African American Newspapers in the South Updated.xlsx

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1	African American Newspapers in the South, 1870-1926 - © Coherent Digital LLC
2	Final Bibliography, November 24, 2023
3	Newspaper Title	Description	City	State	Earliest Issue	Latest Issue

4	Athens Republique	Julian Lucasse Brown, a World War I veteran, began publishing the newspaper in November 1919 with its matshead stating – "Devoted to the Religious, the Economic, and the Industrial Development of the Colored Race." It covered stories on the local affairs of the African American community in Athens, but also regularly featured national reports of efforts to fight the Ku Klux Klan and lynchings across the country. Additionally, societal news in Athens and surrounding towns, including weddings, deaths, illnesses, and church events were included as they were often ignored by the white-run press.	Athens	Georgia	1921	1926
5	The Advocate	This newspaper reached a wide African-American audience in the city of Charleston and West Virginia via its weekly columns. promising their audience "more news than any other race paper published." The Advocate offered its readers local, state, and national news. The paper paid particular attention to African American political and social affairs, racial issues, including discrimination and violence, civic and religious events, local gossip, and activities of the Colored Knights of Pythias.	Charleston	West Virginia	1907	1912
6	The Banner-Enterprise	This paper was created by the merger of The Carolina Enterprise of Goldsboro, NC and the Banner of Raleigh, NC. In its debut issue, the editors wrote that their newspaper sought to "impress upon all the dignity, manliness, and reward of honest labor." They added, "While this is not a partisan journal, we shall keep a watchful eye upon the political issues of the day, giving commendation wheresoever we think it due, and fearlessly condemning error and injustice without regards to politics or party." In addition, it served as the official organ of the North Carolina Industrial Association.	Raleigh	North Carolina	1883	1884
7	The Bee	Under the editorship of William C. Chase, a lawyer, local politician, businessman, and native Washingtonian, the newspaper represented the Republican attitudes of its editor, emphasized civil rights issues, promoted social activities in Washington, and included editorials, national news articles, and a wide array of advertisements, many on white-owned businesses. The Bee’s editorials were noted for their criticism of Booker T. Washington and his apparently conservative positions on African American progress.	Washington	District of Columbia	1882	1884
8	The Black Dispatch	This weekly African-American newspaper reported on the activities in various African American communities in Oklahoma. Local, territorial, and national news along with advertising are prevalent. Article and editorial topics included African American political and social affairs, racial issues, including discrimination and violence, civic and religious events, rise of the Ku Klux Klan in Oklahoma, and detailed first hand reports on the Tulsa Massacre.	Oklahoma City and Guthrie	Oklahoma	1917	1922
9	The Educator	William Caswell Smith and Cornelius D. Waddell stated in their first issue the goal of "training the intellectual and moral sentiments" of "the colored youth of North Carolina," and suggested that the newspaper's content supported that mission. The Educator was the first newspaper in North Carolina edited and published solely by African Americans. It regularly featured poetry, lessons on manners and prayer, instruction for raising children, and lifestyle advice for young men and women, African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Zion church news, and news about the Republican Party, advocated for basic civil rights, and included articles on national and international events.	Fayetteville	North Carolina	1874	1875
10	The Langston City Herald	It was the first weekly African American newspaper in Oklahoma Territory. A paramount promoter of African American homesteading in the territory, it circulated throughout the South and Southeast. Its widespread readership was vital to the settlement of African Americans in Oklahoma. The primary focus of the newspaper was promoting the resettlement of African Americans to the Oklahoma Territory as plat maps were published with headlines reading, "Freedom, Peace, Happiness and Prosperity, Do you want all of these? Then cast your lot with us and make your home in Langston City."	Langston	Oklahoma	1892	1900
11	The Louisianian	The paper was founded in New Orleans in 1870 by P. B. S. Pinchback (1837-1921), a black legislator who in 1872 was elected governor of Louisiana. Published under the motto “Republican at all times, and under all circumstances,” it was one of the few 19th-century African American newspapers that sought both black and white readers. Articles on African American education, activities at Straight University, and school desegregation are included. Editorials expressed the need to educate its readers on local, state, and national politics. Biographical sketches of African American politicians, social leaders, and educators were presented.	New Orleans	Louisiana	1870	1871
12	The Muskogee Cimeter	It was founded and edited by the African American lawyer William Henry Twine as a weekly publication devoted to "the interest of the negro." It harbored a decidedly Republican point of view, with a focus on educating its readership in politics benefitting the African American community, fighting racial discrimination, and Jim Crow laws in the courts and the street. Advertising comprised a substantial part of every issue.	Muskogee	Oklahoma	1904	1922
13	The Nashville Globe	The primary architect of the Globe, was a former slave from Texas. Originally, the newspaper was published to promote a boycott of Nashville’s segregated streetcars and to combat racial discrimination and social inequalities. The newspaper content focused on dispelling false assumptions perpetuated about African Americans by white mainstream newspapers, speaking out against racial segregation and injustice, and promoting self-help literature and middle-class deportment within the black community. It was a strong supporter of African American troops in World War I; promoted fundraising campaigns for African American soldiers and carried government advertisements for Liberty Bonds.	Nashville	Tennessee	1907	1918
14	The National Forum	This four-page weekly covered such local events as Howard University graduations and Baptist church activities, but its pages also included national news, sports, home maintenance, women's news, science, editorial cartoons, and reprinted stories from national newspapers. Its primary focus was on how the news affected the city's black community. A unique feature was its coverage of Elks Club meetings and activities. The paper’s business manager, John H. Wills, contributed the community-centered "Vanity Fair" column that usually appeared on the front page of each issue.	Washington	District of Columbia	1910	1910
15	The Pioneer Press	It styled itself as an "independent weekly newspaper devoted to the moral, religious and financial development of humanity." It was the first African American newspaper in the state and enjoyed a wide readership as one of the most circulated African American newspapers in the country. Four pages in length, issues offered readers articles that scorned lynching and lobbied against Jim Crow laws and segregation. Besides political activism, it also focused on articles regarding self-improvement, urged greater religious piety, supported stable occupational trades, offered agricultural advice, and promoted businesses that did not discriminate against African Americans.	Martinsburg	West Virginia	1911	1917
16	The Republican	Representing the African American community in Blount County, TN, the paper was “devoted to literature, news of the day, agriculture, and important local intelligence.” Articles advocated equal political, economic and educational opportunities, support of the Freedman’s Institute, and promoted the local agenda of the Republican Party.	Maryville	Tennessee	1873	1875
17	The Semi-Weekly Louisianian	In 1871, The Louisianian was renamed the Semi-Weekly Louisianian. African American education was a major focus of reporting in this paper and there are articles on Straight University, as well as other colleges and universities, such as Howard University in Washington, D.C. It also encouraged desegregation of school systems throughout America. Editorials expressed the need to educate its readers on local, state, and national politics. Biographical sketches of African American politicians, social leaders, and educators were presented.	New Orleans	Louisiana	1871	1872
18	The Tulsa Star	This paper came into being in 1913 and was a staunchly Democratic African American paper in an era when Republican ideals reigned over African American communities. It championed African American causes, promoting progress and stability within Tulsa's Black community until its dramatic and untimely demise following the race massacre of May 31, 1921. The paper and its editor, Andrew Jackson Smitherman, provided leadership and influence in Tulsa by advocating self-reliance and urged resistance to the mob violence and lynchings that were taking place throughout America. It also campaigned against perceived wrongdoings of the city administration and exposed the distrust with city officials and the volatile mood in Tulsa leading up to the massacre.	Tulsa	Oklahoma	1913	1921
19	Western World	Western World, 1903–1904 (Muskogee, Indian Territory) John C. Leftwich started this paper in an effort to promote and encourage the African American community in Muskogee, Indian Territory. Articles reported on civil rights issues, local, state, and national news, and promoted social activities. A wide array of advertisements comprise many issues from both African American and white-owned businesses.	Muskogee	Oklahoma (Indian Terriroty)	1903	1904
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