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1 | Vitamin A supplementation (VAS) - Helen Keller International | Burkina Faso | Cameroon | Côte d'Ivoire | DRC | Guinea | Kenya | Madagascar | Mali | Niger | Adamawa | Akwa Ibom | Benue | Ekiti | Nasarawa | Taraba | Anambra | Delta | Ebonyi | Edo | Imo | Kogi | Ogun | Osun | Rivers | |
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5 | Funding allocation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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7 | Percentage of total program costs covered by Helen Keller International | 43% | 64% | 47% | 47% | 55% | 47% | 60% | 43% | 36% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | |
8 | Percentage of total costs covered by Nutrition International (vitamin A capsule procurement) | 6% | 6% | 7% | 7% | 5% | 7% | 7% | 8% | 8% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | |
9 | Percentage of total program costs covered by other philanthropic actors | 6% | 0% | 13% | 13% | 10% | 13% | 0% | 18% | 26% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | 13% | |
10 | Government financial costs as a percentage of total costs | 15% | 0% | 3% | 3% | 0% | 3% | 3% | 0% | 0% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | |
11 | In-kind government costs as a percentage of total costs | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | 30% | |
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13 | Number of children covered with VAS with a hypothetical donation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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15 | Donation to Helen Keller International (arbitrary size) | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | $100,000 | |
16 | Total amount spent on hypothetical program by all contributors | $231,984 | $156,167 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $180,908 | $214,597 | $167,137 | $231,232 | $276,482 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | $214,597 | |
17 | Cost per child covered per supplementation round | $1.06 | $1.14 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.39 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $0.80 | $0.86 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | $1.02 | |
18 | Supplementation rounds per year | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
19 | Cost per child covered per year | $2.11 | $2.27 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.79 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $1.60 | $1.72 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | $2.03 | |
20 | Total number of children covered in one year | 109,839 | 68,700 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 64,914 | 105,472 | 82,146 | 144,217 | 160,815 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | 105,472 | |
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22 | Meta-analysis finding on relative rate of mortality reduction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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24 | Relative risk of all-cause mortality for children aged 6- to 59-months participating in VAS programs | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | |
25 | Corresponding reduction in all-cause mortality rates | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | 24% | |
26 | Estimated coverage in RCTs included in meta-analysis | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | 87% | |
27 | Reduction in all-cause mortality rates for all children treated | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | 27% | |
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29 | Mortality reduction with hypothetical donation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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31 | Baseline deaths per 1,000 child-years for children aged 6- to 59-months | 17.8 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 7.4 | 14.7 | 4.0 | 6.7 | 17.9 | 19.4 | 16.2 | 6.6 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 10.2 | 17.6 | 4.7 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 6.6 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 4.2 | 9.0 | |
32 | Expected number of deaths in hypothetical cohort of children over one year in absence of VAS program | 1,955 | 584 | 942 | 777 | 952 | 423 | 552 | 2,586 | 3,121 | 1,710 | 692 | 1,081 | 811 | 1,076 | 1,858 | 495 | 914 | 1,116 | 697 | 484 | 591 | 718 | 444 | 947 | |
33 | Expected deaths averted in cohort due to program (before internal and external validity adjustments) | 537 | 161 | 259 | 214 | 262 | 116 | 152 | 711 | 858 | 470 | 190 | 297 | 223 | 296 | 511 | 136 | 251 | 307 | 192 | 133 | 163 | 197 | 122 | 260 | |
34 | Internal validity adjustment — VAS | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | 74% | |
35 | External validity adjustment — VAS | 31% | 53% | 26% | 48% | 29% | 51% | 59% | 36% | 57% | 30% | 16% | 22% | 18% | 27% | 37% | 13% | 14% | 29% | 14% | 17% | 18% | 17% | 14% | 20% | |
36 | Additional adjustment for baseline mortality rate and VAD prevalence estimates in Kenya | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 41% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
37 | External validity adjustment (after additional adjustment) | 31% | 53% | 26% | 48% | 29% | 30% | 59% | 36% | 57% | 30% | 16% | 22% | 18% | 27% | 37% | 13% | 14% | 29% | 14% | 17% | 18% | 17% | 14% | 20% | |
38 | Expected deaths averted in cohort due to program (after internal and external validity adjustments) | 123.2 | 62.7 | 49.6 | 75.8 | 56.2 | 25.6 | 65.8 | 186.9 | 364.1 | 103.2 | 22.8 | 47.3 | 29.8 | 58.7 | 138.2 | 12.6 | 26.6 | 65.9 | 19.9 | 16.8 | 21.6 | 24.9 | 12.7 | 38.5 | |
39 | Value assigned to averting the death of a 6- to 59-month-old child (VAS) | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | 119 | |
40 | Total units of value from mortality reduction | 14,633 | 7,449 | 5,888 | 9,003 | 6,678 | 3,045 | 7,810 | 22,196 | 43,232 | 12,258 | 2,705 | 5,616 | 3,542 | 6,974 | 16,413 | 1,501 | 3,156 | 7,827 | 2,364 | 1,992 | 2,564 | 2,955 | 1,510 | 4,567 | |
41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Development benefits | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Units of value from development effects per treatment-year of VAS, compared to SMC (before internal and external adjustments) | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | |
44 | Units of value from development effects per treatment-year of SMC, average across contexts | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |
45 | Units of value from development effects per treatment-year of VAS (before internal and external validity adjustments) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
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47 | Units of value from development benefits | 1,058 | 1,127 | 849 | 1,573 | 586 | 977 | 1,497 | 1,594 | 2,868 | 973 | 531 | 706 | 593 | 880 | 1,199 | 412 | 469 | 952 | 460 | 558 | 589 | 558 | 461 | 655 | |
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49 | Initial results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | Initial cost per life saved estimate | $1,882 | $2,489 | $4,328 | $2,830 | $3,216 | $8,367 | $2,541 | $1,237 | $759 | $2,079 | $9,420 | $4,537 | $7,194 | $3,653 | $1,552 | $16,975 | $8,073 | $3,255 | $10,777 | $12,793 | $9,937 | $8,623 | $16,877 | $5,579 | |
51 | Total units of value generated | 15,692 | 8,576 | 6,737 | 10,576 | 7,264 | 4,023 | 9,307 | 23,790 | 46,100 | 13,232 | 3,236 | 6,321 | 4,135 | 7,854 | 17,613 | 1,913 | 3,625 | 8,779 | 2,825 | 2,550 | 3,153 | 3,513 | 1,971 | 5,222 | |
52 | Units of value generated per dollar spent | 0.068 | 0.055 | 0.031 | 0.049 | 0.040 | 0.019 | 0.056 | 0.103 | 0.167 | 0.062 | 0.015 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.037 | 0.082 | 0.009 | 0.017 | 0.041 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.009 | 0.024 | |
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54 | Initial cost-effectiveness estimate in multiples of cash transfers | 20.2 | 16.4 | 9.4 | 14.7 | 12.0 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 30.7 | 49.7 | 18.4 | 4.5 | 8.8 | 5.7 | 10.9 | 24.5 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 12.2 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 7.3 | |
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56 | Percent of total units of value generated from mortality reduction | 93% | 87% | 87% | 85% | 92% | 76% | 84% | 93% | 94% | 93% | 84% | 89% | 86% | 89% | 93% | 78% | 87% | 89% | 84% | 78% | 81% | 84% | 77% | 87% | |
57 | Percent of total units of value generated from development benefits | 7% | 13% | 13% | 15% | 8% | 24% | 16% | 7% | 6% | 7% | 16% | 11% | 14% | 11% | 7% | 22% | 13% | 11% | 16% | 22% | 19% | 16% | 23% | 13% | |
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59 | Supplemental charity-level adjustments — Helen Keller International | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Risk of wastage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Double treatment | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 44% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | |
63 | Ineffective goods | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
64 | Goods purchased and left in storage until they expire / Cash doesn't reach recipients or is taken back from them inappropriately | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
65 | Total adjustment for risk of wastage | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 44% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | 25% | |
66 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Quality of monitoring and evaluation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Misappropriation without monitoring results | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | |
69 | False monitoring results | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | |
70 | Total adjustment for quality of monitoring and evaluation | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | 17% | |
71 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Confidence in funds being used for intended purpose | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Change of priorities | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
74 | Non-funding bottlenecks | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | |
75 | Within-org fungibility | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | |
76 | Total adjustment for confidence in funds being used for intended purpose | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | |
77 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | Total adjustment factor | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 34% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | 53% | |
79 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | Results after supplemental charity-level adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Expected deaths averted in cohort due to program | 65 | 33 | 26 | 40 | 30 | 14 | 22 | 99 | 193 | 55 | 12 | 25 | 16 | 31 | 73 | 7 | 14 | 35 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 7 | 20 | |
82 | Cost per death averted, after supplemental charity-level adjustments | $3,552 | $4,697 | $8,165 | $5,340 | $6,069 | $15,787 | $7,473 | $2,334 | $1,433 | $3,922 | $17,773 | $8,561 | $13,573 | $6,893 | $2,929 | $32,028 | $15,232 | $6,142 | $20,334 | $24,137 | $18,748 | $16,271 | $31,843 | $10,527 | |
83 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | Total units of value generated | 8,317 | 4,545 | 3,571 | 5,606 | 3,850 | 2,132 | 3,164 | 12,609 | 24,433 | 7,013 | 1,715 | 3,350 | 2,192 | 4,163 | 9,335 | 1,014 | 1,921 | 4,653 | 1,497 | 1,352 | 1,671 | 1,862 | 1,045 | 2,768 | |
85 | Units of value generated per dollar spent | 0.036 | 0.029 | 0.017 | 0.026 | 0.021 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.055 | 0.088 | 0.033 | 0.008 | 0.016 | 0.010 | 0.019 | 0.043 | 0.005 | 0.009 | 0.022 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.013 | |
86 | Cost-effectiveness in multiples of cash transfers, after supplemental charity-level adjustments | 10.7 | 8.7 | 5.0 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 3.0 | 5.6 | 16.3 | 26.3 | 9.7 | 2.4 | 4.7 | 3.0 | 5.8 | 13.0 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 6.5 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 3.8 | |
87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | Supplemental intervention-level adjustments — VAS | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | Outcomes included in our core model (above) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | Mortality effects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | Development effects | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | Supplemental intervention-level adjustments | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | Short-term consequences of reduced infectious disease morbidity | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | |
95 | Short-term anemia effects | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | |
96 | Investment of income increases | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 3% | |
97 | Vision benefits | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | 9% | |
98 | Benefits from other programs supported by our funding (e.g. deworming, immunizations) | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | 18% | |
99 | Interaction between VAS and vaccines | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | |
100 | Effect on fertility | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified | Not specified |