CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1
Table S2. Sources of tiger observation data, 2001 - 2020
2
Adhikarimayum, A. S., & Gopi, G. V. (2018). First photographic record of tiger presence at higher elevations of the Mishmi Hills in the Eastern Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 10(13), 12833–12836. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4381.10.13.12833-12836
3
Aditya, V., & Ganesh, T. (2017). Mammals of Papikonda Hills, northern Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 9(10), 10823–10830.
4
Ahmed, M. F. (2009). Ecological Monitoring of Tigers in Orang National Park, Assam, India. First Year (2008-2009) (Technical Report, Aaranyak, TRCI: 01/2009). http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Aaranyak_Technical_Report_Orang_Tiger_Project.pdf
5
Ahmed, M. F., Borah, J., Das, C., Basumatary, A., Sarma, R. N., Gogoi, D. D., Buragohain, S. N., Vasu, N. K., Talukdar, B. K., & Jhala, Y. V. (2010). Monitoring tigers and prey animals of Kaziranga National Park, Assam. India.
6
Ahmed, M. F., Lahkar, B. P., & Lahkar, D. (2019). Transboundary Tiger Conservation in Indo-Bhutan Barnadi-Jomotshangkha Forest Complex. Aaranyak.
7
Ahmed, M. F., Lahkar, D., Das, A. K., & Dutta, K. (2019). Assisting Conservation and Protection of Tigers and Habitats in the Upper Brahmaputra Valleys of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, India. Aaranyak.
8
Ahumada, J. A., Silva, C. E. F., Gajapersad, K., Hallam, C., Hurtado, J., Martin, E., McWilliam, A., Mugerwa, B., O’Brien, T., & Rovero, F. (2011). Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: Data from a global camera trap network. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1578), 2703–2711.
9
Allen, M. L., Sibarani, M. C., Utoyo, L., & Krofel, M. (2020). Terrestrial mammal community richness and temporal overlap between tigers and other carnivores in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 97–107. https://doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0097
10
Andheria, A. P., Karanth, K. U., & Kumar, N. S. (2007). Diet and prey profiles of three sympatric large carnivores in Bandipur Tiger Reserve, India. Journal of Zoology, 273(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00310.x
11
Anwar, M., & Borah, J. (2020). Functional status of a wildlife corridor with reference to tiger in Terai Arc Landscape of India. Tropical Ecology, 1–7.
12
Anwar, M., Kumar, H., & Vattakaver, J. (2010). Status of Tigers in Pilibhit Forest Division, Terai Arc Landscape, Uttar Pradesh, India. WWF-India.
13
Ariyanto, T., Dinata, Y., Dwiyanto, Sugito, W., Turyanto, E., Kirklin, S., & Amin, R. (2021). Status of Sumatran Tiger in the Berbak-Sembilang landscape (2020). Journal of Threatened Taxa, 13(6), 18419–18426. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.6271.13.6.18419-18426
14
Ash, E., Hallam, C., Chanteap, P., Kaszta, Zaneta, Macdonald, D. W., Rojanachinda, W., Redford, T., & Harihar, A. (2020). Estimating the density of a globally important tiger (Panthera tigris) population: Using simulations to evaluate survey design in Eastern Thailand. Biological Conservation, 241, 108349.
15
Ash, E., Noochdumrong, A., Jaroensuk, B., Raksat, S., Kaszta, Z., Srinoppawan, K., Redford, T., Chanteap, P., Hallam, C., & Macdonald, D. (2020). Opportunity for Thailand’s forgotten tigers: Assessment of the Indochinese tiger Panthera tigris corbetti and its prey with camera-trap surveys. Oryx.
16
Athreya, V., Odden, M., Linnell, J. D. C., Krishnaswamy, J., & Karanth, U. (2013). Big cats in our backyards: Persistence of large carnivores in a human dominated landscape in India. PloS One, 8(3).
17
Aung, S. S., Shwe, N. M., Frechette, J., Grindley, M., & Connette, G. (2017). Surveys in southern Myanmar indicate global importance for tigers and biodiversity. Oryx, 51(1), 13–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316001393
18
Azad, M. A. K., Hashem, M. A., & Hossain, M. M. (2005). Study of the Human Royal Bengal Tiger Interaction of in situ and ex situ in Bangladesh. Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(3), 250–252.
19
Aziz, M. A., Tollington, S., Barlow, A., Goodrich, J., Shamsuddoha, M., Islam, M. A., & Groombridge, J. J. (2017). Investigating patterns of tiger and prey poaching in the Bangladesh Sundarbans: Implications for improved management. Global Ecology and Conservation, 9, 70–81.
20
Aziz, Md. A., Kabir, M. J., Shamsuddoha, M., Ahsan, M. M., Sharma, S., Chakma, S., Jahisd, M., Chowdhury, M. M. R., & Rahman, S. M. (2019). Second phase Status of Tigers in Bangladesh Sundarban 2018 (p. 40). Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University; WildTeam, Bangladesh; Forest Department.
21
Azlan, J., & Sharma, D. (2003). Camera trapping the Indochinese tiger, Panthera tigris corbetti, in a secondary forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51(2), 421–427.
22
Bagchi, S., Goyal, S., & Sankar, K. (2003). Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers (Panthera tigris) in a semi-arid, dry deciduous forest in western India. Journal of Zoology, 260(3), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0952836903003765
23
Baker, M., McShea, W., Howard, J., Bhumpakphan, N., & Sukmasuang, R. (2015). Survey for small felid species in Thailand reserves & evidence for competitive exclusion by larger felids (p. 20). Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute & Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University.
24
Bali, A., Kumar, A., & Krishnaswamy, J. (2007). The mammalian communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats, India. Biological Conservation, 139(1–2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.017
25
Barlow, A. C. D., McDougal, C., Smith, J. L. D., Gurung, B., Bhatta, S. R., Kumal, S., Mahato, B., & Tamang, D. B. (2009). Temporal Variation in Tiger (Panthera tigris) Populations and Its Implications for Monitoring. Journal of Mammalogy, 90(2), 472–478. JSTOR.
26
Bashir, T., Bhattacharya, T., Poudyal, K., Roy, M., & Sambandam, S. (2014). Precarious status of the Endangered dhole Cuon alpinus in the high elevation Eastern Himalayan habitats of Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India. Oryx, 48, 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531200049X
27
Bashir, T., Bhattacharya, T., Poudyal, K., Sathyakumar, S., & Qureshi, Q. (2013). Estimating leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis densities using photographic captures and recaptures. Wildlife Biology, 19(4), 462–472.
28
Bhattacharya, A., & Habib, B. (2016). Highest elevation record of tiger presence from India. Cat News, 64, 24.
29
Bhattarai, B. P., & Kindlmann, P. (2012). Interactions between Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus): Implications for their conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21(8), 2075–2094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-012-0298-y
30
Bisht, S., Banerjee, S., Qureshi, Q., & Jhala, Y. (2019). Demography of a high‐density tiger population and its implications for tiger recovery. Journal of Applied Ecology, 56(7), 1725–1740. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13410
31
Bista, D., Lama, S. T., Shrestha, J., Rumba, Y. B., Weerman, J., Thapa, M., Acharya, H., Sherpa, A. P., Hudson, N. J., Baxter, G. S., & Murray, P. J. (2021). First record of Bengal Tiger, Panthera tigris tigris Linnaeus, 1758 (Felidae), in eastern Nepal. Check List, 17(5), 1249–1253. https://doi.org/10.15560/17.5.1249
32
Biswas, S., Bhatt, S., Sarkar, D., Talukdar, G., Pandav, B., & Mondol, S. (2020). Assessing tiger corridor functionality with landscape genetics and modelling across Terai-Arc Landscape, India [Preprint]. Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.24.353789
33
Borah, J., Ahmed, M. F., & Sarma, P. K. (2010). Brahmaputra River islands as potential corridors for dispersing tigers: A case study from Assam, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 2(11), 350–358.
34
Borah, J., Jena, J., Yumnam, B., & Puia, L. (2016). Carnivores in corridors: Estimating tiger occupancy in Kanha-Pench corridor, Madhya Pradesh, India. Regional Environmental Change, 16(1), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0904-0
35
Borah, J., Wangchuk, D., & Swargowari, A. (2013). Tigers in the transboundary Manas conservation complex: Conservation implications across borders. Parks, 19, 51.
36
Borah, J., Wangchuk, D., Swargowari, A., Wangchuk, T., Sharma, T., Das, D., Rabha, N., Basumatari, A., Kakati, N., Ahmed, M. F., & 16 other authors. (2012). Tigers across Borders: Tigers in the Indo-Bhutan Transboundary Manas Conservation Complex (TMCC). Tempa T., Wangdi Y., Nedup T., Wangdi T., Tharchen L., Dhendup P., Bhobora CR, Pandav B. and Vattakaven J.
37
Borthakur, U., Barman, R. D., Das, C., Basumatary, A., Talukdar, A., Ahmed, M. F., Talukdar, B. K., & Bharali, R. (2011). Noninvasive genetic monitoring of tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) population of Orang National Park in the Brahmaputra floodplain, Assam, India. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE RESEARCH, 57(3), 603–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-010-0471-0
38
Borthakur, U., Saini, R. P., Gupta, S. S., Jakher, R., Das, C., Das, A. K., Sarma, P. K., Talukdar, B. K., & Bharali, R. (2013). Noninvasive genetic assessment of population status of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 6. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.5897/IJBC12.067
39
Buzzard, P. J., Li, X., & Bleisch, W. V. (2017). The status of snow leopards Panthera uncia, and high altitude use by common leopards P. pardus, in north-west Yunnan, China. Oryx, 51(4), 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605317000825
40
Caragiulo, A., Kang, Y., Rabinowitz, S., Dias-Freedman, I., Loss, S., Zhou, X.-W., Bao, W.-D., & Amato, G. (2015). Presence of the Endangered Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in Jilin Province, China, detected using non-invasive genetic techniques. Oryx, 49(4), 632–635. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000817
41
Chakma, S. (2016). Assessment of large mammals of the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh with emphasis on tiger (Panthera tigris) [Ph.D. dissertation, University of Dhaka]. http://repository.library.du.ac.bd:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/1338/Suprio%20Chakma.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
42
Chanchani, P. (2015). Pilibhit Tiger Reserve. Economic and Political Weekly, 50(20), 11.
43
Chanchani, P., Bista, A., Warrier, R., Nair, S., Sharma, R., Hassan, D., & Gupta, M. (2014). Status and conservation of tigers and their prey in the Uttar Pradesh Terai. WWF-India.
44
Chanchani, P., Lamichhane, B. R., Malla, S., Maurya, K., Bista, A., Warrier, R., Nair, S., Almeida, M., Ravi, R., & Sharma, R. (2014). Tigers of the Transboundary Terai Arc Landscape: Status, distribution and movement in the Terai of India and Nepal (p. 3). National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India, and Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation, Government of Nepal NTNC/DNPWC.
45
Chatterjee, A. B., Saha, R., Chowdhury, R., Guha, S., & Choudhury, A. (2018). Status of Tigers in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve: Session 2015-2016. (p. 52). WWF-India.
46
Chatterjee, N., Schuttler, S. G., Nigam, P., & Habib, B. (2021). Deciphering the rarity–detectability continuum: Optimizing survey design for terrestrial mammalian community. Ecosphere, 12(9), e03748. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3748
47
Chatterjee, P., Mondal, K., Tripathy, B., & Chandra, K. (2020). First photographic evidence of Panthera tigris from Neora Valley National Park, Central Himalayas, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 120, 89–91. https://doi.org/10.26515/rzsi/v120/i1/2020/144036
48
Chauhan, D. S., Singh, R., Mishra, S., Dadda, T., & Goyal, S. P. (2006). Estimation of tiger population in an intensive study area of Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India. Contents.
49
Chhin, S., Souter, N. J., Ngoprasert, D., Browne, S. J., & Savini, T. (2019). Population density and habitat loss of Chestnut-headed Partridge Arborophila cambodiana in south-west Cambodia. Bird Conservation International, 29(4), 1–12.
50
Choudhury, A. (2003). The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. Regency Publications.
51
Chowdhury, D. R., Das, S. K., Sarkar, P. K., Choudhury, T., Borah, J., & Saha, R. (2018). Monitoring of Tigers in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve (2014-2015), 24 Parganas (South) Forest Division and Basirhat Range, India. (p. 35). WWF-India.
52
Chowdhury, R. D., Das, S. K., & Saha, R. (2018). Status of Tigers in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve: Session 2015-2016 (p. 54). WWF-India.
53
Chundawat, R. S., Gogate, N., & Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1999). Tigers in Panna: Preliminary results from an Indian tropical dry forest. In J. Seidensticker, S. Christie, & P. Jackson (Eds.), Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes (pp. 123–129). Cambridge University Press.
54
Chutipong, W., Tantipisanuh, N., Ngoprasert, D., Lynam, A. J., Steinmetz, R., Jenks, K. E., Sukmasuang, G.A.G., Harich, F.K., Treydte, A.C., & Cutter, P. (2014). Current distribution and conservation status of small carnivores in Thailand: A baseline review. Small Carnivore Conservation, 51, 96–136.
55
Cita, K. D., Adila, R. A., Hardianto, R. I., Adib, M. F., & Setyaningsih, L. (2022). Wildlife Camera Trapping: Estimating the Abundance of Sumatran Tiger’s Prey in Way Kambas National Park. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 959(1), 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012020
56
Coudrat, C. N. Z., Nanthavong, C., Sayavong, S., Johnson, A., Johnston, J. B., & Robichaud, W. G. (2014). Non-Panthera cats in Nakai–Nam Theun National Protected Area, Lao PDR. Cat News, Special, 8, 45–52.
57
Creative Conservation Alliance. (2016). A Preliminary Wildlife Survey in Sangu-Matamuhuri Reserve Forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Creative Conservation Alliance. https://storage.googleapis.com/plos-corpus-prod/10.1371/journal.pone.0175450/1/pone.0175450.s008.pdf?X-Goog-Algorithm=GOOG4-RSA-SHA256&X-Goog-Credential=wombat-sa%40plos-prod.iam.gserviceaccount.com%2F20211012%2Fauto%2Fstorage%2Fgoog4_request&X-Goog-Date=20211012T191644Z&X-Goog-Expires=86400&X-Goog-SignedHeaders=host&X-Goog-Signature=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
58
Cremonesi, G., Bisi, F., Gaffi, L., Zaw, T., Naing, H., Moe, K., Aung, Z., Mazzamuto, M. V., Gagliardi, A., Wauters, L. A., Preatoni, D. G., & Martinoli, A. (2021). Camera Trapping to Assess Status and Composition of Mammal Communities in a Biodiversity Hotspot in Myanmar. Animals, 11(3), 880. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030880
59
Cutter, P. G. (2014). Landscape-scale Conservation Planning and Wildlife Monitoring in Southeast Asia [Ph.D. dissertation]. University of Minnesota.
60
Dakpa, R., & Dhendup, T. (2021). Camera trap records a tiger close to Phrumsengla National Park in Central Bhutan. Cat News, 72, 4–5.
61
Das, S. K., Sarkar, P. K., Saha, R., Vyas, P., Dana, A. A., & Vattakavan, J. (2012). Status of Tigers in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve: 24-Parganas (South) Forest Division, West Bengal, India. WWF-India. http://awsassets.wwfindia.org/downloads/status_of_tigers_in_24_parganas__south__forest_division_08_10_12.pdf
62
Datta, A., Anand, M. O., & Naniwadekar, R. (2008). Empty forests: Large carnivore and prey abundance in Namdapha National Park, north-east India. Biological Conservation, 141(5), 1429–1435.
63
Debata, S., & Swain, K. K. (2018). Estimating mammalian diversity and relative abundance using camera traps in a tropical deciduous forest of Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary, eastern India. Mammal Study, 43(1), 45–53.
64
Department of Wildlife and National Parks - Peninsula Malaysia. (2008). National tiger action plan for Malaysia, 2008-2020 (Cet. 1) [Electronic resource]. Malayan Tiger Conservation Workshop, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Dept. of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia. http://www.wildlife.gov.my/images/stories/penerbitan/lain_lain/TAP.pdf
65
Dey, T. K., Kabir, M. J., Ahsan, M. M., Islam, M. M., Chowdhury, M. M. R., Hassan, S., Roy, M., Qureshi, Q., Naha, D., Kumar, U., & Jhala, Y. V. (2015). First Phase Tiger Status Report of Bangladesh Sundarbans (p. 28). Wildlife Institute of India and Bangladesh Forest Department.
66
Dhakal, M., Karki (Thapa), M., Jnawali, S. R., Subedi, N., Pradhan, N. M. B., Malla, S., Lamichhane, B. R., Pokheral, P. C., Thapa, G. J., Oglethorpe, J., Subba, S. A., Bajracharya, P. R., & Yadav, H. (2014). Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal (p. 73). Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation.
67
Dhendup, T. (2019). Tiger Monitoring in Bhutan Using Non-invasive Genetic Tools [M.S. Thesis]. University of Montana.
68
Dinata, Y. (2008). Assessing the conservation status of tigers In West Sumatra, Final report to Conservation Leadership Program (p. 18).
69
Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Robinson, J. G., Karanth, K. U., Rabinowitz, A. R., Olson, D. M., Matthew, T., Hedao, P., & Connor, M. (1997). A Framework for Identifying High Priority Areas and Actions for the Conservation of Tigers in the Wild. World Wildlife Fund-US, Wildlife Conservation Society, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation’s Save the Tiger Fund. https://www.panthera.org/sites/default/files/1995-0166-012_PART1.pdf
70
DNPWC & DFSC. (2018). Status of Tigers and Prey in Nepal, 2018. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation & Department of Forests and Soil Conservation, Ministry of Forests and Environment. https://ntnc.org.np/sites/default/files/doc_publication/2019-04/Tiger_prey%20report%202019.pdf
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78
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82
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84
Ganguli-Lachungpa, U. (1998). On the occurrence of the tiger Panthera tigris in Sikkim. The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society., 95(1), 109–110.
85
Gardner, B., Sollmann, R., Kumar, N. S., Jathanna, D., & Karanth, K. U. (2018). State space and movement specification in open population spatial capture–recapture models. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 10336–10344. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4509
86
Ghazali, A. N., Meisery, A., Adam, L., Hasnan, M. H. S., Yazi, M. F., Patah, P. A., Rozi, M., Rasid, A. F. A., & Tan, C. C. (2019). Wildlife monitoring at Labis Timur Ecological Corridor (CFS2: PL1) in Johor, Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 34, 2.
87
Gopal, R., Qureshi, Q., Bhardwaj, M., Singh, R., & Jhala, Y. V. (2010). Evaluating the status of the Endangered tiger Panthera tigris and its prey in Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India. Oryx, 44(3), 383–389.
88
Gopalaswamy, A. M., Royle, J. A., Delampady, M., Nichols, J. D., Karanth, K. U., & Macdonald, D. W. (2012). Density estimation in tiger populations: Combining information for strong inference. Ecology, 93(7), 1741–1751.
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Gopalaswamy, A. M., Royle, J. A., Hines, J. E., Singh, P., Jathanna, D., Kumar, N., & Karanth, K. U. (2012). Program SPACECAP: software for estimating animal density using spatially explicit capture–recapture models. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(6), 1067–1072.
90
Gopi, G. V., Qureshi, Q., & Jhala, Y. V. (2014). A Rapid Field Survey of Dibang Valley District: Arunachal Pradesh.
91
Grassman, L. I., Haines, A. M., Janečka, J. E., & Tewes, M. E. (2006). Activity periods of photo-captured mammals in north central Thailand/Périodes d’activité des mammifères photo-capturés en Thïlande. Mammalia, 70(3/4), 306–309. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1515/MAMM.2006.048
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