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StudyStudy locationIntervention areaDoes the study have multiple long-term follow-ups on income or other effects?If yes, what does it find?How does the effect change over time?Methodology
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Rossin-Slater and Wust 2017DenmarkPreschool and infant home nurse interventionYes. Looks at income over 5-year intervalsEffect size at age of observation: age 35=0.018, 40=0.002; 45=0.017; 50=0.010; 55=0.009; 60=-0.001Seems mixed; trend line shows the effect slightly decreasingQuasi-experiment (difference-in-difference)
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Duflo 2001 / Roodman 2022IndonesiaYears of schoolingYes. "First, I follow up on the Duflo (2001) cohorts later—
in 2005, 2010, and 2013–14, as dictated by data availability." p. 4		Some weak evidence for decay. Comparing the effect on wages in Figure 7 (p. 30) shows some decay, though David doesn't view it as that strong. See discussion w/ David Roodman in the note.Slight decreaseQuasi-experiment (difference-in-difference)
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Bharadwaj et al. (2016)SwedenLow birthweight (twin study)Yes. See "Income across the lifecycle" section, p. 22Some decline over time for males, mixed evidence for females. For males, effect size is 0.125 at 30, 0.11 at 40, 0.10 at 50, then 0.06 at 55. For females it bounces around a lot more: 0.21 at 30, 0.08 at 40, 0.13 at 50, and 0.16 at 55 (but 0.00 at 45).Decrease for males; mixed for femalesQuasi-experiment (twins study)
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Gertler et al. (2021)JamaicaEarly childhood stimulationYes. 31 years old and 22 years old.Increase over time. 37% increase in earnings at 31 years old, 25% increase in earnings at 22 years old.IncreaseRCT
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Neller and Arenberg 2021USPollution / Wildfire smokeYes. Looks at whole life cycleEffect size at age intervals: age interval 36-40=-0.20, 41-45=-0.54; 46-50=-0.29; 51-55=-0.26; 56-59=-0.61Seems mixed; trend line shows effect slightly increasingQuasi-experiment (difference-in-difference)
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Lang and Nystedt 2018SwedenHeight (twin study)Yes. Looks "over the life cycle"Increases over life cycle for men; slight decreases over life cycle for women (see cell note)Increase for males; decrease for femalesQuasi-experiment (twins study)
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Case et al. 2005UKChildhood healthYes. Employment and socieconomic status at 33 and 42Find expected effects of family income, maternal smoking, birthweight, chornic conditions, and height on employment and socio-economic status (SES) at 33 and 42. Differences between 33 and 42 are mixed.Mixed, effects seem fairly close between these time periodsObservational
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Currie and Hyson 1999UKLow birth weightYes. Education at 20, socio-economic status (SES) at 23 and 33Effect on male employement at age 23 = -0.046, age 33 = -0.081; Female employtment at age 23 = -0.074, age 33 = 0.046; Effect on male wages at age 23 = -0.15, age 33 = -0.04; Female wages at 23 = -0.014, 23 = 0.031Employment: Increase over time for males; decrease over time for females
Income: Increase over time for males; decrease over time for females		Observational
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Heckman and Karapakula 2019USPreschoolYes. Multiple follow-ups (ages 15, 19, 27, 40, 55)Effect on male earnings is highest between ages 35 to 40, but effect disappears by age 45. Effect on female employment is highest between ages 26 and 40, but decreases thereafter.Increase and then decrease (income for males, employment for females)RCT
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Lundborg et al. 2022SwedenNutritious school lunchesYes. Run separate regressions on each age (see cell note)"...the effects increase from age 26 onwards, peak at 4% at ages 29–34, and then decline and stabilize around 2% from age 36 onwards." p. 897Increase, then decrease and stabilizeQuasi-experiment (difference-in-difference)
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Studies identified by our literature review but excluded
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Data collected from at least two time periods
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Behrman et al. 2010GuetamalaNutrition supplementationYes. Follow up in 2002-04 and in 2007-08N/AN/A
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Almond and Mazumder 2008Uganda, Iraq, and USin utero fasting (Ramadan)Yes. US data from 1980 and 2005-2007, but may not be comparable data (see table 8)"broadly similar effects" in both data sets, even though from different time periodsNo change
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Matsushima et al. 2018JapanLow birth weightYes. Looks at three periods (childhood, middle age, old age)Argues that negative effects of low birth weight fade out. Unfortunately, the outcome measures for each age period are different.N/A (outcome measures for each follow up are different)
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Kagitcibasi et al., 2009TurkeyMother training or preschoolYes. 7 and 19 years post-interventionLooks just at cognitive skills (since first follow-up was before adulthood); results seem quite mixed (see cell note)N/A (only looks at cognitive skills)
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Garcia and Heckman 2020 / Garcia et al. 2020
USEarly childhood programsModels program effect over life cycle, but looks like measurement at only one point in timeLooks like treatment effect follows curve, with maximum impact around age 40Increase and then decrease (though this is modeled, not measured)
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Domond et al. 2020CanadaFormal child careYes. 18 annual measurement points for incomeReports on risk of poverty between ages 18 and 40, but not earnings.N/A
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Black et al. (2005)NorwayLow birthweight (twin study)Not reportedN/AN/A
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Majid 2015Indonesiain utero fasting (Ramadan)Four survey rounds, but doesn't appear to analyze changeN/AN/A
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Bettinger et al., 2018ColombiaSchool vouchersNot reportedN/AN/A
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Schultz-Nielsen and colleagues 2014
Denmarkin utero fasting (Ramadan)Not reportedN/AN/A
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Perry Preschool ProjectUSPreschoolThis had multiple follow-ups; some papers included in our analysis.
Heckman and Karapakula 2019 found follow-ups at ages 3-15, 19, 27, and 40 (at least) (see paper above)
N/A
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Carolina Abecedarian Project (ABC)USPreschoolFollow-ups at ages 12, 15, 21, and 30 (at least) (see paper above)Garcia and Heckman 2020 found follow-ups at ages 12, 15, 21, and 30 (at least) (see paper above)N/A
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These only appear to measure SES at one point in time
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Head StartUS, Canada, NorwayEarly childhood educationMultiple follow-ups for some of the studies, but I didn't see analysis in this paperN/A
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Martorrell 2018GuatemalaNutrition supplementationseveral follow-up studies re this program in Guatemala: 1988, 2002-2004, 2014-2019 (and some others)N/A
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Hoynes et al. 2016USFood stampsLooks like there's data for each year (see cell note), but I didn't see any analysis of change over timeN/A
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Oconnor 2021Jamaica Conditional cash transfersIndicates that long-run effects are strongest in 20s, but seems to be comparing only to younger people who aren't in labor marketN/A
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Bhalotra and Venkataramani 2012USAntibiotic treatment of pneumoniaTakes data from various censuses, but does not seem to analyze by ageN/A
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Cutler et al. (2010)IndiaMalaria eradicationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Behrman and Rosenzweig (2004)U.S.Low birthweight (twin study)Didn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Roodman (2018) / Bleakley (2010)Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, United StatesMalaria eradicationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Duflo et al. (2021)GhanaFree secondary educationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Liu and Liu (2019)ChinaSchistosomiasis eradicationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Daramola et al. (2022)Burkina FasoVaccination programDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Hoddinott et al. (2008)GuatemalaNutrition supplementationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Maluccio et al. 2003GuatemalaNutrition supplementationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Behrman et al. 2020GuatemalaNutrition supplementationDoesn't provide follow-up information but did cite Behrman et al. 2010, which I've added to the spreadhseetN/A
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Pages et al. 2020USEarly childhood programsAdds additional decade to earlier cohorts analyzed in other papersSeems to combine data into one measurement, so we don't think there's a way to see change over time
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Martorrell 2010GuatemalaNutrition supplementationDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Hoynes et al. (2016)USFood stampsDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Miller et al. 2005AustraliaLow birthweight (twin study)Didn't see it reported based on quick read. N/A
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Mussa 2017MalawiMaize yieldsDidn't see it reported based on quick read. N/A
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Maccini and Yang (2009)IndonesiaClimate / Early life rainfallDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Meng, Xin, and Nancy Qian. 2009ChinaFamine
Didn't see it reported based on quick read
N/A
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Fishman et al. 2019EcuadorClimate / High in utero temperaturesDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Maruyama and Heinesen 2020DenmarkLow birth weightDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Bharadraj et al. 2019SwedenLow birth weightDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Horta et al. 2017BrazilBirth weight and growthDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Isen et al. 2013USPollution / Clean Air ActDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Maczulskij and Bockerman 2017Finland"Stressful life events" (twin study)Didn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Maccini and Yang 2019IndonesiaClimate / RainfallDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Karbownik and Wray 2019USClimate / HurricanesDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Scholte et al. 2010NetherlandsFamineDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Lazuka 2016SwedenHealth reform to reduce infectious diseaseDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Adhvaryu et al. 2018MexicoConditional cash transfers and/or rainfallDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Zhang 2015USHealth reform to reduce infectious diseaseDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Victora et al. 2008Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines, South AfricaUndernutritionDidn't see it reported based on quick read. N/A
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Bleakley 2007USHookworm eradicationDidn't see it reported based on quick read.N/A
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Summan et al. 2022IndiaChildhood immunizationOnly measures at 21-26-years oldN/A
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Atwood, Alicia. 2022USMeasles vaccineDidn't see it reported based on quick readN/A
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Shih & Lin, 2019TaiwanMalaria eradicationDidn't see effects reported over timeN/A
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Rawlings 2016BrazilMalariaDidn't see effects reported over timeN/A
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Mora-Garcia 2018Costa RicaMalaria eradicationDidn't see effects reported over timeN/A
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Atwood and Pearlman 2022Mexico Measles vaccinationDidn't see effects reported over timeThey do have effects from different surveys but seems like samples are different, so it's not clear that we can compare them.
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Meta-analysis or systematic review
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Currie and Vogl 2013ManyEarly life health and shocksSurvey of evidence, not RCTs. One study with lots of follow-up, but looks at education, not income.N/A
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Lambiris et al. 2021"mostly high-income countries"; "no studies from low-income countries"Low birth weightSystematic review/meta-analysis of other studies that "estimate the pooled association between birth weight and adult earnings" (abstract). None of the inluded studies seems to have multiple follow-ups.N/A
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Prinz et al. 2018ManyVarious"We systematically review the literature linking health to economic activity, particularly education
and labor market outcomes, over the lifecycle." (abstract)		Currie and Hyson 1999 includes multiple follow-ups, which we've included in our analysis.
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McGovern et al. 2017ManyNutrition intervention"We review the literature on the association between stunting and undernutrition in childhood and economic outcomes in adulthood." (abstract)Case et al. 2005 includes multiple follow-ups, which we've included in our analysis.
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Almond et al. 2017Many"shocks" in early lifeReview of literature, not RCTs, brief review of tables showed possible articles related to Perry Preschool and ABC programWe identified several papers that we added to our analysis. See cell note.
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Bunting et al. 2018ManyChild maltreatmentSystematic review of longitudinal research (12 studies)N/A
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Doesn't meet inclusion criteria
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Charpak et al., 2016ColombiaKangaroo mother careDoesn’t look at economic impact; one point in time, 20 years post-interventionN/A
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Xie et al. 2016TaiwanLow birth weightHealth and education outcomesN/A
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Aurino 2019India, Ethiopia, Peru, VietnamHAZOnly looks at adolescent cognitive outcomesN/A
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Black et al. 2022GlobalMultipleLooks only at "human capital" development, isn't an RCTN/A
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Behrman et al. 2009GuatemalaNutrition supplementationLed to benefits in health for offspring of children who were supplemented; doesn't look at incomeN/A
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Poveda et al. 2021Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines, South AfricaHeight and relative weightOnly schooling attainment and IQN/A
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Adair et al. 2013Brazil, Guatemala, India, Philippines, South AfricaBirth weight and growth0-2, 2 to mid-childhood, mid-childhood to adulthood; doesn't look at SES
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Menezes et al 2020BrazilHeight and weightSchooling and IQN/A
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Evans and Ngatia 2021KenyaSchool uniformsAppears to look at absenteeism and school completion, not incomeN/A
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Perumal et al. 2021LMICsPrenatal nutritionModeling, not RCT, only has "lifetime income gains"N/A
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Ozier 2018KenyaDewormingLooks only at cognitive effectsN/A
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Victora et al. 2009BrazilBreastfeedingDoesn't seem to analyze income/employmentN/A
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Bleakley 2009US, Latin AmericaMalaria eradication, hookworm eradicationNot an RCT, seems to be summary of Bleakley's RCT/experimental work published elsewhere N/A
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Venkataramani 2012MexicoMalaria eradicationLooks at cognitionN/A
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Walker et al. 2011JamaicaNutrition supplementation and/or psychsocial stimulationDidn't see income effects reportedN/A
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Walker et al. 2011JamaicaNutrition supplementation and/or psychsocial stimulationDidn't see income effects reportedN/A
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