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Organisms causing otitis media (5) Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) 0.6627027856
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3 things shifting Hb O2 curve to the rightlow pH, high CO2 and high 2,3 DPG0.6848144022
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Clinical governance"A framework through which NHS organisations are accountable for continually improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish." (Scally and Donaldson, 1998)0.6178494852
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Types of thalassemiaAlpha (=> unstable beta tetramers); Beta (major or intermedia. => alpha chains bind to membranes/aggregate); Delta0.708864159
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Haemoglobin subunit types and tetramer types α, β, γ, ε, ζ chains. Adult forms: A (α2β2), A2 (α2δ2), F (α2γ2)0.5975789175
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Organ of CortiOn basilar membrane; one row of inner cells and three to five rows of outer hair cells; 18,000 in total; hairs insert into tectoral membrane above; higher frequencies nearer oval window0.9418711087
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Anatomy of spleen (6)11cm long; 200g; 9th to the 12th thoracic rib; possesses only efferent lymphatic vessels; derived from mesenchymal tissue; supplied by celiac trunk0.2491330484
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IntussusceptionCondition in which a part of the intestine has invaginated into another section of intestine0.9073781845
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Encapsulated bacteria (6)Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus), Group B streptococcus (GBS), Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi0.9218339911
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Anemia - classificationReticulocyte production index? Normo/macro/micro -cytic?0.0517290009
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Control of breathingChemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata for pH; Chemoreceptors in carotid and aortic bodies for oxygen (ONLY if <60 mm Hg / 0.08 bar) and carbon dioxide; mechanoreceptors in lung0.4901061676
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Sickle cell - osteomyelitisMost common causative agent remains Staphylococcus aureus, but Salmonella species become proportionally more common0.0729266393
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Vaccines given in aspleniaNeisseria meningitis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (NHS)0.09588792232
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Pulps of the spleenRed (Mechanical filtration of red blood cells. Reserve of monocytes), white (Active immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathways)0.5156276914
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Dehydration levels5% moderate; 15% severe0.9855002625
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DactylitisSwelling of a finger or toe; often seen in sickle cell (infants)0.6888648244
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Infection route in osteomyelitisBloodstream, contiguously from local areas of infection (as in cellulitis), penetrating trauma0.7617972561
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Test for negligenceDuty of care, duty of care has been breached, causal link between the breach of duty and harm, harm not too remote (4 stages)0.4022122473
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Sickle cell prognosisLife expectancy >60 in Western world; but >50 % die before 1st birthday if untreated.0.6305427411
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Body water2/3 of body mass; 1/3 is ECF; 1/4 is plasma0.9098808912
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Regions of abdomenUmbilical, hypogastric, epigastric, hypochondriac, lumbar, iliac (L + R)0.1226733159
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InvolucraNew bone mass formed around sequestra0.1844414022
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sequestraDevitalised bone0.1192636572
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Secondary lymphoid organsLymph nodes, spleen, and small masses of lymph tissue such as Peyer’s patches, the appendix, tonsils, and selected regions of the body’s mucosal surfaces0.4869402704
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Bolam test"If a doctor reaches the standard of a responsible body of medical opinion, he is not negligent".0.1070896585
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Retrocecal appendix15 %. Pain localises to psoas muscle0.5731323716
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