ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1
Related testsTest Basic Links
2
Vascular and viral regulation ROCK1 (rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1)
3
Plays a role in viral infections. Involved in cell shape, migration, and proliferation
https://academic.oup.com/ehjcvp/article/9/4/371/7109259
4
ROCK2 (rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2)
5
Similar to ROCK1 in function
https://academic.oup.com/ehjcvp/article/9/4/371/7109259
6
RAAS systemAng-(1-7) (Angiotensin 1-7)
7
Vasodilator peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, mainly generated by ACE2. Affects cardiovascular organs with functions opposed by Ang II. May be low in LC.
https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(10)01204-X/abstract
8
ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)
9
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, converts Ang II to Ang-(1-7)
https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(10)01204-X/abstract
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/18/13957
10
ANG II (Angiotensin II)
11
Part of the RAAS cycle, a hormone that causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure. ANG II promotes ROS production. High levels seen in POTS with low blood volume and flow
https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(10)01204-X/abstract
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/18/13957
12
ANG I (Angiotensin I)
13
Precursor to Ang II, formed from angiotensinogen
14
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
15
Converts Ang I to Ang II
16
Tgfb system TGFβ1 (Transforming growth factor beta 1)
17
High levels in LC/ME may indicate disease severity. Regulates immune system and is highly immunosuppressive
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-023-04149-9
18
TGFβ2 (Transforming growth factor beta 2) Read doc link for all tgfb info
19
Similar function to TGFβ1https://docs.google.com/document/d/12IFYiMyQyuSr6WgxElGqrRqJS_fbbm-DfBKNfkXLLWQ/edit
20
TGFβ3 (Transforming growth factor beta 3)
21
Similar function to TGFβ2
22
Activin B
23
Elevated levels in ME patients may be linked to muscle loss and altered NK cell function
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-017-1161-4
24
Follistatin (activin-bindings protein)
25
An antagonist of myostatin that can increase muscle mass and strength. Found to be reduced in the blood of ME/CFS patients compared to reference values. When added to blood of ME/CFS patients in another study, it reversed PD-1 activation
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-017-1161-4
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-017-1161-4
26
Hypoxia Hif-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha)
27
Expected to be elevated. May indicate vasculo-proliferative disease with impact on the brain and heart. When oxygen levels drop, HIF-1α levels rise, triggering many downstream processes. Interlinked with TGFβ, Ang-(1-7)/ANG II
https://translational-medicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12967-023-04149-9
28
Mitochondria DRP1 (Mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1)
29
Regulates mitochondrial fission. Increased DRP1 increases mitochondrial fission and is involved in coordinating the response to viral infections and signalling to the immune system
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-04667-4
30
PINK-1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1:)
31
Regulates mitochondrial quality control and autophagy. Elevated levels may indicate mitochondrial damage
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.681386/full
32
SIRT1 (NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1)
33
The SIRT1 protein is located in all cells. Its job in the nucleus of the cell is to remove the acetyl groups from histones, which regulates gene expression. It's a regulator reacting to the energy available in the cell. Upregulation encourages the switch from ATP generation via aerobic glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation.
https://www.meresearch.org.uk/research/sirt1-nos-axis/
34
PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2)
35
PGEs are synthesized by mast cells. High levels may be related to mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS)
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/73/12/2228/6141511?login=false
36
Immune systemIFNα (Interferon alpha)
37
High levels of IFNa are associated with Lyme disease and may predict the likelihood of it becoming chronic. IFNa initiates the itaconate pathway.
https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/6/22-1685-f3
38
IFNβ (Interferon beta)
39
Interferon beta is a cytokine involved in the regulation of immune responses
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254899
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x
40
IFNγ (Interferon gamma)
41
A cytokine that plays an important role in inducing and modulating an array of immune responses. High levels have been observed in long COVID compared to recovered COVID patients.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0283983
42
IFNL1 (Interferon lambda 1)
43
Expected to be high in LC
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41590-021-01113-x
44
Nagalase (α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase)
45
Enzyme secreted during Warburg metabolism
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15622975.2022.2070667
46
Autophagy ATG13 (Autophagy Related protein 13)
47
Biomarker used in studies involving Rapamycin, a drug that induces autophagy
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1044743122000379
48
 Blood brain barrierNEFL (Neurofilament Light Chain)
49
A brain inflammation marker (NfL) that is a non-specific biomarker for several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article/23/4/774/6472363
50
S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B)
51
A protein that is elevated after head trauma or blood-brain barrier dysfunction
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-75618-0
52
Neuro chemicalSerotonin
53
Neurotransmitter that may be low in LC
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867423010346
54
 Vascular (and immune)ARG1 (Arginase1)
55
Upregulated during SARS-CoV-2 infection, diminishing arginine levels. Studies show it is reduced in Multiple Sclerosis patients.
https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/73/12/2228/6141511?login=false
56
BH2 (Dihydrobiopterin)
57
ME patients may have high BH2 and low BH4 (higher BH2/BH4 ratio)
https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3716093/v1_covered_33e44b9d-4374-4e01-addf-51629ae8c203.pdf?c=1709739857
58
BH4 (Tetrahydrobiopterin)
59
An essential cofactor needed for the production of neurotransmitters and nitric oxide
https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3716093/v1_covered_33e44b9d-4374-4e01-addf-51629ae8c203.pdf?c=1709739857
60
Exercise intolerance TWEAK (TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis)
61
A novel cytokine that causes exercise intolerance when elevated
https://skeletalmusclejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2044-5040-3-18
62
63
Please note that the references provided are only basic, relevant links. Much more information is available on each marker and how it may apply in specific disease contexts. If you're interested in learning more about any of these markers, please conduct further research on your own.
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100