Biology Textbook Database

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M
1	Title	Date	Author(s)	Publisher	Lvl	Type	Conservation	Eugenics 0-5	Evolution 0-5	Haeckel's Embryos	Source and Order	Pilt	Pilt Notes

2	Elements of Biology	1907	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		0	0 None beyond that implied by the phylogenetic structure.	N
3	First Course in Biology	1908	Bailey, L. H.; Coleman, Walter M	Macmillan, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		0	1 Some content on evolution - which text equates with progress and complexity - integrated into sections on reptiles and bacteria, similar to Smallwood (except 1920).	N
4	Essentials of Biology	1911	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		1 Domestication and selective breeding introduced at end of Zoology section.	2 Introduces evolution, including human evolution. Very Lamarckian. No Darwin.	N
5	Applied Biology	1911	Bigelow, Maurice A; Bigelow, Anna N	Macmillan, New York	HS	Unity of Life		0	5 Though presented at the end of the text, provides a thorough and surprisingly modest explanation of the topic of evolution.	Y 445 Ancestral relationships. Gill slits	Credit: From Romanes after Haeckel. Gill slits. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, hog, calf, rabbit, man
6	Elementary Biology: Plant, Animal, Human	1912	Peabody, James Edward; Hunt, Arthur Ellsworth	Macmillan, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		0	1 None beyond that implied by the phylogenetic structure.	N
7	General Biology	1914	Abbott, James Francis	Macmillan, New York	C	Unity of Life		4 Strongly eugenic. Assumes lower and higher classes correlate to genetic fitness. Refers to characteristics that limit the lower classes as "defects." To quote, "Nature's eliminations are frequently nullified by his altruism" (240).	5 Assumes evolution, and closes with an examination of "Darwinism" and "Lamarck's Theory," noting weaknesses in both, while noting, correctly for the period, referring to the "units" upon which evolution act, "... we must have a far deeper insight into the physics and chemistry of the organism than is now available before we can begin to formulate an hypothesis as to the real nature of these units" (324).
8	A Civic Biology	1914	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic		4 Strongly eugenic, refers to the "feeble-minded" as parasites, that "blood tells," that there are clearly good families and bad families, and regarding bad families, save for our "humanity" we would "kill them off to prevent them from spreading" (263). However, conclusion less doctrinaire.	3 An amalgam of Lamarckian and Darwinian ideas, used the word evolution, but consigned Darwin to support "improvement" of plants, animals and humans (253).	N
10	Biology	1916	Smallwood, W. M	Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia	C	Unity of Life		1 Indexes and covers the topic, discusses Kallikak case, but is very skeptical of claims made by more enthusiastic supporters. Dismisses the "unit character law," and suggests in Man the Animal (1922) that selecting for improvement, as in a trotting horse, is difficult to impossible.	4 Clear and compact history of the idea from p. 248 - 265, with a strongly positive presentation of Darwin and Origins.	Y	Credit: After Haeckel, with permission of the Open Court Publishing Company. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, hog, calf, rabbit, man
11	Practical Biology	1916	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		0	2 Evolution indexed. Darwin bio (30) includes references to both Origins and Descent.	N
12	Civic Biology	1918	Hodge, Clifton F. and Dawson, Jean	Ginn, Boston	HS	Economic		4 Strongly eugenic. Directly links evolution to eugenics and boldly promotes the critical need to prevent the "feeble-minded" 1 in 30 Americans according to the authors should be prevented from reproducing (344-45).	3 Offers reasonable description of evolution, but only as a set up to genetic and eugenic management.	N
13	Elementary Biology: An Introduction to the Science of Life	1919	Gruenberg, Benjamin C	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life		1 Very mildly eugenic.	4 Clear in its presentation of theory. Cautionary in promotion of application.	Y 277 Recapitulation, disclaimed	Credit: Gruenberg (clearly references Romanes after Haeckel). Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, pig, sheep, rabbit, man	X	First instance. No bust. Drawing appears to be a tracing from Arthur Smith Woodward, including missing areas, flipped upon printing. "Found in 1911."
14	Biology for High Schools	1920	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		1 Mildly suggests students "take care" in selecting mates so that the inherited tendency toward "industry and thrift" are passed on to children.	0 Evolution not indexed. Darwin bio not present in text (only Smallwood to omit). Weak presentation of human evolution. Confused presentation of natural selection.	N
15	Biology for Beginners	1921	Moon, Truman J	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		1 Implies racial progress.	3 Indexed. Reasonable description. Note: strongly links organic and cultural evolution.	N		X	Reproduces "Ancestral Tree of the Anthropoid Apes and of Man" chart from pg. 54 of Osborn's Men of the Old Stone Age.
16	Civic and Economic Biology	1922	Atwood, Wm. H	P. Blakiston's, Philadelphia	HS	Economic		5 Harshly eugenic. Contains the most shocking defense, summed up by this quote: "One of the reasons why Greece, Rome, and the other great nations of antiquity perished is that they violated the principles of eugenics. If our nation is to live its people must be of the best, and their blood must not be contaminated by that of the unfit. What is your state doing to improve the next generation?" (337).	4 Complete by standards of the day, though highly progressionist, focused toward improvement. Labeled "The Doctrine of Evolution." Compare to era's best, Bigelow 1911.	Y 18 Discussed 352 Gill slits	Credit: From McFarland, after Hackel (sic). Clearly from Romanes. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick
17	Foundations of Biology	1922	Woodruff, Lorande Loss (M) Yale; Bio	Macmillan, New York	C			1 Cautionary. '37 edition includes important anti-eugenic statement. See pp. 407-09.
18	General and Professional Biology	1922	Menge, Edward J.	The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee	C			0 Anti-eugenic, dismissive. Quite unqiue among contemporaries. See p. 162.	4 Strong 12-page section. Darwin and DeVries offered as two main theories. Suggests concensus that evolution occurs, but offers a lengthly set of rebuttal arguments.
19	The Biology of Man and Other Organisms	1923	Linville, Henry R	Harcourt, New York	HS	Normative		4 Strongly eugenic in its demands for "social control of inheritance" (178), though structure mitigates narrative force, climaxing with calls for correct posture, exercise and proper diet.	4 Evolution strongly presented, though its position at the end of zoology section telegraphs a progressionist rather than unity of life ideology.	N
20	New Essentials of Biology	1923	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		1 Identical to Hunter 1911.	2 Identical to Hunter 1911.	N
21	Biology of Home and Community	1923	Trafton, Gilbert H	Macmillan, New York	HS	Economic		0 No eugenics, despite focus on domestication and species improvement.	4 Excellent, extensive treatment of topic. Unusual for its day. Downplays natural selection somewhat in favor of mutations - typical.	N Discussed 584
22	Biology and Human Welfare	1924	Peabody, James Edward; Hunt, Arthur Ellsworth	Macmillan, New York	HS	Economic		5 Harshly prescriptive. Heritage and habits of equal importance.	1 Darwin (along with Agassiz and Pasteur) introduced early as great biologists, but no mention of evolution.	N
23	Living Things, An Elementary Biology	1924	Clement, Arthur G	Iroquois Publishing Co, Syracuse, NY	HS	Economic		4 Eugenics serves as closing statement, after plant and animal breeding. Talks of hard costs to society of bad heredity: Jukes and Kallikaks.	2 Natural selection, adaptation, Darwin credited for theory, evolution indexed, reference to Origins.	N
24	New Biology	1924	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		2 Text is generally descriptive not prescriptive. Little or no content on habits, posture, mate selection, trade selection.	2 Indexed and woven into the text, carefully so as not to offend. Word 'evolution' used just once, and oddly. Darwin bio edited.	N
25	Biology and Human Life	1925	Gruenberg, Benjamin C	Ginn, Boston	HS	Economic	Closes with Conservation: The earth for mankind, the forest in relation to man, insects in relation to human wealth, birds in relation to man, and people for the earth (ending with eugenics)	4 Suggests intelligent control of reproduction via enlightened institutionalization is the only path to more advanced civilization.	3 Accurate, anti-progressionist description of natural selection (536) with meaning of "fittest" strongly disclaimed.	N
26	Living Things, An Elementary Biology	1925	Clement, Arthur G	Iroquois Publishing Co, Syracuse, NY	HS	Economic		4 Eugenics serves as closing statement, after plant and animal breeding. Talks of hard costs to society of bad heredity: Jukes and Kallikaks.	1 Natural selection remains from 1924 (but as before, only as support for selective breeding. 'Evolution' removed from index. Darwin bio edited.	N
27	New Civic Biology	1926	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic	Closing three sections devoted to "man's control of his environment" in relation to health, wealth and improvement of plants and animals.	5 Harshly eugenic and deterministic. "Our knowledge of heredity" underscored promotion of natural personal limits - with students suited for the professions, commercial life or the trades relative to their inborn traits (402).	3 No different in effect or content than Hunter 1914, despite edits made to satisfy post-Scopes publishing concerns (e.g. 'evolution' became 'development').	N
28	Life and Evolution	1926	Holmes, Samuel Jackson (M) University of California	Harcourt, New York	C			5 - Propagandistic. See pp 411-427. Book's final and climatic chapter. Note particularly citations on 427.				X	Illustrations from the British Museum and the Geological Society of London (pp 372-73). Alerts reader to possible disassociation of skull and jaw, but cites Elliott Smith's claims for association
29	Modern Biology: Its Human Aspects	1926	Waggoner, Harry Dwight	D. C. Heath, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic / Unity of Life hybrid		4 Harsh, though typical for the decade ... comparable to Atwood (1927). Quote: "A high class human family can retain its excellence only so long as the marriages of its members are with individuals of the same type. Marriages with lower types can result only in a deterioration in the sum total of desirable family qualities" (347).	1 Closes with a short paragraph on the "Law of Development" and the words "Organic Evolution," but makes no mention of the topic elsewhere in the text.	N
30	An Introduction to Biology	1926	Kinsey, Alfred C	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life		2 Asks students in one exercise to find stories on Jukes, Kallikaks, Darwin and Edwards families. Does not index eugenics, but has a deterministic thrust. "There are really very few of us who have the necessary heredities to make good Presidents of the United States" (174).	3 Defends the use of the word 'evolution' (196-97), but focuses on 'sports' and artificial selection. No theory. Evolution not indexed.	N Discusses recapitulation
31	Biology for Beginners	1926	Moon, Truman J	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		1 Implies racial progress, but does not cover eugenic language.	3 Nearly identical to Moon 1921.	N
32	Biology	1927	Atwood, Wm. H	P. Blakiston's, Philadelphia	HS	Economic		4 Less harsh than Atwood 1922. However, eugenics presented as a climax to the text and a key focus of biology.		Y 270 Classification, Recapitulation	Credit: Hackel (sic). Clearly from Romanes. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick
33	The Laws of Living Things	1927	Menge, Edward J.	The Bruce Publishing Company, Milwaukee	HS	Phylogenetic w/ some hyrid elements		0 Eugenics not indexed, and despite devoting a chapter to "Civic Biology," Menge does not touch on the topic at all.*	4 Strong 10-page section. Promotes Lamarck-Darwin-DeVries. Touches on sensitivities but suggests acceptance
34	Advanced Biology	1929	Wheat, Frank M.; Fitzpatrick, Elizabeth T	American Book Company, New York	HS	Unity of Life		4 Significant matter-of-fact 15-page mid-text section, sandwiched between chapters on "Plant and Animal Breeding" and "Progressive Development" (aka evolution). However, surprisingly non-deterministic. Authors believe environmental improvements, such as the eight-hour day, better tenement and housing conditions, public playgrounds for city children, compulsory education, laborers' compensation laws, widows' pensions, child labor laws and vocational guidance and training" could all lead to "race improvement" (362-64).*	5 Significant, detailed 20-page section. Though typical Lamarck-Darwin-DeVries layout.	Y 388 Evolution	Uncredited (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, chick, pig, rabbit, human
35	New General Biology	1929	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		2 Nearly identical to Smallwood 1924.	2 Indexed and woven into the text, carefully so as not to offend. 'Development' substituted for 'evolution' in text. 'Evolution' still in Darwin bio. Bio includes concluding paragraph from Origins (between 648-649).	N
36	Elements of Modern Biology	1929	Plunkett, Charles Robert	Henry Holt and Company, New York	C			0 No mention				X	Eoanthropus an insignificant point on an evolutionary tree separating primates (p 493).
37	College Biology	1930	Barrows, Henry R. d. 1935 (M) New York University	Richard R. Smith, New York	C			4 Propagandistic. Chapter XVIII - Applied Genetics - ends with subsection on Eugenics. Edited slightly in 1936.				X	Positioned as a probable "offshoot from the early human stock and not a direct ancestor to modern man" (p 356)
38	Problems in Biology	1931	Hunter, George William	American Book Company, New York	HS	Economic	Unit XVII: How does man conserve his natural resources? Followed by How does man control the improvement of living things?	4 Retains all the harsh language of Hunter 1926, but argument no longer as clearly presented.	3 More explicitly links general evolution ('development') and human evolution. No clear expression of theory.	N		X
39	Essentials of Biology	1931	Meier, W. H. D; Meier, Lois	Ginn, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		2 Though it closes with eugenics, the text contains no supporting argument.	0 No mention of evolution, even as bridging material.	N
40	Fundamentals of Biology	1932	Haupt, Arthur W (M) UCLA		C			4 Propagandistic.				X	Full description pp 379-80. Cites second find, "a few years after the original," as erasing doubt about skull and jaw association
41	General Biology	1933	White, E. Grace (F) Wilson College; Bio	The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis	C			5 Propagandistic. See pp 270-283	3 Clearly a "Darwin in eclipse" text. The word evolution not indexed or used in texts. But from page 316 to 326 discusses Lamarck, Darwin, Weismann and DeVries
42	An Introduction to Biology	1933	Cole, Elbert C.	John Wiley & Sons, New York	C			4 Deterministic. Jukes, Kallikaks and Edwards all offered without disclaimer. Dismissive of improvements to environment, as "there is certainly a limit to such improvement, for inferior stock is scarcely qualified to maintain an improved environment." Laments, "we are somewhat restricted in what can be done, for society will not permit the destruction of the weak and unfit" (478).
43	Dynamic Biology	1933	Baker, Arthur O; Mills, Lewis H	Rand McNally, New York	HS	Normative (weakly)		3 Standard 1930s presentation comparing Juke and Kallikak families with Edwards family. Warns of close intermarriages and immigrants of "defective stock" (655).	3 Does not index word 'evolution." But closes with reasonable description of historical evolution and theory. Disclaims Darwin in favor of De Vries. Not unusual for the era.	N
44	Biology for Beginners	1933	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		3 Introduces genetics and eugenics, including H. H. Goddard's Kallikak study.	4 Expands treatment relative to 1926, though substitutes "racial development" for evolution	Y 450 Evolution	Credit: American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig		[Reference removed]
45	New Introduction to Biology	1933	Kinsey, Alfred C	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life		2 Does not index eugenics. Retains Juke etc. exercise and deterministic tone of Kinsey 1926.	3 'Evolution' introduced in index and treatment slightly expanded. Kinsey not current - labels natural selection "Darwinism" or "Survival of the Fittest" (431).	N
46	The Living World	1933	Mank, Helen Gardner	Benj. H. Sanborn & Co, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life / Health	EARLY! Balance in nature	0	1 Natural selection, but no Darwin.	N
47	Man and the Nature of His Biological World	1934	Jean, Frank Covert (M); Harrah, Ezra Clarence (M); Herman, Fred Louis (M); Colorado State College of Education and Powers, Samuel Ralph (M) Columbia	Ginn, Boston	C			5. Entire narrative leads to the eugenic climax. Influenced by Burlingame (1922). Closes with "Hereditary differences should always have weight in deciding one's vocation" (426). Authors would update text in '44 and '52. Very conscious of latest stats and confirming opinion, including reference to Villee '50 in '52 Jean.				X	Extensive treatment on pages 385-86. Claims Piltdown had language, fire, tools. Lived anywhere from 400,000 to 150,000 years ago. Osborn Am Hist "Tree of Man" illustrated but not credited
48	New Biology	1934	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		3 Introduces Juke and Kallikak studies. Along with Edwards, Darwin and Bach.	3 Strong presentation relative to earlier versions, integrated paleontology, heredity, and human ancestry.	N		X	New from previous (1929) edition: Short mention on pg 404. Dates find to 100,000 B.C., just prior to Neanderthal
49	Biology for Today	1934	Curtis, Francis D; Caldwell, Otis W; Sherman, Nina Henry	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life		2 Strong pitch for eugenic awareness closes text, but avoids harsher prescriptions of many earlier and most competitors.	2 Difficult to judge. No mention of Darwin. Word 'evolution' not used. But concept fully integrated into reproduction, genetics and "The Record of the Ages" (576-650).	Y 589 Reproduction, relationships	Credit: After Hackel. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, pig, sheep, rabbit
50	An Introduction to Biology	1935	Rice, Edward Loranus (M) Ohio Wesleyan University; Bio. Debated Bryan in '25, advised Darrow at Scopes	Ginn, Boston	C			Cautionary. 1. "Progress must be gradual and conservative" (564)				X	4 McGregor busts, credited, p 561. End of text.
51	Biology	1935	Fitzpatrick, Frederick L; Horton, Ralph E	Houghton Mifflin, Boston	HS	Economic		4 Proudly eugenic. Closes on the topic. However, remains strictly economic, not normative, throughout.	5 Strongest presentation of evolution in any American high school textbook until BSCS, complete and fully integrated, yet does not index or use the word!	NH 428 Evolution	Original. Single generalized stage II illustration showing "gill slits"	X	4 McGregor busts early in text, p 73. Brief description.
52	Our World of Living Things	1936	Heiss, Elwood D; Osborn, Ellsworth S; Manzer, J. Gordon	Webster Publishing Company, St. Louis, MO	HS	Unity of Life / Health	First mentions of soil erosion, dust storms, loss of "virgin forests," CCC, federal bird and game reserves and national parks	4 Unapologetically progressionist, calmly eugenic: "All available data indicate that intelligence is determined by the genes which a person inherits" (173).	4 Strong presentation of evolution (sans word), including human and cultural evolution.	N		X	4 McGregor reconstructions p. 264. No details in text. Racist.
53	Elements of General Biology	1936	Barrows, Henry R. d. 1935 (M) New York University	Farrar & Rinehart, New York	C			3 Supportive. 317-18. But claims of "an encouraging amount of success" and the likelihood to "enact and support some such laws and regulations" (262-63) edited from original (1930).				SCAN	Short mention. Large, redrawn Osborn "Tree of Man" (p. 352, w short description on p. 351), "After H. F. Osborn from O. W. Caldwell, E. E. Skinner and J.W. Tietz, Biological Foundations of Education (1931).
54	Everyday Problems in Biology	1936	Pieper, Charles J; Beauchamp, Wilbur L; Frank, Orlin D	Scott, Foresman and Company, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life / Economic	How Human Life is Conserved closed text, but it related to human health, fitness, food, etc.	3 Advocates limits on immigration and reproduction of feeble-minded, balanced by environment and education defense.	2 Not indexed. Implied in several sections.	Y 429 Kinship / Classification	Uncredited. 4 stage II illustrations only. Turtle, chick, pig, rabbit
55	General Biology	1936	Mavor, James Watt (M) Union College	Macmillan, New York	C			2 Somewhat cautionary. See pp 599-601				X	Photo of casts of fragments , with text notes controversy surrounding association, but falls on the side of agreeing on aggregation (p 688). Side view of 4 skull reconstructions and 4 McGregor busts (p 693)
56	General Biology	1937	Kenoyer, Leslie A., Goddard, Henry N.	Harper & Brothers, New York	C	Economic / Normative		5 Promotes a very biologized view of culture. Text climaxes with a call for both negative and positive eugenic measures. Sensitive to race, the authors make a chilling "moral" argument for class-based sterilization. In reference to the Jukes, the authors quote W. E. Kellicott, "What right had an intelligent and humane society to allow these poor unfortunates to be born into the kinds of lives they had to lead, not by choice but by the disadvantages of birth" (533). Overall, the text presents an extremely biologized view of culture. "... the foundations laid in an elementary course in biology help greatly in the understanding of the humanities. Wise management of social problems has its basis in biological facts" (7).	4 Standard unapologetic presentation, modestly integrated. Moves from standard Lamark, Darwin to DeVries history to directed evolution via induced mutation (likely inspired by Muller’s X-Ray experiments, among others). "Perhaps man has nearly at hand a hitherto unsuspected power of controlling evolutionary processes" (495).	Y 386 Recapitulation leading to "Law of Evolution."	Credit: Romanes (after Haeckel). Fish, salamander, turtle, chick, pig, calf, rabbit, man.	SCAN	Piltdown bust omitted from McGregor series (529). Positions Piltdown as more recent than Peking.
57	New Biology	1937	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		3 Introduces Juke and Kallikak studies. Along with Edwards, Darwin and Bach.	3 Strong presentation relative to earlier versions, integrated paleontology, heredity, and human ancestry. Though content still scattered and confused.	N		X	Pickup from 1934
58	High School Biology	1938	Benedict, Ralph C., Warren W. Knox, George K. Stone	Macmillan, New York	HS	Normative		4 Text promotes mate selection, health certification, sterilization and immigration control under the chapter title, "Improvement of the Species." Uniquely and interestingly addresses the topic of "race mixing" to dismiss any suggestion of hybrid vigor.	4 Through it avoids the use of the word 'evolution,' the text offers a significant discussion of evolution, with a strong focus on human evolution, and a constant worry about racial borders.	Y	Credit: Romanes. Fish, salamander, turtle, chick, hog, calf, rabbit, man.	X	Brief mention. Includes all 4 McGregor busts (641).
59	Biology: a Revision of Biology for Beginners	1938	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		3 All but identical to Moon 1933.	4 All but identical to Moon 1933.	Y 518 Evolution	Credit: American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig	X	First mention of Piltdown in Moon, p. 540. Dates find to 1912 and 1913. "... considerably advanced over preceding types ..."
60	New Introduction to Biology	1938	Kinsey, Alfred C	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Unity of Life		2 Identical to Kinsey 1926, 1933.	3 Identical to Kinsey 1933.	N
61	Exploring Biology	1938	Smith, Ella Thea	Harcourt, New York	HS	Unity of Life		2 Eugenics described at length. Pitched as perhaps unarguable for the 'feeble-minded.' But highly disclaimed.	5 About as strong a presentation of evolution as possible in the pre-synthesis era.	N		X	Brief mention of Eoanthropus (no mention of Piltdown). Situates as not a member of Homo sapiens (p 528). No illustrations.
62	Adventures with Living Things	1938	Kroeber, Elsbeth; Wolff, Walter H	D. C. Heath, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic / Unity of Life		1 Quite similar to Smith 1938. Indexes and gives lengthy treatment to the topic, only to rebut and disclaim.	5 Similar to Smith 1938. Thorough, unapologetic, integrated presentation. Indexed.	N		X	McGregor busts minus Cro-Magnon. Piltdown presented, but modestly disclaimed. (746).
63	A Biology of Familiar Things	1939	Bush, George L; Dickie, Allan; Rukle, Ronald C	American Book Company, New York	HS	Normative		3 Moderately eugenic, sums the social cost of feeble minded at $100,000,000. Mostly suggestive regarding mate selection.	0 Evolution not mentioned. Not surprising for a text focused on helping students adjust to "the best of all possible worlds."	N
64	Man and the Living World	1940	Stanford, E. E (M) College of the Pacific, Stocton Junior College	Macmillan, New York	C			5 Propagandistic. See all of Chapter. XXX - "Genetics and Human Heredity." See pp. 698-730.				X	Features a rendering of the "Taungs" skull (644). Includes all 4 McGregor skulls and busts in lin (646).
65	Living Things and You	1940	Downing, Elliot R; McAtee, Veva M	Lyons and Carnahan, Chicago	HS	Normative		3 Unapologetic in its presentation, though suggests that legislative solutions are not the answer, that "individuals who are taught the laws of sex and of inheritance will, it is hoped, act with discretion" (505).	4 Thoroughly integrates evolution, including human evolution, into narrative.	Y 455 Undercuts recapit by botany analogy	Uncredited. 5 stage I illustrations. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, calf	X	All 4 McGregor busts. Piltdown presented as having "incongruous blends of human and ape characteristics," but now a "creature now regarded as an early man," based on a "later" find. (413).
66	Human Biology	1940	Baitsell, George Alfred (M) 1885-1971 Yale; Bio	McGraw-Hill, New York	C			3 Promotional. (Quotes Holmes: "three generations ..." 426)
67	Biology	1940	Parshley, Howard M (M) Smith College; Bio	John Wiley & Sons, New York	C			2 Cautionary. "Ideal rather than practical possibility." Cites SJ Holmes and Huntington's Tomorrow's Children
68	Biology and Human Affairs	1941	Ritchie, John W	World Book Company, Yonkers-On-Hudson	HS	Normative		4 Disclaims "negative eugenics," but strongly promotes "positive eugenics" (699). Normative, and by definition, deterministic.	3 Book organized against progressive evolutionary ideology. However, topic not indexed. Darwin not cited. Author betrays out-of-date affection for "big mutations," De Vries saltatory theory.	Y 135 Recapitulation	Uncredited. Appears to be a poor or simplified copy of Gruenberg 1919. Fish, tortoise, chick, pig		Highly racialized, but NO Piltdown.
69	Biology: a Revision of Biology for Beginners	1941	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		3 All but identical to Moon 1933.	4 All but identical to Moon 1933.	Y 518 Evolution	Credit: American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig	X	Identical to Moon ’38.
70	Science of Living Things	1941	Clinton, Weymouth G	Holt, New York	HS	Unity of Life		2 Closes with eugenics (Kallikak and Edwards families compared), but topic buried, tacked on after lawn care, flower gardens and grafting.	2 Though text opens with implied evolution, topic is used mainly as an introduction to the world as it is. Word not indexed.
71	Man and the Biological World	1942	Rogers, J. Speed; Hubbell, Theodore H. (M); Byers, Francis C. University of Florida	McGraw-Hill, New York	C			4 Propagandistic and highly deterministic. Very concerned with rates of reproduction by class (chart p. 282). Text focused on evolution, race and "the individual's capacity for mental, physical, and moral development" (283).				X	EXTENSIVE! Dates first finds to 1911 and 1912, with second find in 1915. Favorably cites Keith situating Piltdown as an ancient offshoot, rather than Hooton's positioning as a pre-European (p. 420-421; chart p. 432). Field Museum exhibits.
72	General Biology for College	1942	Moment, Gairdner B. (M) Goucher College; Bio (PDF)	D. Appleton-Century, New York	C			0 Anti-eugenic. Great "Gould-like" quote: "In one sense, heredity is predominant. We develop into humans, not starfish or lemurs, because of our heredity. In another, equally valid, sense, environment is predominant. Every living thing can exist only in a suitable environment and is continually reacting to it. Both together make us what we are" (413).				X	Note the use of hairless versions of McGregor busts (495), from Boas General Anthropology, 1938.
73	Dynamic Biology Today	1943	Baker, Arthur O; Mills, Lewis H	Rand McNally, New York	HS	Normative		3 Quite similar to Baker 1933, though somewhat demoted; eugenics no longer on par with genetics, ecology, pathology, etc. (compare p. 56, 1933 with p. 46, 1943).	3 Retains identical description from Baker 1933. Continues to disclaim natural selection in favor of 'sports,' or mutation theory.	N
74	Everyday Biology	1943	Curtis, Francis D; Caldwell, Otis W; Sherman, Nina Henry	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life		2 Identical to Curtis 1934.	2 Identical to Curtis 1934.	Y 574 Reproduction	Credit: After Hackel. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, pig, dog, rabbit
75	Exploring Biology	1943	Smith, Ella Thea	Harcourt, New York	HS	Unity of Life		1 Eugenics described but immediately disclaimed: "Let us see what is wrong with the program that aims to improve mankind by 'breeding from the best families'" (513).	4 Strong and thorough presentation of evolution closes text. Integrates history, theory and human evolution.	N		X	4 McGregor busts. But, as in ’38, placed Piltdown outside the family of Homo sapiens.
76	Biology The Science of Life	1943	MacDougall, Mary Stuart (F) Agnes Scott College; Hegner, Robert (M) Johns Hopkins	McGraw-Hill, New York	C			1 Discusses inheritance with charts (see note), and mentions eugenics in passing (846), but focuses on disease prevention and environmental improvements.				X	McGregor reconstructions (4), not credited. "Found in 1911."
77	Elements of Biology	1944	Strausbaugh, Perry D., Beranl R. Weimer	John Wiley & Sons, New York	C	Unity of Life		5 Though the book is a pared down version of General Biology (1938, 1947), it retains that text’s full harsh, pre-WWII language relative to the topic of eugenics, including standard Jukes, Kallikaks and Edwards stories.	3 Serves as the text's climax chapter. Standard Lamarck, Darwin, De Vries model. Betrays is pre-synthesis origins. Human evolution is straight from Osborn, with no mention Dart. Multiregional without naming the hypothesis and very race conscious. Closes with a 7-point defense of evolution against common challenges (438).
78	Man and His Biological World	1944	Jean, Frank Covert (M); Harrah, Ezra Clarence (M); Herman, Fred Louis (M); Colorado State College and Powers, Samuel Ralph (M) Columbia	Ginn, Boston	C			5 Repeats and revises '34 text, adds additional supporting references. Entire narrative leads to the eugenic climax. Closes with "Hereditary differences should always have weight in deciding one's vocation" (547).		Y 410 Evolution. Text strongly embraces recapitulation	From Gruenberg 1919. Fish, Salamander, Tortoise, Chick, Pig, Sheep, Rabbit, Man	X	Extensive description (461). All 4 busts used, though all on separate pages. Claims partial remains found in 1925.
79	Biology and Man	1944	Gruenberg, Benjamin C; Bingham, N. Eldred	Ginn, Boston	HS	Unity of Life		0 Gruenberg is first author to drop eugenics completely after once advancing the idea.	5 Strong integrated presentation.	Y 459 Evolution	Credit: After Hackel. Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick, pig, sheep, rabbit	X	Places Piltdown between "Java ape-man" and Neanderthal. Brain graphic p 51; jaw in profile p 52). Long chart from HF Osborn listing differences between humans and apes (p 540).
80	General Biology (Revised Edition)	1945	Kenoyer, Leslie A., Goddard, Henry N.	Harper & Brothers, New York	C	Economic / Normative		5 Nearly identical to Kenoyer '37. Promotes a very biologized view of culture. Text continues to call for both negative and positive eugenic measures, though 2 conservation chapters now close the text. Sensitive to race, the authors retain their earlier "moral" argument for class-based sterilization. In reference to the Jukes, the authors quote W. E. Kellicott’s 1911 text, Social Direction of Human Evolution, "What right had an intelligent and humane society to allow these poor unfortunates to be born into the kinds of lives they had to lead, not by choice but by the disadvantages of birth" (513). Overall, the text presents an extremely biologized view of culture. "... the foundations laid in an elementary course in biology help greatly in the understanding of the humanities. Wise management of social problems has its basis in biological facts" (8-9).	4 Standard unapologetic presentation, modestly integrated. Moves from standard Lamark, Darwin to DeVries history to directed evolution via induced mutation (likely inspired by Muller’s X-Ray experiments, among others). "Perhaps man has nearly at hand a hitherto unsuspected power of controlling evolutionary processes" (501).	Y 408 Recapitulation leading to "Law of Evolution."	Credit: Romanes (after Haeckel). Fish, salamander, turtle, chick, pig, calf, rabbit, man.	X	pg. 508. Stippled w Java, Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon. No indication of missing sections.
81	Biology: a Revision of Biology for Beginners	1946	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		3 All but identical to Moon 1933.	4 All but identical to Moon 1933.	Y 518 Evolution	Credit: American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig	X	Identical to Moon ’38.
82	Biology for You	1946	Vance, B. B; Miller, D. F	Lippincott, Chicago	HS	Normative		1 Text mentions eugenics, but disclaims effectiveness.	3 Evolution is present. Text explicitly links general and human evolution. But topic detailed in summary only (588).	N		X	Dates Piltdown to 250,000 to 500,000 years old. Notes finds are "very different from the skulls of Java and Peking Man," and notes, "There is some question as to whether the jaws found at the same time belonged to the skulls" (p. 586).
83	Biology for Better Living	1946	Bayles, Ernest E; Burnett, R. Will	Silver Burdett Company, New York	HS	Normative		1 Mostly anti-eugenic. Takes a stand against Juke/Kallikak "bad heredity" story. Further reading references in conflict.	4 Does not index 'evolution,' but covers the topic in two chapters totaling 26 pages. Very reasonable summation of pre-synthesis thinking (608).	N
84	General Biology (Second Edition)	1947	Strausbaugh, Perry D., Beranl R. Weimer	John Wiley & Sons, New York	C	Unity of Life		5 Originally published in 1938, text contains some of the harshest pre-WWII language relative to the topic of eugenics, including standard Jukes, Kallikaks and Edwards stories. Favorably references Holme's ‘pithy comment,’ “three generations of imbeciles are enough” (361). Liberally illustrated with ‘freaks,’ including giants and dwarfs, six-fingeredness, a ‘mulatto family,’ and a group of ‘Mongols (Down)’ which the authors claim is likely NOT a genetic condition (351)	3 Serves as the text's climax chapter. Standard Lamarck, Darwin, De Vries model. Betrays is pre-synthesis origins. Human evolution is straight from Osborn, with no mention Dart. Multiregional without naming the hypothesis and very race conscious	Y 632 Evolution	Fish, chicken, man
85	Modern Biology	1947	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B; Otto, James H	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		4 Expands discussion of eugenics as "genetics applied to human inheritance" (606), and reinforces importance by using the topic to eugenics heredity and breeding to evolution. Kallikak study remains.	2 Decoupled discussion of theory of evolution from human evolution and cultural development. Theory used to reinforce argument for scientific management	Y 626 Evolution	Uncredited (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig		Piltdown excised in revised edition!
86	Biology and Human Affairs	1948	Ritchie, John W	World Book Company, Yonkers-On-Hudson	HS	Normative		4 Identical to Ritchie 1941 (598-99).	3 Integrated presentation, quite similar to Ritchie 1941. Topic not indexed. Darwin not cited. Natural selection and historical evolution described in detail. Out of date.	Y 63 Unity	Uncredited. Appears to be a poor or simplified copy of Gruenberg 1919. Fish, tortoise, chick, pig
87	American High School Biology	1948	Grant, Charlotte L.; Cady, H. Keith; Neal, Nathan A.	Harper & Brothers	HS	Normative / Economic / Health		3 Transitional. Compares Kallikak family to Wedgwood-Darwin family. Focuses on heritability of I.Q. However, challenges inheritance of special abilities and mental disabilities. Contradicts itself slightly regarding race, but generally sides with a Benedict/Weltfish-inspired view of racial equality, with variations and differences due to environment.	3 (If not so out of date, would be a 4 based on length and integration). Avoids use of the word 'evolution.' Instead, titles relevant chapters 'Development in Plants and Animals' (579), and 'How and When Change Takes Place' (601). Follows the typical pre-war presentation – Lamarck, Darwin, DeVries (with a strong nod to Weissman). Promotes possible use of 'atomic energy' to speed up mutation for conscious selection (615).			X	Notably no Piltdown. No Osborn reconstructions. Mentions of Peking, Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon. pp. 590-91.
88	Elements of Biology	1948	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A; Dodge, Ruth A	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		3 Introduces Juke and Kallikak studies. Along with Edwards, Darwin and Bach. Eugenics sandwiched between "maturity" and "decline" and "the end," linking individual development with species history.	3 Retains strong presentation relative to 20s/early 30s Smallwood - integrated paleontology, heredity, and human ancestry. Evolution content consolidated following botany, before vocations.	H (barely) 535 Recapitulation	Though not Haeckel's grid, in fact includes just one Haeckel-like embryo, the text presents a very Haeckelian view of evolution and recapitulation. Claims, "embryology repeats phylogeny." (535)	X	Full line of both skull and facial reconstructions.
89	The World of Life	1949	Pauli, Wolfgang F (M) Bradford Junior College	Houghton Mifflin, Boston	C			5 Remarkably eugenic. Attempts to introduce topic under cover of "reform" (and fails). Topic serves as climax for the narrative. "it has been argued that any program of negative eugenics, by segregation and sterilization, would be futile, and hence that we had better do nothing about the matter at all. This like the lazy man's argument that since he can never eradicate the last weed out of his garden - and even if he did, new ones would appear anyway - he might as well do no weeding at all!" (580).				X	IMPORTANT: Eoanthropus, "probably the earliest direct ancestor of modern nam yet discovered" p. 498. Illustration on 497 downplays canine tooth. Found in 1911. "But a recent find of a similar skull with the same type of ape-like jaw argues strongly ..." p. 498.
90	Biology and its Relation to Mankind	1949	Winchester, A. M (M) John B. Stetson University	D. Van Norstrand Company, New York	C			4 Harshly (and casually) eugenic.				X	Skull and bust included (p 729). Disclaimed somewhat relative to age, though suggests "more recent than Java or Peking."
91	Life Science	1949	de Laubenfels, M. W (M) 1894-1960 University of Hawaii (later Oregon State College)	Prentice-Hall	C			4 Deterministic and racist. Devotes one of 28 chapters (25) to the topic, titled - Eugenics: The Special Problem of Breeding. "The destiny of a person, animal, or plant exists inside the zygote, chiefly in the chromosomes" (329). Egypt's rise can be traced to "consanguineous marriage by preference" (336). Compares differential births to cancer (338).				X	EXTENSIVE. Notable unique ape-like restoration. Dated to 500,000 years ago. Claims relation to "Pekin man" (p 363).
92	College Zoology	1949	Hunter, George W. III, Hunter, F. R.	W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia	C			3 Strong, but significantly soft-pedaled relative to George W. Hunter's high school texts.				X	Brief mention. Places Eoanthropus at 130,000 years ago (p 704).
93	Exploring Biology	1949	Smith, Ella Thea	Harcourt, New York	HS	Unity of Life		1 Eugenics defined by just one paragraph, though unlike previous editions, not disclaimed.	5 Introduces "the synthetic theory" (498). First high school text to do so.	Y 405 Reproduction	American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Haeckel). Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick		Skull NOT INCLUDED in 5-skull line-up (p 483). Passing mention pp 483-84.
94	Biology	1950	Villee, Claude A. (M); Bio	W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia	C			4 Though not the text's narrative focus, eugenics serves as the climax to a unit on genetics and precedes the text's extensive section on evolution. Author references R. R. Gates, S. J. Holmes, H. J. Muller among others. Extremely popular textbook revised through 8 editions. Eugenics strongly promoted through 4th edition (at least), 1962. (Quotes Holmes: "three generations ..." 461). Author pridefully cites California's "success" with a program of eugenic sterilization (and would continue to do so through '62).				X	SIGNIFICANT. Dates find to 1908 to 1915, and fossil to early Pleistocene. Notes (accurately) that the 1915 find was skull fragments and tooth (not jaw). Links Piltdown to Swanscombe man of 1936 (p. 532).
95	General Biology for College	1950	Moment, Gairdner B. (M) Goucher College; Bio (PDF)	D. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York	C			2 A hard to judge work. Gairdner in this significant update to his almost anti-eugenic 1942 text of the same title introduces key principles of the modern synthesis. The author's ecological bent prepared him for the transition to populational thinking. However, in an apparent pitch for relevancy, Gairdner placed increased stress "on the human import of biological facts and principles" (vi), which forced a long discussion of human inheritance and heredity, and brought the author's opinions on genetic determinism relative to topics such as I.Q. to the fore (see 559). Eugenics discounted and supported simultaneously (560).					Very interesting! Barest listing of Piltdown in a chart of glacial and interglacial periods of the Pleistocene Era. p. 629. Talks of "the most recently discovered, as well as most ancient, is the South African Man, Australopithecus tranvallensis" (641).
96	Adventures with Animals and Plants	1950	Kroeber, Elsbeth; Wolff, Walter H	D. C. Heath, Boston	HS	Unity of Life		1 As in 1938, eugenics introduced and rebutted.	4 All but identical to Kroeber and Wolff 1938. Somewhat less integrated due to text structure. No synthesis, despite date.	NH 549 Evolution	Original illustration. Includes yolk sacs. 2 separate sets. Stage I and Stage II and III. Very different one from the other. Fish, frog, turtle, chick, pig, man. (Compare to Hunter and Hunter, College Zoology, 1949).	X	McGregor reconstructions (3, no Cro-Magnon). "We have evidence of other prehistoric men about whom little is knowns and whose age cannot be stated with any degree of certainty" p. 566.
97	Modern Biology	1951	Moon, Truman J; Mann, Paul B; Otto, James H	Holt, New York	HS	Phylogenetic		4 Text identical to Moon 1947, Kallikak study intact.	2 Identical to Moon 1947.	Y 659 Evolution	Uncredited (appears to be redrawn from Gruenberg 1919). Fish, salamander, turtle, bird, pig		NO PILTDOWN.
98	Man and His Biological World	1952	Jean, Frank Covert (M); Harrah, Ezra Clarence (M); Herman, Fred Louis (M); Colorado State College and Powers, Samuel Ralph (M) Columbia	Ginn, Boston	C			5 Entire narrative leads to the eugenic climax. Minor text and reference edits and additions relative to Jean '44.		Y 410 Evolution. Text strongly embraces recapitulation	From Gruenberg 1919. Fish, Salamander, Tortoise, Chick, Pig, Sheep, Rabbit, Man
99	Elements of Biology	1952	Smallwood, W. M; Reveley, Ida L; Bailey, Guy A; Dodge, Ruth A (lead author)	Allyn and Bacon, Boston	HS	Phylogenetic		3 Jukes, Kallikaks, Edwards, Darwins and Bachs all present. In 1952!	2 Terribly out of date, very 'nineteenth century' presentation of evolution relative to competitive texts.	H (barely) 619 Recapitulation	Though not Haeckel's grid, in fact includes just one Haeckel-like embryo, the text presents a very Haeckelian view of evolution and recapitulation. Claims, "embryology repeats phylogeny." (619)	X	ILLUSTRATIVE: Authors copy displays a pencilled 'X' through the Piltdown skull reconstruction. Displays both skulls and busts from AMNH. No mention of African origins.
100	Basic Biology for High Schools	1953	Fenton, Carroll Lane; Kamby, Paul E	Macmillan, New York	HS	Unity of Life		0	4 Thorough treatment of topic of evolution. Topic commands significant integrated placement, indexed by word (though word, surprisingly only in index, referred to as 'change' in text).	N
101	Exploring Biology	1954	Smith, Ella Thea	Harcourt, New York	HS	Unity of Life		2 Eugenics defined. Further readings suggested. "Value" pitched, but possibility of near-term application dismissed. Several sections end with statements claiming understanding "may enable man to take a hand in directing "the future course of evolution" (482).	5 Continued strong presentation of evolution. "Synthetic theory" now called "The Modern Theory." Incorporation of modern mutation understanding in heredity and genetics sections.	Y 466 Evolution	Credit: American Museum of Natural History (appears to be redrawn from Haeckel). Fish, salamander, tortoise, chick		Gone