List of Chemicals and Materials Made by Sciencemadness.org Users

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1	List of Chemicals and Materials Made by Sciencemadness.org Users
2	This document is intended to be a collection of chemicals, materials and reagents made by amateur chemists with brief notes about their synthesis. The purpose of this compilation is to:
3	1. for users to look for inspiration of what to try out or make; 2. see if someone has beat you to making it and posting it first; 3. contact users about how they successfully made a compound.			If you wish to add to this list do so by following the format bellow: Please use [control + F] to search to make sure you are not adding a reaction that is already added. If you have different method of preparation for already added substance, add a row above/below the substance, sorting by username.
4	Chemical/Reagent Name	Formula	SM Username	Short notes about preparation	Links:
5	2-phenylethanol	C8H10O	LearnedAmateur	Produced via the Sandmeyer reaction of phenylethylamine hydrochloride with water, using in situ nitrous acid. Notes: crude product was an orange layer more dense than water, slightly soluble. No further workup/purification was attempted as it was a proof of concept regarding the Sandmeyer reaction in general.	http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=80042#pid505170
6	Ammonium oxalate	(NH4)2C2O4	fusso	Mixing 2 eqv of NH3(aq) and 1 eqv oxalic acid dihydrate. Recrystallise.
7	Ammonium permanganate	NH4MnO4	TheMrbunGee	30g of potassium permanganate is dissolved in 120 ml 60°C water, a 50% excess of 15g ammonium chloride is dissolved in 30 ml 60°C water, solutions are combined while stirring. Solution is cooled to 0°C and formed crystals are filtered, washed and dried. With sloppy washings 92% yield. 24g of 26g theoretical.	https://youtu.be/yTxoqTeNs3k
8	Barium chloride 2-hydrate	BaCl2·2H2O	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/BaCl2_2H2O/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/BaCl2_2H2O/index.html
9	Benzoic acid	C7H6O2	LearnedAmateur	Excess toluene and concentrated potassium permanganate solution are refluxed for a few hours until the purple colouration of the aqueous phase disappears and there is a thick layer of brown-black MnO2 observed in the reaction vessel. After filtration using a fritted Büchner funnel, the aqueous phase is treated with mineral acids (H2SO4 in my case), the same manner as Plunkett’s procedure below, to obtain a quantitative mass of white precipitate. Upon recrystallisation from hot water, benzoic acid forms needle-like crystals which can be collected easily and are of high purity. Note: no other solvent is required - in fact, water is likely the best option available due to the vast difference in solubility at near-boiling and room temperature solvent.
10	Benzoic acid	C7H6O2	Plunkett	A saturated solution of sodium benzoate was combined with a stoichiometric amount of hydrochloric acid, causing benzoic acid to fall out of solution because of its poor solubility in water. The benzoic acid was filtered and rinsed twice with cold distilled water before drying it on a glass plate under a heat lamp.
11	Boric Acid	H3PO3	Abromination	Dissolve 120g Borax in 200mL boiling water and add around 70mL 9M hydrochloric acid. Let crystals fully form, filter, rinse and dry.
12	Brass, various ratios	Cu·Zn	MrHomeScientist	Created by adding zinc to molten copper. Brasses with estimated zinc content of 6%, 11%, and 17% have been made, each with a different color.	http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=81819
13	Bromine	Br2	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/OTC_bromine/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/OTC_bromine/index.html
14	Carbon, Amorphous	C	fusso	Heat sugar until all turned black and no more gas evolution
15	Carbon Refractory Foam	C	elementcollector1	Single slice of bread was wrapped in aluminum foil and baked at 500 F for 1 hour. End product was a light, carbon-black foam block that was brittle but mechanically resilient. Easily withstood heat from a butane microtorch without noticeable effect. Note: DO NOT underbake. Bread will catch on fire. See “Carbon Foam Refractory Made From Bread” in Chemistry in General.
16	Charcoal	C	VSEPR_VOID	Wood scraps were placed into a soup can and heated by means of a fire pit with the aid of a hot air gun as a bellows.	http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=82077
17	Chromium (III) hydroxide	Cr(OH)3	CobaltChloride	Reaction of stainless steel forks with HCl followed by filtration to remove Ni and C.The solution resulting was treated with NaOH
18	Concentrated Sulfuric Acid	H2SO4	VSEPR_VOID	FAILURE: Sulfuric acid of unknown concentration was boiled. This, even with boiling chips, resulted in a steam-acid explosion which scorched the ceiling of the lab. This researcher does not recommend this.
19	Copper (II) Acetate	Cu(CH3COO)2	Abromination	Heat a 1:1 mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. It does not need to boil. Add an excess of copper metal SLOWLY to the hot mixture and let sit for 3 hours. Filter out the the copper and boil down to about 10 mL and let cool. Place copper acetate into the fridge. Scoop out crystals of copper acetate and let dry.
20	Copper (II) Acetylsalicylate	C36H28Cu2O16	Abromination	Add 2.01g sodium bicarbonate to 30mL water. With stirring, add 3.6 grams of isopropanol recrystallized acetylsalicylic acid to a flask and slowly add sodium bicarbonate. Add 2.5g copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate to 20mL water and add slowly to the reaction flask. Let react for several hours and filter, rinse and dry your copper (II) acetylsalicylate.
21	Copper (II) Chloride	CuCl2	JJay	Precipitation reaction. Saturated copper sulfate (aq.) was mixed with an equimolar quantity of saturated calcium chloride (aq.), and the mixture was vacuum filtered. The solution was evaporated to dryness in an oven.
22	Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate	Cu(NO3)2·3H2O	TheMrbunGee	Reaction of Calcium nitrate and Copper sulfate solutions. CaSO4 is then filtered off and water is evaporated off at room temperature. Some calcium sulfate may crystallize out, so additional purification and filtration must be done.
23	Copper (II) Nitrate Trihydrate	Cu(NO3)2·3H2O	VSEPR_VOID	FW nitric acid w/ copper scrap from wires. Slightly light sensitive: Do not dry by means of a desk lamp
24	Copper (II) Oxide	CuO	Abromination	Made in the reaction of concentrated sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate (after decomposition). Using 2:1 ratio of sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate, the NaOH was dissolved into water making about a 70% solution. The copper sulfate pentahydrate was added undissolved into the solution and was left for a week. The copper (II) hydroxide decomposed into Cu(OH)2 and was filtered and rinsed 3 times.
25	Copper (II) Oxide	CuO	TheMrbunGee	Produced by reaction of copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide solutions, then heating copper hydroxide. CuO was then washed, filtered and dried.	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji75TO2D0Rc
26	Copper (II) Oxide	CuO	VSEPR_VOID	Produced by the electrolysis of a weak solution of sodium hydroxide using copper electrodes made from copper wire scraps.
27	Copper Slag	Cu	VSEPR_VOID	Copper wire was melted in a forge and poured onto sand. It was cleaned by submerging the slag in vinegar, salt, and hydrogen peroxide.
28	Cupric Ferrocyanide	Cu2[Fe(CN)6]	VSEPR_VOID	Hydroferrocyanic acid reacted with copper carbonate.
29	D-Limonene	C10H16	Abromination	Remove the 'zest' from 3 oranges. Charge a 1L two necked flask with 300mL water and the orange zest. Set up for distillation and add a pressure-equalizing addition funnel to the the second opening on the flask and fill with water. Carry out a distillation, occasionaly replenishing from the addition funnel until most of the water is depleted. Add distillate to a seperation funnel and collect top organic layer.
30	Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine	C5H10N6O2	Rhodanide	Hexamine is dissolved in Acetic acid of varying concentration, and a solution of NaNO2 in water is added. The mixture is set in an ice bath for an hour, wherein the DNPMT precipitates as a pale yellow crystalline solid.
31	Holmium Hydroxide	Ho(OH)3	VSEPR_VOID	Holmium metal was dissolved in a solution of HCl and hydrogen peroxide. This was treated with NaOH solution and filtered. The material that collected in the filter was dried by steam.
32	Hydroferrocyanic Acid	H4Fe(CN)6	VSEPR_VOID	Potassium Ferrocyanide was treated with a strong excess of HCl and the H4Fe(CN)6 separated by filtration
33	Iron (II) sulfate	FeSO4·xH2O	CobaltChloride	The reaction of steel wool and sulfuric acid. Product precipitated by refrigeration
34	Isopropyl nitrite	C3H7NO2	LearnedAmateur	Esterification of propan-2-ol with in situ nitrous acid. Product was collected as a pale yellow layer less dense than water, and purification involved shaking with aqueous sodium carbonate in order to neutralise nitrogen oxides followed by manual separation of the (presumably) pure product. Notes: burns with a pale yellow-grey flame and is extremely volatile, no residue after evaporation.
35	Lead acetate	Pb(CH3COO)2	fusso	Adding slight excess glacial acetic acid to lead carbonate slurry and heat to boiling until all solids dissolved and all gases expelled. Then filter to remove insoluble impurities. cover vessel with tissue paper to prevent dust entering during crystallization.
36	Lead oxalate	PbC2O4	fusso	Adding slight excess oxalic acid slurry to the lead acetate solution to precipitate lead oxalate. Filter out the solids. Wash solids with a little cold water to remove remaining acetic and oxalic acids.
37	Methyl benzoate	C8H8O2	Plunkett	80 mL of methanol (HEET gas line antifreeze), 10 g of benzoic acid and 2.2 mL of drain cleaner sulfuric acid (~93%) were combined into a flask and refluxed for 90 minutes. After cooling, the reaction mixture was added to a separatory funnel along with 30 mL of a saturated NaCl solution and 35 mL of naphtha (Coleman camping fuel). The aqueous layer was drained and discarded, then 30 mL of a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the separatory funnel. The aqueous layer was again discarded and the organic layer transferred to a beaker where it was gently heated to drive off the naptha leaving slightly discolored methyl benzoate. Based on this procedure, using naptha instead of diethyl ether: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2HdN4gcVyc	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2HdN4gcVyc
38	Nitric Acid	HNO3	Chem Science	Nitric acid can be made by dry distillation of stoichiometric amounts of Sodium bisulfate and nitrate salt, sulfuric acid and nitrate salt, oxalic acid and nitrate salt. But the best is using sulfuric acid, second best is bisulfate and third is oxalic ( But the acid comes out contaminated with oxalic ) A cheaper procedure is to mix solutions of calcium nitrate and oxalic acid ( both hot ) let the mixture cool and precipitate Calcium oxalate,Filter and distil the filtrate ( Fractional ) to remove 80% of the water, Stop. put mixture on freezer and filter the oxalic that precipitates, put back to fractionation and get nitric acid boiling at 120-121 degrees yield is 50% or around 200ml of azeotropic acid (65%) For more info search the post.
39	Phenyl Isocyanide	C7H5N	Rhodanide	15mLs of Chloroform and 15mLs Aniline are dissolved in separate mixtures containing anhydrous Ethanol. In another beaker, NaOH is dissolved in Ethanol. The two solutions of Aniline & CHCl3 are combined in a flask. Quick addition of the base solution starts the reaction. Heating to 70C for one hour completes the reaction. Distilling off the Ethanol leaves the crude final product which has an unbelievably foul odor.
40	Potassium bromate	KBrO3	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/KBrO3_synth/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/KBrO3_synth/index.html
41	Potassium oxalate	K2C2O4	fusso	Mixing 2 eqv of KOH and 1 eqv oxalic acid dihydrate. Recrystallise.
42	Potassium periodate	KIO4	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/KIO4_synth/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/KIO4_synth/index.html
43	Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)	K3[Cr(O2)4]	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/K3CrO8_synth/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/K3CrO8_synth/index.html
44	Prussian Blue (Iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II))	C18Fe7N18	Velzee	An arbitrary amount of K3[Fe(CN)6] in water was added to an amount of FeCl2 in water, and a brilliant dark blue precipitate was observed and then filtered; a very small amount of this product in terms of dyeing goes a very long way, as the product easily stains almost any surface.
45	Silver Methylacetylide	C3H3Ag	Rhodanide & Axt	Silver Nitrate is dissolved in distilled water. Next, a bottle of MAPP (Methyacetylene-Propadiene-Propane) which has been purchased from the hardware store is set up with a modified welding gas adapter connected to a rubber tube. A glass tube is fitted to the end of the tube and is led into the AgNO3 soln. Gas flow is started, however precipitate may not immediately appear. Within minutes or less, a flocculent white precipitate of AgC3H3 forms. Continue gas flow for a further few minutes, then turn it off. Filter the white solid, further referred to as SMADS. A fair yield should be obtained if all goes well, as there is little to no AgCl precipitate when NaCl is added to the filtrate. Use a small volume of filtrate to test this. If AgCl is observed, continue gas flow for a further few minutes through the filtrate to improve yield. SMADS is a fluffy white to grey powder with no odor. SMADS decomposes violently upon heating, friction or impact with a deep, but not deafening report. Note: “The name ‘SMADS’ refers to the related compound SADS. It is not known whether this compound is a singular component or a double-salt - hence the ‘DS’ in SMADS & SADS for clarity and recognition - as opposed to the acronym ‘SMA’ which may have many meanings.” -Rhodanide
46	Silver Nitrate	AgNO3	VSEPR_VOID	FW nitric acid w/ 1 oz apmex silver 99.9% round. The solution was slightly blue from copper in the coin
47	Sodium iodide	NaI	LearnedAmateur	A small lump (0.05-0.1g) of sodium metal is placed with a few prills of iodine in a test tube. Both are heated together using a blowtorch until ignition is achieved, where a large volume of white smoke (sodium iodide) is observed. Easy and fast to conduct because both elements change states at relatively low temperatures hence react within a few seconds. There is also some sodium peroxide or superoxide generated as pale yellow masses. A proof of concept reaction akin to other related demonstrations, such as aluminium and chlorine, or fluorine and steel wool to show reactivities of elements.
48	Sodium orthoperiodate	Na2H3IO6	woelen	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/expsNa2H3IO6/index.html	http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/expsNa2H3IO6/index.html
49	Tetraamine Copper (II) Hydroxide	[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2](OH)2	VSEPR_VOID	The electrolysis of copper (both electrodes made of Cu wire from scrap) in a solution of 1:1 tap water and household ammonia. Copper metal in the form of a fluffy clumps was also produced at the cathode along with small amounts of copper hydroxide
50	Tetraethyl orthosilicate	SiC8H20O4	12thealchemist	Ethanolysis of silicon sulphide, itself prepared by union of the elements.	http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=82809
51	Tetraphenylethylammine copper nitrate	I'm too old for this	LearnedAmateur	An experiment into copper complexes using basified phenylethylamine mixed with copper nitrate solution, following the rules of amine complexes. Notes: is not explosive and takes some effort to ignite - does not sustain combustion but produces a smell similar to burning plastic, with a residue of copper oxides (red-black powder). Product is collected as a green coloured powder which is insoluble in water.	http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=79783#pid504067
52	Trinitrophenol	C6H3N3O7	Velzee	11.44g of salicylic acid was added to 48mL of 95% H2SO4 and then heated between 115°-120°C for one hour. After the hour, it was allowed to cool to 85°C and then 25.8g of KNO3 was slowly added so that the temperature remained between 95°—100°C; if the temperature rises above this, NO2 is generated profusely. After all KNO3 is added, the mixture is allowed to cool down to room temperature for around 25 mins. When sufficiently cool, ice water is added (if not cool enough, NO2 is generated), precipitating the rest of the yellow foamy product. A recrystallization is done that yields either beautiful long yellow crystals when cooled slowly, or a pale yellow ‘flaky’ powder. The product should remain submerged in water until desired time of use.
53	White Phosphorus	P4	VSEPR_VOID	Heating red phosphorus. (Note: Please exclude oxigen from this reaction or white phosphorus pentoxide will be made instead.)
54	Potassium (bis)Tricyanonickelate(I)	K4[Ni2(CN)6]	Rhodanide	Aqueous solutions of Potassium Cyanide & Nickel(II) Chloride are combined, with Cyanide in excess to form a yellow solution of Potassium Tetracyanonickelate(II). This solution is made strongly basic with the addition of solid Potassium Hydroxide. (Alternatively, Sodium amalgam can be used for the reduction and the Hydroxide excluded.) The basic Cyanonickelate(II) solution is added to a test tube and Toluene is added to form a protective layer on top. Zinc granules are added and Hydrogen is formed. The formed Potassium (bis)Tricyanonickelate(I) will go into solution where it can be identified by its blood-red coloration. Atmospheric O2 oxidizes the compound.
55	Salicylic Acid	C7H6O3	Abromination	Add 10g acetylsalicylic acid to a 1 liter flask with 40mL azeotropic HCl dissolved in 500mL dist. water. Heat until all ASA is disolved and reflux for one hour. Let the salicylic acid fully crystalize, filter and wash repeatedly with water. Dry and store in a sealed container.
56	Iodine	I2	Abromination	Tincture exctraction method: Add 60mL iodine tincture to a 250mL flask. Slowly add 70mL azeotropic HCl to the tincture and stirr. SLOWLY add 60mL 3% H2O2 and mix. Place flask in an ice bath and let all iodine precipitate. Filter and dry iodine, sublime and collect pure crystals on a cold flask.
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