https://www.prevention.global/

Primary or Secondary source

first choice sources

Year Data Collected

Sibling Incest in a Clergy Family: A Case Study

https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90128-7

survivor's path of suffering and healing; critique of professional responses

Child Abuse and Neglect

Family characteristics, responses, and dynamics associated with SSA: A Scoping Review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106795

The only demographic factor consistently associated with SSA was large family size. Studies in the sample also consistently found evidence of other physical, sexual, and emotional abuse in families affected by SSA, although sample bias may have influenced these findings. Environmental stressors commonly found to be present included parental absence (for any reason) and a parental history of abuse, mental illness, and substance abuse. Exposure to pornography in the home was noted in several studies and was identified as part of a pattern of blurred sexual boundaries within the family. The studies reviewed described a variety of parental responses to disclosure, including shock, minimization, belief, secrecy, action, grief, sadness, and struggle to "take sides" and/or manage the needs of the children involved as well as the family as a whole. Quotes: "An archetype family [of SSA] does not exist" and "the study was not designed to form a typology of families were SSA occurs...but to identify what's in the literature and which gaps exist"

review of existing primary research re: family demographics, dynamics, and responses

28 studies published 1980-2023

Child Abuse and Neglect

Establishing the prevalence of SSA as reported to and recorded by police forces across England and Wales

https://www.sarsas.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/SARSAS-SSAP-FOI-Report_9957_1.10.pdf

25% of IFCSA cases reported to police 2017-202 in the UK were SSA

12000 IFCSA cases reported to police

RCEW National Project on SSA

https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00040-F

11 of 12 has history of physical abuse by parents, only 1 had history of sexual abuse, 8 had high risk family stress, 7 had a disclosure that didn't stop the abuse, none self-disclosed

12 male offenders, teens in treatment

Child Abuse and Neglect

Many ways of telling: expanding conceptualization of CSA disclosure

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.03.016

disclosure can happen in many ways and practitioners need to include and be open to all

24 male and female CSA survivors

Child Abuse and Neglect

Ethical Decision Making with Young People Involved with Serious Offending

https://cycj.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ethical-Decision-Making-report-May-2016.pdf

assessment of a young person's needs and rights and support to be included in the community should be factored in along with risk management during the adjudication process for a serious sexual offense (review is for all serious offenses)

Porn Use as a Risk Marker for an Aggressive Pattern of Behavior among Sexually Reactive Children and Adolescents

https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390308327137

Porn use was found to have a significant correlation with some forms of aggressive behavior in juveniles with sexual behavior problems (SRCA), including lying, therft, truancy, manipulation, arson, coerced vaginal penetration, other forced sexual acts, sex with animals, and exposing to strangers; authors concluded porn use could be a risk marker for aggressive behavior, both sexual and nonsexual

review of data from assessments of youth placed in foster care

children removed from abusive homes and placed in foster care, 80 whose assessments indicated they had accessed porn compared to 80 who indicated they had not, 2002-2003

Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association

Assessing Risk of Victim Crossover with Children and Young People Who Display HSB

https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2277

adolescents who display HSB seem more likely than adults to move between sibling and community victims but they are such a heterogeneous group that individual assessment and examination of sibling relationships is key

Child Abuse Review

Sexual offending and autism spectrum disorders

http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JIDOB-09-2015-0029

The papers identified in this review highlight a relatively modest number of studies which have found a
number of features of ASD which can contribute to sexual offending in a small minority of individuals
with ASD. Some of these symptoms include: obsession or preoccupation with certain things (e.g.,
women’s underwear), failure to conform to social conventions, impaired ToM, impaired ability to decode
language and social gestures and a limited repertoire of appropriate behaviour. It is important to
recognise the potential impact of these features in a sexual offender with ASD, particularly in the case of
adolescent who has committed sexually inappropriate behaviour, as being labelled a sexual offender or
“deviant” will only act to further exacerbate their existing impaired social and emotional abilities (Ray et
al., 2004).

7 case studies and 7 prevalence studies

University of Salford (Manchester)

Parents' perspectives on the parent-child relationship following their child's engagement in HSB

https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2019.1649479

description of parent's reactions, finding understanding, moving forward

6 parents of children with HSB

Journal of Sexual Aggression

Is Restorative Justice an Effective Approach in Responding to CYP who Sexually Harm?

https://doi.org/10.3390/laws10040086

describes needs for innovative approaches to sexual harm by CYP, and barriers and challenges in using a restorative justice approach

Sibling Incest; a consequence of individual and family dysfunction

https://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds[]=citjournalarticle_139300_20

case study of brother-sister incest and family dynamicss

Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic

Children with Sexual Behavior Problems: Assessment, Treatment, & Placement, 2nd edition

https://www.atsa.com/CSBP-2023

overview, for children age 12 and under, of prevalence, contributing factors, assessment, treatment, caregiver involvement, placement, & safety planning

responding to offending in preteen youth

When Love Hurts: preadolescent girls' reports of incest

https://doi.org/10.1080/01926180701389644

father-daughter was most frequent type in this sample; intercourse only; 38% reported any relative 36% reported father-daughter; once it started it happened on a regular basis

? number, from girls in Internet chat rooms

American Journal of Family Therapy

Sibling Incest Dynamics: therapeutic themes and clinical challenges

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-011-0331-8

description highlighting need for early disclosure, coordinated professional response, difficulties of adult treatment, effects of lifelong shame and guilt

Clinical Social Work Journal

Making Sense of Abuse: Case Studies in Sibling Incest

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-006-9697-0

families come to terms with abuse by frameworks such as seeing it as normal or as a mistake; level of family cohesion, secrecy, and view of outsiders influence how it is understood

5 children in 2 families (Latino)

Contemporary Family Therapy

Sibling Sexual Abuse: a review of empirical studies in the field

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F15248380211030244

SSA is common, negatively affects survivors mental health, is marginalized in research and practice; unequivocal features include early onset, extended duration and frequency, and high intensity

15 studies, total sample 15,000

Trauma, Violence, and Abuse

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1983-21228-001

6 of 32 in sample reported SSA, 2 reported father-daughter, 4 reported male-on-male non-sibling; triad of alcoholism, incest, and parental child abuse emerged; first disclosure for all

prevalence, risk factors for offending

Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Young People who Sexually Abuse: Key Issues

https://aifs.gov.au/sites/default/files/publication-documents/pb1_0.pdf

85% of victims of adolescents referred for sexually abusive behavior were aged 6-11 years; 46% abused someone within their immediate family [i.e. a younger sibling]; victims tend to be chosen based on vulnerability and accessibility rather than the offender's sexual orientation or interests; 23% of young people in treatment for sexually abusive behaivor are age 10-12 years; 14 years is a peak age for offending; the only established risk factor for sexual offending is being male; those who offend against younger children are more likely to be socially isolated with poor social skills while those who offend against peers or adults are more likely to use physical force and aggression; studies on family background and experience of past abuse are inconclusive; "a history of sexual abuse may play a part in some young people's offending, but is not the sole or direct cause of sexually abusive behavior" (for example, most victims are girls, but most offenders are boys); the risk of young people re-offending as adults appears to be low, but repeat offenses as juveniles are more likely; the older the youth is when assessed, the greater the chance for re-offending; one study shows that 65% of young people referred for sexually abusive behavior in Western Australia remain at home during treatment; good discussion of the risks and benefits of removing the child from the home after disclosure and the lack of appropriate placement options; early intervention is key and there is no "one size fits all" approach **This study has been cited as a source for a figure of 50% of children with harmful sexual behavior having been previously abused, but I don't see that in a reading of the entire article--Brandy**

Supporting Health Staff to recognize and respond to harmful sexual behavior

https://www.paediatricsandchildhealthjournal.co.uk/article/S1751-7222(20)30150-5/fulltext

guidelines for health care professionals in responding to harmful sexual behavior

Paediatrics and Child Health

Development & Implementation of Preventive Intervention for Youth with Concerns About Their Sexual Thoughts and Behaviors: A Practioner Narrative

describes development of Stop It Now helpline & top concerns of youth using the helpline: what's legal re: age of consent, fictional sexual content, how to handle desire to view digital media & internet, how to find help without getting in trouble, how to talk to someone else who harmed, impact of their past experiences on their present behaviors, how to handle intrusive thoughts and effects of digital viewing on personal relationships

558 helpline inquiries in first 18 months of helpline launch

Journal of Prevention

Older Brother-Younger Sister Incest: Dyadic and Family Processes

https://www.proquest.com/openview/e90e975cdd503a242ab9f0d987e6da78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

SSA survivors' offending brothers were significantly more anxious about separation, avoidant of conflict, possessive and jealous than those in control group; no significant differences in family function or sisters' behavior toward brothers between SSA group and controls; detailed history of attitudes toward sibling incest in discussion

retrospective interviews and analysi

30 adult women SSA survivors and 30 controls

PhD dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology

Impacts of CSA: A Review of the Research

https://doi/10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66

In regard to initial effects, empirical studies have indicated reactions—in at least some portion of the victim population—of fear, anxiety, depression, anger and hostility, aggression, and sexually inappropriate behavior. Frequently reported long-term effects include depression and self-destructive behavior, anxiety, feelings of isolation and stigma, poor self-esteem, difficulty in trusting others, a tendency toward revictimization, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment. The kinds of abuse that appear to be most damaging, according to the empirical studies, are experiences involving father figures, genital contact, and force

Psychological Bulletin

https://www.wcsap.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources_publications/research_advocacy_digest/RAD_v10_i2.pdf

interview with Caffaro and clinical recommendations

Research and Advocacy Digest, Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs

Treating Adult Survivors of SSA: a relational strengths-based approach

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9877-0

describes a therapeutic approach to the needs of adult SSA survivors

Journal of Family Violence

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2004.12.001

family background and causation of SSA is diverse; SSA is as harmful as parent-caused CSA

risk factors; effects on adult survivors

73 adult survivors, 49 female, 24 male

Aggression and Behavior

Study Characteristics and Recidivism Base Rates in Juvenile Sex Offender Recidivism

http://commissiononsexoffenderrecidivism.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Caldwell-Michael-2010-Study-Characteristics-and-recidivism-base-rates-in-juvenile-sex-offender-recidivism.pdf

mean sexual recidivism at 5 years is 7% (SD 4%), general recidivism 43% (SD 19%); recidivism during adolescence is 4 times higher

63 data sets totalling over 11,000 youth

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Quantifying the decline in juvenile sexual recidivism rates. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 22(4), 414–426.

https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Flaw0000094

weighted mean base rate for sexual recidivism of 4.92% over a mean follow-up time of 58.98 months (SD = 50.97, Median = 52.75). The year of initiation of the study predicted the sexual recidivism rate after controlling for the follow-up time (ΔF = 14.72, p = .0002). Studies conducted between 2000 and 2015 reported a weighted mean sexual recidivism rate of 2.75%; 73% lower than the rate of 10.30% reported by studies conducted between 1980 and 1995.

106 studies from 98 reports or data sets involving 33,783 cases of adjudicated juvenile sexual offenders that were carried out between 1938 and 2014

The Female Experience of Sibling Incest

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1992.tb00924.xx

Journal of Marital and Family Therapy

Sibling Incest: adjustment in adult women survivors

https://doi.org/10.1606%2F1044-3894.4067

SSA survivors had higher anxiety, depression, hostility, adult victimization, and lower self-esteem; anxiety was associated specifically with CSA

35 adult female SSA survivors and 21 matched controls

Journal of Contemporary Social Services

Sibling Incest: Reports from 41 Survivors

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J070v15n04_02?src=recsys

most report intercourse and coercion, 19.5% disclosed as a child

description of SSA experiences and effects

Disclosure of SSA by Hospitalized Adolescent Girls: three case reports

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792012

psychiatric treatment can provide a safe space for SSA disclosure but staff need to be aware of it and know how to support it

Frontiers in Psychiatry

Child Maltreatment in the UK: a study of the prevalence of abuse and neglect

https://library.nspcc.org.uk/HeritageScripts/Hapi.dll/filetransfer/2000ChildMaltreatmentUKExecutiveSummary.pdf?filename=CC18C70DB7C8C3D49403BB94EB176F95207E5F66235DCA89651F5ED2BA5DA9311A3547010EB17451D2DDDA019569BD581EA0CD5852636BDD968745317385651128D12EFB3814903BA034AE814186E269E5722141E6645281E176262470BAF9FFEE8D9227B8176CBD3AAC395DF04559B1E7B7C2194F9652E354885D91E482A243F25C2A&DataSetName=LIVEDATA

1% reported IFCSA by an adult, 3% IFCSA by a child; 3% of IFCSA was fondling, 3% visual, 1% penetration; 25% disclosed at time of incident but usually to a friend; of all CSA in sample, 4% by family, 11% by acquaintance, 4% by stranger

population-wide survey by computer

2869 young adults across UK

Centre for Youth & Criminal Justice

Sibling Sexual Abuse: ACSSA Research Summary

https://aifs.gov.au/resources/practice-guides/sibling-sexual-abuse

Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault

https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/matthewclair/files/stigma_finaldraft.pdf

stigma restricts the well being of individuals on a micro level and reproduces social inequality on a macro level

Core Concepts in Sociology (textbook)

This says "the rate of sibling incest may be five times the rate of parent-child sexual abuse (Finkelhor, 1980)."

Sibling incest: The Myth of Benign Sibling Incest

https://doi.org/10.1300/J015V01N03_10

reports of positive sibling incest should be questioned and are more likely to come from older brothers

Women and Therapy

Young Offender Sexual Abuse Cases Under Protection Investigation: are sibling cases any different?

https://www.jstor.org/stable/48623447

comparison of sibling vs non-sibling cases under child protection investigation in Canada

Sibling sexual abuse : a descriptive study of sibling sexual abuse data from Canadian incidence studies and selected sibling incest research in the literature, 1980-2001

https://curve.carleton.ca/389eedc2-ef92-422a-b232-235a61228d33

many stats based on reported cases; supports 12-15 as high risk age to offend, mean victim age 8 years, gives info on family characteristics-half are 2-parent families, range of incomes, 1/3 of families had caregiver concerns

prevalence, risk factors, demographics

2 data sets, 1300 reports of CSA, 40 substantiated SSA cases in each

MSW thesis, Carleton University

IFCSA: brother-sister incest does not differ from father-daughter and stepfather-stepdaughter incest

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00365-4

90% of victims from brother and father groups experienced clinically significant distress to a similar degree; sibling group twice as likely to report penetration; brother offenders more likely to be raised in family with many children and more alcohol abuse

clinical study based on measures of stress and CPS reports of nature of abuse

Child Abuse and Neglect

I included this because it gives the 3-5x number, citing Ballentine & Soine who cites FInklehor 1980. This article also cites NYTimes for sibling abuse 4-5x greater than parental, but that's not specific to sexual abuse. Maybe confusion is that it's not for incest but for all abuse???

Long-term Effects of Sibling Incest

https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1990-12511-001

long-term impacts on survivors and offenders include difficulty maintaining long-term relationships

effects on survivors, effects on offenders

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Reconceptualizing sexual victimization and justice

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203094532-22/reconceptualizing-sexualvictimization-justice-kathleen-daly

not specific to SSA--thoughts about what justice looks like for SA victims

Sibling Sexual Abuse: offending patterns and dynamics in youth justice conferences

https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/226733/2014-Daly-and-Wade-Sibling-Sexual-abuse-pre-print.pdf

compares outcomes of SSA legal cases resolved through "conference" vs. "court"

59 total cases, 17 examined for case studies

p. 185-195 in A Resotrative Justice Approach to Family Violence: Changing Tack

Sibling sexual violence and victims' justice interests: a comparison of youth conferencing and judicial sentencing

https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/223406/2017-Daly-and-Wade-SSV-and-VJI-chapter-23-Oct-2016-Final.pdf

conference resolution of SSA criminal cases is superior to court resolution in the areas of victim voice, validation, vindication and participation; also higher in offender accountability; both had room for improvement; good summary of stats

comparison of conference vs court cases

Sexual interactions among siblings and cousins: experimentation or exploitation?

https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(89)90014-8

35/831 CSA cases were siblings; mean age of victim 5 for cousins, 7 for siblings ; four criteria were used to differentiate abuse--age difference>5 years, penetration, use of force, injury (???)

85 sibling and cousin incest cases

Child Abuse and Neglect

DeSmet, VanSpeybroeck, Verplaetse

The Westermarck Effect Revisited: a psychophysiological study of sibling incest averson in young female adults

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.09.004

young women who had bathed or shared a bedroom with a brother in early childhood showed more disgust at the suggestion of sexual experience with a brother

study using fascial muscle response to measure disgust

Evolution and Human Behavior

Sexual abuse by Siblings: the victims' perspectives

https://doi.org/10.1080/13552609608413254

SSA victims can be close in age or even older; similar emotional burdens as most CSA victims but more effect in: minimisation of the impact of the abuse, establishing responsibility and expressing anger, relationships with parents, physical dimensions and concern for the future

Child Abuse and Neglect

Reactions of nonoffending parents to the sexual abuse of their child

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077559501006004005

*No parents were SSA* review of factors affecting parental support and adjustment, effectiveness of interventions for parents

Child Maltreatment

"Pornography, problem sexual behavior and sibling on sibling sexual violence." Victoria, AU: Royal Commission into Family Violence (2016).

Assessment and disclosure of CSA: forensive evaluation in alleged sibling incest against children

https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.949394

SSA effects are similar to other CSA but worse due to increased intensity and duration, earlier age of onset, happening at home, later disclosure

Understanding Desistance from Sexual Offending: a thematic review of research findings

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0264550515600545

looks at factors that help adults desist from repeating sexual offenses

32 adult former SO's--25 desisting, 7 who have reoffended

Probation Journal

The Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Children and Adolescents Who Display Harmful Sexual Behaviour: A Review of the Existing Research

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-022-
00444-7

Each study looked at different ACE's, defined and measured differently, so hard to summarize results. Percentages of children displaying HSB who had experienced each ACE differed widely between studies. A high percentage of children in many studies had been in contact with child protection systems previously, many had spent time in foster care or had disruptions in caregiving due to death or parents' separation. Across all studies, girls who offended had higher rates of prior sexual abuse and more serious sexual abuse.

10 articles examining correlation between ACE's and sexual offending in male and female young people

Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma

Sex Among Siblings: a survey on prevalence, variety, and effects

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542244

13% of respondents, 15% of women and 10% of men, reported a sexual experience with a sibling; Finkelhor coded 25% of sibling sexual experiences (3.25% of overall sample) as exploitative based on age difference, severity, or the surveyee describing it as exploitative/harmful; 12% told anyone before survey; those with negative experiences LESS likely to tell; half considered it positive and half negative but women were more likely to see it as negative; fondling most common type of activity; 40% under age 8, 25% age 8-12, 35% over age 12; 33% happened once, 27% lasted over a year; 25% involved force or threat, 23% involved over 5 years age difference; women with sibling sexual esperience more likely to be sexually active at time of survey

Archives of Sexual Behavior

https://www.unh.edu/ccrc/sites/default/files/media/2022-03/the-prevention-of-childhood-sexual-abuse.pdf

Sex offender management doesn't work; school-based education works up to a point but needs to be further studied and refined; counseling is effective for young offenders in particular

position paper based on literature review

The Future of Children

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626086001001004

the studies in the survey are fairly uniform in failing to find differences in rates according to social class or race. A high prevalence across all social classes and ethnic groups is the most notable finding. Other factors have emerged from community studies as being consistently associated with higher risk for abuse: (a) when a child lives without one of the biological parents; (b) when the mother is unavailable to the child either as a result of employment outside the home or disability and illness; (c) when the child reports that the parents' marriage is unhappy or conflictual; (d) when the child reports having a poor relationship with the parents or being subject to extremely punitive discipline or child abuse; (e) when the child reports having a stepfather.

12 large surveys of the general population or students

Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Research on the Treatment of Sexually Abused Children: a review and recommendations

https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199511000-00007

review of treatment options, difficult to determine effectiveness due to study design and hidden complications

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Juveniles Who Commit Sex Offenses Against Minors

https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/227763.pdf

"juveniles account for 35.6% of those known to police to have committed sex offenses against minors; early adolescence is the peak age for offenses against younger children; 1 of 8 reported to police are under age 12; 7% are female; variation in #'s of reports by jurisdiction is great--more varied than for adult offenses

13,500 juvenile and 24,300 adult offenses reported to NIBRS in 2004

US DOJ Juvenile Justice Bulletin

Cultural Issues in Disclosures of CSA

https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.512520

describes a variety of cultures' values and taboos and how they influence disclosure and reactions; good discussion of disclosure in general

Disenfranchised Losses: Grief and Growth in Non-Death Loss Events

https://digitalcommons.memphis.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4007&context=etd

measures of grief such as event centrality, meaning made, and social meaning were found to be valid for Non-Death Loss (NDL) events; tangible and intangible losses associated with NDL events are described

International (Amazon Mechanical Turk sample)

Sexual Abuse and Assault in a Large National Sample of Children and Adolescents

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077559519873975

3/4 of all sexual assaults of children age 17 or younger is by another juvenile; 2/3 not reported to any adult; 1/5 reported to police

phone interviews with cross section of older adolescents

13,000 total, collected in 2008, 2011, 2014

Child Maltreatment

1992 (2007?)

Sibling Incest: a descriptive study of family dynamics

sibling incest is as harmful and possibly as common as parental

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing

Brother-sister incest: Characteristics, risk factors, trauma, and long-term effects among adult female survivors

https://www.proquest.com/openview/c85824b5cbfaec977e7a3478cc3de90b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y

already recognized as most common form of incest; CSA by a brother was more invasive, more likely to use force, more negative outcomes

80 women--SSA survivors, other CSA survivors, and controls not reporting CSA

PhD dissertation, University of Maine

Intrafamilial adolescent sex offenders: psychological profile and treatment

https://www.aic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-05/tandi375.pdf

40-90% of CSA by juveniles; familial offenders have greater developmental trauma, family dysfunction, conduct disorders, ADHD, need specialized treatment not just adult SO curriculum; good source for the 50% of offenders have previous victimization, including primary findings as well as citations of past studies corroborating the findings

literature review and 4 year data collection

Australian Institute of Criminology Trends and issues

"I Didn't Know Where to Go": an examination of Stop It Now!'s sexual abuse prevention helpline

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260519869237

most users of helpline are friends or family of person at risk to abuse and most often also the likely victim

what can helpline calls reveal about CSA risks

7000 helpline contacts 2012-2018

Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Long-term effects of sexual experiences with siblings and nonsiblings during childhood

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541971

17% of undergrads surveyed had a sexual encounter with a sibling; there were no significant differences in sexual functioning as adults between groups that had sibling, nonsibling, and no childhood sexual experiences

Archives of Sexual Behavior

Etiological Risk Factors for Sibling Incest: data from an anonymous computer-assisted self-interview

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1079063214558941

4.7% prevalence in survey; risk factors in descending order were sharing a bed, parent-child incest, family nudity, low levels of maternal affection, sharing a tub bath

Children and Young People with Harmful Sexual Behaviors

Chapter in book ("Children Behavior Badly") in which Hackett first uses his continuum graphic to illustrate the broad range represented by "harmful sexual behavior" Continuum is just an illustrative intro to the scope of possible harmful sexual behavior. Not an article focused on SSA or on victims/survivors at all but on a range of harmful sexual behavior at various ages.

Children Behaving Badly Book, Wiley

S/Book

Children and Young People with Harmful Sexual Behaviours

https://www.ncsby.org/sites/default/files/UK%20Report%20on%20Children%20and%20Young%20People%20with%20Harmful%20Sexual%20Behavior.pdf

review of research on CYP with HSB: characteristics, assessment, intervention, policy

risk factors and treatment for offenders

Family Responses fo Young People who have Sexually Abused: Anger, Ambivalence, and Acceptance

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2012.00471.x

parental responses varied greatly and were more condemning when the victim was also in the family

families of 117 young offenders

Children and Society

Hackett, Darling, Balfe, Masson, & Phillips

Life course outcomes and developmental pathways for children and young people with harmful sexual behaviour -- citation: Hackett, S., Darling, A. J., Balfe, M., Masson, H., & Phillips, J. (2022). Life course outcomes and developmental pathways for children and young people with harmful sexual behaviour. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 30(2), 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2022.2124323

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552600.2022.2124323#abstract

94% of this sample of adults had not sexually reoffended between ten and twenty years after the expression of harmful sexual behaviour in their childhoods

qualitative retrospective-documentary analysis and interviews

Individual, Family, and Abuse Characteristics of 700 British Child and Adolescent Sexual Abusers

https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2246

1/3 under age 13, most common age was 15, 38% learning disabled, 25% family victims, high rates of prior sexual and non-sexual victimization; half involved penetration; half had a male victim

700 young people referred for services 1992-2000

Child Abuse Review

Intrafamilial Adolescent Sex Offenders' Response to Psychological Treatment

https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2011.561763

According to adolescents who just completed services: Greatest improvements occurred in the areas of communication with family and friends, anger management, and impulsivity. All participants agreed that group therapy was the most beneficial component of the program. The space to express feelings about the inappropriate sexual behaviours, as well as other personal and family issues was regarded as key to positive change. Greater improvements in family functioning were reported when at least one parent also attended therapy. There were fewer indications of change in the expression of empathy and construction of relapse prevention plans.

12 adolescents completing a community-based treatment program

Psychiatry, Psychology, and Law

Physical Aggression and Sexual Behavior Among Siblings: A Retrospective Study

15/203 (7.4%) reported "sexual behavior with a sibling" defined as intimate physical contact, kissing up to intercourse, 1/52 male, 14/151 female. 12 (80%) described as "consensual", 5 (2.5%) described as "abusive", 12 (80%) described it happening no more than once or twice, mean age 8 (SD 4.5), 3/15 (2% of sample) described it happening "regularly", only one reported it to parents, 9 (6% of sample) were the younger sibling

203 undergraduates, 52 male 151 female, 75% white, 19% black, 6% brown, southern university, includes nontraditional students

Journal of Family Violence

Substantiation of Child Sexual Abuse Allegations: factors involved in the decision-making process

https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v04n02_02

Case workers were less certain of their decisions when allegations involved young children and adolescents and when allegations were made in the context of custody disputes.

Treating Sibling Incest Using a Family Systems Approach

https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.25.4.r0vm1whayctmlmww

provides a framework for treating SSA through family systems theory

N/A (recommended by Brad Watts)

Jounral of Mental Health Counseling

Adolescents who sexually abuse their siblings: a study of family factors and victim selection

https://apps.aifs.gov.au/cfcaregister/projects/546

compared to adolescents who sexually harm non-siblings, those who harm siblings have greater sibling rivalry, greater family dysfunction, disruption to early attachment; victim selection for all offenders was opportunistic

PhD dissertation, University of Melbourne

Adolescents who sexually abuse their siblings: An overview of the literature and issues for research attention.

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Adolescents%20who%20sexually%20abuse%20their%20siblings:%20An%20overview%20of%20the%20literature%20and%20issues%20for%20research%20attention#d=gs_cit&t=1658353010667&u=%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dinfo%3ABIMYWMzAwHoJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26output%3Dcite%26scirp%3D0%26hl%3Denn

Eighth Australasian Conference on Child Sexual Abuse and Neglect

https://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/resource/basically-porn-is-everywhere/

age, frequency, prevalence of exposure hard to pin down; definitions of CYP and of porn vary; few studies have been designed to determine causality vs correlation; "CYP learn from and may change their behaviour due to exposure and access to porn" including riskier sexual practices; "there is a resonable amount of research that links exposure to porn with aggressive behaviour. However, it is limited in its interpretive value...fewer studies have examined porn's relationship with sexual offending among CYP and hardly any have used non-offending control groups." Few CYP hold positive views of porn and females' views are particularly negative; "The relationships between young people viewing violence and their attitudes and behaviours are complex and multifaceted." Need to give young people a central voice in future research.

impact of pornography on offending and on CYP in general

430 studies weighted for evidence

Scoping Review of the Definitions Used to Describe and Understand HSB in Children and Young People

https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231218294

history of terms used for juvenile sexual offending/harmful sexual behavior in academic literature; 97% of articles focused on perspective of child with harmful sexual behavior, "relying solely on one term to describe a range of sexual behaviors present in children and young people limits our understanding of the different developmental pathways and treatment needs, implies similarities between groups that are not present."

language used to describe behavior of offenders

scoping review of terms in academic and gray literature

English-published literature; "gray literature" from UK and AU

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

IWF Annual Report: Self-Generated Imagery Trends & Data

https://annualreport2022.iwf.org.uk/trends-and-data/self-generated-csam/

the majority of CSAM located by IWF in 2022 was "self-generated" imagery, directed by an abuser online. 50% of these images are of girls age 11-13, images of ages 7-10 are increasing rapidly, images of boys are increasing, boys are increasingly likely to request that their online images are removed, a small number of images located involve two children coerced to record sexual activity with each other

annual report data of images located by IWF

127,732 "self-generated" images

Shame, Realisation and Restitution: The Ethics of Restorative Practice

https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1467-8438.2006.tb00713.x

examination of restorative justice for men who have SA'ed family members

Discriminant factors for adolescent sexual offending: On the usefulness of considering both victim age and sibling incest

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.01.006

juveniles engaging in HSB with younger children (vs. peers or adults) have higher rates (75%) of social isolation or rejection

350 recorded offenses 1992-2002

Child Abuse and Neglect

Case of Sibling Incest Resulting in Pregnancy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2016.09.002

Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences

2017 (updated 2018, 2021)

The Scale and Nature of CSA: Review of Evidence

https://www.csacentre.org.uk/documents/scale-nature-review-evidence-0621/

comprehensive metanalysis hones in on 12-20% of girls and 5-8% of boys experiencing CSA; England's local authorities found 30,000 children to be at risk of CSA but only 2600 were placed on protection plans

at least 5 metanalyses of prevalence

Centre of Expertise on CSA

From My Own Brother in My Own Home: Children’s Experiences and Perceptions Following Alleged Sibling Incest

https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515600876

all waited years to disclose successfully, 15/20 described negative or unhelpful reaction when telling a parent, 17/20 reported abuse happening when parent was away or asleep, 16/20 described routine, repeated abuse, 16/20 described some kind of persuasion/grooming/manipulation, but study also noted that "grooming" to gain access, trust, and bonding is not necessary in the context of the sibling relationship, which continued alongside the abusive behavior--e.g. "after he was done we watched TV"

children's descriptions and perceptions of SSA as given in forensic interviews

20 forensic interviews, age 6-12, 17 girls and 3 boys, all involving multiple instances of penetration

Journal of Interpersonal Violence

No Way to Run or Hide: children's perceptions of their responses during IFCSA

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104541

children have to find unique ways to adapt when fight, flight, or disclosure are not options

study based on thematic analysis of interviews

40 forensic interviews of father-child IFCSA age 4-14

Child Abuse and Neglect

A Balancing Act: A Family Perspective to SSA

https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2284

Victoria, Australia's SACCP is tasked with protecting the safety and welfare of children, including those who are victims of sexual violence and those who have caused sexual violence. The article is a description of the challenges and statutory dilemmas facing the organisation in cases of SSA where both siblings are children, and attempting to value the needs of both equally, while valuing the family as a whole and utilizing a family therapy approach when possible. Includes a list of basic needs of/from the child(ren) who was harmed, child(ren) who harmed, and parents/caregivers, before allowing children to live in the same household again.

balancing needs of children, safeguarding decisions re: separation/reunification

3 case examples, and history of statutory approaches

Child Abuse Review

KEY: W=website; B=blog; P=primary source ; S=secondary source

S/book

Understanding and Responding to SSA

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34010-9

Lit review, summary of SARSAS adult survivor project, summary of development of assessment tool for children presenting with SSA

adult survivor voices, assessment tools for social workers

book: lit review, research summary

Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime & Society

https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2023.2241482

describes tendencies of professionals to either minimize or catastrophize when investigating and classifying SSA reports; two youth survivor interviews mentioned being overlooked for services, one because brother had been removed from the home, the other described her mother being offered counseling but not her; lack of "joined up" national approach and spotty services adds to this approach, as social workers either enhance or leave out details in order to get children who have caused harm the services they need; recommendations include developing a cohesive national strategy and set of services, including interventions for the whole family, providing specific training and professional development on SSA, and mapping pathways for intervention (starting with recently-released assessment tool)

2 youth survivors, 30 professional responders across many disciplines

Journal of Sexual Aggression

Perspectives of Young Adult Males who displayed HSB during adolescence on motive and treatment

https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2018.1563647

past offenders report that interventions targeting their HSB and their individual needs were most helpful; offenders with cognitive disabilities were more likely to reoffend; guilt and sadness over actions remained 6 years later into young adulthood

22 adult males who offended as teens

Journal of Sexual Aggression

Sexual Experiences Survey: Reliability and Validity

https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.422

male survivors are more likely to deny sexual abuse in person that they reported on a survey

242 female and 144 male university students

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

SSA: an empirial analysis of offender, victim, and event characteristics in NIBRS data, 2000-2007

https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.588190

82% victims under age 13, 57% offenders age 13-15, 32% offenders age 12 or under, 72% biological siblings, 71% female victims, 92% male offenders, 67% brother-sister, 25% brother-brother, 4% each same-gender; 55% fondling, 40% personal penetration, 5% object penetration (only contact offenses included), 13% involved multiple siblings; mean age of victim 8 years, 25% age difference under 5 years

prevalence and demographics of reported SSA

13,000 sexual assaults of siblings reported to LE

Mothers' reactions to disclosures of SSA

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5165395.pdf

descriptive in depth quotes & analysis of three mothers' reactions, all single mothers with an older brother who abused a younger sister

doctoral dissertation

"Normal" Childhood Sexual Play & Games: Differentiating Play from Abuse

https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(93)90026-2

14% of SSA disclosed as a child; 44% of undergrad women reported cross-gender sex play as a child; cross-gender sex play and physical involvement both highly correlated with perceiving the activity as abusive

128 undergraduates at an all-female college

Child Abuse & Neglect

wish list to read full text

Understanding the Scope of CSA: Challenges and Opportunities

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554624//

comprehensive surveillance system recommended

NIH National Library of Medicine

Sexual Offending in Adolescence: a comparison of sibling offenders and nonsibling offenders across domains of risk and treatment need

https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.571233

sibling offenders more likely to have history of CSA, exposure to DV and porn, than non-sibling offenders

clinical study--info on file and interviews

166 adolescent offenders--100 sibling, 66 non-sibling

Effects of older brother-younger sister incest: a study of the dynamics of 17 cases

https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(92)90050-2

effects included difficulty trusting, low self-esteem, intrusive thoughts of incest, sexual response difficulties

Child Abuse and Neglect

Barriers and Facilitators to Disclosing Sexual Abuse in Childhood: a systematic review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.009

literature review on barriers to disclosure during childhood/adolescence

review of 13 studies with 1000 total participants

Child Abuse and Neglect

The economic impact of CSA in the US

estimates cost of CSA as $9.3 billion; lifetime cost of "nonfatal" CSA for a female estimated at $282,734

based on statistics for 2015 in the US