DNA of Innovation

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AC	AD	AE
1				KNOWLEDGE THAT WAS REQUIRED							WORK THAT WAS DONE			WHAT DID IT IMPACT
2	SUBJECT	YEAR	DESCRIPTION	Biology	Medicine	Chemistry	Physics	Maths	Materials	Philosophy	Inventions	Knowledge	Mfrg/ Devices	Computation	Transportation/ Communication	Culture	Art	Economics/ Commerce	Agriculture	X-factor	Sum of Innovation Areas	CENTURY	Difference	Base(YEAR)	Population	Avg lifespan (rounded estimate)	Cumulative population (rough estimate)	Adjusted population measure

3	Inventions	-3300000	Stone tools – found in present-day Kenya, they are so old that only a pre-human species could have invented them. The otherwise earliest known stone tools (Oldowan) were found in Ethiopia developed perhaps by Australopithecus garhi or Homo habilis						1		1										2	-10000		0	500,000	20	500,000	500,000
4	Inventions	-2300000	Earliest likely control of fire and cooking, by Homo habilis			1					1										2	-10000	1000000	0	520,222	20	26,011,621,627	520,222	0.00018%	0.02002199244
5	Inventions	-1760000	Advanced (Acheulean) stone tools in Kenya by Homo erectus						1		1										2	-10000	540000	0	530,638	20	40,338,856,325	530,638
6	Inventions	-1500000	Bone tools in Africa.						1		1										2	-10000	260000	0	541,263	20	47,375,272,187	541,263
7	Inventions	-900000	Boats.						1		1										2	-10000	600000	0	552,100	25	60,625,670,206	552,100
8	Inventions	-500000	Hafting in South Africa.						1		1										2	-10000	400000	0	563,154	25	69,636,135,132	563,154
9	Inventions	-400000	Pigments in Zambia			1			1		1										3	-10000	100000	0	574,430	25	71,933,853,229	574,430
10	Inventions	-400000	Spears in Germany likely by Homo heidelbergensis						1		1										2	-10000	0	0	585,931	25	71,933,853,229	585,931
11	Inventions	-350000	Estimated origin of language	1							1					1					3	-10000	50000	0	597,662	25	73,129,177,726	597,662
12	Inventions	-320000	The trade and long-distance transportation of resources (e.g. obsidian), use of pigments, and possible making of projectile points in Kenya						1		1										2	-10000	30000	0	609,629	25	73,860,732,092	609,629
13	Inventions	-279000	Early stone-tipped projectile weapons in Ethiopia						1		1										2	-10000	41000	0	621,835	25	74,880,540,865	621,835
14	Inventions	-200000	Glue in Central Italy by Neanderthals. More complicated compound adhesives developed by Homo sapiens have been found from 70 ka Sibudu, South Africa and have been regarded as a sign of cognitive advancement.			1			1		1										3	-10000	79000	0	634,285	25	76,884,881,420	634,285
15	Inventions	-170000	Clothing (among anatomically modern humans in Africa). Some other evidence suggests that humans may have begun wearing clothing as far back as 100,000 to 500,000 years ago.						1		1					1					3	-10000	30000	0	646,985	25	77,661,262,982	646,985
16	Inventions	-164000	Heat treating of stone blades in South Africa.				1		1		1										3	-10000	6000	0	659,939	25	77,819,648,235	659,939
17	Inventions	-135000	Beads in Israel and Algeria						1		1					1					3	-10000	29000	0	673,152	25	78,600,504,371	673,152
18	Inventions	-100000	Compound paints made in South Africa			1					1										2	-10000	35000	0	686,630	25	79,561,785,926	686,630
19	Inventions	-100000	Funerals (in the form of burial) in Israel								1					1					2	-10000	0	0	700,377	25	79,561,785,926	700,377
20	Inventions	-90000	Harpoons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.						1		1										2	-10000	10000	0	714,400	25	79,847,546,057	714,400
21	Inventions	-77000	Beds in South Africa								1					1					2	-10000	13000	0	728,704	25	80,226,472,161	728,704
22	Maths	-70000	In South Africa, ochre rocks adorned with scratched geometric patterns (see Blombos Cave).					1								1					2	-10000	7000	0	743,294	25	80,434,594,523	743,294
23	Inventions	-70000	Oldest arrows (and evidence of bow-and-arrow technology), and oldest needle, at Sibudu, South Africa						1		1										2	-10000	0	0	758,176	25	80,434,594,523	758,176
24	Inventions	-49000	Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49-45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.						1		1										2	-10000	21000	0	773,357	25	81,084,214,053	773,357
25	Inventions	-47000	The oldest-known mines in the world are from Swaziland, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment ochre.			1			1		1										3	-10000	2000	0	788,841	25	81,147,321,311	788,841
26	Inventions	-45000	Shoes, as evidenced by changes in foot bone morphology in Eurasia Bark sandals), dated to 10 to 9 ka were found in Fort Rock Cave in the US state of Oregon in 1938. Oldest leather shoe (Areni-1 shoe), 5.5 ka.								1					1					2	-10000	2000	0	804,635	25	81,211,692,102	804,635
27	Inventions	-44000	Tally sticks (see Lebombo bone) in Swaziland								1					1					2	-10000	1000	0	820,745	25	81,244,521,913	820,745
28	Inventions	-43700	Cave painting in Indonesia								1					1					2	-10000	300	0	837,178	25	81,254,568,052	837,178
29	Inventions	-37000	Mortar and pestle in Southwest Asia								1										1	-10000	6700	0	853,940	25	81,483,424,029	853,940
30	Inventions	-36000	Weaving – Indirect evidence from Czechia, Georgia and Moravia. The earliest actual piece of woven cloth was found in Çatalhöyük, Turkey.								1					1					2	-10000	1000	0	871,038	25	81,518,265,541	871,038
31	Maths	-35000	Africa and France, earliest known prehistoric attempts to quantify time.					1													1	-10000	1000	0	888,478	25	81,553,804,649	888,478
32	Inventions	-35000	Flute in Germany								1					1					2	-10000	0	0	906,267	25	81,553,804,649	906,267
33	Inventions	-33000	Star chart in France and Spain					1			1										2	-10000	2000	0	924,412	25	81,627,757,615	924,412
34	Inventions	-28000	Rope						1		1										2	-10000	5000	0	942,921	25	81,816,341,743	942,921
35	Inventions	-26000	Ceramics in Europe			1	1		1		1										4	-10000	2000	0	961,800	25	81,893,285,726	961,800
36	Inventions	-23000	Domestication of the Dog in Siberia.								1					1					2	-10000	3000	0	981,057	25	82,011,012,559	981,057
37	Maths	-20000	Possibly the earliest reference to prime numbers and Egyptian multiplication.					1													1	-10000	3000	0	1,000,700	25	82,131,096,518	1,000,700
38	Inventions	-19000	Bullroarer in Ukraine								1										1	-10000	1000	0	1,020,736	25	82,171,925,944	1,020,736
39	Inventions	-16000	Pottery in China			1	1		1		1										4	-10000	3000	0	1,041,173	25	82,296,866,682	1,041,173
40	Inventions	-14500	Bread in Jordan	1												1			1		3	-10000	1500	0	1,062,019	25	82,360,587,832	1,062,019
41	Inventions	-12000	Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent								1								1		2	-10000	2500	0	1,083,283	25	82,468,916,123	1,083,283
42	Inventions	-12000	Domestication of sheep in Southwest Asia (followed shortly by pigs, goats and cattle)								1					1					2	-10000	0	0	1,104,972	25	82,468,916,123	1,104,972
43	Inventions	-11000	Domestication of rice in China								1					1					2	-10000	1000	0	1,127,096	25	82,513,999,969	1,127,096
44	Inventions	-11000	Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey						1		1										2	-10000	0	0	1,149,663	25	82,513,999,969	1,149,663
45	Inventions	-9000	Mudbricks, and clay mortar in Jericho.						1		1										2	-9000	2000	1000	1,172,681	25	82,607,814,480	1,172,681
46	Inventions	-8000	Proto-city – large permanent settlements, such as Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Çatalhöyük, Turkey.								1					1					2	-8000	1000	2000	1,196,161	25	82,655,660,913	1,196,161
47	Inventions	-7000	Alcohol fermentation – specifically mead, in China			1					1										2	-7000	1000	3000	1,220,110	25	82,704,465,326	1,220,110
48	Inventions	-7000	Sled dog and Dog sled, in Siberia.								1					1					2	-7000	0	3000	1,244,539	25	82,704,465,326	1,244,539
49	Inventions	-7000	Tanned leather in Mehrgarh, Pakistan.						1		1										2	-7000	0	3000	1,269,458	25	82,704,465,326	1,269,458
50	Inventions	-6500	Evidence of lead smelting in Çatalhöyük, Turkey			1	1		1		1										4	-6500	500	3500	1,294,875	25	82,730,362,818	1,294,875
51	Inventions	-6000	Kiln in Mesopotamia (Iraq)			1			1		1										3	-6000	500	4000	1,320,801	25	82,756,778,829	1,320,801
52	Inventions	-6000	Irrigation in Khuzistan, Iran								1					1					2	-6000	0	4000	1,347,246	25	82,756,778,829	1,347,246
53	Inventions	-6000	Proto-writing in present day Egypt, Iraq, Serbia, China and Pakistan.								1					1					2	-6000	0	4000	1,374,220	25	82,756,778,829	1,374,220
54	Inventions	-5000	Copper smelting in Serbia						1		1										2	-5000	1000	5000	1,401,735	25	82,812,848,221	1,401,735
55	Inventions	-5000	Seawall in Israel								1										1	-5000	0	5000	1,429,800	25	82,812,848,221	1,429,800
56	Inventions	-5000	Lacquer in China						1		1										2	-5000	0	5000	1,458,428	25	82,812,848,221	1,458,428
57	Inventions	-5000	Cotton thread, in Mehrgarh, Pakistan, connecting the copper beads of a bracelet.						1		1					1			1		4	-5000	0	5000	1,487,628	25	82,812,848,221	1,487,628
58	Inventions	-5000	Rowing oars in China								1										1	-5000	0	5000	1,517,414	25	82,812,848,221	1,517,414
59	Inventions	-4500	Lost-wax casting in Israel or the Indus Valley						1		1										2	-4500	500	5500	1,547,795	25	82,843,804,128	1,547,795
60	Inventions	-4400	Fired bricks in China.			1			1		1										3	-4400	100	5600	1,578,785	25	82,850,119,269	1,578,785
61	Inventions	-4000	Probable time period of the first diamond-mines in the world, in Southern India.				1				1										2	-4000	400	6000	1,610,396	25	82,875,885,600	1,610,396
62	Inventions	-4000	Paved roads, in and around the Mesopotamian city of Ur, Iraq.								1					1					2	-4000	0	6000	1,642,639	25	82,875,885,600	1,642,639
63	Inventions	-4000	Plumbing. The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia. Earthen pipes were later used in the Indus Valley 2700 BC for a city-scale urban drainage system, and more durable copper drainage pipes appeared in Egypt, by the time of the construction of the Pyramid of Sahure at Abusir, c.2400 BCE.								1					1					2	-4000	0	6000	1,675,528	25	82,875,885,600	1,675,528
64	Inventions	-4000	Wheel: potter's wheels in Mesopotamia and wheeled vehicles in Mesopotamia (Sumerian civilization), the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe (Cucuteni–Trypillia culture).								1					1					2	-4000	0	6000	1,709,075	25	82,875,885,600	1,709,075
65	Inventions	-3630	Silk garments (sericulture) in China						1		1										2	-3600	370	6400	1,743,294	25	82,901,686,358	1,743,294
66	Inventions	-3500	Domestication of the horse in the Eurasian Steppes.								1					1					2	-3500	130	6500	1,778,199	25	82,910,932,991	1,778,199
67	Inventions	-3500	Wine as general anesthesia in Sumer.		1						1										2	-3500	0	6500	1,813,802	25	82,910,932,991	1,813,802
68	Inventions	-3500	Seal (emblem) invented around in the Near East, at the contemporary sites of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and slightly later at Susa in south-western Iran during the Proto-Elamite period, and they follow the development of stamp seals in the Halaf culture or slightly earlier.								1										1	-3500	0	6500	1,850,118	25	82,910,932,991	1,850,118
69	Maths	-3400	Mesopotamia, the Sumerians invent the first numeral system, and a system of weights and measures.					1													1	-3400	100	6600	1,887,161	25	82,918,481,634	1,887,161
70	Inventions	-3400	Tattoos in southern Europe								1					1					2	-3400	0	6600	1,924,945	25	82,918,481,634	1,924,945
71	Medicine	-3300	During the Stone Age, early doctors used very primitive forms of herbal medicine.		1																1	-3300	100	6700	1,963,487	25	82,926,335,581	1,963,487
72	Inventions	-3300	City in Sumer.								1					1					2	-3300	0	6700	2,002,800	25	82,926,335,581	2,002,800
73	Inventions	-3300	Writing – Cuneiform in Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq)								1				1						2	-3300	0	6700	2,042,900	25	82,926,335,581	2,042,900
74	Inventions	-3300	Copper-tin bronze in Sumer.						1		1										2	-3300	0	6700	2,083,803	25	82,926,335,581	2,083,803
75	Inventions	-3300	Before 3 dry Latrines in the city of Uruk, Iraq, with later dry squat Toilets, that added raised fired brick foot platforms, and pedestal toilets, all over clay pipe constructed drains.								1										1	-3300	0	6700	2,125,524	25	82,926,335,581	2,125,524
76	Inventions	-3200	Sailing in ancient Egypt								1				1						2	-3200	100	6800	2,168,082	25	82,935,007,907	2,168,082
77	Inventions	-3200	Devices functionally equivalent to dice, in the form of flat two-sided throwsticks, are seen in the Egyptian game of Senet. Later, terracotta dice resembling modern ones were used at the Indus Valley site of Mohenjo-Daro (Pakistan).								1					1					2	-3200	0	6800	2,211,491	25	82,935,007,907	2,211,491
78	Maths	-3100	Egypt, earliest known decimal system allows indefinite counting by way of introducing new symbols.					1						1							2	-3100	100	6900	2,255,769	25	82,944,030,985	2,255,769
79	Medicine	-3000	Ayurveda The origins of Ayurveda have been traced back to around 4,000 BCE.	1	1																2	-3000	100	7000	2,300,934	25	82,953,234,723	2,300,934
80	Inventions	-3000	Tin extraction in Central Asia						1												1	-3000	0	7000	2,347,004	25	82,953,234,723	2,347,004
81	Inventions	-3000	Bronze in Mesopotamia						1												1	-3000	0	7000	2,393,995	25	82,953,234,723	2,393,995
82	Inventions	-3000	Papyrus in Egypt								1				1						2	-3000	0	7000	2,441,928	25	82,953,234,723	2,441,928
83	Inventions	-3000	Comb in Persia.													1					1	-3000	0	7000	2,490,820	25	82,953,234,723	2,490,820
84	Inventions	-3000	Reservoir in Girnar, Indus Valley (India).								1								1		2	-3000	0	7000	2,540,691	25	82,953,234,723	2,540,691
85	Inventions	-3000	Distillation in Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan).				1				1										2	-3000	0	7000	2,591,561	25	82,953,234,723	2,591,561
86	Inventions	-3000	Sea-going ships by Austronesians (modern-day Southern China, Taiwan)						1		1		1								3	-3000	0	7000	2,643,449	25	82,953,234,723	2,643,449
87	Inventions	-3000	Receipt in Ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq)															1			1	-3000	0	7000	2,696,376	25	82,953,234,723	2,696,376
88	Inventions	-3000	Rhinoplasty in Egypt.	1	1																2	-3000	0	7000	2,750,363	25	82,953,234,723	2,750,363
89	Maths	-2800	Indus Valley Civilization on the Indian subcontinent, earliest use of decimal ratios in a uniform system of ancient weights and measures, the smallest unit of measurement used is 1.704 millimetres and the smallest unit of mass used is 28 grams.					1													1	-2800	200	7200	2,805,431	25	82,975,678,171	2,805,431
90	Inventions	-2800	Latest possible data for invention of ploughing, Kalibangan, Indus Valley (India).																1		1	-2800	0	7200	2,861,601	25	82,975,678,171	2,861,601
91	Maths	-2700	Egypt, precision surveying.					1													1	-2700	100	7300	2,918,896	25	82,987,353,757	2,918,896
92	Inventions	-2650	The Ruler, or Measuring rod, in the subdivided Nippur, copper rod. Shell, Terracotta, Copper, and Ivory rulers were in use by the Indus Valley Civilisation in what today is Pakistan, and North West India, prior to 1500 BCE.						1		1										2	-2600	50	7400	2,977,338	25	82,993,308,434	2,977,338
93	Medicine	-2600	Imhotep the priest-physician who was later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine.		1											1					2	-2600	50	7400	3,036,951	25	82,999,382,335	3,036,951
94	Inventions	-2600	Planned city in Indus Valley (India, Pakistan).													1				1	2	-2600	0	7400	3,097,757	25	82,999,382,335	3,097,757
95	Inventions	-2600	Public sewage and sanitation systems in Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjo-Daro and Rakhigarhi.								1					1					2	-2600	0	7400	3,159,780	25	82,999,382,335	3,159,780
96	Inventions	-2600	Public bath in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley (Pakistan).													1					1	-2600	0	7400	3,223,045	25	82,999,382,335	3,223,045
97	Inventions	-2600	Levee in Indus Valley (India, Pakistan).								1										1	-2600	0	7400	3,287,577	25	82,999,382,335	3,287,577
98	Inventions	-2556	Docks in either Egypt or the Indus Valley. A harbor structure has been excavated in Wadi al-Jarf, which is believed to have been developed during the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 B.C). A competing claim is from Lothal dockyard in India, constructed at some point between 2400-2000 BC; however, more precise dating does not exist.								1		1								2	-2500	44	7500	3,353,400	25	83,005,284,320	3,353,400
99	Medicine	-2500	Iry Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body.		1											1					2	-2500	56	7500	3,420,542	25	83,012,946,334	3,420,542
100	Inventions	-2500	Puppetry in the Indus Valley.													1	1				2	-2500	0	7500	3,489,028	25	83,012,946,334	3,489,028