as a complementary and effective strategy to control illicit crops.		Davalos, E. (2016). New answers to an old problem: Social investment and coca crops in Colombia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 31, 121–130. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.002https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095539591630010X
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Effects of glyphosate and the glyphosate based herbicides Roundup Original® and Roundup Transorb® on respiratory morphophysiology of bullfrog tadpolesRafael Zanelli Rissoli; Fabio Camargo Abdall; Monica Jones Costa; Francisco Tadeu Rantin; David John McKenzie; Ana Lucia Kalinin2016 Chemosphere AnimalesBrasilGlyphosate-based herbicides are widely used in agriculture and are commonly found in water bodies. Roundup Original® (RO) contains an isopropylamine glyphosate (GLY) salt containing the surfactant POEA, while Roundup Transorb R® (RTR) contains a potassium salt of GLY with unknown surfactants. Both contain different compositions of so-called “inert” ingredients, more toxic than glyphosate. Amphibian tadpoles often experience variations in O2 availability in their aquatic habitats; an ability to tolerate hypoxia can condition their survival and fitness. We evaluated the impacts of sublethal concentrations of GLY (1 mg L−1), RO (1 mg L−1 GLY a.e) and RTR (1 mg L−1 GLY a.e) on metabolic rate (V·O2 – mLO2 Kg1 h−1) of bullfrog tadpoles during normoxia and graded hypoxia, and related this to morphology of their skin, their major site of gas exchange. In control (CT) V·O2 remained unaltered from normoxia until 40 mmHg, indicating a critical O2 tension between 40 and 20 mmHg. GLY significantly reduced V·O2, possibly due to epidermal hypertrophy, which increased O2 diffusion distance to O2 uptake. In contrast, RTR increased V·O2 during hypoxia, indicating an influence of “inert” compounds and surfactants. V·O2 of RO did not differ from CT, suggesting that any increase in V·O2 caused by exposure was antagonized by epidermal hypertrophy. Indeed, all herbicides caused marked alterations in skin morphology, with cell and epithelium wall presenting hyperplasia or hypertrophy and chromatid rupture. In summary, GLY, RO and RTR exert different effects in bullfrog tadpoles, in particular the surfactants and inert compounds appear to influence oxygen uptake.Rissoli, R. Z., Abdalla, F. C., Costa, M. J., Rantin, F. T., McKenzie, D. J., & Kalinin, A. L. (2016). Effects of glyphosate and the glyphosate based herbicides Roundup Original® and Roundup Transorb® on respiratory morphophysiology of bullfrog tadpoles. Chemosphere, 156, 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.083https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516305690
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Glyphosate: environment al contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contaminationShahla Ho sseini Bai; Steven M. Ogbourne2016Environmental Science & Pollution Research;Animales y plantasAustraliaGlyphosate has been the most widely used herbicide during the past three decades. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifies glyphosate as 'practically non-toxic and not an irritant' under the acute toxicity classification system. This classification is based primarily on toxicity data and due to its unique mode of action via a biochemical pathway that only exists in a small number of organisms that utilise the shikimic acid pathway to produce amino acids, most of which are green plants. This classification is supported by the majority of scientific literature on the toxic effects of glyphosate. However, in 2005, the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) reported that glyphosate and its major metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), are of potential toxicological concern, mainly as a result of accumulation of residues in the food chain. The FAO further states that the dietary risk of glyphosate and AMPA is unlikely if the maximum daily intake of 1 mg kg body weight (bw) is not exceeded. Research has now established that glyphosate can persist in the environment, and therefore, assessments of the health risks associated with glyphosate are more complicated than suggested by acute toxicity data that relate primarily to accidental high-rate exposure. We have used recent literature to assess the possible risks associated with the presence of glyphosate residues in food and the environment.Bai, S., & Ogbourne, S. (2016). Glyphosate: environmental contamination, toxicity and potential risks to human health via food contamination. Environmental Science & Pollution Research, 23(19), 18988.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-016-7425-3
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Afectaciones en la salud pública inducidas por el uso del glifosato en el putumayo, ColombiaSandra Leana García Martínez y Juan Ernesto Almeira Ospina2015CentauroHumanosColombiaColombia ha tenido que vivir una lucha continua contra el narcotráfico, una forma de hacer contraataque a los grupos terroristas es erradicando los cultivos ilícitos; por medio de la aspersión aérea de herbicidas en las zonas donde estos grupos se movilizaban. En un intento del gobierno colombiano por combatirlos, no midió los efectos adversos al plan de erradicación, causando varios efectos nocivos para la salud pública, relacionados con las zonas de fumigación. Analizar el impacto a la salud pública por causa del uso del glifosato como herbicida. Se realizó la recopilación de publicaciones científicas en las cuales se evidencia los impactos a nivel de la salud pública de la región del Putumayo debido a las aspersiones aéreas con el herbicida glifosato. En Colombia, el tema de la salud pública con relación a la utilización de herbicidas no es un asunto de tanta relevancia como lo es la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos. La falta de veracidad de los estudios sobre los efectos y las consecuencias que causa el uso de herbicidas es un claro ejemplo de la falta de información sobre posibles herbicidas alternativos que no atenten contra la salud humana, animal y medioambiental.García, S & Almeira, J. (2015). Afectaciones en la salud pública inducidas por el uso del glifosato en el putumayo, Colombia. Centauro 10: 29-38https://revistas.unilibre.edu.co/index.php/centauro/article/view/2496/1926
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Roundup exposure promotes gills and liver impairments, DNA damage and inhibition of brain cholinergic activity in the Amazon teleost fish Colosso mamacropomumSusanaBra z-Mota; HelenSada uskas- Henrique; Rafael M.Duarte; Adalberto L.Val; Vera M.F.Almei da-Val2015Chemosphere.AnimalesBrasilRoundup Original® (RD) is a glyphosate-based herbicide used to control weeds in agriculture. Contamination of Amazon waters has increased as a consequence of anthropogenic pressure, including the use of herbicides as RD. The central goal of this study was to evaluate the toxic effects of RD on juveniles of tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum ). Our findings show that biomarkers in tambaqui are organ specific and dependent on RD concentration. Alterations in gills structural and respiratory epithelium were followed by changes in hematological parameters such as concentration of hemoglobin, particularly in fish exposed to the higher concentration tested (75% of RD LC 50 96 h). In addition, both RD concentrations affected the biotransformation process in gills of tambaqui negatively. Instead, liver responses suggest that a production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) occurred in fish exposed to RD, particularly in the animals exposed to 75% RD, as seen by imbalances in biotransformation and antioxidant systems. The increased DNA damage observed in red blood cells of tambaqui exposed to RD is in agreement with this hypothesis. Finally, both tested sub-lethal concentrations of RD markedly inhibited the cholinesterase activity in fish brain. Thus, we can suggest that RD is potentially toxic to tambaqui and possibly to other tropical fish species.Braz-Mota, S., Sadauskas-Henrique, H., Duarte, R. M., Val, A. L., & Almeida-Val, V. M. F. (2015). Roundup® exposure promotes gills and liver impairments, DNA damage and inhibition of brain cholinergic activity in the Amazon teleost fish Colossoma macropomum. Chemosphere, 135, 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.042https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653515002635?via%3Dihub
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Estimating the Causal Effect of Forced Eradication on Coca Cultivation in Colombian MunicipalitiesLuis Carlos Reyes2014World Development Política de drogasColombiaColombia has aggressively pursued forced coca eradication to reduce the amount of land that agricultural households devote to illegal crops. However, few rigorous empirical studies have assessed its causal effect on land allocation decisions. I use a 6-year panel covering the entire country for the years 2001–06 to estimate this effect. I instrument eradication with changes in the expected cost of protecting eradication crews as they get far from the airports used as a point of departure. Estimates show the causal effect of a 1% increase in eradication to be approximately a 1% increase in coca cultivation.Reyes, L. C. (2014). Estimating the Causal Effect of Forced Eradication on Coca Cultivation in Colombian Municipalities. World Development, 61, 70–84. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.03.024https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X14000977
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Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides on the freshwater environmentRobert Annett; Hamid R. Habibi; Alice Hontela2014Journal of Applied ToxicologyAguaCanadáGlyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is a broad spectrum, post emergent herbicide and is among the most widely used agricultural chemicals globally. Initially developed to control the growth of weed species in agriculture, this herbicide also plays an important role in both modern silviculture and domestic weed control. The creation of glyphosate tolerant crop species has significantly increased the demand and use of this herbicide and has also increased the risk of exposure to non‐target species. Commercially available glyphosate‐based herbicides are comprised of multiple, often proprietary, constituents, each with a unique level of toxicity. Surfactants used to increase herbicide efficacy have been identified in some studies as the chemicals responsible for toxicity of glyphosate‐based herbicides to non‐target species, yet they are often difficult to chemically identify. Most glyphosate‐based herbicides are not approved for use in the aquatic environment; however, measurable quantities of the active ingredient and surfactants are detected in surface waters, giving them the potential to alter the physiology of aquatic organisms. Acute toxicity is highly species dependant across all taxa, with toxicity depending on the timing, magnitude, and route of exposure. The toxicity of glyphosate to amphibians has been a major focus of recent research, which has suggested increased sensitivity compared with other vertebrates due to their life history traits and reliance on both the aquatic and terrestrial environments. This review is designed to update previous reviews of glyphosate‐based herbicide toxicity, with a focus on recent studies of the aquatic toxicity of this class of chemicals. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Annett, R., Habibi, H & Hontela, A. (2014). Impact of glyphosate and glyphosate‐based herbicides on the freshwater environment 34 (5).https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jat.2997
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Effects of single and multiple applications of glyphosate or aminopyralid on simple constructed plant communitiesThomas Pfleeger; Matthew Blakeley‐Smith; E. Henry Lee; George King; Milton Plocher; David Olszyk2014Environmental Toxicology and ChemistryPlantasEEUUTo determine effects of multiple applications of herbicides on small constructed plant communities, Prunella vulgaris L.var. lanceolata Fern, Festuca roemeri (Pavlick) Alexeev, Clarkia amoena (Lehm.) Nels., and Cynosurus echinatus L. were grown together in small field plots. Plants were treated with glyphosate at target concentrations of 0 × , 0.01 × , 0.1 × , and 0.2× a field application rate (FAR) of 1122 g ha−1 active ingredient (a.i.) for 3 yr in 1 location, and for 2 yr in a second location. Plants also were treated with aminopyralid at 0 × , 0.037 × , 0.136 × , and 0.5× FAR of 123 g ha−1 a.i. for 2 yr in 2 locations. Plants received 1, 2, or 3 applications of each herbicide each year. Species and community responses depended on herbicide concentration and number of applications. With glyphosate, plant volume (modified formula for a cone) tended to decrease for all species (especially C. echinatus), and the decreases generally became larger with more applications. Plant communities exposed to the 2 greatest concentrations initially differed from controls but then appeared to recover. With aminopyralid, C. amoena was essentially eliminated from the communities, especially at the 2 greatest FARs, whereas the other 3 species tended to have significant increases in volume, especially at the 2 smallest FARs. With aminopyralid, increasing numbers of applications produced variable results, and the plant community volume never tended to recover. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2368–2378. Published 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.Pfleeger, T., Blakeley‐Smith, M., Lee, E.H., King, G., Plocher, M. and Olszyk, D. (2014), Effects of single and multiple applications of glyphosate or aminopyralid on simple constructed plant communities. Environ Toxicol Chem, 33: 2368-2378. doi:10.1002/etc.2686https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/etc.2686
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Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and PrecipitationW.A. Battaglin; M.T. Meyer; K.M. Kuivila; J.E. Dietze2014Journal of the American Water Resources Association. Suelos y AguaEE.UU.Glyphosate use in the United States increased from less than 5,000 to more than 80,000 metric tons/yr between 1987 and 2007. Glyphosate is popular due to its ease of use on soybean, cotton, and corn crops that are genetically modified to tolerate it, utility in no-till farming practices, utility in urban areas, and the perception that it has low toxicity and little mobility in the environment. This compilation is the largest and most comprehensive assessment of the environmental occurrence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid ( AMPA) in the United States conducted to date, summarizing the results of 3,732 water and sediment and 1,018 quality assurance samples collected between 2001 and 2010 from 38 states. Results indicate that glyphosate and AMPA are usually detected together, mobile, and occur widely in the environment. Glyphosate was detected without AMPA in only 2.3% of samples, whereas AMPA was detected without glyphosate in 17.9% of samples. Glyphosate and AMPA were detected frequently in soils and sediment, ditches and drains, precipitation, rivers, and streams; and less frequently in lakes, ponds, and wetlands; soil water; and groundwater. Concentrations of glyphosate were below the levels of concern for humans or wildlife; however, pesticides are often detected in mixtures. Ecosystem effects of chronic low-level exposures to pesticide mixtures are uncertain. The environmental health risk of low-level detections of glyphosate, AMPA, and associated adjuvants and mixtures remain to be determined.Battaglin, W. A., Meyer, M. T., Kuivila, K. M., & Dietze, J. E. (2014). Glyphosate and Its Degradation Product AMPA Occur Frequently and Widely in U.S. Soils, Surface Water, Groundwater, and Precipitation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(2), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12159https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jawr.12159
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Caught in the middle, Colombia’s war on drugs and its effects on forest and peopleAlexander Rincón-Ruiz & Giorgos Kallis2013 Geoforum Política de drogasColombiaCoca plantations are the largest illegal agribusiness in the world, and Colombia is the world’s leading coca producer. Since 1994, the Colombian state, with the aid of the US, has waged a war on drugs based on air fumigation of coca plantations. This article evaluates the social and environmental impacts of this policy. We construct and analyse statistically for the first time a spatial database with social, economic, environmental, coca production and fumigation data for all 1125 municipalities of Colombia for the period 2001–2008. We complement statistical analysis with in situ observations and secondary literature review. We find that even if the questionable government claims that overall extent of coca plantations has been reduced were to be true, still coca activity has been diffused in the territory, with devastating environmental and social consequences. Biodiversity hotspot areas are being deforested, and local populations, especially Afro-Colombian communities, are being displaced from their territories. Our statistical analysis provides quantitative evidence to back up previous claims based on victims’ experience, single case-studies and ethnographic observation. We question the effectiveness of the fumigation policy and suggest that what is actually eradicated by the war on drugs is not coca, but humans and the forest.Rincón-Ruiz, A., & Kallis, G. (2013). Caught in the middle, Colombia’s war on drugs and its effects on forest and people. Geoforum, 46, 60–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.12.009https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016718512002837
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Effects of glyphosate on cholinesterase activity of the mussel Perna perna and the fish Danio rerio and Jenynsia multidentata: In vitro studiesJuliana Zomer Sandrini; Regina Coimbra Rola; Fernanda Moreira Lopes; Hermeson Francisco Buffon; Milene Marques Freitas; Camila de Martinez Gaspar Martins; Carlos Eduardo da Rosa2013Aquatic ToxicologyAnimalesBrasillthough the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is not classified as an acethylcholinesterase inhibitor, some studies have reported reduction in the acethylcolinesterase activity after in vivo exposure to both its pure form and its commercial formulations. Considering this controversy, the objective of the present study was to investigate, in vitro, the effects of glyphosate exposure on cholinesterase activity of the brown mussel Perna perna and of two fish species: zebrafish Danio rerio and onesided livebearer Jenynsia multidentata. For this purpose, samples of different tissues (brain and muscle for fish; gills and muscle for mussel) were homogenized and pre-incubated with different glyphosate concentrations before cholinesterase activity determination. Results demonstrated that cholinesterase from different fractions of all species tested was inhibited by glyphosate. The concentrations of glyphosate that inhibits 50% of cholinesterase activity (IC50) ranged from 0.62mM for P. perna muscle to 8.43mM for J. multidentata brain. According to this, cholinesterase from mussel seems to be more sensitive to glyphosate exposure than those from the fish D. rerio and J. multidentata.Sandrini, J. Z., Rola, R. C., Lopes, F. M., Buffon, H. F., Freitas, M. M., Martins, C. de M. G., & da Rosa, C. E. (2013). Effects of glyphosate on cholinesterase activity of the mussel Perna perna and the fish Danio rerio and Jenynsia multidentata: In vitro studies. Aquatic Toxicology, 130–131, 171–173. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.01.006https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166445X13000088?via%3Dihub
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Toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL-Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstoneiMeza-Joya FL, Ramírez-Pinilla MP, Fuentes-Lorenzo JL.2013Environmental & Molecular MutagenesisAnimalesColombiaThe aerial spraying of glyphosate formulations in Colombia to eradicate illegal crops has generated great concern about its possible impact on nontarget organisms, particularly amphibians. This study evaluated the toxic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic effects of a glyphosate formulation (Roundup®SL–Cosmoflux®411F) in the direct-developing frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei by estimating the median lethal application rate (LC50), median hemolytic application rate (HD50), and extent of DNA damage using the in vitro and in vivo Comet assays. Toxicity results indicated that the application rate [37.4 μg acid equivalent (a.e.)/cm] equivalent to that used in aerial spraying (3.74 kg a.e./ha) is not lethal in male and female adult frogs, whereas neonates are highly sensitive. Glyphosate formulation at application rates above 5.4 μg a.e./cm (in vivo) and concentrations above 95 μg a.e./mL (in vitro) showed clear evidence of cytotoxicity. In vivo and in vitro exposure of E. johnstonei erythrocytes to the glyphosate formulation induced DNA breaks in a dose-dependent manner with statistically significant values (P < 0.05) at all doses tested. DNA damage initially increased with the duration of exposure and then decreased, suggesting that DNA repair events were occurring during in vivo and in vitro exposures. These results are discussed from the perspective of possible ecotoxicological risks to anuran species from exposure to glyphosate formulation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:362–373, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Fabio Leonardo, M.-J., Martha Patricia, R.-P., & Jorge Luis, F.-L. (2013). Toxic, Cytotoxic, and Genotoxic Effects of a Glyphosate Formulation (Roundup®SL–Cosmoflux®411F) in the Direct-Developing Frog Eleutherodactylus Johnstonei. Environmental & Molecular Mutagenesis, 54(5), 362–373. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1002/em.21775https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23625742
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Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptorsSiriporn Thongprak aisang; Apinya Thiantana wat; Nuchanart Rangkadil ok; Tawit Suriyo; Jutamaad Satayavivad2013Food and Chemical ToxicologyCélulasTailandiaGlyphosate is an active ingredient of the most widely used herbicide and it is believed to be less toxic than other pesticides. However, several recent studies showed its potential adverse health effects to humans as it may be an endocrine disruptor. This study focuses on the effects of pure glyphosate on estrogen receptors (ERs) mediated transcriptional activity and their expressions. Glyphosate exerted proliferative effects only in human hormone-dependent breast cancer, T47D cells, but not in hormone-independent breast cancer, MDA-MB231 cells, at 10−12 to 10−6 M in estrogen withdrawal condition. The proliferative concentrations of glyphosate that induced the activation of estrogen response element (ERE) transcription activity were 5-13 fold of control in T47D-KBluc cells and this activation was inhibited by an estrogen antagonist, ICI 182780, indicating that the estrogenic activity of glyphosate was mediated via ERs. Furthermore, glyphosate also altered both ERα and β expression. These results indicated that low and environmentally relevant concentrations of glyphosate possessed estrogenic activity. Glyphosate-based herbicides are widely used for soybean cultivation, and our results also found that there was an additive estrogenic effect between glyphosate and genistein, a phytoestrogen in soybeans. However, these additive effects of glyphosate contamination in soybeans need further animal study.Thongprakaisang, S., Thiantanawat, A., Rangkadilok, N., Suriyo, T., & Satayavivad, J. (2013). Glyphosate induces human breast cancer cells growth via estrogen receptors. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 59, 129–136. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.057https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278691513003633#!
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Epidemiologic studies of glyphosate and cancer: A reviewPamela J.Mink; Jack S.Mandel; Bonnielin K. Sceurman; Jessica I. Lundin2012 Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyHumanosEE.UU.The United States Environmental Protection Agency and other regulatory agencies around the world have registered glyphosate as a broad-spectrum herbicide for use on multiple food and non-food use crops. Glyphosate is widely considered by regulatory authorities and scientific bodies to have no carcinogenic potential, based primarily on results of carcinogenicity studies of rats and mice. To examine potential cancer risks in humans, we reviewed the epidemiologic literature to evaluate whether exposure to glyphosate is associated causally with cancer risk in humans. We also reviewed relevant methodological and biomonitoring studies of glyphosate. Seven cohort studies and fourteen case-control studies examined the association between glyphosate and one or more cancer outcomes. Our review found no consistent pattern of positive associations indicating a causal relationship between total cancer (in adults or children) or any site-specific cancer and exposure to glyphosate. Data from biomonitoring studies underscore the importance of exposure assessment in epidemiologic studies, and indicate that studies should incorporate not only duration and frequency of pesticide use, but also type of pesticide formulation. Because generic exposure assessments likely lead to exposure misclassification, it is recommended that exposure algorithms be validated with biomonitoring data.Mink, P. J., Mandel, J. S., Sceurman, B. K., & Lundin, J. I. (2012). Epidemiologic studies of glyphosate and cancer: A review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 63(3), 440–452. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.012https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273230011001516?via%3Dihub
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Glyphosate Effects on Plant Mineral Nutrition, Crop Rhizosphere Microbiota, and Plant Disease in Glyphosate-Resistant CropsStephen O. Duke; John Lydon; William C. Koskinen; Thomas B. Moorman; Rufus L. Chaney; Raymond Hammerschmidt2012Journal of Agricultural & Food ChemistryPlantasEEUUThe article investigates the adverse effect of glyphosate on mineral nutrition in glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops that lead to several adverse effects including increased plant disease. It mentions that since glyphosate has little herbicidal activity in soil, it can be used only with foliar spray applications. It further reflects on other researches indicating that mineral nutrition in GR crops is not affected by either the GR trait or by application of glyphosate.Duke, S. O., Lydon, J., Koskinen, W. C., Moorman, T. B., Chaney, R. L., & Hammerschmidt, R. (2012). Glyphosate Effects on Plant Mineral Nutrition, Crop Rhizosphere Microbiota, and Plant Disease in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 60(42), 10375–10397.https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf302436u?rand=wq87no5t
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Efecto tóxico agudo de la exposición al glifosato (Roundup) en juveniles de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) y yamú (Brycon amazonicus)Jaime F. González, Diana M. Ochoa, Dora E. Figueredo, Carlos A. González2012Revista de la Facultad de medicina veterinaria y de zootecniaAnimalesColombiaCon el fin de investigar los efectos tóxicos del glifosato, 3 diferentes experimentos fueron llevados a cabo utilizando juveniles del mismo número de especies piscícolas. En el primer experimento, ejemplares de tilapia roja (Oreochromis sp.) fueron expuestos a diferentes concentraciones de Roundup® (RP) (0, 1, 5, 15, 45 y 90 ppm). Los peces en 45 y 90 ppm murieron en tiempo menor a 3 horas y 25 minutos presentando marcada sintomatología nerviosa (nado errático, hiperexcitabilidad). Las actividades aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y colinesterasa plasmáticas mostraron un incremento significativo en estos dos tratamientos. La peroxidación lipídica cerebral se incrementó por la exposición al herbicida con excepción del tratamiento de 45 ppm. Para el 2º experimento juveniles de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) fueron expuestos a 10 y 30 ppm de RP. Los peces en 10 ppm murieron mostrando síntomas nerviosos mientras los expuestos a 30 ppm manifestaron problemas de índole respiratorio. En los 2 tratamientos, los peces fueron sacrificados antes de las 3 h y 40 m post-exposición. La actividad colinesterasa cerebral se mostró significativamente inhibida en 10 ppm y marcadamente elevada en 30 ppm. En el 3er experimento, ejemplares de yamú fueron expuestos a 10 y 30 ppm del herbicida y a la interacción con una mezcla de RP y clorpirifos. En todos los tratamientos, con excepción de 30 ppm RP, se dio una disminución significativa de la actividad colinesterasa. En la concentración más alta el efecto tóxico fue de tipo respiratorio. Este estudio mostró que el RP causó efectos sobre el sistema nervioso y respiratorio. La actividad colinesterasa cerebral y plasmática tuvo variaciones importantes en los peces por la exposición al herbicida y las respuestas variaron según las concentraciones y la especie estudiada.González, J.F & Ochoa, D. (2007). Efecto tóxico agudo de la exposición al glifosato (Roundup) en juveniles de bocachico (Prochilodus magdalenae) y yamú (Brycon amazonicus). Revista de la Facultad de medicina veterinaria y de zootecnia 54(2): 113-119https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263966160_Efectos_toxicos_del_RoundupR_glifosato_en_tilapia_roja_Oreochromis_sp_yamu_Brycon_amazonicus_y_bocachico_Prochilodus_magdalenae
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Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphereFeng‐chih Chang; Matt F. Simcik; Paul D. Capel2011Environmental Toxicology & ChemistryAireEEUUThis is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminary phase of the study. The frequency of glyphosate detection ranged from 60 to 100% in both air and rain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from <0.01 to 9.1 ng/m and from <0.1 to 2.5 µg/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high-use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall. Glyphosate is efficiently removed from the air; it is estimated that an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air is removed by a weekly rainfall ≥30 mm.Feng-chih Chang, Simcik, M. F., & Capel, P. D. (2011). Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 30(3), 548–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.431https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.431
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Baseline determination in social, health, and genetic areas in communities affected by glyphosate aerial spraying on the northeastern Ecuadorian borderCésar Paz-y-Miño; María José Muñoz; Adolfo Maldonado; Carolina Valladares; Nadia Cumbal; Catalina Herrera; Paulo Robles; María Eugenia Sánchez; Andrés López-Cortés2011Reviews on Environmental HealthHumanosEcuadorThe northeastern Ecuadorian border has undergone aerial spraying with an herbicide mix that contains surfactants and adjuvants, executed by the Colombian Government. The purpose of this study was to diagnose social, health, and genetic aspects of the people affected by glyphosate. For this objective to be achieved, 144 people were interviewed, and 521 medical diagnoses and 182 peripheral blood samples were obtained. Genotyping of GSTP1 Ile105Val, GPX-1 Pro198Leu, and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms were analyzed, using PCR-RFLP technique. The assessment of chromosomal aberrations was performed, obtaining 182 karyotypes. Malnutrition in children was 3%. Of the total population, 7.7% had children with malformations, and the percentage of abortions was 12.7%. Concerning genotyping, individuals with GSTP1 Val/Val obtained an odds ratio of 4.88 (p<0.001), and Ile/Val individuals, together with Val/Val individuals, had an odds ratio of 2.6 (p<0.05). In addition, GPX-1 Leu/Leu individuals presented an odds ratio (OR) of 8.5 (p<0.05). Regarding karyotyping, the 182 individuals had normal karyotypes. In conclusion, the study population did not present significant chromosomal and DNA alterations. The most important social impact was fear. We recommend future prospective studies to assess the communities.Paz-y-Miño, C., Muñoz, M., Maldonado, A., Valladares, C., Cumbal, N., Herrera, C., Robles, P., Eugenia Sánchez, M., & López-Cortés, A. (2011). Baseline determination in social, health, and genetic areas in communities affected by glyphosate aerial spraying on the northeastern Ecuadorian border, Reviews on Environmental Health, 26(1), 45-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh.2011.007https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2011.26.issue-1/reveh.2011.007/reveh.2011.007.xml
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The toxicity of Roundup Original Max® to 13 species of larval amphibiansRick A. Relyea; Devin K. Jones2009
Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry.		AnimalesEEUUWith the increased use of glyphosate-based herbicides (marketed under several names, including Roundup® and Vision®), there has been a concomitant increased concern about the unintended impacts that particular formulations containing the popular surfactant polyethoxylated tallowamine (POEA) might have on amphibians. Published studies have examined a relatively small number of anuran species (primarily from Australia and eastern North America) and, surprisingly, no species of salamanders. Using a popular formulation of glyphosate (Roundup Original Max®), the goal of the present study was to conduct tests of lethal concentrations estimated to kill 50% of a population after 96 h (LC5096-h) on a wider diversity of species from both eastern and western North America. Tests were conducted on nine species of stage 25, larval anurans from three families (Ranidae: Rana pipiens, R. clamitans, R. sylvatica, R. catesbeiana, R. cascadae; Bufonidae: Bufo americanus, B. boreas; and Hylidae: Hyla versicolor, Pseudacris crucifer) and four species of larval salamanders from two families (Ambystomatidae: Ambystoma gracile, A. maculatum, A. laterale; and Salamandridae: Notophthalmus viridescens). For the nine species of larval anurans, LC5096-h values ranged from 0.8- to 2.0-mg acid equivalents per liter with relatively little pattern in differential sensitivity among the species or families. The four species of larval salamanders were less sensitive than the anurans, with LC5096-h values ranging from 2.7- to 3.2-mg acid equivalents per liter and no substantial differences among the species of salamanders. This work substantially increases the available data on amphibian sensitivity to glyphosate formulations that include either POEA surfactants or the equally moderately to highly toxic surfactants of Roundup Original Max and should be useful for improving future risk assessmentsRELYEA, R. A., & JONES, D. K. (2009). The Toxicity of Roundup Original Max to 13 Species of Larval Amphibians. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 28(9), 2004–2008. https://doi.org/10.1897/09-021.1https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19405783
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Biomonitoring of Genotoxic Risk in Agricultural Workers from Five Colombian Regions: Association to Occupational Exposure to GlyphosateC. Bolognesi; G. Carrasquilla; S. Volpi; K. R. Solomon; & E. J. P. Marshall2009Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part AHumanosColombiaIn order to assess possible human effects associated with glyphosate formulations used in the Colombian aerial spray program for control of illicit crops, a cytogenetic biomonitoring study was carried out in subjects from five Colombian regions, characterized by different exposure to glyphosate and other pesticides. Women of reproductive age (137 persons 15–49 yr old) and their spouses (137 persons) were interviewed to obtain data on current health status, history, lifestyle, including past and current occupational exposure to pesticides, and factors including those known to be associated with increased frequency of micronuclei (MN). In regions where glyphosate was being sprayed, blood samples were taken prior to spraying (indicative of baseline exposure), 5 d after spraying, and 4 mo after spraying. Lymphocytes were cultured and a cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay was applied to evaluate chromosomal damage and cytotoxicity. Compared with Santa Marta, where organic coffee is grown without pesticides, the baseline frequency of binucleated cells with micronuclei (BNMN) was significantly greater in subjects from the other four regions. The highest frequency of BNMN was in Boyacá, where no aerial eradication spraying of glyphosate was conducted, and in Valle del Cauca, where glyphosate was used for maturation of sugar cane. Region, gender, and older age (≥35 yr) were the only variables associated with the frequency of BNMN measured before spraying. A significant increase in frequency of BNMN between first and second sampling was observed in Nariño, Putumayo, and Valle immediately (<5 d) after spraying. In the post-spray sample, those who reported direct contact with the eradication spray showed a higher quantitative frequency of BNMN compared to those without glyphosate exposure. The increase in frequency of BNMN observed immediately after the glyphosate spraying was not consistent with the rates of application used in the regions and there was no association between self-reported direct contact with eradication sprays and frequency of BNMN. Four months after spraying, a statistically significant decrease in the mean frequency of BNMN compared with the second sampling was observed in Nariño, but not in Putumayo and Valle del Cauca. Overall, data suggest that genotoxic damage associated with glyphosate spraying for control of illicit crops as evidenced by MN test is small and appears to be transient. Evidence indicates that the genotoxic risk potentially associated with exposure to glyphosate in the areas where the herbicide is applied for coca and poppy eradication is low.C. Bolognesi, G. Carrasquilla, S. Volpi, K. R. Solomon & E. J. P. Marshall (2009) Biomonitoring of Genotoxic Risk in Agricultural Workers from Five Colombian Regions: Association to Occupational Exposure to Glyphosate, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72:15-16, 986-997, DOI: 10.1080/15287390902929741https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287390902929741
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Risks to Colombian Amphibian Fauna from Cultivation of Coca (Erythroxylum coca): A Geographical AnalysisJ. D. Lynch & S. B. Arroyo2009Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A AnimalesColombiaThe Colombian amphibian fauna is among the richest known in the world, with about 20 species of salamanders (order Caudata), 35 of the limbless caecilians (order Gymnophiona), and more than 700 species of frogs and toads (order Anura) recorded from localities within the country. The potential effects of exposure to glyphosate on amphibians arising from production of illegal crops (coca) were examined. The analysis was based on (1) behavior and ecology of species and (2) proximities of actual museum records to localities in which illegal crops are being grown and the subset of those that have been sprayed with glyphosate. Based on data on the location of amphibians collected in Colombia, records were obtained for 193 species (28% of the national diversity) of frogs and toads found in localities within 10 km of areas where coca is grown. Further analyses with ARC MAP software allowed for measurement of the direct distance separating collection locations for frogs, known coca fields, and areas where aerial spraying was being conducted. Records in or near coca fields included data for 11 of 13 families of frogs and toads known to be present in Colombia. Only Ceratophryidae and Pipidae were not reported from these locations and appear not to be at risk. For eight species (Dendrobates truncatus, Craugastor raniformis, Pristimantis gaigeae, Smilisca phaeota, Elachistocleis ovale, Hypsiboas crepitans, Trachycephalus venulosus, and Pseudis paradoxa) selected to represent several habitat preferences and life-cycle strategies, large areas of their distributions lie outside coca production regions and their populations as a whole are at low risk. For a limited number of species that barely enter Colombian territory, the consequences of coca production may be more serious and may have placed several species of frogs at risk. These include Ameerega bilingua, Dendropsophus bifurcus, Pristimantis colomai, P. degener, P. diadematus, P. quaquaversus, P. variabilis, and Trachycephalus jordani. Other species may also be at risk but exact numbers are unknown since few investigations were undertaken in these areas during the past 30 yr. The main ranges for these species were assumed to be in Ecuador.J. D. Lynch & S. B. Arroyo (2009) Risks to Colombian Amphibian Fauna from Cultivation of Coca (Erythroxylum coca): A Geographical Analysis, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72:15-16, 974-985, DOI: 10.1080/15287390902929733https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15287390902929733?scroll=top&needAccess=true&utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Journal_of_Toxicology_and_Environmental_Health%252C_Part_A_TrendMD_0
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Evaluación de los efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas en la salud humana en zonas objeto del programa de erradicación de cultivos ilícitosMarcela Varona, Gloria Lucía Henao, Sonia Díaz, Angélica Lancheros, Álix Murcia, Nelcy Rodríguez, Víctor Hugo Álvarez2009BiomédicaHumanosColombiaEl Programa de Erradicación de Cultivos Ilícitos con Glifosato se ejecuta dando cumplimiento a lo establecido en el Plan de Manejo Ambiental. Objetivo. Explorar los posibles efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas sobre la salud humana como resultado de las aspersiones aéreas. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 112 individuos procedentes de las áreas asperjadas de los departamentos de Huila, Tolima, Putumayo, Guaviare, Santander, Antioquia, Magdalena y La Guajira, durante 2005 y 2006. Se aplicó una encuesta y se recolectaron muestras de orina para la determinación de glifosato, y de sangre, para la determinación de acetilcolinesterasa y organoclorados. Se llevó a cabo un análisis simple y se exploraron las posibles asociaciones. Resultados. El 50,0% (56 individuos) de la población manifestó el uso de plaguicidas en su trabajo. El tiempo que llevaban utilizando los plaguicidas fue de 84,8 meses y refirieron aplicar plaguicidas 5,6 horas al día. El predominio de los plaguicidas usados fue extremadamente tóxico. De 39,6% de los individuos a quienes se les cuantificó glifosato, 64,3% reportaron su uso en actividades agrícolas. Se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el uso de glifosato terrestre (manual) y los niveles de este herbicida en orina (OR=2,54; IC95% 1,08-6,08). Conclusión. No hubo hallazgos concluyentes entre la exposición a glifosato empleado en la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos y los efectos en la salud, debido a que se halló exposición ocupacional concomitante por la misma sustancia y por otras de mayor toxicidad que el glifosato.
Varona, M., Henao, G. L., Díaz, S., Lancheros, A., Murcia, Á., Rodríguez, N., & Álvarez, V. H. (2009). Evaluación de los efectos del glifosato y otros plaguicidas en la salud humana en zonas objeto del programa de erradicación de cultivos ilícitos / Effects of aerial applications of the herbicide,glyphosate and insecticides on human health. Biomédica, 29(3), 456–475.https://www.revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/16
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Spray Droplet Size, Drift Potential, and Risks to Nontarget Organisms from Aerially Applied Glyphosate for Coca Control in ColombiaAndrew J. Hewitt; Keith R. Solomon; E. J. P. Marshall2009J Toxicol Environ Health APolítica de drogasColombiaA wind tunnel atomization study was conducted to measure the emission droplet size spectra for water and Glyphos (a glyphosate formulation sold in Colombia) + Cosmo-flux sprays for aerial application to control coca and poppy crops in Colombia. The droplet size spectra were measured in a wind tunnel for an Accu-Flo nozzle (with 16 size 0.085 [2.16 mm] orifices), under appropriate simulated aircraft speeds (up to 333 km/h), using a laser diffraction instrument covering a dynamic size range for droplets of 0.5 to 3,500 microm. The spray drift potential of the glyphosate was modeled using the AGDISP spray application and drift model, using input parameters representative of those occurring in Colombia for typical aerial application operations. The droplet size spectra for tank mixes containing glyphosate and Cosmo-Flux were considerably finer than water and became finer with higher aircraft speeds. The tank mix with 44% glyphosate had a D(v0.5) of 128 microm, while the value at the 4.9% glyphosate rate was 140 microm. These are classified as very fine to fine sprays. Despite being relatively fine, modeling showed that the droplets would not evaporate as rapidly as most similarly sized agricultural sprays because the nonvolatile proportion of the tank mix (active and inert adjuvant ingredients) was large. Thus, longer range drift is small and most drift that does occur will deposit relatively close to the application area. Drift will only occur downwind and, with winds of velocity less than the modeled maximum of 9 km/h, the drift distance would be substantially reduced. Spray drift potential might be additionally reduced through various practices such as the selection of nozzles, tank mix adjuvants, aircraft speeds, and spray pressures that would produce coarser sprays. Species sensitivity distributions to glyphosate were constructed for plants and amphibians. Based on modeled drift and 5th centile concentrations, appropriate no-spray buffer zones (distance from the end of the spray boom as recorded electronically +/-5%) for protection of sensitive plants were 50-120 m for coca spray scenarios and considerably lower for poppy spray scenarios. The equivalent buffer zone for amphibia was 5 m. The low toxicity of glyphosate to humans suggests that these aerial applications are not a concern for human health.Hewitt AJ, Solomon KR, Marshall EJ. Spray droplet size, drift potential, and risks to nontarget organisms from aerially applied glyphosate for coca control in Colombia. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2009;72(15-16):921-929. doi:10.1080/15287390902929667https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19672760
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Comparison of the Hazards Posed to Amphibians by the Glyphosate Spray Control Program Versus the Chemical and Physical Activities of Coca Production in ColombiaRichard A. Brain & Keith R. Solomon2009Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health: Part AAnimalesColombiaThis study evaluates the cumulative multifactorial physical and chemical impacts resulting from coca production on amphibian populations in comparison with the potential impacts produced by the herbicide glyphosate (Glyphos), which, mixed with the surfactant Cosmo-Flux, is used in the spray control program for illicit crops in Colombia. Using similar worst-case assumptions for exposure, several other pesticides used for coca production, including mancozeb, lambda cyhalothrin, endosulfan, diazinon, malathion, and chlorpyrifos, were up to 10- to 100-fold more toxic to frogs than the Glyphos-Cosmo-Flux mixture. Comparing hazard quotients based on application rates, several of these compounds demonstrated hazards 3-383 times that of formulated glyphosate. Secondary effects, particularly of insecticides, are also a concern, as these agents selectively target the primary food source of amphibians, which may indirectly impact growth and development. Although the potential chemical impacts by other pesticides are considerable, physical activities associated with coca production, particularly deforestation of primary forests for new coca plots, portend the greatest hazard to amphibian populations. The entire production cycle of cocaine has been linked to ecosystem degradation. The clearing of pristine forests for coca propagation in Colombia is well documented, and some of these regions coincide with those that contain exceptional amphibian biodiversity. This is particularly problematic as coca production encroaches more deeply into more remote areas of tropical rain forest. Transportation of disease, including the chitrid fungus, to these remote regions via human intrusion may also adversely affect amphibian populations. Therefore, the cumulative impacts of coca production, through habitat destruction, application of agrochemicals, and potential transmission of disease, are judged to pose greater risks to amphibian populations in coca-growing regions than the glyphosate spray control program. Brain, R. A., & Solomon, K. R. (2009). Comparison of the Hazards Posed to Amphibians by the Glyphosate Spray Control Program Versus the Chemical and Physical Activities of Coca Production in Colombia. Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health: Part A, 72(15/16), 937–948. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287390902929683https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287390902929683
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Toxicity of Formulated Glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to Larval and Juvenile Colombian Frogs 2. Field and Laboratory Microcosm Acute ToxicityM. H. Bernal; K. R. Solomon; G. Carrasquilla2009Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, AnimalesColombiaThe spraying of coca (Erythroxylum coca) with glyphosate
(coca mixture, a combination of formulated glyphosate, Glyphos, and an adjuvant, Cosmo-Flux) in Colombia has raised
concerns about possible impacts on amphibians. Although acute
LC50 for 8 species of Colombian frogs ranged from 1.2 to 2.78
mg acid equivalents (a.e.)/L, these exposures were conducted in
the laboratory in the absence of sediments and organic matter
such as would occur under realistic field conditions. In order to
assess the effects of overspray of frog habitat under field conditions, Gosner stage 25 tadpoles of Rhinella granulosa, R. marina,
Hypsiboas crepitans, and Scinax ruber were placed in outdoor
microcosms made from polyethylene plastic fish ponds (2.07 m
in diameter, 37 cm high) in an experimental area in Tolima,
Colombia. The bottoms of the microcosms were covered with a
3-cm layer of local soil and they were filled to a depth of 15 cm
(above the sediment) with local spring water. After up to 100
tadpoles of each frog species were placed in the microcosms,
they were sprayed with the coca mixture at concentrations
greater and less than the normal application rate (3.69 kg glyphosate a.e./ha). Mortality at 96 h in the control microcosms was
between 0 and 16% and LC50 values were between 8.9 and 10.9
kg glyphosate a.e./ha (equivalent to initial concentrations of
5963 to 7303 mg glyphosate a.e./L). Mortality >LC50 was only
observed in the tested species when the application rate was >2-
fold the normal application rate. In other experiments, juvenile
and adult terrestrial stages of frogs were exposed by direct
spraying to a range of concentrations of coca mixture. Juveniles
and adults were exposed in plastic food containers (19 ´ 19 cm).		Bernal, M.H., Solomon, K.R & Carrasquilla, G. (2009). Toxicity of Formulated Glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to Larval and Juvenile Colombian Frogs 2. Field and Laboratory Microcosm Acute Toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72: 966–973https://www.minjusticia.gov.co/Portals/0/PECIG/2.%20Estudios%20e%20investigaciones/Toxicity%20of%20formulated%20glyphosate%20(glyphos)%20and%20cosmo-flux%20to%20larval%20and%20juvenile%20Colombian%20frogs%202.%20field%20and%20laboratory%20microcosm%20acute%20toxicity.pdf
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Regional Differences in Time to Pregnancy Among Fertile Women from Five Colombian Regions with Different use of GlyphosateLuz-Helena Sanin, Gabriel Carrasquilla, Keith R. Solomon, Donald C. Cole, & E. J. P. Marshall2009Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part AHumanosColombiaThe objective of this study was to test whether there was an association between the use of glyphosate when applied by aerial spray for the eradication of illicit crops (cocaine and poppy) and time to pregnancy (TTP) among fertile women. A retrospective cohort study (with an ecological exposure index) of first pregnancies was undertaken in 2592 fertile Colombian women from 5 regions with different uses of glyphosate. Women were interviewed regarding potential reproductive, lifestyle, and work history predictors of TTP, which was measured in months. Fecundability odds ratios (fOR) were estimated using a discrete time analogue of Cox's proportional hazard model. There were differences in TTP between regions. In the final multivariate model, the main predictor was the region adjusted by irregular relationship with partner, maternal age at first pregnancy, and, marginally, coffee consumption and self-perception of water pollution. Boyacá, a region with traditional crops and. recently, illicit crops without glyphosate eradication spraying (manual eradication), displayed minimal risk and was the reference region. Other regions, including Sierra Nevada (control area, organic agriculture), Putumayo and Nariño (illicit crops and intensive eradication spray program), and Valle del Cauca, demonstrated greater risk of longer TTP, with the highest risk for Valle del Cauca (fOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.12, 0.18), a sugar-cane region with a history of use of glyphosate and others chemicals for more than 30 yr. The reduced fecundability in some regions was not associated with the use of glyphosate for eradication spraying. The observed ecological differences remain unexplained and may be produced by varying exposures to environmental factors, history of contraceptive programs in the region, or psychological distress. Future studies examining these or other possible causes are neededSanin, L.H., Carrasquilla, G., Solomon, K., Cole, D & Marshall, E. (2009). Regional Differences in Time to Pregnancy Among Fertile Women from Five Colombian Regions with Different use of Glyphosate. ournal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 72: 949–960.https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6400/1733ddd80d85eaabd1e7af4df3986a2082b8.pdf?_ga=2.127652107.765141959.1565190298-780762191.1565190298
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Eradication Efforts, the State, Displacement and Poverty: Explaining Coca Cultivation in Colombia during Plan ColombiaMichelle L. Dion & Catherine Russler2008J. Lat. Amer. StudiesPolítica de drogasColombiaThis study models the sub-national pattern of coca cultivation in Colombia
following the implementation of Plan Colombia (2001–2005). The results suggest
that aerial eradication reduces coca cultivation primarily through creation of significant displacement and that coca cultivation is less intense in areas with a significant
state presence. Further, coca cultivation appears to be more common in less developed, agricultural regions where access to legal markets precludes other forms
of agriculture. Poverty has a significant, non-linear effect on coca cultivation; cultivation is most intense in regions of moderate poverty. Based on the findings, efforts
to reduce coca cultivation should emphasise developing local public infrastructure
and market access in conjunction with poverty reduction efforts and investment
in alternative development		Michelle L. Dion, & Catherine Russler. (2008). Eradication Efforts, the State, Displacement and Poverty: Explaining Coca Cultivation in Colombia during Plan Colombia. Journal of Latin American Studies, 40(3), 399. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1017/S0022216X08004380http://michelledion.com/files/2008-Dion%20and%20Russler-JLAS.pdf
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Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a reviewOle K Borggaard; Anne Louise Gimsing2008Pest Manag Sci
.		SuelosDinamarcaThe very wide use of glyphosate to control weeds in agricultural, silvicultural and urban areas throughout the world requires that special attention be paid to its possible transport from terrestrial to aquatic environments. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge on sorption, degradation and leachability of glyphosate in soils. Difficulties of drawing clear and unambiguous conclusions because of strong soil dependency and limited conclusive investigations are pointed out. Nevertheless, the risk of ground and surface water pollution by glyphosate seems limited because of sorption onto variable-charge soil minerals, e.g. aluminium and iron oxides, and because of microbial degradation. Although sorption and degradation are affected by many factors that might be expected to affect glyphosate mobility in soils, glyphosate leaching seems mainly determined by soil structure and rainfall. Limited leaching has been observed in non-structured sandy soils, while subsurface leaching to drainage systems was observed in a structured soil with preferential flow in macropores, but only when high rainfall followed glyphosate application. Glyphosate in drainage water runs into surface waters but not necessarily to groundwater because it may be sorbed and degraded in deeper soil layers before reaching the groundwater. Although the transport of glyphosate from land to water environments seems very limited, knowledge about subsurface leaching and surface runoff of glyphosate as well as the importance of this transport as related to ground and surface water quality is scarce.Borggaard OK, Gimsing AL. Fate of glyphosate in soil and the possibility of leaching to ground and surface waters: a review. Pest Manag Sci. 2008;64(4):441-456. doi:10.1002/ps.1512https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18161065/
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Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humanaAdriano Martínez, Ismael Reyes, Niradiz Reyes2007Biomédica. CélulasColombiaResultados. Ambas presentaciones del glifosato (grado técnico y Roundup®) fueron tóxicas para las células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana. Roundup® fue más citotóxico que el glifosato grado técnico, ya que se encontró que la concentración letal 50 (LC50) analizada con el método de exclusión con azul de tripano a las 24 horas fue de 56,4 µg/ml de glifosato en la forma de Roundup® y de 1.640 mg/ml (1,64 µg/ml) para glifosato grado técnico. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio in vitro confirman el efecto tóxico para las células humanas observado para el glifosato y sus preparaciones comerciales, y que estas últimas son más citotóxicas que el compuesto activo, lo que Introducción. El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro, no selectivo, utilizado comúnmente en agricultura para eliminar malezas. Los estudios que han evaluado la toxicidad del glifosato en animales y en ambiente muestran que las formulaciones comerciales son más tóxicas que el componente activo. Objetivos. Evaluar la toxicidad del glifosato grado técnico y de la formulación comercial Roundup® en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana. Materiales y métodos. Células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana fueron expuestas a diferentes concentraciones de glifosato en grado técnico y en la forma de Roundup® por 24, 48, 72 y 96 horas. La citotoxicidad se evaluó mediante el método de exclusión con azul de tripano y reducción del reactivo sal sódica de (2,3-bis2-metoxi-4-nitro-5-sulfofenil-2Htetrazolio-5-carboxianilida) (XTT). apoya la idea de que los aditivos presentes en las formulaciones comerciales juegan un papel crucial en la toxicidad atribuida a los herbicidas que contienen glifosato.Martínez, A., Reyes, I., & Reyes, N. (2007). Citotoxicidad del glifosato en células mononucleares de sangre periférica humana / Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomédica, 27(4), 594–604.http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/bio/v27n4/v27n4a14.pdf
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Citotoxicidad y genotoxicidad en células humanas expuestas in vitro a glifosatoClaudia Milena Monroy, Andrea Carolina Cortés, Diana Mercedes Sicard, Helena Groot de Restrepo2005Biomédica.CélulasColombia El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro, no selectivo, utilizado para eliminar malezas indeseables en ambientes agrícolas y forestales. La acción herbicida corresponde a la inhibición de la biosíntesis de aminoácidos aromáticos en las plantas. Al no ser este mecanismo compartido por los seres humanos es considerado como de bajo riesgo para la salud de los mismos. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes indican que puede alterar otros procesos celulares en animales lo que puede presentar un factor de riesgo a nivel ambiental y de salud en las zonas donde se emplea este herbicida. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la citotoxicidad y la genotoxicidad del glifosato en células humanas normales (GM38) y en células humanas de fibrosarcoma (HT1080). Materiales y métodos. La citotoxicidad aguda y crónica se determinó al exponer las células en cultivo a diferentes concentraciones de glifosato, y se analizó la viabilidad celular con cristal violeta y colorante de exclusión azul de tripano, respectivamente. La genotoxicidad se determinó por medio del ensayo del cometa y los datos se analizaron usando la prueba de Dunnet. Resultados. En la citotoxicidad crónica las células GM38 y las HT1080 presentaron un efecto dependiente de la dosis después del tratamiento con glifosato en concentraciones de 5,2 a 8,5 mM y 0,9 a 3,0 mM, respectivamente. En la citotoxicidad aguda, las células GM38 y las HT1080 expuestas a un rango de concentraciones de 4,0 a 7,0 mM, 4,5 a 5,75 mM y 4,0 a 7,0 mM, respectivamente, presentaron una viabilidad mayor al 80%. Se evidenció daño en el AND después del tratamiento con glifosato en concentraciones de 4,0 a 6,5 mM para las células GM38 y de 4,75 a 5,75 mM para las células HT1080. Conclusiones. Se sugiere que el mecanismo de acción del glifosato no se limita únicamente a las plantas sino que puede alterar la estructura del ADN en otros tipos de células como son las de los mamíferos.Monroy, C. M., Cortés, A. C., Sicard, D. M., & Groot de Restrepo, H. (2005). Citotoxicidad y genotoxicidad en células humanas expuestas in vitro a glifosato. Biomédica, 25(3), 335–345.https://www.revistabiomedica.org/index.php/biomedica/article/view/1358
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Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate-Exposed Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health StudyAnneclaire J. De Roos, Aaron Blair, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Jane A. Hoppin, Megan Svec, Mustafa Dosemeci, Dale P. Sandler, and Michael C. Alavanja2005Environmental Health PerspectivesHumanosEE.UU.Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that is one of the most frequently applied pesticides in the world. Although there has been little consistent evidence of genotoxicity or carcinogenicity from in vitro and animal studies, a few epidemiologic reports have indicated potential health effects of glyphosate. We evaluated associations between glyphosate exposure and cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study (AHS), a prospective cohort study of 57,311 licensed pesticide applicators in Iowa and North Carolina. Detailed information on pesticide use and other factors was obtained from a self-administered questionnaire completed at time of enrollment (1993-1997). Among private and commercial applicators, 75.5% reported having ever used glyphosate, of which > 97% were men. In this analysis, glyphosate exposure was defined as a) ever personally mixed or applied products containing glyphosate; b) cumulative lifetime days of use, or "cumulative exposure days" (years of use × days/year); and c) intensity-weighted cumulative exposure days (years of use × days/year × estimated intensity level). Poisson regression was used to estimate exposure-response relations between glyphosate and incidence of all cancers combined and 12 relatively common cancer subtypes. Glyphosate exposure was not associated with cancer incidence overall or with most of the cancer subtypes we studied. There was a suggested association with multiple myeloma incidence that should be followed up as more cases occur in the AHS. Given the widespread use of glyphosate, future analyses of the AHS will allow further examination of long-term health effects, including less common cancers.Anneclaire J. De Roos, Aaron Blair, Jennifer A. Rusiecki, Jane A. Hoppin, Megan Svec, Mustafa Dosemeci, Dale P. Sandler, & Michael C. Alavanja. (2005). Cancer Incidence among Glyphosate-Exposed Pesticide Applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113(1), 49.https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/ehp.7340
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Glyphosate‐based pesticides affect cell cycle regulationJulie Marc; Odile Mulner‐Lorillon; Robert Bellé2004Oocyte maturation and cell cycle control, Biology of the Cell AnimalesFranciaCell-cycle dysregulation is a hallmark of tumor cells and human cancers. Failure in the cell-cycle checkpoints leads to genomic instability and subsequent development of cancers from the initial affected cell. A worldwide used product Roundup 3plus, based on glyphosate as the active herbicide, was suggested to be of human health concern since it induced cell cycle dysfunction as judged from analysis of the first cell division of sea urchin embryos, a recognized model for cell cycle studies. Several glyphosate-based pesticides from different manufacturers were assayed in comparison with Roundup 3plus for their ability to interfere with the cell cycle regulation. All the tested products, Amega, Cargly, Cosmic, and Roundup Biovert induced cell cycle dysfunction. The threshold concentration for induction of cell cycle dysfunction was evaluated for each product and suggests high risk by inhalation for people in the vicinity of the pesticide handling sprayed at 500 to 4000 times higher dose than the cell-cycle adverse concentration.Marc, J., Mulner-Lorillon, O., & Bellé, R. (2004). Glyphosate-based pesticides affect cell cycle regulation. Biology of the Cell, 96(3), 245–249. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.biolcel.2003.11.010https://www.cyberacteurs.org/sans_ogm/fichiers/boc0960245.pdf
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An Econometric Analysis of Coca Eradication Policy in ColombiaMoreno-Sanchez, R., Kraybill, D. S., & Thompson, S. R.2003World Development Política de drogasColombiaWe estimate an econometric model of coca production in Colombia. Our results indicate that coca eradication is an ineffective means of supply control as farmers compensate by cultivating the crop more extensively. The evidence further suggests that incentives to produce legal substitute crops may have greater supply-reducing potential than eradication.Moreno-Sanchez, R., Kraybill, D. S., & Thompson, S. R. (2003). An Econometric Analysis of Coca Eradication Policy in Colombia. World Development, 31(2), 375–383. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00192-4https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4775029_An_Econometric_Analysis_of_Coca_Eradication_Policy_in_Colombia
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Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for HumansGary M.William s; Robert Kroes; Ian C.Munroc2000 Regulatory Toxicology and PharmacologyHumanosEE.UU.Reviews on the safety of glyphosate and Roundup herbicide that have been conducted by several regulatory agencies and scientific institutions worldwide have concluded that there is no indication of any human health concern. Nevertheless, questions regarding their safety are periodically raised. This review was undertaken to produce a current and comprehensive safety evaluation and risk assessment for humans. It includes assessments of glyphosate, its major breakdown product [aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)], its Roundup formulations, and the predominant surfactant [polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA)] used in Roundup formulations worldwide. The studies evaluated in this review included those performed for regulatory purposes as well as published research reports. The oral absorption of glyphosate and AMPA is low, and both materials are eliminated essentially unmetabolized. Dermal penetration studies with Roundup showed very low absorption. Experimental evidence has shown that neither glyphosate nor AMPA bioaccumulates in any animal tissue. No significant toxicity occurred in acute, subchronic, and chronic studies. Direct ocular exposure to the concentrated Roundup formulation can result in transient irritation, while normal spray dilutions cause, at most, only minimal effects. The genotoxicity data for glyphosate and Roundup were assessed using a weight-of-evidence approach and standard evaluation criteria. There was no convincing evidence for direct DNA damage in vitro or in vivo, and it was concluded that Roundup and its components do not pose a risk for the production of heritable/somatic mutations in humans. Multiple lifetime feeding studies have failed to demonstrate any tumorigenic potential for glyphosate. Accordingly, it was concluded that glyphosate is noncarcinogenic. Glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA were not teratogenic or developmentally toxic. There were no effects on fertility or reproductive parameters in two multigeneration reproduction studies with glyphosate. Likewise there were no adverse effects in reproductive tissues from animals treated with glyphosate, AMPA, or POEA in chronic and/or subchronic studies. Results from standard studies with these materials also failed to show any effects indicative of endocrine modulation. Therefore, it is concluded that the use of Roundup herbicide does not result in adverse effects on development, reproduction, or endocrine systems in humans and other mammals. For purposes of risk assessment, no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) were identified for all subchronic, chronic, developmental, and reproduction studies with glyphosate, AMPA, and POEA. Margins-of-exposure for chronic risk were calculated for each compound by dividing the lowest applicable NOAEL by worst-case estimates of chronic exposure. Acute risks were assessed by comparison of oral LD50 values to estimated maximum acute human exposure. It was concluded that, under present and expected conditions of use, Roundup herbicide does not pose a health risk to humans.Williams, G. M., Kroes, R., & Munro, I. C. (2000). Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 31(2), 117–165. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1006/rtph.1999.1371https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230 099913715#!
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Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide
use: effect on the monarch butterfly population		John M. Pleasants and Karen S. Oberhauser2012Insect Conservation and DiversityAnimalesEE.UU.1. The size of the Mexican overwintering population of monarch butterflies
has decreased over the last decade. Approximately half of these butterflies come
from the U.S. Midwest where larvae feed on common milkweed. There has been a
large decline in milkweed in agricultural fields in the Midwest over the last decade.
This loss is coincident with the increased use of glyphosate herbicide in conjunction
with increased planting of genetically modified (GM) glyphosate-tolerant corn
(maize) and soybeans (soya).
2. We investigate whether the decline in the size of the overwintering population
can be attributed to a decline in monarch production owing to a loss of milkweeds in
agricultural fields in the Midwest. We estimate Midwest annual monarch production
using data on the number of monarch eggs per milkweed plant for milkweeds in different
habitats, the density of milkweeds in different habitats, and the area occupied
by those habitats on the landscape.
3. We estimate that there has been a 58% decline in milkweeds on the Midwest
landscape and an 81% decline in monarch production in the Midwest from 1999 to
2010. Monarch production in the Midwest each year was positively correlated with
the size of the subsequent overwintering population in Mexico. Taken together, these
results strongly suggest that a loss of agricultural milkweeds is a major contributor
to the decline in the monarch population.
4. The smaller monarch population size that has become the norm will make the
species more vulnerable to other conservation threats.		Pleasants & Oberhauser. (2012). Milkweed loss in agricultural fields because of herbicide use: effect on the monarch butterfly population. Insect Conservation and Diversity doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.xhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2012.00196.x#:~:text=We%20estimate%20that%20there%20has,Midwest%20from%201999%20to%202010.&text=Taken%20together%2C%20these%20results%20strongly,decline%20in%20the%20monarch%20population.
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Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico:
is the migratory phenomenon at risk?		Lincoln Brower,Orley Taylor, Ernest Williams,
Daniel Slayback, Raul Zubieta and Isabel Ramírez		2012Insect Conservation and DiversityAnimalesEE.UU.1. During the 2009–2010 overwintering season and following a 15-year
downward trend, the total area in Mexico occupied by the eastern North American
population of overwintering monarch butterflies reached an all-time low. Despite an
increase, it remained low in 2010–2011.
2. Although the data set is small, the decline in abundance is statistically significant
using both linear and exponential regression models.
3. Three factors appear to have contributed to reduce monarch abundance: degradation
of the forest in the overwintering areas; the loss of breeding habitat in the United
States due to the expansion ofGM herbicide-resistant crops, with consequent loss
of milkweed host plants, as well as continued land development; and severe weather.
4. This decline calls into question the long-term survival of the monarchs’ migratory
phenomenon.		Brower, L. P., Taylor, O. R., Williams, E. H., Slayback, D. A., Zubieta, R. R., & Ramírez, M. I. (2012). Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon at risk? Insect Conservation & Diversity, 5(2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00142.xhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00142.x
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Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del
suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificado en el
departamento del Cesar, Colombia		Adriana Patricia Tofino Rivera, Rafael Enrique Carbono Murgas,
Aslenis Emidia Melo Ríos y Luciano José Merini		2020Revista Argentina de MicrobiologíaPlantasColombiaLas estrategias en seguridad alimentaria con cultivos de alto contenido nutricional
deben enmarcarse en prácticas agrícolas sostenibles, orientadas a la conservación del suelo, el
alto rendimiento y la inocuidad. Esta última característica implica la producción de alimentos sin
trazas detectables de agroquímicos, los que podrían amenazar la salud del consumidor. Se desarrolló
un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto del herbicida glifosato sobre la fertilidad
química y microbiológica del suelo, así como su residualidad en la semilla de frijol biofortificado
cultivado en el departamento de Cesar, Colombia. La metodología comprendió un análisis correlacional
de indicadores de calidad de suelo, rendimiento del cultivo y residualidad en los granos.
Los tratamientos evaluados incluyeron la aplicación o no de glifosato, el uso de coberturas sintéticas
(mulch) o naturales, frente al control manual de las malezas. Se hallaron diferencias
de rendimiento y de la respuesta de los indicadores químicos y microbiológicos en función del
tratamiento y las condiciones iniciales de la rizósfera de frijol. La aplicación del herbicida glifosato
en suelo sin mulch generó una disminución del 29% en el rendimiento, asociada a la mayor
prevalencia de plagas y enfermedades fúngicas. En ninguno de los tratamientos con aplicación
de glifosato se observó residualidad de este herbicida en semillas, pero sí de otras moléculas
derivadas de insecticidas usados en el sistema local de producción. De este estudio se concluyó
que en lotes de frijol biofortificado con alta presión de la maleza Cyperus rotundus (coquito),se recomienda el uso del herbicida glifosato acompa˜nado de mulch como alternativa para man-tener la productividad en el tiempo. Esto constituye un sistema de protección frente al efectonegativo del herbicida sobre ambos, el sistema radical de la planta y la microbiota del suelo.		Tofiño Rivera, A. P., Carbono Murgas, R. E., Melo Ríos, A. E., & Merini, L. J. (2020). Efecto del glifosato sobre la microbiota, calidad del suelo y cultivo de frijol biofortificado en el departamento del Cesar, Colombia. Revista Argentina de Microbiologia, 52(1), 61–71. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/10.1016/j.ram.2019.01.006https://www-clinicalkey-es.ezproxy.uniandes.edu.co:8443/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0325754119300252?returnurl=null&referrer=null
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Efectos del herbicida glifosato sobre la estructura y el funcionamiento de comunidades microbianas de dos suelos de plantaciones de olivoPaula Bórtoli; Romina Verdenelli; Cinthia Conforto; Silvina Vargas & José Meriles 2012Ecología Austral PlantasArgentinaLos herbicidas pueden alterar la estructura y el funcionamiento del suelo mediante efectos directos sobre varios componentes de su microbiota. Muchos autores han encontrado un efecto perjudicial del glifosato sobre la calidad del suelo y la diversidad microbiana. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los trabajos han sido realizados en sistemas de cultivos herbáceos y anuales y muy pocos en sistemas forestales o leñosos perennes. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar el efecto a corto plazo de la aplicación de glifosato sobre parámetros microbiológicos generales y la estructura de las comunidades microbianas de suelos provenientes de lotes cultivados con olivo (Olea europaea L.). Realizamos un experimento de aplicación de distintas concentraciones de glifosato en dos tipos de suelo de olivar, con y sin historial de aplicación de pesticidas, y evaluamos distintas propiedades del suelo a lo largo de 55 días de incubación. En general, el impacto del glifosato sobre la microbiota fue mucho más importante en el suelo sin historial de aplicación de herbicida. En la mayoría de los parámetros analizados, el tratamiento con glifosato a la concentración recomendada a campo no se diferenció del tratamiento control. El cambio observado en la biomasa microbiana total no fue consistente. Sin embargo, en ambos suelos analizados, la aplicación de altas concentraciones de glifosato produjo un incremento significativo de las bacterias cultivables y de las bacterias Gram (-), estimada por medio de perfiles de ácidos grasos.Bórtoli, P. V., Verdenelli, R. A., Conforto, C., Vargas Gil, S., & Meriles, J. M. (2012). Efectos del herbicida glifosato sobre la estructura y el funcionamiento de comunidades microbianas de dos suelos de plantaciones de olivo / Effects of glyphosate on microbial community structure and activity in two soils under olive plantations. Ecología Austral, 22(1), 33–42.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230838414_Efectos_del_herbicida_glifosato_sobre_la_estructura_y_el_funcionamiento_de_comunidades_microbianas_de_dos_suelos_de_plantaciones_de_olivo
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Synergy between glyphosate- and cypermethrin-based pesticides during acute exposures in tadpoles of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum.Brodeur, J. C., Poliserpi, M. B., D'Andrea, M. F., & Sánchez, M.2014ChemosphereRanasSur AmericaThe herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide cypermethrin are key pesticides of modern management in soy and corn cultures. Although these pesticides are likely to co-occur in ephemeral ponds or aquatic systems supporting amphibian wildlife, the toxicological interactions prevailing in mixtures of these two pesticides have been little studied. The current study evaluated the toxicity of equitoxic and non-equitoxic binary mixtures of glyphosate- and cypermethrin-based pesticides to tadpoles of the common South American toad, Rhinella arenarum. Two different combinations of commercial products were tested: glyphosate Glifosato Atanor® + cypermethrin Xiper® and glyphosate Glifoglex® + cypermethrin Glextrin®. When tested individually, the formulations presented the following 96 h-LC50s: Glifosato Atanor® 19.4 mg ae L−1 and Glifoglex 72.8 mg ae L−1, Xiper® 6.8 mg L−1 and Glextrin® 30.2 mg L−1. Equitoxic and non-equitoxic mixtures were significantly synergic in both combinations of commercial products tested. The magnitude of the synergy (factor by which toxicity differed from concentration addition) was constant at around twofold for all tested proportions of the glyphosate Glifoglex® + cypermethrin Glextrin® mixture; whereas the magnitude of the synergy varied between 4 and 9 times in the glyphosate Glifosato Atanor® + cypermethrin Xiper® mixture. These results call for more research to be promptly undertaken in order to understand the mechanisms behind the synergy observed and to identify and quantify the extent of its environmental impacts.Brodeur, J. C., Poliserpi, M. B., D'Andrea, M. F., & Sánchez, M. (2014). Synergy between glyphosate- and cypermethrin-based pesticides during acute exposures in tadpoles of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum. Chemosphere, 112, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.065https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25048890/
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Toxicity of Glyphosate-Based Pesticides to Four North American Frog Species.Howe, C. M., Berrill, M., Pauli, B. D., Helbing, C. C., Werry, K., & Veldhoen, N. 2004Environmental Toxicology & ChemistryRanasNorteaméricaGyphosate-basedherbicides are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. We compared the acute toxicity of the glyphosate end-use formulation Roundup Original® to four North American amphibian species (Rana clamitans, R. pipiens, R. sylvatica, and Bufo americanus) and the toxicity of glyphosate technical, the polyethoxylated tallowamine surfactant (POEA) commonly used in glyphosate-based herbicides, and five newer glyphosate formulations to R. clamitans. For R. clamitans, acute toxicity values in order of decreasing toxicity were POEA > Roundup Original > Roundup Transorb® > Glyfos AU®; no significant acute toxicity was observed with glyphosate technical material or the glyphosate formulations Roundup Biactive®, Touchdown®, or Glyfos BIO®. Comparisons between the four amphibian species showed that the toxicity of Roundup Original varied with species and developmental stage. Rana pipiens tadpoles chronically exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of POEA or glyphosate formulations containing POEA showed decreased snout-vent length at metamorphosis and increased time to metamorphosis, tail damage, and gonadal abnormalities. These effects may be caused, in some part, by disruption of hormone signaling, because thyroid hormone receptor β mRNA transcript levels were elevated by exposure to formulations containing glyphosate and POEA. Taken together, the data suggest that surfactant composition must be considered in the evaluation of toxicity of glyphosate-based herbicides.Howe, C. M., Berrill, M., Pauli, B. D., Helbing, C. C., Werry, K., & Veldhoen, N. (2004). Toxicity of Glyphosate-Based Pesticides to Four North American Frog Species. Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 23(8), 1928–1938. https://doi.org/10.1897/03-71
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Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis.Lenkowski JR, Sanchez-Bravo G, McLaughlin KA.2010J Environ Sci (China).AnfibiosNAMany chemicals are released into the environment, and chemical contamination has been suggested as a contributing factor to amphibian declines. To add to a growing body of knowledge about the impact of individual chemicals on non-target organisms, we examined the specificity of deformities induced by exposure to four pesticides (atrazine, 2,4-dichloropheoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), triadimefon, and glyphosate) in the model amphibian species, Xenopus laevis. We focused on the period of organ morphogenesis, as it is frequently found to be particularly sensitive to chemical exposure yet also commonly overlooked. We found similar levels of intestine malformations and edemas, as well as disruption of skeletal muscle, in atrazine and triadimefon exposed tadpoles. The effects of 2,4-D were only apparent at the highest concentrations we examined; glyphosate did not induce dramatic malformations at the concentrations tested. While researchers have shown that it is important to understand how chemical mixtures affect non-target organisms, our results suggest that it is first crucial to determine how these chemicals act independently in order to be able to identify consequences of individual pesticide exposure.Lenkowski JR, Sanchez-Bravo G, McLaughlin KA. (2010). Low concentrations of atrazine, glyphosate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and triadimefon exposures have diverse effects on Xenopus laevis organ morphogenesis. J Environ Sci (China). 2010;22(9):1305-8. doi: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60254-0. PMID: 21174958.
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Effects of glyphosate and the glyphosate based herbicides Roundup Original® and Roundup Transorb® on respiratory morphophysiology of bullfrog tadpoles.Rissoli, R. Z., Abdalla, F. C., Costa, M. J., Rantin, F. T., McKenzie, D. J., & Kalinin, A. L. 2016ChemosphereAnfibiosNAGlyphosate-based herbicides are widely used in agriculture and are commonly found in water bodies. Roundup Original(®) (RO) contains an isopropylamine glyphosate (GLY) salt containing the surfactant POEA, while Roundup Transorb R(®) (RTR) contains a potassium salt of GLY with unknown surfactants. Both contain different compositions of so-called "inert" ingredients, more toxic than glyphosate. Amphibian tadpoles often experience variations in O2 availability in their aquatic habitats; an ability to tolerate hypoxia can condition their survival and fitness. We evaluated the impacts of sublethal concentrations of GLY (1 mg L(-1)), RO (1 mg L(-1) GLY a.e) and RTR (1 mg L(-1) GLY a.e) on metabolic rate (V·O2 - mLO2 Kg1 h(-1)) of bullfrog tadpoles during normoxia and graded hypoxia, and related this to morphology of their skin, their major site of gas exchange. In control (CT) V·O2 remained unaltered from normoxia until 40 mmHg, indicating a critical O2 tension between 40 and 20 mmHg. GLY significantly reduced V·O2, possibly due to epidermal hypertrophy, which increased O2 diffusion distance to O2 uptake. In contrast, RTR increased V·O2 during hypoxia, indicating an influence of "inert" compounds and surfactants. V·O2 of RO did not differ from CT, suggesting that any increase in V·O2 caused by exposure was antagonized by epidermal hypertrophy. Indeed, all herbicides caused marked alterations in skin morphology, with cell and epithelium wall presenting hyperplasia or hypertrophy and chromatid rupture. In summary, GLY, RO and RTR exert different effects in bullfrog tadpoles, in particular the surfactants and inert compounds appear to influence oxygen uptake.Rissoli, R. Z., Abdalla, F. C., Costa, M. J., Rantin, F. T., McKenzie, D. J., & Kalinin, A. L. (2016). Effects of glyphosate and the glyphosate based herbicides Roundup Original® and Roundup Transorb® on respiratory morphophysiology of bullfrog tadpoles. Chemosphere,
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