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Current name (with authors)Introduction textKey requirementsOriginal descriptionOriginal illustrationOriginal illustration (source)Additional illustrationNote to additional photo
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Agaricus brunneolus (J.E. Lange) Pilát
A. brunneolus belongs to a difficult species complex that has proven more species rich than anticipated. A. porphyrizon is often considered a synonym, but may be a separate species, characterized by a more coarsely scaly cap. Other closely related taxa appear to be more gracile.A. brunnelus was originally collected on moist, black humus in a beech forest near Nyborg, Fyn (Denmark). Hence, the main target is collections from the same area and ecology, with robust sporocarps and a finely fibrillose, rather than scaly cap, but to clarify species concepts in the group, all good collections matching the broad concept of the species are wanted. Key characters to note down based on fresh specimens include cap and stipe dimensions, colour and texture of cap surface, colour reactions in flesh and smell. Dimensions of spores and cheilocystidia are also most wanted.Medium, rather short-stemmed. Cap 5.7-7 cm, rather thick-fleshed, densely covered by innate, minute fibrils and fibrillose squamules of a dull brownish crimson or purplish brown colour, paler at the margin. Gills somewhat distant, first whitish, then pale chocolate with a slight tinge of lilac. Stem whitish, glabrous, rather short and somewhat conical, sub-bulbous, slightly rhubarb-yellow to the touch (like the cap), with a thin, white ring, the edge of which is slightly thicker. Flesh whitish, becoming somewhat rhubarb-yellowish with age, from the base up. Odour rather pronounced. Spores ovoid 4.75-5 x 3.5 um, hyaline, pale. Cheilocystidia obovate, rather large, 10-18 um. Basidia 4-sterigmate, In wood of Fagus on boggy ground (black humus)
Flora Agaricina Danica Tab 140c
Modern photo matching the orginal concept of A. brunneolus very well, except for the ecology (Abies plantation vs Fagus forest) - DMS-9211903 (Jens. H. Petersen)
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Cuphophyllus lacmus (Schumach.) Bon
C. lacmus belongs to a group of gray-capped waxcaps, which are difficult to separate. A sister species is known from North America, and it is separated from the European based on dna-sequenses. However, it has recently been identified in Europe from heath habitats, which is the habitat also mentioned in the original description.C. lacmus was originally collected near Birkerød, Nordsjælland (Denmark), and collections from this part of Denmark are preferred. Key characters to note are dimensions and colour of cap and stipe, texture of cap surface, taste and smell. Spore size and shape are also important characters to record. Habitat is very important to note, due to the fact that the North American species have been found in UK.Agaricus lacmus, solitary, viscous, named for its blue grey colour, with a somewhat membranous, translucent cap, initially somewhat hemispherical, soon almost bell-shaped, then flattened and finally funnel-shaped, with a striated, erect, uneven, incised-lobed margin and an umbonate disc in older specimens, paler. Gills much broader than the flesh of the cap, sigmoid, narrowing posteriorly, long decurrent. Stem shortish, rather thick, thickened upwards and expanded at the apex, somewhat flexuous, fleshy-fibrous, white.
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Hygrocybe acutaHygrocybe acuta was described by the Danish mycologist F.H. Møller based on a collection from Skáli, Faroe Islands, 3 September 1938. It resemples H. punicea, but with smaller, more gracile carpophores and bright red colours. Later authors have interpreted it as the same as H. punicea, but some characters are deviating, such as colour of the flesh in stipe, indicating that it actually could be an older name for H. splendidissima, described in 1960. With the recent realization of higher taxonomic richness in the group, it may however also represent a distinct separate species, and hence it would be important to sequence authentic material resampling the diagnosis. The type collection is kept at the herbarium in Copenhagen(C), but its condition is probably too bad to be sequenced. The type collection is kept at the herbarium in Copenhagen(C), but its condition is probably too bad to be sequenced. Candidate epitype collections should be collected in the Faroe Islands.Cap 1.5-5.5 cm, orange-blood colored, fading to yellow-ochre when mature, especially in the center, from conical-bell-shaped to flat-depressed, distinctly sharply umbonate, dry, with an inrolled margin, finally flat, somewhat lobed. Gills yellow, finally scarlet-salmon, attached or nearly free, ventricose, somewhat distant, somewhat thick, rigid, fragile. Stem 4-7 cm x 7-13 mm, yellow, with red striations, fibrous, often compressed, dry, hollow, white at the base, curved, distinctly tapered. Flesh yellow, red under the skin, white at the base of the stem, thin, odorless and tasteless. Spores white, under the microscope straw-colored, cylindrical-ovate, 9-10 x 4-5 µm. Basidia 4-spored, 44-56 x 6-8 µm. Without cystidia. Gregarious in grass and mosses. Skáli, Faroe Islands.Fungi of The Faeroes: 143.1945. With plate (1a)
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Hygrocybe brevisporaHygrocybe brevispora was described by the Danish mycologist F.H. Møller based on a collection from Vestmanna, Faroe Islands, 14 September 1938. Møller considered this taxon as closely related to H. citrinovirens, but the two species are today considered as the same species. This should be tested by molecular methods of authentic material. The type collection is kept at the herbarium in Copenhagen (C), but its condition is probably too bad to be sequenced. Candidate epitypes should be collected in the Faroe Islands.Cap 4-6 cm wide, greenish-yellow, not blackening, conical with acute umbo, dry, conspicuously cracked-fibrous, flocculose-scaly, margin upturned, lobed, thin. Gills white, with pale greyish-yellow hue. Gills whitish, with a pale ash-green tint, especially bright at the front, free or deeply notched-attached, distant, fragile, with a distinctly toothed edge. Stipe 6-7 cm x 10-13 mm, concolorous with cap, with white basis, often thickened in the middle, curved, silky-shiny, very fibrous-striated, dry, rigid, hollow. Flesh yellow, not blackening, thin, fragile, in the stem very fibrous, shiny, odorless and tasteless. Spores in clusters white, spherical-ovate, under the microscope whitish-yellowish. Basidia 4-spored, 32-36 x 8 µm, without cystidia. Gregarious among tall grass in grassland. Vestmanna, Faroe Islands.Fungi of The Faeroes: 142.1945. With plate (1e)
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Hygrocybe citrinovirens (J.E. Lange) Jul. Schaeff.Hygrocybe citrinovirens was described by the Danish mycologist J.E. Lange based on a collection made in October 1900 near Årup on Fyn, Denmark. No type collection is preserved. The species is easily recognized, but at least two other names have been applied to it: Hygrocybe brevispora F.H. Møller, described from the Faroe Islands, and Hygrocybe cystidiata Arnolds based on a Kühner-collection from Schwitzerland. Both are typified by collections, which should be sequenced and compared, but for that to make sense, H. citrovirens should be fixed by a sequenced epitype.Candidate epitypes should be collected from Denmark, preferably Fyn, and should agree with the short description and plate of Lange, i.e. showing very pale, greenish yellow colours. To establish the morphological variation in the group collections with warmer, more orange colours on the cap would be very interesting to sequence as well. Only one fruitbody seen. Cap diameter 3.5 cm, almost plane, subumbonate, lobed, innate fibrillose, dry, pale sulphur-yellow, becomming paler. Gills white clearly emarginate, thick. Stipe 7 cm x 0,8-1 cm, slightly compressed, lengthwise fibrillose, pale lemon greenish yellow (base white), dry, hollow, context paler than surface. Spores obovate or obtusely oval, 8 x 5.5 µm.Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 4 (4): 20. 1923. With plate (1 g)
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Hygrocybe langei Kühner (nom. nov.)Hygrocybe langei is a nomen novum for H. constans described by the Danish mycologist J.E. Lange based on a collection made in August 1917, between Slukefter and Langesø, on Fyn, Denmark. The collection is not preserved. The species is a member of the Hygrocybe acutoconica – complex, in which several names have been published (including H. persistens, H. rickenii, H. aurantiolutescens, H. konradii). Specimens referred to all these should be sequenced and compared before any conclusions on species delimitations and taxonomy can be drawn.Candidate epitypes should be collected in Denmark, preferably on Fyn. Latin diagnosis translated to English: Cap 3-4 cm in diameter, conical and expanding, golden-yellow, not blackening, moist and striated. Gills narrow, tapered, free and yellow. Stem cylindrical about 5 cm x 4 mm, somewhat hollow, yellow inside and on outside, somewhat fibrous, base whitish. Spores cylindrical-oval, 10.5-12 x 6.25-6.75 µm. Basidia 2-spored.plate 167C in Flora Agaricina Danica (Lange 1940)
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Hygrocybe pseudoconicaHygrocybe pseudoconica was described by the Danish mycologist J.E. Lange based on a collection made in Kirkeby, Fyn, Denmark in November 1916. It has usually been treated as a large and stout variety or forma of Hygrocybe conica, characterized by the large and stout fruitbodies with dry surfaces and a coarsely fibrillose stipe. European authors have erroneously used the name Hygrocybe nigrescens (Quel.) Kühner for this taxon, because Quélet’s original description describe the pileus as white. It is now clear that H. conica is a species complex of at least 25 species in Europe, and hence it is important to establish the identity of H. pseudoconica by an epitype, as no authentic material remains that can be sequenced.Epitypes should preferably be collected from Fyn, and should correspond well with the plate and description, i.e. possessing large sporcarps with orange-reddish cap colours, yellow to orange gills, yellowish stipe, and rather narrow spores with Q-value around 1.8. Cap conical to expanded, 3.5-5.5 cm, orange-scarlet with fibrous streaks. Gills rather broad, free, yellow (base somewhat orange). Stem cylindrical, white inside, fibrous-streaked outside, yellow or somewhat orange, base always white. Turns black when touched. Spores cylindrical to oval, 9-11 x 5-6 µm. Basidia 4-spored.
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Hygrocybe spadicea P. Karst.A relatively easy-to-distinguish but rare waxcap species, characterised by a brown to brownish-black, broadly conical pileus, and yellow stipe and lamellae. Its ecology follows a few patterns, the most common being xerothermic steppe grasslands and semi-natural mesophilic grasslands. It was originally described from northern Slovenia by the Austro-Italian mycologist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli.,A potential neotype should originate from northern Slovenia or southern Austria. The collection must be well-documented.Pileus brown, or pale reddish. Lamellae lemon-yellow. Stipe long, same color as the lamellae. It grows in the higher altitude of cooler Carniola. Cap convex, soft, not striated, three fingers wide. Context yellow. Lamellae not attached to the stipe. Stipe of the thickness of a reed, solid, solitary, as long as the middle finger.Not available
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Neohygrocybe ingrata (J.P. Jensen & F.H. Møller) HerinkNeohygrocybe ingrata was described by the Danish mycologists J.P. Jensen and F.H. Møller based on a collection from Jægersborg Dyrehave near Copenhagen, collected 29 September 1943. It is a distinct species, which is easily recognized. However, resembling species have recently been described from central Europe, and type material of the Danish species should be sequenced. As the holotype (kept at the herbarium in Copenhagen (C) is old, it is probably useless for sequencing and new material should be collected.Candidate epitypes should preferably be collected from Sjælland, and optimally from the type locality, which still host suitable habitats for grassland fungi. However, the species was last recorded from the site in 1998, and material from other parts of Denmark and South Sweden are also relevant. Material should correspond well with the plate and descriptionCap 3-6 cm, dirty brown, convex-flat, with a slightly umbonate center, or slightly depressed, more or less irregular, often cracked-scaly, with darker scales, wet or dry, margin initially inflexed, thin, then often somewhat lobed. Gills white to pale, often spotted red when touched, very broad, more or less ventricose, sinuate-adnate or rounded-adnexed, distant, somewhat thick, fragile. Stipe 3-7 cm x 8-13 mm, whitish, tinged brown when touched, white at the base, often spotted red when touched, uneven, tapered upwards and downwards, often somewhat compressed and lacunose, smooth, shiny, hollow. Flesh whitish or pale, more or less reddening, fragile, fibrous in the stipe, with the odor of H. nitrata, tasteless. Spores white, ovate, 7.5-9 (-10) x 5-5.5 (-6) µm. Basidia 4-spored, 40-46 x 6-7 µm. Without cystidia. – Gregarious among grasses, in grassland. Jægersborg Dyrehave, Copenhagen, leg. J.P. Jensen. Distinct species, intermediate between H. nitrata and H. ovina.Svampe 2 (Printz 1980). original in herb. C
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Neohygrocybe nitrata (Pers.) KovalenkoNeohygrocybe nitrata belongs to the group of dull-coloured waxcap species (section Neohygrocybe), which are characterised by a distinctive nitrous smell. It can be distinguished by its dark brownish to greyish-brown pileus covered with squamules, pale brown or grey stipe, and pale greyish, well-defined lamellae.An neotype should be collected in Europe (ideally in Germany). Potential type material should be thoroughly documented.Agaricus nitratus: rigid, blackish-brown, with a sub-fleshy, convex-plane, slightly cut pileus; lamellae distant, ventricose, somewhat attached; stipe hollow, somewhat split. Habitat: in grassy mountainous places. Stipe: 1 inch thick, somewhat fleshy, hollow inside. Lamellae: 4–6 lines wide, broad, pruinose, with the pruinose turning olive when rubbed off. Pileus: 3–4 inches wide, at first bell-shaped, later flattening, often cracked, thin, with a peculiar odor similar to that of spirit of nitre (nitric ether).Not available
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Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) P. Kumm.Tricholoma saponaceum belongs to a difficult group of closely related taxa, of which several have been recently described or typified. However, the classical “core” taxon in the group (i.e. T. saponaceum) is still not clearly defined, neither taxonomically, nor molecularly. The concept of the species presented in Fungi of Northen Europe, vol 4 (Christensen & Heilmann-Clausen 2013), all show specimens with a distinctly scaly stem, in contrast to the original diagnosis which clearly state the stem to be smooth. Subsequent sequencing work has proven the existence of a widespread and common species better matching the original concept of this species by Fries, and we now seek an appropriate, well described collection of this species to serve as neotype. T. saponaceum was described by Fries in the time when he lived in Femsjö, Southern Sweden, and hence the main target is collections from this area, occurring in pine forest, and matching the original description, i.e. showing a smooth stem, reddening flesh, soapy odor and pale greyish to brownish colours. Compact, firm, with a slightly soapy odor when rubbed; otherwise without any distinct smell. The stipe is solid, 5-8 cm long, about 1 cm thick, more or less tapering downward, sometimes irregular, flexuous or curved, smooth, pale, with adpressed light brick fibres. The cap is fleshy, convex, later becoming flat, obtuse, irregular, flexuous, smooth; at the disc very finely cracked or tuberculate; 2–4 inches broad; bluish-grey, somewhat leather-coloured, ash-gray or brownish, often paler at the margin. Flesh white, firm, turning reddish when cut. Gills sinuated, rounded, attached with a tooth, 2–4 mm apart, entire, not serrated, white, never forked. In pine forests in leaf litter, found in October.Icones selectae hymenomycetum nondum delineatorum, Vol 1, plate 32
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Tricholoma sulphureumTricholoma sulphureum is known as a common and widespread fungus, easily recognizable by its bright yellow colours of gills and strong sulphurous smell. Colour variants have been described either as varieties or as distinct species, addressing still unresolved taxonomic questions. For instance, Bon (1991) recognized T. bufonium as a distinct species and cited 3 varieties for T. sulphureum (coronarium, pallidum, rhodophyllum), 1 for T. bufonium (nigrescens), mostly based on pileus colour and ecology. Comandini et al. (2004) suggested to recognize a single species with intraspecific variations, demonstrating that neither colour or host tree was correlated with genetic profiles. Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2015) identified 3 European clades of “T. sulphureum” in addition with T. hemisulphureum and the newly described T. bryogenum. Till now no correlation was made between morphological or ecological features and the three clades (possibly more) identified so far. Although all elements of the sanctioning description by Fries should be considered, it seems referable to fix an interpretation of T. sulphureum directed by Bulliard’s original plates and, pl. description. Because a taxonomic revision of the whole section needed, all well-documented collections of all aspects of T. sulphureum/bufonium from various regions are desirable.All collections must be described with precision and photographed, including cross-sections of young and mature specimens. Ecology (if possible host trees and nature of substrate) must be indicated. A special attention must be paid to colour of mycelium and presence of rhizomorphs, KOH reaction on cap and base of stipe, colour of context, and colour of the cap (and its variability with age). Spore print required for reliable spore measurements. Bulliard did not provide any geographical indication, but except some plates which are nominatively attributed to correspondents from other regions of France Bulliard mostly illustrated species observed by him around Paris. Collections for epitypifications should ideally come from the Paris area under deciduous trees (Quercus-Carpinus forests were the dominant natural forest type on various soils around Paris in the late XVIIIth), matching Bulliard’s description : slender specimens with fibrous, filled stipe, gibbose when young and flattened on old specimens. Although Bulliard does not mention any colour the original plate 168 illustrates entirely yellow fruitbodies. On trouve assez communément ce champignon en septembre-octobre dans les bois, où il vient toujours seul, sur la terre et jamais sur le bois pourri. Sa superficie est sèche, n’est point susceptible d’être pelée. Son chapeau est assez ordinairement mamelonné dans l’état de jeunesse, mais dans l’état de vieillesse au lieu d’un mamelon à son centre on y remarque assez ordinairement un enfoncement. Ses feuillets sont rares, entre deux feuillets entiers on trouve presque toujours trois parties de feuillets. Les feuillets touchent au pédicule et y ont même une petite adhérence. Pédicule continu, plein, remarquable à sa superficie et dans l’intérieur même par des fibres longitudinales et communément tortueuses dont sa chair est composée. N.B. Les fig. A, B, C , D représentent ce champignon dans différents âges. La fig. B représente une de ses variétés les plus communes. Les fig. E et F en font voir la coupe verticale. Lorsqu’il est jeune il sent le chènevis moisi, pour peu qu’il soit avancé en âge il a une odeur cadavéreuse. Il n’a rien de désagréable au goût. »Bulliard, Histoire des Champignons de la France pl. 168
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Lactarius conditus Britzelm.Lactarius conditus was described by Max Britzelmayr from the forests around Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany). The species was considered as a close relative or possibly synonym of L. glyciosmus by the author and has generally been considered a synonym of L. glyciosmus. If L. glyciosmus was shown to include distinct genotypes, the synonymy of the two species would have to be reassessed. Unpublished ITS data suggest that diverse genotypes exist for “L. glyciosmus” in the Augsburg area, but the material that has been sequenced is not quite suitable for epitypification (too old, from the place, Haspelmoor, from which Britzelmayr reported L. glyciosmus rather than L. conditus).
The illustration given above was published after the description, but it appears likely that the original illustration (deposited in L (?)) existed at the time of the description and could serve as a lectotype.		See L. glyciosmus. The spore size given by Britzelmayr for L. conditus (8-9 x 7-8 µm) are on the large side of the spectrum for L. glyciosmus. Colours are reported to be on the pinkish-grey side, but it is not clear whether these characters correlate with certain genotypes. Any material corresponding to L. glyciosmus from the forests around Augsburg would be of interest.ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Britzelmayr, Ber. naturhist. Augsburg 28: 138 (1885), translated from German):
Pileus reddish lead-grey, centre depressed. Stipe pale yellowish white, somewhat flesh coloured. Lamellae whitish, flesh-coloured, crowded. Context firm. Latex white. Smell spicy. Spores 8-9 x 7-8 µm. Autumn. Forests around Augsburg.
Britzelmayr, Max (ca. 1890) Hymenomyceten aus Südbayern. 11. Berlin: Friedländer. https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/
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Lactarius cremor Fr.The name Lactarius cremor has been subject to diverse interpretations. Heilmann-Clausen et al. (1998) recommend to regard it as a nomen dubium and to remove the name from circulation. Currently, the idea is to stabilize the usage of old names by typification, rather than no longer using unclear names . The name L. cremor is most often interpreted as an older synonym of L. rostratus, which is thus the interpretation of the name the typification should support. Type material of L. rostratus has been barcoded, and phylogenetic research has proven that there is only one single species that aligns with both L. rostratus and what several authors consider to be L. cremor (e.g. Bon, 1980; Basso, 1999). Fries makes only one literature reference in the original description, but this reference does not include a plate. Since no original material is available, neotypification of L. cremor is needed.Fries described L. cremor from Sweden, potentially the area around Uppsala where he worked at the time of description of this species. Heilmann-Clausen et al. (1998) doubt that L. rostratus occurs in Sweden. If we treat L. cremor and L. rostratus as synonyms, then the current concept of the species is that it forms an ectomycorrhizal association with Fagus. In the Uppsala area, beech trees, where they occur, are normally planted, often in parks associated with castles or stately homes.
We are looking for collections that comply as much as possible with the original description by Fries and are from the (very) broad region around Uppsala or at least Sweden, if possible, to test species delimitation in an integrative way and potentially select a neotype. There is reason to assume that L. rostratus does not occur in that area around Uppsala, although it may occur in Skåne. However, as the interpretation of the name, which the typification is meant to stabilize, may not be the species Fries had in mind, the requirement for assigning a type from the same geographical region does not make much sense in this species.		ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Fries, Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 343 (1838), translated from Latin):
Cap fleshy, thin, flat, smooth, punctate [with dots], viscid, tawny, with a striate margin. Stipe hollow, fragile, concolorous. Lamellae adnate, somewhat distant, pale, with whitish latex. - A. aurant. Secr. n. 461. Found rarely in leafy groves [or forests]. Fragile. Cap obtuse or at first umbonate, 2 inches wide, often eccentric, margin pectinately [comb-like] ribbed like a Russula. Lamellae 3 lines [about 6 mm] wide, fragile, pruinose. Stipe 3-4 lines [about 6-8 mm] thick, scarcely 2 inches long, obsoletely sericeous [faintly silky] upwards.		Not available
Photo by Machiel Noordeloos
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Lactarius deliciosus (L.) GrayThe name Lactarius deliciosus currently lacks a designated type specimen. To stabilize the use of this widely applied name, it is necessary to designate a type and define the species in accordance with modern concepts. This is crucial for clarifying species concepts particularly outside Europe where the name has been applied broadly for different taxa (e.g., North America), and for stabilizing species delimitation within Lactarius sect. Deliciosi, a group of very closely related taxa. On top of that, L. deliciosus is of economic importance as an edible species.
L. deliciosus was first described by Linnaeus as Agaricus deliciosus. Linnaeus' original description doesn't reference a specimen nor a plate. Fries however, in his sanctioning work, points to a plate by Sowerby (amongst many others). This illustration (see above) clearly depicts a species within what is now known as Lactarius sect. Deliciosi. While it might represent Lactarius deliciosus itself, the plate is ambiguous. It lacks several of the species' most characteristic features, such as scrobicules on the stipe, and does not allow to unequivocally rule out related species like L. quieticolor. Nevertheless, scrobicules can indeed be absent from the stipe in L. deliciosus. The other plates Fries references show a broad morphological variation that doesn’t align with what we now consider as L. deliciosus. This highlights that, from its initial description until about 60 years ago, the name Lactarius deliciosus was used in a much broader sense than currently and encompassed multiple different species within the section.
Since L. deliciosus is a sanctioned name, a type may be selected from the elements in the original protologue or as part of the sanctioning work. Linnaeus nor Fries mention a specimen, but one of the illustrations Fries refers to can serve as a lectotype. Since none of the illustrations Fries refers to allow the unambiguous connection to the particular species we now call L. deliciosus, an epitype may be designated. This epitype should add micro-morphological and molecular data to offer an unequivocal modern interpretation of the species.		Linnaeus was based at Uppsala University for much of his career and conducted extensive fieldwork throughout Sweden. A modern collection that can serve as an epitype preferably is collected in the same area. Linnaeus mentions that L. deliciosus inhabits mountains, barren places, and wooded areas. In our current concept, L. deliciosus is exclusively found in association with Pinus spp. and possesses a distinctive set of macroscopic and microscopic features. Its orange pileus is often noted for a somewhat whitish, pruinose, and frequently zonate aspect, with green tones being notably absent or minimal. The stipe is equally characteristic, displaying a whitish layer superimposed on its orange pigmentation, typically bearing numerous orange scrobicules. A key diagnostic feature is the bright orange latex, which persists in its original color for 30 minutes or more before transitioning to wine-red. Although some literature describes L. deliciosus milk as unchanging orange, we align with Basso (1999), observing a slow orange-to-red color change in most specimens. Microscopically, its spore ornamentation stands out within the section due to its comparatively thick ridges.ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Linnaeus, Sp. pl. 2: 1172 (1753), translated from Latin):
Agaricus with a stipe, with a brick-red cap, the juice becoming yellowish.
Amanita of brick-red color, swelling with saffron-colored juice. Dillenius, Catalogus Plantarum Sponte Circa Gissam Nascentium (1719), page 179.
A pernicious fungus, varying in brick-red color, pouring forth acrid and saffron-colored juice. Micheli, Genera Nova Plantarum, page 141; Haller, Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetiae Inchoata, page 49.
It inhabits mountains, barren [or sterile] places, and wooded areas.
[Explanation: the first phrase is a polynomial, i.e. the actual short species description intended to distinguish the species from others within the same genus. Below Linnaeus lists synonyms and references to older literature where the same species was described. The final sentence indicates the habitat.]
Potential lectotype: Sowerby, J. (1799) Col. fig. Engl. fung., plate 202 https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.6342
A later illustration of Lactarius deliciosus made under the supervision of Fries in Sveriges ätliga och giftiga svampar (1860-1866). https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.113215
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Lactarius glyciosmus (Fr.) Fr.To the best of our knowledge a type has not been selected for L. glyciosmus. Fries does not cite any plate or material in either the description (1818) nor in the sanctioning work (1821). Unless there is original material (unlikely), a neotype could be selected. In his later work, Fries (1838) referred in the context of L. glyciosmus to a plate by Krombholz (1841 or earlier), which illustrates his (then) concept very nicely, but which is not available as lectotype, because it is much later than the original and sanctioning descriptions.
There is some as yet incompletely understood ITS variation associated with collections identified as L. glyciosmus and L. mammosus. For the sake of taxonomic stability L. glyciosmus should be typified with material having the ITS genotype that is most commonly found. Thus, part of the neotypification exercise would also be to find out what the most common ITS genotype of the species is and which mixes of ITS genotypes occur.
The main purpose of typification is to stabilize the current and widespread use of a name and not to find potential offspring of the fungi that Fries may have seen. Thus, with a species macroscopically as well understood as L. glyciosmus, it is more important to attach the name to a collection with the most frequent and abundant ITS genotype(s) rather than selecting a collection close to Fries’ home.		The species was described by Fries while he was still living in southern Sweden. The original description gives only “in forests” as habitat description. The cocos smell is an important characteristic of this species. The species occurs in different types of habitats, in rather wet areas with Sphagnum but also at grassy road sides (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998: 170). Betula is considered the main mycorrhizal partner, but fide Heilmann-Clausen et al. (1998: 170) Alnus or Salix spp. might also be partners.
If you wish to contribute to the exploration of this species, please be sure to note the habitat and potential hosts carefully. For exploring the infrageneric variation it would be advantageous to have material not only from where the species was described from.
ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Fries, Observationes Mycologicae 2: 194 (1818), translated from Latin):
[Summary] Stipe full, 1-2 in long, thick, often eccentric, smooth, variations of pale reddish gray-brown, at the bottom with whitish feathery hyphae. Cap fleshy, flat, sometimes depressed, 1-2 in, margin firm, almost smooth, ultimately squamulose, greyish to pinkish, pale, azonate, margin mostly expanded.Lamellae connected to stipe, yellowish, later ochraceous.Smell strong and sweet, not unpleasant. In forests, not uncommon.
Krombholz, J. V. 1841 (?). Naturgetreue Abblidungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme, plate 39 pp. Lactarius glyciosmus (f. 16-18) https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15756
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Lactarius pubescens Fr.Although the species was originally described from Germany, the Göttingen area (Schrader 1794), the name was an illegitimate homonym of Agaricus pubescens Scop. The replacement name was created by Fries, who mentioned several sources (Krombholz, Schrader, his own earlier descriptions) when giving the new name.
Lactarius pubescens has not been typified. Morphologically, the distinction from L. scoticus appears clear, but ITS data suggest that often in northern Europe the same ITS genotypes occur in both taxa. Assembling a larger sample of collections (especially from areas where both taxa co-occur) could verify the statement that intermediate forms are rare. Exploring the distribution and abundance of different genotypes would help to determine the genotype that would make sure that the application of the name L. pubescens remains stable.		Lactarius pubescens can be distinguished from L. scoticus by the usually larger fruiting body size, more pinkish fruiting body colours and white rather than yellow milk. Both species are associated with birch. Collections with intermediate characters would be of interest, if they existed.
Our current hypothesis is that the two species are morphologically usually easy to distinguish, i.e. intermediate forms are exceedingly rare, suggesting that the overlap in genotypes is rather due to incomplete lineage sorting than to regular hybridization. However, we prefer rather than rushing epitypification, using this initiative for a call of material from all areas that are co-inhibited by L. pubescens and L. scoticus with notes on relevant morphological features and ecology.		ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Fries, Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: 335 (1838), translated from Latin):
Pileus fleshy, tenacious, with a flat white umbo, glabrous, margin fibrillous, fibrils white. Stipe short, tapering towards the basis, hollow. Lamellae fleshy, moderately crowded. Latex white, acrid…in grassy places, rare, in Skåne’s meadows abundant.
Krombholz, J.V. (1831) Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der essbaren, schädlichen und verdächtigen Schwämme. Prag.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/53231#page/14/mode/1up
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Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Pers.
It is unclear whether L. torminosulus and L. torminosus are synonyms. Lactarius torminosus is probably lacking a type. The image above could serve as the lectotype, unless suitable collections existed. The plate appears to show mostly young and smallish fruiting bodies; the hairs at the cap edge are not particularly long in the presumably older fruiting bodies and missing in Fig. V. A biological epitype is needed for illustrating this character and for making sequence comparisons, which are needed for determining synonymy.The species was described by Jacob Christian Schäffer from Germany. Schäffer spent most of his life in the Regensburg (Bavaria) area. As in L. pubescens, it might be revealing if material was also analysed coming from areas that are co-inhabitated by L. torminosus and L. torminosulus. Both species are associated with birch. The hairs of the fringe at the cap edge are thought to be longer in L. torminosus and persist in old fruiting bodies, whereas the cap edges of L. torminosulus become bald with age. Lactarius torminosulus is smaller and more fragile than L. torminosus. Where L. torminosulus is missing, L. torminosus is normally easy to recognize unless it is very young or badly weathered.ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Schaeffer, Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones 4: 7, t. 12 (1774), translated from Latin):
Agaric with a well developed stipe, usually solitary, with acrid yellow milk [Comment: This is incorrect, the latex is white], brick-red hemispherical pileus, depressed in the centre and inrolled margin, pileus hairy, striate with paler concentric rings, yellow forked lamellae, stipe cylindrical, brick-coloured, hairy at the basis, no ring … Through the entire autumn in woodlands and heaths.
The Latin description associated with the name Agaricus torminosus was published in 1774 (fide Index Fungorum and MycoBank, accessed 30 Jul. 2025), there are two editions for vol. 1, plate 12. The earlier edition from 1762 is the better in terms of colours of the lamellae, the second edition for the colours of the pilei. Possibly the second edition was published after 1774 (but the part that is allegedly from 1774 is with an imprint year of 1800, too.)
Schaeffer, J. C. (1762) Fungorum qui in bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur. Icones nativis coloribus expressae. Vol. 1. Regensburg, Germany: Zunkelanis. Plate 12.
https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/10986/
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Lactarius trivialis (Fr.) Fr.Lactarius trivialis is a large, striking species that is rather common in boreal regions of Europe. It has a ± barrel-shaped stem and a greyish-vinaceous indistinctly zonate or azonate, slimy to glutinous cap. In Northern Europe it sometimes is much paler brown, without the vinaceous tinges. Phylogenetic research has demonstrated that Lactarius utilis is a later synonym of L. trivialis. Historically, L. utilis was distinguished by a more slimy pileus and a more cylindrical stipe; however, our molecular data unequivocally prove these are conspecific. In order to definitively stabilize the use of the name L. trivialis, typification is needed.
In the protologue nor the sanctioning work Fries mentions a specimen that could be used for typification. The protologue does refer to a plate by Karl von Krapf. The typification details given in Index Fungorum (status 1 July 2025) “Tab. V, figs 1-3 (Krapf. Esb. Schw. 1)” are, to the best of our knowledge, merely a citation from this protologue. As far as we are aware, the lectotypification has not been formalized. Fries presumably made a citation error, because the relevant plate (see illustration above) can be found in volume 2, not 1. When choosing a lectotype, the volume number ought to be corrected and a selection from the figures could be made. As figures 1 and 3 are more reminding of L. cf. necator than of L. trivialis, fig. 2 could be selected, which could refer to L. trivialis, but also to a number of other species like e.g. L. blennius or L. flexuosus. For this reason, the lectotype is demonstrably ambiguous and epitypification is needed.		Fries writes that this species is found ”in pinetis” which could mean pine forest but also conifer forest in general. In our current concept L. trivialis is associated with Picea or Betula. Fries described the species when he worked and lived in Southern Sweden (probably around Femsjö), so we prefer a well-documented collection from that area for epitypification.ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Fries, Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1: 61 (1815), translated from Latin, shortened):
Cap dark grayish-flesh-colored, depressed, somewhat viscous; gills whitish, lactescent [producing milk]; stipe elongated, whitish. Krapf. Esb. Schw. Vol. I, Plate 5, Figures 1, 2, 3.
Quite frequent in pine forests.
Description: Stipe elongated, 2-4 inches thick, hollow, nearly equal [in width] or slightly thicker towards the bottom, somewhat fragile, smooth; glabrous above, pubescent below. Cap rather flat, with a depressed center, somewhat infundibuliform, fleshy, 2-4 inches [wide], smooth, dry or viscous, which depends on the weather [lit. "temperament of the sky"], dark grayish-flesh-colored, with a reflexed margin. Gills whitish, somewhat decurrent, unequal, often connected by veins, sometimes dichotomous; narrower at the base where they meet the cap flesh, wider at the apex. Varies with adnate gills. Milk, as in the previous [species], white, somewhat acrid, but not very acrid, unchanging.
Potential lectotype: Tab. V, fig 2 (Krapf. Esb. Schw. 2) - not fig 1, 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.25673/84569
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Lactarius vietus (Fr.) Fr.Lactarius vietus is a common species with a wide ecological amplitude, but without type. The delimitation to the species L. syringinus (if it exists) and L. pilatii is not straightforward. By selecting a type, we would want to achieve that the concept of the name L. vietus remains stable and attached to the most common and abundant member of this group.The latex of L. vietus and similar species dries greenish grey and fruiting bodies lack a distinctive smell. Following the original description and the current knowledge on L. vietus, the type should be collected with birch in a moist moss-rich forest habitat. The caps should be azonate and not too dark to avoid confusion with L. syringinus and L. pilatii. As opposed to L. vietus, which can be observed from August to November, Lactarius syringinus might fruit earlier in the year. Lactarius pilatii forms more umbonate caps and has more narrow spores. Other species that could be confused with L. vietus have unchanging milk.
There are currently no indications that L. vietus from Sweden could be different from L. vietus from other parts of Europe. Given how widespread and common L. vietus is, typification with material not from Sweden might be acceptable.		ORIGINAL DESCRIPTION (Fries, Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1: 66 (1821), translated from Latin):
With a pale viscid azonate cap, lamellae and milk white, stipe almost hollow, fragile… without smell, taste acrid, disagreeable.Latex white, becoming greyish. Stipes very smooth, concolorous with caps, full when young. Cap slim-fleshed, frequently umbonate, always subdued colours (?), greyish, diam. 3-5 in., shape regular or with undulating lobes. Lamellae thin, attached . Variable. With Betula and Populus, chiefly in moist, moss-rich forests. Common. Aug-Nov.		Not available
L. vietus, photo by Henk Huijser
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