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	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H
1	Title	Sides	Signed	Obligations Type	Obligations	Verdict	Violations
2	Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances	Sides: Ukraine, Russia, United States, United Kingdom	Signed: December 5, 1994	Russia promised	To respect Ukraine's independence, sovereignty, and existing borders; and to refrain from the threat or use of force against Ukraine.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea, a region of Ukraine, and supported separatist movements in Eastern Ukraine. In 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. These actions violate Russia's commitments under the memorandum to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty. s
3	Minsk Protocol (Minsk I)	Sides: Ukraine, Russia, OSCE representatives, leaders of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions	Signed: September 5, 2014	Russia agreed	To a ceasefire in Eastern Ukraine and to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity.	Violated shortly after signing	Ceasefire violations occurred, with continued fighting in Eastern Ukraine involving Russian-backed separatists and Russian military involvement.
4	Minsk II Agreement	Sides: Ukraine, Russia, Germany, France (Normandy Format)	Signed: February 12, 2015	Russia agreed	To implement an immediate and comprehensive ceasefire, withdraw heavy weapons, and allow for the restoration of Ukrainian control over its border.	Violated after signing	Ceasefire violations continued, and Russia did not fully withdraw its forces or allow Ukraine to regain control over its border in the conflict areas.
5	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)	Sides: United States, Soviet Union (Russia as successor state)	Signed: December 8, 1987	Russia obliged	To eliminate all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.	Violated in the mid-2010s	The U.S. accused Russia of developing and deploying the 9M729 missile system, violating the treaty's range restrictions. The U.S. withdrew from the treaty in 2019 citing Russian non-compliance.
6	Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty)	Sides: NATO members and Warsaw Pact countries (including Russia)	Signed: November 19, 1990	Russia obliged	To limit its deployment of conventional military equipment in Europe and provide transparency measures.	Violated in 2007	Russia suspended its participation in the treaty and ceased to provide required data or allow inspections, effectively violating the treaty's terms.
7	Black Sea Grain Initiative	Sides: Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, United Nations	Signed: July 22, 2022	Russia agreed	To allow the safe export of grain and other agricultural products from Ukrainian ports via the Black Sea.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	Russia periodically threatened to withdraw from the agreement and conducted attacks near Ukrainian ports, disrupting grain shipments. In July 2023, Russia officially withdrew from the deal.
8	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)	Sides: 168 countries including Russia	Signed: December 10, 1982	Russia obliged	To respect maritime laws, including freedom of navigation, the rights of other states in exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and to adhere to provisions regarding territorial seas, EEZs, and the continental shelf.	Violated in 2018 and through Arctic claims	Kerch Strait Incident (2018): In November 2018, Russia seized three Ukrainian naval vessels and detained 24 sailors in the Kerch Strait, impeding Ukraine's innocent passage rights under UNCLOS. This action raised concerns about Russia's adherence to UNCLOS provisions on freedom of navigation and the lawful passage of ships through territorial waters and international straits. Arctic Claims: Russia's expansive claims in the Arctic Ocean, including the symbolic planting of a flag on the seabed beneath the North Pole in 2007, have been contested by other nations. These actions may contravene UNCLOS provisions regarding the continental shelf and have led to disputes over maritime boundaries and rights to exploit resources in the Arctic region. By both impeding innocent passage in the Kerch Strait and asserting extensive claims in the Arctic, Russia has been reported to violate UNCLOS obligations to respect maritime laws and the rights of other states.
9	United Nations Charter	Sides: All UN member states, including Russia	Signed: June 26, 1945	Russia obliged	To refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the invasion of Ukraine in 2022 are considered violations of the UN Charter's prohibition on acts of aggression.
10	Helsinki Final Act (Helsinki Accords)	Sides: 35 states including the Soviet Union (Russia as successor state)	Signed: August 1, 1975	Russia agreed	To respect the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of states, and to refrain from intervention in internal affairs.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	Russia's military actions in Ukraine violated the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention outlined in the Helsinki Final Act.
11	Vienna Document	Sides: OSCE member states including Russia	Adopted: First adopted in 1990, updated periodically (latest in 2011)	Russia obliged	To provide transparency about military forces and activities, including advance notifications of large military exercises to build confidence among states and reduce the risk of conflict.	Violated in recent years, including 2021 and 2022	Russia conducted large-scale military exercises and troop movements near the borders of neighboring countries, particularly Ukraine, without proper notification or transparency. This non-compliance undermines the Vienna Document's requirements and has heightened regional tensions.
12	Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)	Sides: 193 member states including Russia	Signed: January 13, 1993	Russia obliged	To declare and destroy all chemical weapons and refrain from developing or using them.	Violated in 2018 and 2020	Russia was implicated in the use of the nerve agent Novichok in the poisoning of former spy Sergei Skripal in the UK and opposition leader Alexei Navalny, contravening the CWC.
13	Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms (New START)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: April 8, 2010	Russia obliged	To limit deployed strategic nuclear warheads and delivery vehicles, with provisions for mutual inspections and data exchanges.	Violated in 2023	In February 2023, Russia announced the suspension of its participation in the treaty, halting inspections and data sharing, which undermines the treaty's effectiveness and violates its terms.
14	Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Partnership between Ukraine and the Russian Federation	Sides: Ukraine, Russia	Signed: May 31, 1997	Russia agreed	To respect Ukraine's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence, and to refrain from the use of force or economic pressure.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	By annexing Crimea and conducting military operations in Eastern Ukraine and the full-scale invasion in 2022, Russia violated the treaty's commitments to respect Ukraine's territorial integrity.
15	Agreement on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet	Sides: Ukraine, Russia	Signed: May 28, 1997	Russia agreed	To base its Black Sea Fleet in Crimea while respecting Ukraine's laws and sovereignty, and not to interfere in Ukraine's internal affairs.	Violated in 2014	During the annexation of Crimea, Russian forces exceeded the agreed troop numbers and used the fleet to support military operations against Ukraine, breaching the agreement.
16	Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty) and Agreement on Adaptation	Sides: NATO members and former Warsaw Pact countries, including Russia	Signed: November 19, 1990 (Adaptation Agreement November 19, 1999)	Russia obliged	To reduce conventional military equipment in Europe to agreed limits, provide transparency through inspections, and withdraw forces from Moldova and Georgia.	Violated in 2007 and 2015	In 2007, Russia suspended its implementation of the treaty, ceased required data exchanges, and did not fully withdraw troops from Moldova (Transnistria) and Georgia (Abkhazia and South Ossetia). In 2015, Russia also ceased participation in the treaty's consultative group, effectively halting compliance with reporting and inspection requirements.
17	International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)	Sides: 173 countries including Russia	Signed: March 16, 1976	Russia obliged	To respect and ensure civil and political rights of individuals within its territory, including freedom of expression and assembly.	Violated in various instances	Crackdowns on political opposition, restrictions on media freedom, and suppression of protests have been cited as violations of the ICCPR.
18	2008 Ceasefire Agreement between Russia and Georgia	Sides: Russia, Georgia, mediated by the European Union	Signed: August 12, 2008	Russia agreed	To cease hostilities, withdraw forces to pre-conflict positions, and allow humanitarian access.	Violated since 2008	Russia did not fully withdraw its troops and recognized Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, maintaining a military presence in these regions, contrary to the agreement.
19	United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT)	Sides: 171 countries including Russia	Signed: December 10, 1984	Russia obliged	To prevent torture and ensure that all acts of torture are offenses under its criminal law.	Violated in various instances	Reports by international organizations have documented the use of torture by Russian security forces, particularly in regions like Chechnya and against political prisoners, violating the convention.
20	Charter of Paris for a New Europe	Sides: 34 countries including Russia (as the Soviet Union)	Signed: November 21, 1990	Russia agreed	To respect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, and to uphold the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	Russia's annexation of Crimea and military actions in Ukraine contradict the commitments to sovereignty and territorial integrity made in the Charter.
21	Istanbul Commitments (1999 OSCE Summit)	Sides: OSCE member states including Russia	Signed: November 19, 1999	Russia agreed	To withdraw troops and military equipment from Moldova (Transnistria) and reduce forces in Georgia.	Violated after signing	Russia did not fully withdraw its troops from Transnistria and maintained a military presence in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, regions of Georgia, contrary to the commitments.
22	Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)	Sides: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus	Signed: December 8, 1991	Russia agreed	To respect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of member states within the CIS.	Violated in 2014 and 2022	Russia's annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine breached the commitment to respect member states' sovereignty and territorial integrity.
23	Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague Convention)	Sides: 133 countries including Russia	Signed: May 14, 1954	Russia obliged	To safeguard cultural property during armed conflicts and refrain from using it for military purposes.	Violated in conflicts	Destruction and damage to cultural heritage sites in Syria and Ukraine attributed to Russian military actions have been cited as violations of the convention.
24	Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions	Sides: 174 countries including Russia	Signed: June 8, 1977	Russia obliged	To protect civilians and civilian objects during international armed conflicts and to distinguish between civilian and military targets.	Violated in various conflicts	Reports of attacks on civilians and civilian infrastructure in Chechnya, Georgia, Syria, and Ukraine suggest violations of Protocol I.
25	Black Sea Fleet Agreements (Kharkiv Pact)	Sides: Ukraine, Russia	Signed: April 21, 2010	Russia agreed	To lease naval facilities in Crimea until 2042 in exchange for discounted natural gas prices, while respecting Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity.	Violated in 2014	Russia's annexation of Crimea and seizure of Ukrainian naval assets breached the agreements governing the presence and operations of the Russian Black Sea Fleet.
26	European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)	Sides: Council of Europe member states including Russia (until 2022)	Signed: November 4, 1950	Russia obliged	To secure the rights and freedoms defined in the convention for everyone within its jurisdiction.	Violated leading up to 2022	Numerous judgments by the European Court of Human Rights found Russia in violation of the ECHR. Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe in March 2022 due to these persistent violations.
27	Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)	Sides: 196 countries including Russia	Signed: November 20, 1989	Russia obliged	To protect the rights of children, including protection from abduction, trafficking, and any form of exploitation.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	Reports have emerged of the forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia during the conflict, which contravenes the CRC's provisions on protecting children in armed conflicts.
28	UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict	Sides: 133 countries including Russia	Signed: May 14, 1954	Russia obliged	To avoid targeting cultural heritage sites and prevent the theft or damage of cultural property.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	Damage to Ukrainian cultural sites and alleged looting of artifacts by Russian forces have been reported, violating the convention's protections of cultural heritage.
29	International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism	Sides: 189 countries including Russia	Signed: December 9, 1999	Russia obliged	To prevent and combat the financing of terrorist activities and to cooperate internationally in these efforts.	Violated in recent years	Ukraine has accused Russia of supporting separatist groups in Eastern Ukraine, which Ukraine classifies as terrorist organizations. These allegations suggest potential violations of the convention's obligations to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism.
30	Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)	Sides: 183 states including Russia	Signed: April 10, 1972	Russia obliged	Not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins for offensive military purposes.	Violated during Soviet era and concerns persist	Despite signing the treaty, the Soviet Union continued a covert biological weapons program after 1972. Allegations and concerns about Russia's compliance have persisted into the modern era, with reports suggesting possible development or retention of biological weapons capabilities, raising questions about adherence to the BWC.
31	Open Skies Treaty	Sides: 34 member states including Russia and the United States	Signed: March 24, 1992	Russia obliged	To allow unarmed aerial surveillance flights over its territory to promote military transparency.	Violated in the 2010s leading to withdrawal in 2021	Russia imposed flight restrictions over certain regions, such as Kaliningrad and areas near Georgia, which the U.S. and other member states claimed were violations of the treaty. In response to these alleged violations, the United States withdrew from the treaty in 2020 citing Russian non-compliance. Following the U.S. withdrawal, Russia also announced its departure from the treaty in 2021.
32	Geneva Conventions	Sides: 196 countries including Russia	Signed: August 12, 1949	Russia obliged	To ensure humane treatment of civilians and prisoners of war, and to avoid targeting non-combatants and civilian infrastructure.	Violated in conflicts including 2014, 2022, 2023	Reports have indicated violations through the mistreatment of prisoners of war, targeting of civilian areas, and attacks on hospitals and schools during military operations in Ukraine.
33	International Humanitarian Law (IHL)	Sides: All nations are bound by customary IHL	Established: Through various treaties and customary practices	Russia obliged	To distinguish between civilian and military targets and avoid unnecessary suffering during armed conflicts.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	International organizations have reported attacks on civilian infrastructure and non-combatants in Ukraine, suggesting violations of IHL principles.
34	NATO-Russia Founding Act	Sides: NATO member states, Russia	Signed: May 27, 1997	Russia agreed	To respect international law, refrain from the threat or use of force against any state, and settle disputes peacefully.	Violated in 2008, 2014, and 2022	Russia's military interventions in Georgia (2008) and Ukraine (2014, 2022) contravened commitments to refrain from the use of force and to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other states.
35	International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)	Sides: 182 countries including Russia	Signed: December 21, 1965	Russia obliged	To eliminate racial discrimination and guarantee equality before the law without distinction as to race, color, or national or ethnic origin.	Violated since 2014	Ukraine has accused Russia of discriminatory practices against ethnic Ukrainians and Crimean Tatars in Crimea, including suppression of cultural rights and political representation, violating obligations under CERD.
36	Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material	Sides: 164 states including Russia	Signed: March 3, 1980	Russia obliged	To protect nuclear materials and facilities against theft and sabotage, especially during international transport.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	Military actions near Ukraine's nuclear facilities, particularly the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, posed risks of nuclear accidents and sabotage, contravening the convention's requirements for protection.
37	Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)	Sides: 185 countries including Russia	Signed: March 30, 2007	Russia obliged	To ensure the full enjoyment of all human rights by persons with disabilities, promote respect for their inherent dignity, and take appropriate measures to protect persons with disabilities, especially during conflicts.	Violated in various instances and conflicts since 2014	Reports indicate systemic issues such as inadequate accessibility, discrimination, and institutionalization without proper safeguards, suggesting non-compliance with the convention's commitments. Furthermore, during military operations, including those in Ukraine, inadequate measures were taken to protect and evacuate persons with disabilities, which has disproportionately affected them and contravened the convention's obligations.
38	International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	Sides: 68 countries (Russia has signed but not ratified)	Signed: December 20, 2006	Russia obliged (as a signatory)	To not engage in enforced disappearances and to prevent such acts within territories under its control.	Violated in recent years	Human rights organizations have reported cases of enforced disappearances in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine since 2014, allegedly involving Russian forces or affiliated groups.
39	Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD)	Sides: 78 countries including Russia	Signed: May 18, 1977	Russia obliged	To refrain from using environmental modification techniques for hostile purposes with widespread, long-lasting, or severe effects.	Alleged violations	Destruction of infrastructure during military operations in Ukraine leading to significant environmental damage has raised concerns about Russia's compliance with the convention. Allegations suggest that such actions may contravene the ENMOD's provisions against the hostile use of environmental modification techniques.
40	Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V to the CCW)	Sides: 94 countries including Russia	Signed: November 28, 2003	Russia obliged	To clear explosive remnants of war in territories under its control and provide warnings and risk education.	Violated in conflicts since 2014	Failure to effectively clear explosive remnants and landmines in conflict zones in Ukraine has led to civilian casualties, contravening obligations under the protocol.
41	United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement	Sides: Non-binding but endorsed by UN member states, including Russia	Established: 1998	Russia obliged	To prevent displacement caused by its actions and to protect internally displaced persons (IDPs) within areas under its control, ensuring adequate support and assistance.	Violated since 2014	Military operations in Ukraine and Syria have resulted in large-scale internal displacement, with numerous reports indicating inadequate protection and assistance for IDPs in areas affected by Russian military actions. These violations continued through 2022 and 2023, particularly in Ukraine, where areas occupied by Russian forces have seen insufficient measures to support displaced civilians.
42	Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits	Sides: Turkey, USSR (Russia as successor), and other Black Sea states	Signed: July 20, 1936	Russia obliged	To adhere to regulations governing the passage of naval ships through the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits, ensuring security in the Black Sea region.	Directly violated in recent years	Russia's increased naval activities and militarization in the Black Sea, along with direct attacks on civilian ports and vessels, particularly in Ukraine's Black Sea region, constitute significant breaches of international agreements. Specific incidents include missile attacks on Odesa's port infrastructure, damaging civilian vessels such as the Belize-flagged NS Moon, Palau-flagged Optima, and the Saint Kitts and Nevis-flagged bulk carrier Aya. These actions violate the Montreux Convention as well as other international maritime laws, posing serious threats to maritime security and stability in the region.
43	Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)	Sides: 53 signatories including Russia (signed but not ratified)	Signed: December 17, 1994	Russia obliged (as a signatory)	To facilitate energy trade and transit, and to protect foreign investments in the energy sector.	Violated in disputes	Russia's disputes with Ukraine over gas supplies and transit, including supply cut-offs in 2006 and 2009, have been viewed as contravening the principles of the ECT.
44	United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)	Sides: 190 parties including Russia	Signed: November 15, 2000	Russia obliged	To prevent and combat transnational organized crime through international cooperation and legal frameworks, including addressing trafficking in persons, arms, and drugs.	Concerns in recent years	Persistent issues with organized crime networks operating within and across Russian borders have raised concerns about Russia's compliance with the convention. Allegations include insufficient counteraction by Russian authorities against organized crime groups and reports of involvement of Russian entities in arms trafficking and support for organized criminal groups in conflict zones. These issues suggest challenges in fulfilling the convention's commitments.
45	Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity	Sides: 56 countries including Russia	Signed: November 26, 1968	Russia obliged	To prosecute individuals responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity, regardless of when they were committed.	Impunity concerns	Failure to investigate and prosecute alleged war crimes committed by Russian forces in conflicts like Chechnya, Syria, and Ukraine raises concerns about compliance.
46	International Health Regulations (IHR)	Sides: 196 countries including Russia	Established: 2005	Russia obliged	To prevent the international spread of diseases and share timely information on public health events.	Violated during COVID-19 pandemic	Accusations of disinformation campaigns related to COVID-19 vaccines and public health measures have been directed at Russian entities, undermining global health efforts.
47	Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait	Sides: Russia, Ukraine	Signed: December 24, 2003	Russia agreed	To consider the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait as internal waters of both Russia and Ukraine, ensuring free navigation for vessels of both countries.	Violated in 2018	In November 2018, Russia seized three Ukrainian naval vessels and detained 24 sailors in the Kerch Strait, impeding Ukraine's access to the Sea of Azov and violating the treaty's provisions on free navigation.
48	World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements	Sides: Russia and all WTO member countries	Acceded: August 22, 2012	Russia obliged	To comply with WTO rules on trade, including non-discrimination, market access, and fair trade practices.	Violated in various instances	Russia has imposed trade restrictions and bans on imports from countries like Ukraine and the EU, leading to disputes filed at the WTO alleging violations of trade agreements.
49	Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention)	Sides: 193 countries including Russia	Signed: December 7, 1944	Russia obliged	To respect international aviation laws, including the sovereignty of airspace and the safety of civil aviation.	Violated in multiple instances	Unannounced military flights without transponders over the Baltic Sea and other regions have posed risks to civil aviation. The downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 in 2014 by a missile system brought into Ukraine from Russia, according to international investigators, also implicates violations of the convention.
50	Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations	Sides: 192 countries including Russia	Signed: April 18, 1961	Russia obliged	To protect diplomatic personnel and premises, and to respect the diplomatic immunity of foreign diplomats.	Violated in recent years	Incidents such as the harassment and expulsion of diplomats, and alleged surveillance of diplomatic missions, have been cited as violations of the convention.
51	United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses	Sides: Various countries (Russia is not a party)	Adopted: May 21, 1997	Russia's status	Not a party, but general international law encourages cooperation over shared water resources.	Violated in 2014 and after	Ukraine has accused Russia of diverting water resources from rivers in occupied Crimea, affecting water supply to other regions, contrary to principles of equitable and reasonable use.
52	United Nations Security Council Resolutions on DPRK Sanctions	Sides: All UN member states, including Russia	Adopted: Various dates since 2006	Russia obliged	To enforce sanctions against North Korea, including prohibitions on certain trade and financial transactions.	Violated in recent years	Reports suggest that Russia has engaged in illicit trade with North Korea, such as facilitating oil transfers and employing North Korean laborers, undermining UN sanctions.
53	Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies	Sides: 42 participating states including Russia	Established: July 12, 1996	Russia obliged	To promote transparency and responsibility in transfers of conventional arms and dual-use goods to prevent destabilizing accumulations.	Violated in recent years	Allegations of Russia supplying arms to conflict zones without proper transparency, such as in Eastern Ukraine and Syria, potentially contravene the arrangement's objectives.
54	International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)	Sides: 189 countries including Russia	Signed: December 18, 1979	Russia obliged	To eliminate discrimination against women in all forms and ensure equality.	Violated in various instances	Reports of gender-based violence and insufficient legal protections for women's rights suggest shortcomings in meeting the convention's obligations.
55	United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances	Sides: 191 countries including Russia	Signed: December 20, 1988	Russia obliged	To cooperate in combating drug trafficking and implement measures to prevent it.	Violated in recent years	Allegations of insufficient action against drug trafficking networks and corruption within law enforcement agencies have been raised.
56	Paris Agreement on Climate Change	Sides: 196 parties including Russia	Signed: April 22, 2016	Russia obliged	To contribute to global efforts to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.	Violated in terms of insufficient action	Critics argue that Russia's climate policies and continued reliance on fossil fuels are inadequate to meet its commitments under the agreement.
57	Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (ILO Convention No. 29)	Sides: 187 countries including Russia	Adopted: 1930	Russia obliged	To suppress the use of forced or compulsory labor in all its forms.	Violated in various instances	Reports of forced labor practices in prisons and among migrant workers indicate violations of the convention.
58	International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)	Sides: 171 countries including Russia	Signed: December 16, 1966	Russia obliged	To progressively realize economic, social, and cultural rights, including the rights to work, health, education, an adequate standard of living, and the right to form and join trade unions.	Violated in various instances	Issues such as labor rights violations, suppression of trade unions, inadequate healthcare provisions, insufficient access to healthcare, and limitations on academic freedoms have been reported. These concerns indicate shortcomings in fulfilling the covenant's obligations to ensure economic, social, and cultural rights for all individuals within Russia.
59	Agreement on Measures to Reduce the Risk of Outbreak of Nuclear War (Hotline Agreement)	Sides: United States, Soviet Union (Russia as successor state)	Signed: September 30, 1971	Russia obliged	To maintain and use direct communication links to prevent accidental nuclear war and to notify the other party of any incidents that could risk nuclear conflict.	Violated in recent years	Instances where Russia conducted large-scale military exercises near NATO borders without prior notification have raised concerns about compliance with agreements aimed at reducing nuclear risks.
60	Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM)	Sides: 164 countries including Russia	Signed: March 3, 1980	Russia obliged	To protect nuclear materials and facilities against theft, sabotage, and unauthorized access, especially during international transport.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	The occupation of Ukraine's Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant by Russian forces has raised international concerns about the safety and security of nuclear materials, potentially violating the convention's obligations.
61	International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages	Sides: 176 countries including Russia	Signed: December 18, 1979	Russia obliged	To prohibit and punish the act of hostage-taking and to cooperate in the prevention of such acts.	Violated in recent years	Detentions of foreign nationals and political opponents on disputed charges have led to accusations of state-sponsored hostage-taking for political leverage, contravening the convention.
62	Vienna Convention on Consular Relations	Sides: 182 countries including Russia	Signed: April 24, 1963	Russia obliged	To ensure consular access to detained foreign nationals and to protect the interests of other states' citizens within its territory.	Violated in various instances	Cases where foreign diplomats were denied access to their detained nationals, and incidents of harassment of consular staff, have raised concerns about Russia's adherence to the convention.
63	Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict	Sides: 133 countries including Russia	Signed: May 14, 1954	Russia obliged	To safeguard and respect cultural property during armed conflicts and refrain from using it for military purposes.	Violated in 2022 and 2023	Destruction and damage to cultural heritage sites in Ukraine attributed to Russian military actions have been reported, violating protections afforded to cultural property. Damage and looting of Ukrainian cultural sites and and artifacts by Russian forces have been reported, violating protections afforded to cultural property.
64	International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation (Hague Code of Conduct)	Sides: 143 countries (Russia is a subscribing state)	Established: November 25, 2002	Russia obliged	To exercise restraint in developing and testing ballistic missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction and to provide pre-launch notifications.	Violated in recent years	Russia's development and deployment of new missile systems without transparent notifications have raised concerns about compliance with the code.
65	Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident	Sides: 124 countries including Russia	Signed: September 26, 1986	Russia obliged	To promptly notify other states and the IAEA of any nuclear accidents with potential transboundary impacts.	Violated in 2019	The secretive handling of the nuclear accident in the Arkhangelsk region in 2019, where information was delayed or withheld, raised concerns over Russia's compliance with notification obligations under the convention.
66	United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on Aggression Against Ukraine	Sides: UN member states including Russia	Adopted: Various dates since 2014	Russia obliged	While UN General Assembly resolutions are non-binding, they represent the collective will of the international community and call for adherence to international law.	Violated in 2014 and onwards	Russia's annexation of Crimea and military actions in Eastern Ukraine and the full-scale invasion in 2022 have been condemned in multiple UN resolutions, highlighting violations of international norms.
67	International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)	Sides: 182 countries including Russia	Signed: December 21, 1965	Russia obliged	To eliminate racial discrimination and promote understanding among all races.	Violated in occupied territories	Discrimination against ethnic minorities such as Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians in annexed Crimea has been reported, violating commitments under ICERD.
68	Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights)	Sides: Council of Europe member states (Russia ceased to be a member in 2022)	Signed: November 4, 1950	Russia obliged	To secure civil and political rights for everyone within its jurisdiction.	Violated leading up to 2022	Numerous judgments by the European Court of Human Rights found Russia in violation of the convention, contributing to its expulsion from the Council of Europe.
69	United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (UNCAT)	Sides: 171 countries including Russia	Signed: December 10, 1984	Russia obliged	To prevent torture within its territory and jurisdiction and to ensure accountability for acts of torture.	Violated in various instances	Reports of torture and ill-treatment by law enforcement and security forces, especially in conflict zones like Chechnya and Eastern Ukraine, have indicated violations of UNCAT.
70	Arms Trade Treaty (ATT)	Sides: 111 countries (Russia is not a party)	Signed: April 2, 2013	Russia's status	Russia is not a signatory to the ATT; however, global expectations and norms still encourage all nations to conduct responsible arms transfers to prevent human suffering.	Violations in arms transfers	Despite not being a signatory, Russia has faced international criticism for its arms transfers to conflict zones and regimes accused of human rights violations, such as in Syria and Libya. These actions are seen as contravening the spirit of responsible arms trading, contributing to human suffering and undermining international efforts to promote responsible arms transfer practices.
71	Convention on Cluster Munitions	Sides: 123 countries (Russia is not a party)	Signed: May 30, 2008	Russia's status	Not a signatory; however, international humanitarian law discourages the use of indiscriminate weapons.	Use in conflicts	Evidence suggests that Russian forces have used cluster munitions in populated areas in Ukraine and Syria, leading to civilian casualties and attracting international condemnation.
72	International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings	Sides: 170 countries including Russia	Signed: December 15, 1997	Russia obliged	To prevent and punish terrorist bombings, and to cooperate internationally in combating terrorism.	Alleged violations	Russia has been accused by some governments and organizations of conducting or supporting acts that could be interpreted as state-sponsored terrorism, such as targeted assassinations abroad. However, these allegations are politically sensitive and not universally accepted.
73	Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Chemical Weapons Convention)	Sides: 193 member states including Russia	Signed: January 13, 1993	Russia obliged	To declare and destroy all chemical weapons and refrain from developing, producing, or using them.	Violated in 2018 and 2020	The use of a military-grade nerve agent in the poisoning of former spy Sergei Skripal in the UK and opposition leader Alexei Navalny was attributed to Russian operatives, contravening the convention.
74	Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II to the CCW)	Sides: 106 countries including Russia	Signed: October 10, 1980	Russia obliged	To limit the use of landmines and booby traps, especially those that are undetectable or pose risks to civilians.	Violated in conflicts	Evidence suggests that Russian forces have used landmines in conflict zones without proper precautions, leading to civilian casualties, contrary to the protocol.
75	Agreement on the International Criminal Court (Rome Statute)	Sides: 123 countries (Russia signed but did not ratify)	Signed: July 17, 1998	Russia's status	Signed in 2000 but withdrew its signature in 2016; however, actions contrary to the statute's principles are still subject to international scrutiny.	Violated in conflicts	Allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine and Syria have been made, attracting investigations by the ICC, although Russia does not recognize its jurisdiction.
76	United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1	Sides: UN member states including Russia	Adopted: March 2, 2022	Russia obliged	To abide by the UN General Assembly's demand to cease its military offensive in Ukraine and withdraw all forces.	Violated in 2022 and onwards	Russia has continued military operations in Ukraine despite the UN General Assembly's resolution calling for an immediate cessation of hostilities.
77	International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage	Sides: 137 countries including Russia	Signed: November 29, 1969	Russia obliged	To prevent oil pollution and ensure compensation for damage caused by oil spills.	Violated in environmental incidents	There have been instances of oil spills in Russian waters where prompt reporting and adequate compensation were lacking, raising concerns about compliance.
78	Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution	Sides: 51 countries including Russia	Signed: November 13, 1979	Russia obliged	To limit and gradually reduce air pollution, including emissions that have transboundary effects.	Violated in environmental practices	Russia's industrial activities have contributed to significant air pollution affecting neighboring countries, with criticisms over insufficient measures to reduce emissions.
79	Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty	Sides: 54 parties including Russia	Signed: October 4, 1991	Russia obliged	To protect the Antarctic environment and prohibit activities harmful to it, including mineral resource activities.	Violated in resource exploration	Reports of Russia engaging in activities that could be preparatory to resource exploitation in Antarctica have raised concerns about adherence to the protocol.
80	United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity	Sides: 196 countries including Russia	Signed: June 5, 1992	Russia obliged	To conserve biological diversity, use biological resources sustainably, and share benefits arising from genetic resources fairly.	Violated through environmental degradation	Deforestation and habitat destruction in Russia have been criticized for contributing to biodiversity loss, indicating shortcomings in meeting the convention's objectives.
81	Agreement on the Prevention of Incidents On and Over the High Seas (INCSEA Agreement)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: May 25, 1972	Russia agreed	To prevent incidents at sea between U.S. and Russian naval vessels and aircraft by adhering to safety protocols, including maintaining safe distances and avoiding provocative actions.	Violated in recent years	Russian military aircraft and ships have engaged in unsafe interactions with U.S. forces, such as flying dangerously close to U.S. aircraft and vessels, violating the agreement's safety provisions.
82	Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on the Prevention of Dangerous Military Activities	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 12, 1989	Russia agreed	To prevent dangerous military activities during peacetime by establishing communication channels and protocols to avoid misunderstandings and unintended escalations.	Violated in recent years	Incidents involving Russian forces harassing U.S. military personnel, including close encounters and electronic interference, have occurred without proper communication, breaching the MOU.
83	Agreement on the Destruction and Non-Production of Chemical Weapons and on Measures to Facilitate the Multilateral Convention on Banning Chemical Weapons	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 1, 1990	Russia obliged	To destroy its chemical weapon stockpiles, cease production, and comply with measures supporting a global ban on chemical weapons.	Violated in 2018 and 2020	The use of the nerve agent Novichok in the poisonings of Sergei Skripal and Alexei Navalny indicated that Russia retained and utilized chemical weapons, violating the agreement.
84	Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: August 29, 2000	Russia agreed	To dispose of at least 34 metric tons of weapon-grade plutonium by converting it into fuel for nuclear reactors, thus preventing its use in nuclear weapons.	Violated in 2016	Russia unilaterally suspended the agreement, halting plutonium disposal and retaining material that could be used for nuclear weapons, contravening the accord.
85	Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 17, 1992	Russia agreed	To collaborate on peaceful space exploration and refrain from using space technologies for hostile purposes against each other.	Violated in recent years	Russia conducted anti-satellite missile tests creating space debris and allegedly carried out cyber activities targeting U.S. space assets, actions inconsistent with the spirit of peaceful cooperation.
86	U.S.-Russia Cybersecurity Confidence-Building Measures	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 17, 2013	Russia agreed	To enhance cooperation in cybersecurity, including exchanging information on threats and preventing cyber incidents from escalating.	Violated since 2016	U.S. intelligence agencies have attributed cyberattacks and election interference to Russian state actors, undermining trust and violating the agreement's intent to prevent hostile cyber activities.
87	Agreement on Mutual Fisheries Relations	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: May 31, 1988	Russia agreed	To cooperate in the conservation and management of marine living resources and prevent illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing.	Violated in recent years	Instances of Russian vessels engaging in unauthorized fishing activities in U.S. exclusive economic zones have been reported, violating the terms of mutual fisheries cooperation.
88	Treaty Between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on Strategic Offensive Reductions (Moscow Treaty)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: May 24, 2002	Russia obliged	To reduce deployed strategic nuclear warheads to specified limits by the end of 2012.	Questionable compliance by 2012	While both parties declared compliance, concerns were raised about the lack of transparency and verification measures, leading to uncertainties about Russia's actual warhead numbers.
89	Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation in the Management of Plutonium that Has Been Withdrawn from Nuclear Military Programs	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: July 24, 1998	Russia agreed	To cooperate in the management and disposition of plutonium removed from nuclear weapons programs to prevent its reuse in weapons.	Violated in 2016	Russia suspended cooperation on plutonium disposition, retaining the material and halting collaborative efforts to manage it safely, violating the agreement's objectives.
90	U.S.-Russia Agreement on Cooperation in Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Nonproliferation (123 Agreement)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: May 6, 2008	Russia agreed	To collaborate on nuclear energy projects and uphold nonproliferation standards, facilitating the exchange of nuclear materials and technology for peaceful purposes.	Suspended in 2014	Following Russia's actions in Ukraine, the U.S. suspended nuclear energy cooperation, citing Russia's failure to meet the agreement's nonproliferation and international security commitments.
91	Agreement on Cooperation in Nuclear and Energy-Related Environmental Matters	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: May 21, 2003	Russia agreed	To collaborate on addressing nuclear and environmental hazards, including the safe disposal of nuclear materials and remediation of contaminated sites.	Violated in recent years	Delays and insufficient cooperation in cleaning up nuclear contamination, particularly in areas affecting both nations, have hindered the agreement's objectives.
92	Joint Statement on Future Reductions in Nuclear Forces	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: November 13, 2001	Russia agreed	To reduce strategic nuclear warheads to a level between 1,700 and 2,200 by December 31, 2012, fostering mutual nuclear disarmament.	Questionable compliance by 2012	While reductions were reported, lack of transparency and verification measures led to uncertainties about the actual number of warheads maintained by Russia.
93	Agreement on Cooperation in Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy (123 Agreement)	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: January 14, 2011	Russia agreed	To facilitate cooperation in nuclear energy, including nuclear safety and nonproliferation efforts, for peaceful purposes.	Suspended in 2014	The United States suspended cooperation under the agreement following Russia's annexation of Crimea, due to concerns over Russia's adherence to nonproliferation norms and international law.
94	U.S.-Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs	Sides: United States, Russia	Established: March 26, 1992	Russia agreed	To cooperate in accounting for U.S. prisoners of war and missing in action from past conflicts, sharing information and facilitating investigations.	Limited cooperation in recent years	Russia's reduced engagement and restrictions on access to archives have impeded progress, hindering the commission's mission.
95	Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Fundamental Science	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: December 16, 1993	Russia agreed	To collaborate on basic scientific research, promoting exchanges between scientists and joint projects.	Violated in recent years	Allegations of espionage and cyber intrusions targeting U.S. research institutions by Russian actors have strained scientific cooperation and violated the agreement's spirit.
96	Agreement on Cooperation in Agriculture	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 20, 1992	Russia agreed	To collaborate on agricultural development, trade, and sharing of best practices to enhance food security.	Violated in 2014	Russia imposed bans on U.S. agricultural imports in response to sanctions, undermining the cooperative framework established by the agreement.
97	Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: June 23, 1972	Russia agreed	To work jointly on environmental conservation and address pollution and ecological issues affecting both countries.	Limited cooperation in recent years	Environmental incidents with transboundary effects and lack of collaborative response have challenged the effectiveness of the agreement.
98	Agreement on the Establishment of Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers	Sides: United States, Soviet Union (Russia as successor state)	Signed: September 15, 1987	Russia agreed	To establish centers to exchange information and notifications to reduce the risk of nuclear war, including missile launches and exercises.	Violated in recent years	Failures to provide timely notifications of certain military exercises and missile tests have raised concerns about adherence to the agreement's protocols.
99	Memorandum of Understanding on Missile Launch Notifications	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: December 16, 2000	Russia agreed	To notify the United States of planned ballistic missile and space vehicle launches to prevent misinterpretation.	Violated in recent years	Instances where Russia conducted missile launches without proper notification have increased the risk of misunderstandings between the two countries.
100	Agreement on Scientific Cooperation in the Field of Energy	Sides: United States, Russia	Signed: July 31, 2009	Russia agreed	To collaborate on energy technologies, including nuclear energy, energy efficiency, and renewable resources.	Suspended in 2014	Cooperation under the agreement was limited following geopolitical tensions arising from Russia's actions in Ukraine, affecting joint energy projects.