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TitleYearAuthor (surname, first name)Institution of AuthorPublication TypePublicationVolume/Issue/Page Numbers/PublisherAbstractLink to PublicationOpen Access (Yes/No)
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PRACTICE REVIEW
JOURNALISM SAFETY		2007Tait, RichardCardiff UniversityReview/CommentaryJournalism Practice1(3) pp. 435-445N/Ahttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512780701505176?casa_token=J-SyPqMR0yQAAAAA:BZGVmtSS0SBPxxNz1BIeNRtiuXm3ZMDdN89NXwXF2qYGNn61nyfiK-_lklbqTNMr1uJzitDMgPENo
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Safeguarding Speech: A Shield for Journalists under Threat
2010Julliard, Jean-François. JournalistCommentaryHarvard International Review32(3) pp. 46-49Reporters Without Borders monitors abuse of journalists and freedom of the press around the world-a job increasing in difficulty. Since its creation in 1985, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) has become one of the largest international NGOs dedicated to defending press freedom and advocating for the safety of journalists. In 2009, RWB noted significant increase in cases of journalists forced into exile, a statistic it incorporated for the first time into its annual report. Its researchers were able to identify that at least 157 reporters were forced to leave their home country. RWB's round-the-clock Assistance Desk provides financial and equipment support for media organizations operating in volatile regions, where violence goes unrecorded and little or no access to news and information accentuates the risk of grave human rights violations. Although exile sometimes becomes the safest solution for endangered journalists, it is also one of the most complicated and difficult. Visa applications are time-consuming and a confusing bureaucratic process.

https://www.proquest.com/docview/807399448?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=trueNo
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Opening Remarks to the Sessions of the UNESCO
International Symposium on Freedom of Expression,
26 January, 2011		2011Rønning, HelgeUniversity of OsloConference Paper (Opening Remarks)Nordicom-Information33(3) pp. 71-74N/Ahttps://www.nordicom.gu.se/sites/default/files/kapitel-pdf/339_ronning.pdfYes
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Censorship by Bullet2013Horsley, William and Harrison, JackieUniversity of SheffieldCommentaryBritish Journalism Review24(1) pp. 39-46It's time to confront the tide of violence used by governments against journalists, argue two fighters for media freedom
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956474813481932?journalCode=bjra&casa_token=IvzFGu3GovYAAAAA%3AptZUUXyAzin1QYMdJewRuMjXFTV-iwinu7PIUAZmHUc_VqOS5p6POzZwnIXotQBE1KALCmnSolwNo
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Censorship by Bullet2013Horsley, William and Harrison, JackieUniversity of SheffieldCommentaryBritish Journalism Review24(1) pp. 39-46It's time to confront the tide of violence used by governments against journalists, argue two fighters for media freedom
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956474813481932?journalCode=bjra&casa_token=IvzFGu3GovYAAAAA%3AptZUUXyAzin1QYMdJewRuMjXFTV-iwinu7PIUAZmHUc_VqOS5p6POzZwnIXotQBE1KALCmnSolwYes
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Concentration and self-censorship in commercial media2013Germano, Fabrizio and Meier, MartinUniversitat Pompeu Fabra and Institut für HöhereArticleJournal of Public Economics97, pp. 117-130Given that over half the revenues of global newspaper publishing come from advertising (80% in the US and 57% in OECD countries, OECD, 2010), we study how media firms internalize the effect of their own coverage on advertisers' sales and hence on their own advertising revenues. We show, within a framework of non-localized, Hotelling-type competition among arbitrary numbers of media firms and outlets, that (i) topics sensitive to advertisers can be underreported by all outlets in the market, (ii) underreporting tends to increase with the concentration of ownership, and (iii) adding outlets, while keeping the number of owners fixed, can further increase the bias. We argue that self-censorship can potentially cover a wide range of topics and generate empirically large externalities.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272712001089No
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Journalists die: Who cares?2015Pukallus, Stef and Harrison, JackieUniversity of SheffieldCommentaryBritish Journalism Review26(1) pp. 63-68New research suggests readers are ready to hear more about the dangers faced by those who bring them the news
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956474815575460No
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Risk and journalism in the digital age
2015Hadland, AdrianUniversity of StirlingCommentaryAfrican Journalism Studies 36(1) pp. 129-134N/Ahttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23743670.2015.1008179No
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Shooting the Messengers2015Trionfi, BarbaraInternational Press InstituteCommentaryBritish Journalism Review26(3) pp. 49-54It's going to be hard, but we must keep fighting the gangsters and governments that attack journalists, says a seasoned campaigner
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956474815604297?journalCode=bjra&casa_token=aRHtMTNUVfMAAAAA%3A-5510pj2ZNvZTvFXBBf8UKEJYOOk2k3SPeCLi9WQWN3MaGpdRcx2UwqlzPOSPbJHwg1H3YgGBJwNo
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Terms of Choice: Uncertainty, Journalism, and Crisis
2015Zelizer, BarbieAnnenberg School for Communication at the University of PennsylvaniaArticleJournal of Communication65, pp. 888-908This article considers whether thinking about journalism's present set of challenges is best served by the notion of “crisis.” It argues that adopting such a notion to explain a diverse set of technological, political, economic, social, occupational, moral, and legal circumstances misses an opportunity to recognize how contingent and differentiated the futures of journalism might be. It also raises critical questions about how institutions deal with uncertainty at their core, obscuring a fuller understanding of the permutations that get eclipsed by perceiving crisis as a unitary phenomenon.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jcom.12157No
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Journalistic Role Performance: A New Research Agenda in a Digital and Global Media Environment
2016Mellado, Claudia and Hellmueller, LeaPontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso/City UniversityBook ChapterJournalistic Role PerformanceRoutledgeGlobal press freedom declined to its lowest point in 12 years in 2015, mainly due to political, criminal, and terrorist forces that sought to co-opt or silence the media in their struggle for power (Freedom House, 2016). As of 2015, only one in seven people around the world lived in a country that had a free media system, a country in which the coverage of news was robust, and the safety of journalists guaranteed. The rest have been living in countries whose press was either “partly free” or “not free” (Freedom House, 2016). As one of the most dangerous places in a world that has seen a recent upswing in violence against journalists, in Mexico, for example, even a car crash is not a simple car crash. “You have to call somebody to make sure you can write about it,” one journalist said, “because it might actually not be an accident but a purposeful vehicular homicide organized by the cartel” (Priest, 2015). And while journalists are aware of how the government and cartels are controlling news stories, self-censoring has become a common tactic. The situation of journalists in Mexico is the rule rather than the exception. Journalists in Russia, China, Turkey, Cuba, Iran, Venezuela, and many other countries from around the world work also under severe and difcult circumstances.


https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315768854-9/journalistic-role-performance-new-research-agenda-digital-global-media-environment-claudia-mellado-lea-hellmuellerNo
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Reporting dangerously: journalist killings, intimidation and security
2016
Cottle, Simon, Sambrook, Richard and Mosdell, Nick		Cardiff UniversityBookReporting dangerously: journalist killings, intimidation and security
Palgrave MacmillanMore journalists are being killed, attacked and intimidated than at any time in history. Reporting Dangerously: Journalist Killings, Intimidation and Security examines the statistics and looks at the trends in journalist killings and intimidation around the world. It identifies what factors have led to this rise and positions these in historical and global contexts. This important study also provides case studies and first-hand accounts from journalists working in some of the most dangerous places in the world today and seeks to understand the different pressures they must confront. It also examines industry and political responses to these trends and pressures as well as the latest international initiatives aimed at challenging cultures of impunity and keeping journalists safe. Throughout, the authors argue that journalism contributes a vital if often neglected role in the formation and conduct of civil societies. This is why reporting from ‘uncivil’ places matters and this is why journalists are often positioned in harm’s way. The responsibility to report in a globalizing world of crises and human insecurity, and the responsibility to try and keep journalists safe while they do so, it is argued, belongs to us all.https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/87184/No
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Violence against journalists in the Northern Triangle of Central America2017José Luis BenítezUniversidad Centroamericana José Simeón Canas: San Salvador, SVArticleMedia Asia44, pp. 61-65JOSÉ LUIS BENÍTEZ provides an overview of the safety situation in Honduras,
Guatemala and El Salvador.		https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01296612.2017.1379811?tab=permissions&scroll=topNo
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Freedom of Expression and Violence against journalists
2017GEAMĂNU, Radu FlorinUniversitatea Nicolae TitulescuArticleLex ET Scientia International Journal2, pp. 118-135This study will contain an analysis on the international and regional standards in the field of freedom of expression, as stipulated in the United Nations conventions and in the European Convention of Human Rights. Further we will establish a link between the breach of the freedom of expression when cases of violence against journalists arise, especially tackling the impunity problem. The paper will focus on the study of the ECtHR judgements regarding freedom of expression and cases of violence against journalists. Also, we will address the recent recommendations at the Council of Europe level. Concluding, the study will attempt to express some recommendations in solving the problem of violence against journalists.https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=596997No
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Violence against journalists: suppressing media freedom2017Badran, MonaCairo UniversityBook ChapterDigital Transformation in Journalism and News MediaSpringer, pp. 417-427Freedom of expression is a basic human right that is crucial for respectable governance, human dignity and the application of the rule of law. However, due to the circumstances we are currently facing that include the increase in the rate of violence and crimes, it is seriously essential to provide citizens with the information they require in order to establish knowledgeable decisions concerning their lives in specific and their societies in general (Bokova, 2014). Consequently, there is a reliance on traditional news media journalists and social media journalism practitioners as well. But since their safety is threatened; therefore, this might result in a true crisis in terms of deliverable information. As a result, this will lead to a shortage of reporting in terms of news coverage and accountability.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-27786-8_31No
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The Assault on Journalism: Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression: Words of Introduction2017Carlsson, Ulla and Pöyhtäri, ReetaUniversity of Gothenberg/Tampere UniversityBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 11-20People who exercise their right to freedom of expression through journalism should be able to practice their work without restrictions. They are, nonetheless, the constant targets of violence and threats. In an era of globalization and digitization, no single party can alone carry the responsibility for protection of journalism and freedom of expression. Instead, this responsibility must be assumed jointly by the state, the courts, media companies and journalist organizations, as well as by NGOs and civil society – on national as well as global levels. To support joint efforts to protect journalism, there is a growing need for research- based knowledge. Acknowledging this need, the aim of this publication is to highlight and fuel journalist safety as a field of research, to encourage worldwide participation, as well as to inspire further dialogues and new research initiatives. The contributions represent diverse perspectives on both empirical and theoretical research and offer many quantitatively and qualitatively informed insights. The articles demonstrate that a new important interdisciplinary research field is in fact emerging, and that the fundamental issue remains identical: Violence and threats against journalists constitute an attack on freedom of expression.http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1168137&dswid=5328Yes
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Why the World Became Concerned with Journalistic Safety, and Why the Issue Will Continue to Attract Attention2017Berger, GuyUNESCOBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 33-44There is a history to why the challenge of securing safety for journalism has become a prominent issue in many parts of the world. This is partly because of increased attacks on journalists, but it is also a function of global developments that have afforded space for the issue to come to fore as a major concern by the international community – with associated impact on other actors as well. Safety can, and should, be distinguished from other dimensions relevant to journalism – media freedom, pluralism, independence, gender and digital matters. At the same time, attention to safety – within a framework of rights, highlights the interconnections and wider possibilities of work on this subject. Furthermore, because knowledge about the topic is a relatively green-fields opportunity, academic engagement can have real impact. Looking ahead, with intensification of digital dynamics in societies, the issue of safety (affecting both off- and online worlds) is likely to increasingly be a key component in the emerging and broadening ecology of journalistic practice.http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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Comparing Journalistic Cultures Across Nations2017Hanusch, Folker and Hanitzsch, ThomasUniversity of Vienna, LMU MunichArticleJournalism Studies18(5) pp. 525-535Comparative studies of journalism have become immensely popular in recent times, yet a range of methodological and logistical challenges persist in existing work. This introduction to the special issue on “Comparing Journalistic Cultures” provides a brief overview of these challenges, before providing an overview of the genesis of the Worlds of Journalism Study, an unprecedented, global and collaborative undertaking to examine journalistic culture in 66 countries. In particular, we reflect on how the study approached and aimed to solve methodological challenges, providing some ideas that may aid future studies in this field.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1280229Yes
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The Dangers of Sports Journalism2017Sparre, KristenSports Integrity InitativeBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 205-220According to The Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 per cent of all journalists killed
since 1992 worked on the sports beat. At present, however, we have limited knowledge
of the specific dangers faced by sports journalists. This chapter presents findings from
exploratory research on 78 reports of violations of the media freedom or personal safety
of sports journalists. Threats to media freedom include being banned from press conferences or events, the seizure of passports or denial of accreditation. The personal safety
of sports journalists is compromised through verbal abuse, assaults, attacks, personal
and social media harassment, detention, legal pressure, and killings. The key perpetrators identified in the sample were fans, athletes and coaches, owners and officials of
sports clubs and national associations, international sports federations, and authorities
in authoritarian regimes hosting sports mega-events.		https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Baris-Coban/publication/323935168_How_Safe_Is_It_Being_an_activist_citizen_journalist_in_Turkey/links/5ab37bcf0f7e9b4897c636ce/How-Safe-Is-It-Being-an-activist-citizen-journalist-in-Turkey.pdf#page=207Yes
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Assaults against Journalists: We see the tip of the iceberg2017Sarikakis, KatharineLondon School of Economics Book ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 119-128The summarised reports in this chapter show that the scope of safety and sacrifice is far greater than each actor alone or their sum can account for. Although the discussion did not offer an investigation into the USA and other mature democracies, it is clear from the survey in the European territory that safe havens are few and in between, and that even in stable democracies the conditions for journalism and free expression remain vulnerable and can deteriorate surprisingly fasthttp://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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Introduction: Explorations in an Emerging Research Field2017Heinonen, AriTampere UniversityBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 141-146N/Ahttp://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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Words of introduction 2017Carlsson, Ulla and Pöyhtäri, ReetaUniversity of Gothenberg/Tampere UniversityBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 11-20N/Ahttp://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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Shooting the messengers
2017Ellis, Steven M.UnknownCommentaryBritish Journalism Review28(1) pp. 57-62More and more countries are deciding the answer to a bad press is to imprison journalists who dare to report anything that is critical

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956474817697601No
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Journalists as Victims and Perpetrators of Violence2017Carlson, MattSt Louis UniversityBook ChapterNews of BaltimoreRoutledgeThis chapter explores the complicated ways in which journalists became subjects within the stories of Ferguson and Baltimore through a particular focus on the discursive identification of journalists as either victims or perpetrators of violence. It focuses on two evaluative frameworks: journalists as victims and journalists as perpetrators of violence. The former comprises the self-presentation of journalists as under attack by the very subjects they cover. The second narrative springs from various actors inside and outside of journalism who are upset by the patterns of news coverage around Ferguson and Baltimore. Compared to the graphic images of journalists being tear-gassed, forcibly arrested, or trampled upon by police and protestors, examples in which the press may be considered as perpetrators of violence necessitate a more nuanced interpretation. As tragic as the events in Ferguson and Baltimore were, they also serve as instructive episodes for examining discourses of media accountability and the journalistic assumptions and patterns that emerge.


https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315624952-11/journalists-victims-perpetrators-violence-matt-carlsonNo
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Why there is no culture of journalists’ safety2018Greste, PeterUniversity of QueenslandCommentaryAustralian Journalism Review40(2) pp. 9-13As I am writing this, the United Nations has counted 68 journalists killed in the line of duty around the world in 2018 (UNESCO, 2018a). That is nothing unusual. From 2012 to 2016, 530 journalists died on the job - an average of two per week. Very few of these are accidental deaths. Some are killed in hostile frontlines, where the risks of working in a place with bits of metal flying through the air at supersonic speeds are self-evident. But many more are singled out, murdered specifically for their work. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) reports that since it started counting the dead in 1992, it has found 1322 cases where the motive was clearly linked to the journalists' work. However, the CPJ's numbers are almost certainly an underestimate. It uses a very conservative definition of "journalist", excluding bloggers, citizen journalists, or support staff.https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.222166621128105No
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How Journalism Responds to Right-wing Populist Criticism2018Krämer, Benjamin
LMU MunichBook ChapterTrust in Media and JournalismSringer, pp. 137-154Right-wing populists often criticise the established media for being untruthful or censoring what critics consider to be important information—for instance, the ethnic background of perpetrators—and for being biased against right-wing populist actors. That hostility towards journalism can be understood as a consequence of the right-wing populist worldview. Because such criticism uses professional norms of journalism against it and due to particular aspects of how journalism functions, it remains difficult for journalists to respond to such criticism. Certain responses risk confirming and even normalising the right-wing populist worldview.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-20765-6_8No
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Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
2019Jamil, SadiaKhalifa University of Science & TechnolgyBookHandbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
IGI GlobalThe Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety is an essential reference source that evaluates how diverse threats impact on journalists wellbeing, their right to freedom of expression, and overall media freedoms in various contexts and assesses inadequacies in national security policies, planning, and coordination relating to the safety of journalists in different countries. Featuring research on topics such as freedom of the press, professional journalism, and media security, this book is ideally designed for journalists, news writers, editors, columnists, press, broadcasters, newscasters, government officials, lawmakers, diplomats, international relations officers, law enforcement, industry professionals, academicians, researchers, and students.https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=85bIDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Journalism+Safety%22+OR+%22Safety+of+Journalists%22+&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_sNo
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Medium-Specific Threats for Journalists: Examples from Philippines, Afghanistan and Venezuela
2019Mitra, Saumava; Høiby, Marte and Garrido, MariateresaDublin City University/Oslo Metropolitan University/Universtiy for PeaceArticleJournalism Practice15(1) pp. 80-98Between 2012 and 2016, UNESCO registered 530 deaths of journalists. They also published a statistic showing that television journalists were the most killed, followed by print media, radio and online journalists. Hinted in this statistics is the need to understand the relationship between the medium through which and in which the journalists produce news and the threats and dangers posed to them. In this article, we discuss this interlinkage and call it medium-specific threats. As examples of this interlinkage, we describe the cases of community radio journalists in the Philippines, photojournalists in Afghanistan and online journalists in Venezuela. Based on these examples from independently conducted studies from very different parts of the world, we make the broader case that while recognizing the prevailing political-economic and socio-cultural factors and forces at work in these media systems-in-flux, investigations of medium-specific threats to journalists are needed for more nuanced understanding of and thus mitigation of journalists’ insecurities.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2019.1696697Yes
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The staging trap: Right-wing politics as a challenge for journalism2019Hafez, KaiUniversität ErfurtArticleJournalism20(1) pp. 24-26
N/Ahttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1464884918807352Yes
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Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe2019Hanitzsch, Thomas; Hanusch, Folker; Ramaprasad, Jyotika and de Beer, Arnold S. LMU Munich, University of Vienna, University of Miami, Stellenbosch UniversityBookWorlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the GlobeColumbia University PressChallenging assumptions of a universal definition or concept of journalism, the book maps a world populated by a rich diversity of journalistic cultures. Organized around a series of key questions on topics such as editorial autonomy, journalistic ethics, trust in social institutions, and changes in the profession, it details how the practice of journalism differs across the world in a range of political, social, and economic contexts. The book covers how journalism as an institution is created and re-created by journalists and how they experience their profession in very different ways, even as they retain a commitment to some basic, widely shared professional norms and practices. It concludes with a global classification of journalistic cultures that reflects the breadth of worldviews and orientations found in disparate countries and regions. Worlds of Journalism offers an ambitious, comparative global understanding of the state of journalism in a time when it is confronting a series of economic and political threats.http://cup.columbia.edu/book/worlds-of-journalism/9780231186438No
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Violence against Journalists
2019Brambila,Julieta Alejandra and Hughes, SallieUniversity of Miami/Universidad de las AméricasBook ChapterThe International Encyclopedia of Journalism StudiesWileyThis entry introduces the concept of violence against journalists and the press. It synthesizes multiple approaches to the phenomenon to create a comprehensive definition, reviews dimensions of violence and the occupational and individual domains in which they create harm, identifies key findings and gaps in academic and advocacy organization literature, and explores future directions for research on this phenomenon.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118841570.iejs0248No
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Understanding the link between a media and information literate citizenry
and the (un)-safety of journalism		2020Chocarro, Silvia; Harrison, Jackie; Torsner, Sara and Shala, AlbanaUniversity of Sheffield; Article 19; Free Press UnlimitedConference PaperConference: Academic Conference on the Safety of Journalists,
World Press Freedom Conference 2020		N/AThe very basis for journalism to perform its societal role of enabling a well-informed citizenry through the factual reporting of news, grounded in professional standards of accuracy, sincerity and objectivity is that it is undertaken safely. Indeed, the ability of journalism to pursue what we here name a “civil role” (Harrison, 2019), which fosters solidarising inclusion among members of society in support of a shared communicative civil life, is conditioned by its inextricable relationship with a well-informed citizenry. Key to this relationship is a media and information literate public that is able, not only to critically evaluate media, but also has the capability to understand the societal value of journalism. This paper therefore argues that strategies to secure journalistic safety must consider how this relationship between journalism and a media and information literate citizenry is prone to attack by divisive anti-civil forces (e.g. from illegitimate state and market intrusion) that produce conditions of civil diminishment and un-safety for journalists (Harrison, 2019 and Torsner, 2019). This paper first develops a theoretical understanding of the link between a media and information literate citizenry and the (un)-safety of journalism. It establishes how journalistic safety is both positively linked to a media and information literate public that functions as a potential bulwark against attacks targeting journalism – forms of civil resistance, and negatively interlinked with a media and information illiterate citizenry that engenders hostility towards journalism. We conclude that strengthening the media and information literacy of society should be considered as a strategy to safeguard a free, independent and safe environment for journalism. Second, the paper uses empirical case studies to illustrate the role of citizens and communities of audiences in protecting journalism through expressions of solidarity that articulate an understanding of the societal value of journalism. Doing so the paper examines how a strong relationship of trust between journalism and communities of audiences, and between journalism and members of society, via media and information literacy, can serve to protect journalism in contexts where independent journalism is restricted and regularly attacked.https://www.article19.org/resources/media-and-information-literacy-protect-journalists/Yes
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Introduction: Rethinking Safety of Journalists2020Orgeret, Kristin Skare and Tayeebwa, WilliamOslo Metropolitan UniversityArticleMedia and Communication8(1) pp. 1-4The introductory chapter to the thematic issue, entitled "Rethinking Safety of Journalists," shows how promoting the safety of journalists is closely related to press freedom. It presents the articles of the thematic issue and highlights how the safety of journalists is no longer a concern of individuals or individual nation states only, but is now also a global concern, whereby the international community is obliged to come to the defense of journalists' safety.https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2873Yes
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Threats To Journalism Profession: Negotiations For Efficiency And Safe Practice 2020Okafor, Ekene Godfrey and Onyenekwe, Ogochukwu NnekaNnamid Azikiwe UniversityArticleJournal of Communication and MediaStudies1(2) pp. 1-12.
Despite a plethora of threats such as funding, violence, ownership etc., challenging Journalism profession; amateurs who engage in the practice, seem to continually pose more threats. Amateurs arguably exacerbate the spread of fake and misleading information, disinformation, misinterpretation of issues, improper delivery of information etc., despite the existence of some environmental threats which tend to be hampering efficiency. The aim of this work is to crusade for efficiency and safe practice of journalism in the face of these threats. This paper further seeks to redefine a journalist; the basic qualities required of practicing journalists; the distinctions between professional journalists and amateurs; other environmental constraints confronting practicing journalists; ways the safety of journalists could be observed, and what roles the relevant bodies and individual journalists are to play in the process. This is in view of the possible impact of media contents on the general public. This paper therefore advocates for efficiency and safe practice of journalism profession devoid of litigations, conflicts, hate messages, ethical or language issues as well as the provision of good work environment for practicing Journalists to boost their productivity. We conclude that existence of amateurs and other environmental constraints should not downplay or discredit the prestige of the profession as a highly disciplined one
http://rex.commpan.com/index.php/naujocom/article/view/94Yes
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Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship2020Ingrid Fadnes, Roy Krøvel, Anna Grøndahl LarsenOslo Metropolitan UniversityBookJournalist Safety and Self-CensorshipRoutledgeBringing together scholars and practitioners from around the globe, Journalist Safety
and Self-Censorship provides new and updated insights into patterns of self-censorship and
free speech, focusing on a variety of factors that affect these issues, including surveillance,
legislation, threats, violent conflict, gender-related stereotypes, digitization and social media.
The contributions examine topics such as trauma, risk and self-censorship among journalists
in different regions of the world, including Central America, Estonia, Turkey, Uganda and
Pakistan. The book also provides conceptual clarity to the notion of journalist self-censorship,
and explores the question of how self-censorship may be studied empirically.
Combining both theoretical and practical knowledge, this collection serves as a muchneeded resource for any academic, student of journalism, practising journalist, or NGO
working on issues of journalism, safety, free speech and censorship		https://www.routledge.com/Journalist-Safety-and-Self-Censorship/Larsen-Fadnes-Krovel/p/book/9780367409623No
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In the crosshairs: The perils of environmental journalism
2020Eric FreedmanMichigan State UniversityArticleJournal of Human Rights19(3) pp. 275-290Journalists covering environmental issues around the globe are at heightened risk of murder, arrest, assault, threats, self-exile, lawsuits, and harassment because environmental controversies often involve influential business and economic interests, political power battles, criminal activities, and corruption, plus politically, culturally, and economically sensitive issues concerning Indigenous rights to land and natural resources. This study uses in-depth interviews with journalists and other experts to explore such situations, including the psychological effects on these journalists’ sense of mission and professional practices. Interviewees generally did not seek therapy or counseling after their adverse experiences. Those experiences led some journalists to change their careers but strengthened the professional commitment that other journalists feel.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14754835.2020.1746180No
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Putting lives in danger? Tinker, tailor, journalist, spy: the use of journalistic cover2020Lashmar, PaulCity UniversityArticleJournalism21(10) pp. 1539-1555The Anglo-American intelligence agencies' use of journalists as spies or propagandists and the practice of providing intelligence agents in the field with journalistic cover have been a source of controversy for many decades. This article examines the extent to which these covert practices have taken place and whether they have put journalists' lives in danger. This article, drawing on various methodologies, examines a number of cases where the arrest, murder or kidnap of journalists was justified on the grounds that the journalist was a 'spy'. This has been followed through with research, using a range of sources, that shows there have been many occasions when the distinction between spies and journalists has been opaque. The article concludes that widespread use of journalistic cover by spies has put lives in danger, but that the extent is unquantifiable.https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464884917724301?journalCode=jouaNo
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International Resource for Impact and Storytelling and Ford Foundation2021Noorlander, Peter (Lead author); Raczynska, Agnieszka; Mariño, Camila and
Lopes, Juliana		N/AReportInternational Resource for Impact and StorytellingInternational Resource for Impact and Storytelling and Ford FoundationWith attacks against storytellers increasing year-on-year, concern has grown about the lack of safety and security resources available to them. This is the focus of our study. Through a series of 120 interviews with artists, filmmakers, journalists, funders, activists, academics and others, along with desk research, we have sought to identify how storytellers can be better resourced to continue to confront and speak truth to power. The study is global in its overview, with a spotlight on Central and South America where in-depth research and interviews were conducted.

https://saferstorytellers.org/Yes
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Understanding Journalist Killings
2021Sabine C. Carey and Anita R. GohdesUniversity of Zurich and University of MannheimArticleThe Journal of Politics83(4) pp. 1216–1228
Why do state authorities murder journalists? We show that the majority of journalists are killed in democracies and present an argument that focuses on institutional differences between democratic states. In democracies, journalists will most likely be targeted by local state authorities that have limited options to generally restrict press freedom. Where local governments are elected, negative reporting could mean that local politicians lose power and influence, especially if they are involved in corrupt practices. Analyzing new global data on journalist killings that identify the perpetrator and visibility of the journalist, we show that local-level elections carry an inherent risk, particularly for less visible journalists. Killings perpetrated by criminal groups follow a similar pattern to those by state authorities, pointing to possible connections between these groups. Our study shows that without effective monitoring and accountability, national democratic institutions alone are unable to effectively protect journalists from any perpetrator.

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/715172
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The Press-safety Paradox of Democracies: Regime-type Duration and Journalist Killings2021Solis, Jonathan A.College of William and MaryArticleForeign Policy Analysis17(1), DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/oraa007Previous research finds that journalist killings are more likely to occur in democracies rather than non-democracies. While these results provide an important first step in exploring regime type's effect on journalist's safety, they assume no variation in how long countries have remained a regime type. In this paper, I argue that as a country's regime type endures, the likelihood of seeing journalists killed for their work will decrease. My theory also examines the process in different regime types and argues that this effect should hold for autocracies and anocracies, but not democracies vertical bar though democratic consolidation should decrease journalist killings there. Using an original sample of journalists killed for their professional work in countries worldwide from 1992 to 2014, I evaluate my theory using regression and survival analyses and find evidence that as regime types endure, journalist killings decrease, on average. As expected, the result holds for autocracies and anocracies but not democracies. However, the data show democratic consolidation does decrease journalist killings. The results provide a broader understanding of the working dynamics between regime type and journalists' safety in a country's media system.https://academic.oup.com/fpa/article-abstract/17/1/oraa007/5854279?redirectedFrom=fulltext
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Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism
2021Çoban, Barış; Ataman, Bora; Appiah-Adeji, Gifty and Jamil, Sadia
Doğuş University; Khalifa University of Science & Technology; University of Education, WinnebaBookHandbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism
IGI GlobalToday, a variety of gender-based threats and discrimination continue to characterize journalism. Both male and female journalists are prone to online and offline threats, casual stereotypes in their routine work, and discrimination (especially in terms of job opportunities, promotion, and pay-scale). Working in a safe and non-discriminatory environment is the right of all journalists, regardless of their gender. The Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism is a critical reference book that highlights equal rights in journalism to ensure the safety of women and men. The book investigates the level and nature of threats, both online and offline, faced by journalists as well as gender discrimination in journalism. Best practices and examples that can promote a safe working environment and gender equality in journalism are also presented. Highlighting important themes such as online harassment, sexism, and gender-based violence, this book is ideal for journalists, reporters, media organizations, professionals, researchers, academicians, and students working or studying in the fields of journalism, media and communications, human rights, and women's studies.https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Handbook_of_Research_on_Discrimination_G/x8IKEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0No
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Media Control and Post-truth Communication2021Culloty, Eileen; Suiter, Jane;Dublin City University (DCU); Dublin City University (DCU)Book ChapterRoutledge Handbook of IlliberalismRoutledgeThe erosion of media freedom is a growing phenomenon. Worldwide, journalists face obstruction, hostility, and violence as powerful political and private actors exercise a repressive influence on the media system. Citing historical and contemporary cases from different geographic regions, this chapter reviews the relationship between media freedom and political systems and the circumstances that lead governments to exercise control over the media. It examines how structural shifts in the digital media environment in conjunction with the resurgence of authoritarian governments and the emergence of post-truth communication have rendered news media vulnerable to capture and control. The chapter discusses major mechanisms for media control including ownership structures, financial and regulatory pressures, and the harassment of journalists. Finally, the chapter assesses the key issues for the future of media freedom and potential countermeasures for media control and capture.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367260569-29/media-control-post-truth-communication-eileen-culloty-jane-suiterNo
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Journalism's sharp end: fatal materiality and the algorithms of profit and political extremism.2021O'Sullivan, John and Fortunati, Leopoldina;Dublin City Universit / University of UdineArticleObservatorio (OBS*)15(2) pp. 139-156This conceptual paper focusses on two fronts forming a broad assault on journalism, extending from more autocratic settings to include liberal democracies, and leading to what is now widely perceived as a crisis in news. We analyze these two attacks by presenting a framework integrating their sources and causes. We argue that the first attack emanates from commercialized media, occurring at economic and normative level, and has created, at least in part, the conditions that have enabled the more recent attack, which is more directly political, associated with the re-emergence of forces that are loosely categorized as populist. What is new in the second front is the geography and the constitutional nature of the societies in which this antagonism has grown. It extends now to long-established representative democracies that have come to be governed, or where new influence is wielded, by emergent right movements and parties who seek to cast the press as the enemy within. Abuse and even mortal danger increasingly have become part of the occupational reality of news-making. We conclude that this development is inscribed in the current material conditions under which journalists work, as well as in the materiality of the media through which they do so.https://web.s.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=16465954&AN=151342675&h=2VUwZuTuyDqW6Ba7lGnC9C5dgyS5FDRJ3JuuHYhfwyJLxW2nj%2bV0AKhKkjuGTimL%2bPj8aX6N7kiAcPXvIcY97g%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d16465954%26AN%3d151342675No
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Determinants of Journalists' Autonomy and Safety: Evidence from the Worlds of Journalism Study2021Hamada, Basyouni IbrahimQatar UniversityArticleJournalism Practice16(8) pp. 1715-1735The present study is an attempt to examine how objective structural political forces and subjective perception of political influences determine journalists' autonomy and safety. The evidence is based on responses representing journalists from 65 countries, which adds to the cross-cultural robustness of the results that inform theory and that bear significant implications for efforts of journalists' protection. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between press freedom and democracy in one hand and editorial autonomy and safety of journalists on the other. The results also show a strong negative correlation between journalists' perception of political influences and editorial autonomy and safety. The correlation between journalists' autonomy and safety was not as strong as expected.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2021.1871861No
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Is There a Global Norm for the Protection of Journalists’ Sources?2021Danbury, RichardCity UniversityBook chapterRegardless of FrontiersColombia University PressN/Ahttps://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7312/boll19698-008/htmlNo
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Public violence against
journalists and media		2021Florence Le Cam; Fábio Henrique Pereira and Denis RuellanUniversité libre de Bruxelles/Universidade de Brasilia and Sorbonne UniversitéArticleAbout journalism (English, French, Portuguese and Spanish)10(1) pp. 14-17Violence against journalists is nothing new. It has been around in various iterations for decades: harsh criticism of the profession, media headquarters ransacked and destroyed, journalists considered bargaining chips or a means to apply pressure during periods of conflict, or during political, economic and underworld turmoil. War correspondents are the most mediatized victims (Tumber, 2006), but this should not overshadow the violence local journalists experience in conflict zones (Palmer, 2019), or while investigating organized crime, drug trafficking or criminal economic and political activities. This violence against journalists by citizens and institutions is recorded, cataloged and denouncedhttps://revue.surlejournalisme.com/slj/article/view/431/405Yes
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Precariously Employed Climate Journalists the Challenges of Freelance Climate Journalists in South Asia
2021Wadud, MushfiqueUniversity of ColoradoArticleJournalism Practice16(2-3) pp. 262-280Declines in the number of foreign correspondents and bureaus have caused media to rely on freelance journalists, particularly on coverage of complex and topical issues such as climate change. This study examines the challenges freelance climate journalists in South Asia face and how they negotiate pay, benefits, and safety. Drawing from in-depth interviews of 15 journalists based in three South Asian countries−India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - the study finds that low wages, inconsistent work and perceived risk/anxiety over security - are the key challenges. The study argues that lack of financial and organizational support from the news media organizations impacts climate change coverage from a vulnerable region like South Asia. Freelance journalists often do not report on issues that can put them at physical and financial risks. Findings show that COVID-19 further impacts their financial security as many media outlets cut their budgets.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1982402?casa_token=mzM1f2D-QfkAAAAA%3AW2sWyslFudG-n1lj_DiDBo0rYwPzluQubw3ASaZpWxBl0NieRUNeTJjwVYvL385zkBEGMVgYvxYNo
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Determinants of Journalists’ Autonomy and Safety: Evidence from the Worlds of Journalism Study2022Hamada, Basyouni IbrahimQatar UniversityArticleJournalism Studies16(8) pp. 1715-1735The present study is an attempt to examine how objective structural political forces and subjective perception of political influences determine journalists’ autonomy and safety. The evidence is based on responses representing journalists from 65 countries, which adds to the cross-cultural robustness of the results that inform theory and that bear significant implications for efforts of journalists’ protection. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between press freedom and democracy in one hand and editorial autonomy and safety of journalists on the other. The results also show a strong negative correlation between journalists’ perception of political influences and editorial autonomy and safety. The correlation between journalists’ autonomy and safety was not as strong as expected.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2021.1871861No
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Media and Uncertainty. Understanding the Institutional Precarity of Journalism: A Macro Approach to the Civil Diminishment of Journalism2022Torsner, SaraUniveristy of Sheffield, Centre for Freedom of the MediaArticleInternational Journal of Communication16, pp. 3885-3897This article develops a conceptual framework for understanding risk to journalism, more specifically, risk to the standing of journalism as a civil institution generated by macro-level state and market forces of civil diminishment. While the state and market arguably belong to the most well-studied forms of power influencing journalism, it is argued here that the nature of risk to journalism is not sufficiently understood in terms of how it occasions the diminishment of the quality of civil life by distorting collective inclusive communication and association among members of society. To achieve this, the article builds on civil sphere theory to establish how the civil diminishment of journalism by anti-civil state power can be evaluated through the application of a principle of justification.https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/15606Yes
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Can Journalists Be Safe in a Violent World?
2022Waisbord, SilvioGeorge Washington UniversityCommentaryJournalism Practice16(9) Special issue: Newsafety: infrastructures, practices and consequences; Guest Editor's: Westlund.O; Krøvel.R & Orgeret.K.S. pp. 1948-1954The safety of journalists is one of the most formidable challenges for press freedom and democracy around the world. The problem is the result of the juxtaposition of various forms of violence that break journalists’ sense of security and autonomy – the ability to control and decide the parameters of their work. Threats to safety drive journalists to self-censorship and to use extreme caution. Here I propose that the problem of journalists’ safety is worse and more complex today than in the recent past. This explains why the problem has received growing attention globally, and why it is hard to find solutions. A growing academic and grey literature continues to demonstrate that violence is a sprawling problem, and the challenges for implementing effective, sustainable solutions to confront a multidimensional problem, with local and national particularities. The articles in this issue provide further insights for understanding threats to safety and debating solutions.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2022.2098524Yes
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What Will It Take for Newsroom Leaders to Support and Defend Journalists?
2022Everbach, TracyUniversity of North TexasCommentaryJournalism & Communication Monographs24(3) pp. 229–232N/Ahttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/15226379221116646Yes
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Conceptualizing Journalists’ Safety around the Globe
2023Slavtcheva-Petkova, Vera ; Ramaprasad, Jyotika ; Springer, Nina ; Hughes, Sallie ; Hanitzsch, Thomas ; Hamada, Basyouni ; Hoxha, Abit ; Steindl, NinaUniversity of Liverpool; University of Miami; University of Münster; LMU Munich; Qatar University; University of AdgerArticleDigital JournalismDOI: https://doi-org.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/21670811.2022.2162429Killings, as the most extreme form of violence against journalists, receive considerable attention, but journalists experience a variety of threats from surveillance to gendered cyber targeting and hate speech, or even the intentional deprivation of their financial basis. This article provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary framework of journalists’ safety, summarized in a conceptual model. The aim is to advance the study of journalists’ safety and improve safety practices, journalism education, advocacy, and policy making - vital as press freedom and fundamental human rights face multifaceted challenges, compromising journalists’ ability to serve their societies. Journalists’ occupational safety comprises personal (physical, psychological) and infrastructural (digital, financial) dimensions. Safety can be objective and subjective by operating on material and perceptional levels. It is moderated by individual (micro), organizational/institutional (meso), and systemic (macro) risk factors, rooted in power dynamics defining boundaries for journalists’ work, which, if crossed, result in threats and create work-related stress. Stress requires coping, ideally resulting in resilience and resistance, and manifested in journalists’ continued role performance with autonomy. Compromised safety has personal and social consequences as threats might affect role performance and even lead to an exit from the profession, thus also affecting journalism’s wider function as a key institution.

https://www-tandfonline-com.sheffield.idm.oclc.org/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2022.2162429Yes
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External Monitoring of Coercive Agents and the Murders of Journalists:
A Cross-National Study of Journalist Killings, 1992–2018		2023Alıca, BerkayUniversity of BergenArticleHuman Rights Quarterly45 (1) pp. 32-61Targeted attacks on journalists are internationally condemned crimes, which not only undermine freedom of expression, but also symbolize an utter disregard for basic human rights. Yet, murders of journalists occur in all types of regimes, whether autocratic or democratic. This article explores the conditions that enable journalists to be subject to deadly attacks by state officials and unknown perpetrators. The typology of monitoring coercive agents is useful for the distinction between private and public information. External monitors, which share the information they gather with the public and hold the coercive agents accountable, are crucial for a safe working environment for journalists. The results of the multivariate regressions demonstrate that three main indicators of external monitoring, (1) robustness of civil society, (2) independence of media, and (3) strength of the judiciary are all associated with the occurrence of murders of journalists in a country. While a robust civil society and a strong judiciary decreases the probability of journalists being murdered by state officials and unknown perpetrators, a more critical and independent media structure appears to be associated with a higher probability of murders of journalists. The risks of such murders are especially higher for scenarios where the critical media outlets are abundant, but civil society and the judiciary are particularly weak and ineffective. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/880828#bio_wrapYes
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Journalism and Safety
An Introduction to the Field		2024Westlund, Oscar; Krøvel, Roy and Skare Orgeret, KristinOsloMetBookJournalism and Safety
An Introduction to the Field		RoutledgeThis volume presents key international research on journalism and safety with a focus on conceptual, global, and transnational approaches, as well as conflict, challenges, and consequences for democracy. It offers an overview of the latest research and ongoing developments in the field of journalism and safety and speaks to the ways in which digital developments have worsened the risks surrounding journalists, with online harassments, security breaches, surveillance and so forth challenging their safety like never before.

The first of two volumes, this book comprises a handpicked collection of cutting-edge research articles authored by distinguished international scholars. The chapters in the book were originally published in Digital Journalism, Journalism Studies, and Journalism Practice during the years 2019-2023, and have thus been through rigorous double-blind peer-review. The chapters draw on data from diverse geographical locations such as U.S, Syria, Yemen, Libya, Iraq, Palestine, Latin America, Pakistan, Philippines, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Ethiopia, and Slovakia. The first section of the book focuses on research that either has made significant conceptual advancements on journalism and safety, and/or has contributed with global or transnational approaches, and the second section focuses on challenges in conflict coverage and the impact it has on democracies.

This collection offers important points of entry for understanding this area of research and insights into worthwhile concepts and approaches that can be used to further study and advance knowledge. It will be a key resource for scholars, practitioners and researchers of journalism, media and cultural studies, communication studies, and sociology, while also being of interest to those seeking an introduction to the field.		https://www.routledge.com/Journalism-and-Safety-An-Introduction-to-the-Field/Westlund-Krovel-Orgeret/p/book/9781032702940
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Journalism in Transitional Context: Societal Hostility, Self-Censorship and the Expansion of “One Voice Journalism"2024Elsheikh, Dalia; Jackson, Daniel and Jebril, NaelBournemouth UniversityArticleJournalism PracticeDOI: 10.1080/17512786.2024.2308526
The transformations in the media and political landscapes in Egypt over the last decade and their implications on media pluralism and freedom of expression are well documented. However, less is known about how Egyptian journalists themselves experience these changes; how their relationships with authorities and ordinary citizens are being redefined, and how journalists’ routines and practices are evolving. Through interviews with twenty Egyptian journalists working for different types of media outlets (government-owned, independent, privately owned, opposition and new start-ups), this article records and analyses journalists’ experiences with both authorities and citizens amid the current transitional period, assessing to what extent these relationships and experiences are impacting journalism practices in Egypt. Findings reveal that journalists perceive a hostile stance from both officials and ordinary citizens towards journalists due to a common belief that journalists played a role in the removal of previous regimes and therefore are seen as “destabilising agents”. This prevents journalists from accessing both information and news sources, forcing journalists to produce unified content and practice self-censorship and “service journalism” as opposed to original and investigative stories. These challenges are discussed in light of research on media and democratic transition.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2024.2308526No
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Journalists’ Perceptions of Precarity: Toward a Theoretical Model
2023Rick, Jana and Hanitzsch, ThomasLMU MunichArticleJournalism StudiesDOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2293827Journalistic work has become increasingly precarious. Labor conditions in the profession meet several criteria of precarity, as established in the sociology of work. Journalists, especially freelancers, often have low and unstable incomes and only limited access to social insurance. Thus far, precarity research in journalism has primarily focused on empirical investigations of precarious employment rather than on theorizing how journalists actually perceive these working conditions. This paper proposes a theoretical model that determines the factors of security and insecurity that can lead to a stronger or weaker perception of precarity. Drawing on a review of the precarity literature, the model allows for subjectivity within the precarious experience of journalists. It shows that family responsibilities and personality traits belong to the subjective factors influencing journalists’ perceptions of precarity. In addition, perceptions of insecure employment conditions depend on the life stage of the worker. We strongly recommend a multidimensional approach that captures not only the objective conditions of work but also journalists’ subjective sense of precarity.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2293827Yes
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Bound by Exile: Exploring Kinship Dynamics and Role Perceptions among Diaspora Journalists
2024Dodds, Tomás; Arafat, Rana and Ngai Yeung, WangLeiden University, City University of London and City University of LondonArticleJournalism StudiesDOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2366344The escalating dangers journalists face globally have led to a marked increase in media professionals seeking safety away from their home countries. As a result, journalists are increasingly forced to choose between silence and survival, with many opting for the latter in the form of diaspora relocation. This article investigates the role of kinship in community building among diaspora journalists, highlighting how these networks impact their collaboration and resource mobilisation. Drawing from interviews (n = 12) with reporters and editors from Latin America, Hong Kong, and the Middle East, this article examines diaspora journalists’ changing roles and proactive measures in establishing inclusive information and educational infrastructures, enhancing advocacy and empowerment for their communities. Findings demonstrate how journalists leverage kinship to connect with their audiences and guide their journalistic practices, editorial choices, and technological adoption. Findings further revealed that the role of diaspora journalists is evolving into one characterised by what this article terms “civic information workers.” These civic information workers are not only reporters but also intermediaries who provide vital data and insights that facilitate the everyday life and integration of diaspora communities into new societies, thus using journalism as a tool for civic empowerment.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2024.2366344#abstractYes
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