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Country (year of NAP submission)Mobility type mentionedSummary of relevant details
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Migration: mentioned?With concrete provisions?Climate shock-related displacement: mentioned?With concrete provisions?Planned relocation: mentioned?With concrete provisions?Refugees: mentioned?With concrete provisions?Refugees; stateless; asylum seekers; or persons in need of international protection (2022)Refugees as percent of total population (2022)IDPs hosted (2022)ND-GAIN climate vulnerability ranking (2021)
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Albania (2021)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 4,639 0.17 - 80No mention of any form of mobility.
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Armenia (2021)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 35,886 1.29 8,400 49No mention of any form of mobility.
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Bangladesh (2023)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 1,904,717 1.11 435,600 163Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Suggests that Bangladesh may see as many as 19.9 million ‘climate migrants’ by 2050. Mentions: seasonal migration due to flash floods; rural-urban migration due to rural livelihood breakdowns; high vulnerability of rural-urban migrants; distress migration from coastal areas; displacement due to sudden-onset shocks; the need for climate-aware land zoning and planned resettlement. Commits to: targeted and gender-/disability-aware programmes for protection and resilience-building of ‘climate migrants’; inclusion of climate and migration in short-, medium- and long-term urban development plans, with implementation mechanisms and financing modalities; improved data collection regarding climate/migration; livelihood and job support for climate-affected persons; planned internal management of climate-affected rural-urban migration; in situ livelihoods training for adaptation against mobility; parametric insurance for potential climate-affected migrants; financial support for climate-affected migrants; planned relocation of high-risk settlements. The NAP several times mentions 'climate refugees', but never mentions the large population of Rohingya refugees.
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Benin (2022)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 3,239 0.02 8,100 153Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Stresses need to mainstream considerations urbanisation and seasonal movement into wider policy areas. Notes: that climate-affected migration frequently has a gendered aspect; the risk of displacement due to floods. Assesses climate-displaced persons and those at risk of displacement as vulnerable groups to be prioritised for support. Commits to: taking climate-affected migration into account when supporting areas of origin and destination; attempting to quantify the numbers of 'climate migrants' in order to assess social protection needs; developing and implementing strategies for managing migration and relocation; supporting rural livelihood diversification to reduce rural-urban migration; adopting a person-centred migration approach; quantifying urban 'climate migrants' to support their relocation; supporting female climate-displaced persons in accessing land; developing early warning systems against displacement.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina (2022)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 1,656 0.05 91,058 79Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Notes possibility of displacement due to floods, droughts, sea-level rise, or fires. Commits to: measuring number of people displaced.
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Brazil (2016)YesNoYesNoYesYesNoNo 538,331 0.25 49,600 86Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Recognises the multidimensional nature of climate vulnerability, especially for indigenous populations. Mentions relocation of people and businesses as an adaptive measure; risk of infectious disease spread due to new migration flows; climate-affected urbanisation trends; displacement due to climate shocks. Commits to: preparing plans for relocation from coastal areas.
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Burkina Faso (2015)YesNoYesYesYesYesNoNo 34,926 0.15 1,882,000 161Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Notes that climate shocks may drive forced displacement, and suggests this may disrupt governance. Commits to: planned relocation from flood-exposed areas; incorporation of migration and adaptation into other policy areas.
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Cabo Verde (2022)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 115 0.02 - 77No mention of any form of mobility.
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Cambodia (2021)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 75,036 0.45 3,900 144No mention of any form of mobility.
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Cameroon (2015)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 484,215 1.73 1,010,000 145Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: health effects of climate-affected migration; the need to increase the capacity to predict weather shocks and their migration effects; possible conflicts due to drought-linked community displacement. Commits to: building anticipatory capacities; providing medical care to displaced persons; and relocating infrastructure and dwellings away from flood-prone areas.
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Central African Republic (2022)YesNoYesYesNoNoNoNo 11,683 0.21 516,000 184Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and also as an adaptation strategy. Mentions: displacement due to flash floods; seasonal migration due to increased climatic variability. Commits to: developing a vulnerability assessment methodology for displaced persons. Notes that displaced populations should be involved in NAP planning, given that they can provide direct qualitative information.
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Chad (2022)YesNoYesYesNoNoYesNo 699,268 3.95 300,000 185Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: provision of food/livelihoods to displaced persons; the integration of displacement into adaptation planning and water management; the hope that the Great Green Wall Initiative will reverse migration flows towards restored areas; the nexus between climate, conflict, and previously displaced populations; and livelihoods/land pressure caused by in-migration. Notes that refugees are often at greater risk from climate shocks, and the states has limited protection capacity; and that the arrival of refugees can destabilise ecosystems and governance structures. Commits to: incorporating migration into water-relevant adaptation planning.
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Chile (2017)YesYesNoNoYesYesNoNo 452,801 2.31 1,500 33Mobility very little mentioned. Commits to: developing long-term plans for adaptation, including migration; identifying areas for planned relocation.
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Colombia (2018)YesNoYesNoYesYesNoNo 3,000,678 5.78 4,807,000 97Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Notes that climate shocks may drive forced displacement; that the poorest populations are most vulnerable; and that displaced populations may move into hazard-exposed areas of destination. Commits to: improving knowledge of relocation needs and options for coastal populations; integrating human mobility into regional and local development plans, including relocation considerations in land use planning.
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Costa Rica (2022)YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNo 270,606 5.22 - 62Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: data for relocation and integration. Commits to: annual studies regarding the climate risk exposure of irregular migrant populations; the inclusion of migrant populations in studies and a comprehensive strategy on climate vulnerability; training 100 communities to host migrant populations.
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Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)NoNoYesYesNoNoYesNo 522,740 0.53 5,969,000 182Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Mentions: displacement risk related to climate shocks. Notes that refugees and displaced populations may be especially vulnerable to climate shocks. Commits to: preparing contingency plans; preparing resilient development plans; enhancing risk management.
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Ecuador (2023)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 565,183 3.14 2,200 115Mobility is little mentioned in the body of the NAP. Annex 14 [https://nextcloud.ambiente.gob.ec/index.php/s/foqT5CRj272ns9n] provides a relatively detailed analysis. This recognises that climate change will affect migration patterns; that migration can be valuable for adaptation; that migrants may move to climate-vulnerable informal settlements. Notes that several planned relocation projects have already been undertaken. The NAP Annex identifies three priorities for action: increasing information; strengthened capacities; and increased financing. Commits to: gathering information on climate-related mobility, including the identification of climate-affected migrant populations, at-risk communities, and those in need of relocation; promoting further research into intersectional vulnerabilities; assessing impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks; generating local adaptation plans; and increasing the financing flows for migrants' adaptation, which are currently lacking. The NAP further commits to: creating a national database of migration and displacement; strengthening community adaptation capacities, including through early-warning systems; and supporting studies assessing the attribution of migration to climate change.
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Ethiopia (2019)YesYesYesNoYesYesNoNo 882,274 0.72 4,569,000 163Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Mentions: increased rural-urban migration; potentially increased vulnerability of migrant populations; seasonal and circular migration for adaptation; the need for social protection for migrant populations; displacement due to floods. Commits to: support for planned relocation/assisted migration; supporting migrants' livelihoods; expanded social protection systems.
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Fiji (2018)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 18 0.00 400 77Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Mentions: stresses caused by rural-urban migration, including informal settlements, heightening vulnerability; risk of displacement due to climate shocks; and extensive ongoing relocation planning. Commits to: integration of mobility into sub-national development planning; provision of affordable serviced land for migrant populations; development of a comprehensive approach to planned relocation, including vulnerability mapping and financing options; enforcement of building setback zones.
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Grenada (2019)NoNoYesNoYesNoNoNo 234 0.19 - 57Little reference to human mobility. Displacement mentioned as an adverse impact. Mentions one case of planned relocation.
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Guatemala (2019)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 149,120 0.86 249,900 119Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Includes a short chapter providing high-level summary of the climate/migration nexus. Commits to: supporting relocation; improving collection of disaggregated data; mainstreaming climate/migration in other policy areas. Links its NAP to other frameworks, including the Sendai Framework and the Paris Agreement.
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Haiti (2023)YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo - 0.00 195,000 169Briefly mentions ‘climate migration’ as a possible adverse effect of climate change.
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Kenya (2017)YesYesYesNoNoNoNoNo 677,459 1.25 403,000 150Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Commits to: livelihood diversification to reduce rural-urban migration; strengthening the adaptive capacity of displaced populations.
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Kiribati (2020)YesNoYesNoYesYesNoNo - 0.00 - N/AMobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions the possibility of increased rural-urban migration. Commits to: vulnerability assessments of key services; retrofitting or planned relocation of key services.
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Kuwait (2021)NoNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 93,657 2.19 - 54Mobility little addressed. Suggests that rapid urbanisation may increase urban climate vulnerability.
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Liberia (2021)YesNoYesNoNoNoYesNo 1,441 0.03 - 177Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: displacement and migration following coastal flooding/erosion and sea-level rise.
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Madagascar (2022)YesYesYesYesNoNoNoNo 245 0.00 70,800 172Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: accelerating rural-urban migration due to increased food insecurity after climate shocks; risk of conflict with host communities; limited ability to receive and integrate migrants in host areas, especially when host areas are also exposed to climate shocks. Commits to: assisting farmers and maintaining rural food security to reduce rural-urban migration; supporting infrastructure and amenities to prevent displacement; creation of a ‘green belt’ to reduce desertification and consequent displacement; strengthen early warning systems and displacement tracking matrices for better targeting of humanitarian aid.
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Nepal (2021)YesNoYesYesYesYesNoNo 20,724 0.07 58,000 125Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: non-economic losses; rural-urban migration due to habitat fragmentation; displacement due to climate shocks; vulnerability in informal settlements following rural-urban migration; gendered climate vulnerability and increasing ‘feminisation’ of the rural workforce due to male out-migration; growth in climate-vulnerable informal settlements due to rural-urban migration; increasing number of rural 'ghost' villages. Commits to: strengthened social protection; improved disaster risk management; planned relocation programmes; strengthen early warning systems; mapping rural vulnerabilities; strengthening disaster risk reduction efforts to reduce displacement.
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Niger (2022)YesYesYesYesNoNoYesYes 339,603 1.30 377,100 169Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Mentions: particular vulnerability of pastoralists; particulary vulnerability of displaced persons, including refugees; negative effects of migration upon women remaining behind; exploitation of circular migrants. Commits to: building capacities of migrants/displaced persons in sustainable land management and agroforestry; improved access to climate forecasting; better integrating displaced populations into adaptation planning; ensuring that climate considerations are mainstreamed in projects relating to refugees and other vulnerable populations.
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Pakistan (2023)YesNoYesNoNoNoNoNo 1,819,912 0.77 1,046,000 150Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Notes rural-urban climate-affected migration accelerating urbanisation; strains placed on service provision due to migration/displacement; tensions and conflict between migrants and host communities; large displacements due to flooding. Commits to: incorporating climate-related mobility into health and education policies.
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Papua New Guinea (2023)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo 13,827 0.14 91,190 167Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. Notes that displacement is already occurring from atolls; that support for displaced populations is a burden on the national budget; and that relocation will be necessary but expensive, and may raise the risk of inter-community conflict. The NAP identifies three priority sectors relating to climate-affected mobility: health, transport, and infrastructure. The NAP commits to: increased knowledge of climate hazards, risks, and vulnerabilities; assessing community vulnerabilities, including gender and social inclusion considerations; and developing strategies for relocation, through consultation with affected communities.
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Paraguay (2022)YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 7,624 0.11 - 93Mobility briefly addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Recognises that migration in the context of climate change is not inherently positive or negative.
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Peru (2021)YesYesYesYesNoNoNoNo 1,521,240 4.47 102,000 91Mobility addressed as an adverse impact and as an adaptive strategy. Notes that climate-affected forced migration can increase pressure on service provision; that glacial retreat is leading to rural-urban seasonal movement by farmers, and that further water shortages may increase these patterns; that migration is gendered; that adaptive migration can have negative social and mental health implications; that the arrival of migrant populations to new areas may lead to local environmental damage;and that displacement due to flooding is already occurring, with negative effects on development. Commits to: developing a national action plan to prevent and address forced migration resulting from climate shocks; preparation of plans for response to dispacements.
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Saint Lucia (2018)YesYesYesYesYesYesNoNo - 0.00 - 68Mobility addressed as an adverse impact. International migration is explicitly not considered an acceptable adaptation strategy, but internal migration appears to be recognised to be necessary. Mentions: land use change after movement away from coasts; rural-urban migration; coastal infrastructure loss; relocation of critical infrastructure, production, and communities. The NAP suggests, but does not commit, to: developing policies to support internal migration; providing support to IDPs; supporting preservation or regaining of non-economic loss and damage incurred during migration. It further suggests planning and initiating relocation of dwellings and infrastructure, after feasibility studies, consultations, and the preparation of regulatory and enforcement regimes.
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St Vincent and the Grenadines (2019)NoNoNoNoYesYesNoNo 5 0.00 3 N/AMigration little addressed, and solely as an adverse impact. Mentions: relocation of coastal communities and enforcement of setback zones.
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Sierra Leone (2022)YesNoNoNoYesNoNoNo 324 0.00 - 166Migration addressed as an adverse impact. Notes increased rural-urban migration due to climate shocks. Suggests, but does not commit, to: developing a planned relocation policy.
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South Africa (2021)YesNoYesYesYesNoNoNo 150,912 0.25 220 95Migration little addressed. Commits to: developing a research roadmap for climate change adaptation, including the relationship between climate change and rural-urban migration; encouraging businesses’ relocation from hazardous areas; developing adaptation strategies for populations displaced by climate change (noted as a long-term goal).
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South Sudan (2021)YesYesYesYesYesYesYesNo 321,399 2.95 2,140,000 N/AMigration addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Notes that South Sudan hosts many refugees, and that some have moved in part due to climate shocks; anticipates increased numbers in the future. Stresses need to better understand climate-migration nexus, and to better integrate climate projects with development/peacebuilding efforts. Anticipates intra-regional challenges due to cross-border climate-affected migration, and stresses importance of regional collaboration. Notes gendered aspect of climate-affected migration; stress placed on urban services by climate-affected rural-urban migration, especially with regard to sanitation; recent displacement due to floods. Commits to: developing a long-term research plan with tracking indicators and funding regarding the climate-migration-conflict nexus; preparation of scenario-based plans; ensuring IDPs, refugees, and other vulnerable groups, can participate in adaptation planning; relocating populations from vulnerable areas and enforcing setback zones; considering migration factors in urban development plans. Also commits to incorporating climate considerations in plans for resettlement and post-return support for refugees; and to increasing the percentage of displaced that are repatriated and resettled from 10 percent to 55 percent.
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Sri Lanka (2016)NoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo 761 0.00 12,023 104Migration addressed as an adverse impact. Notes: risk of displacement due to climate shocks, and increases in informal settlements; need to enhance settlements’ resilience to reduce displacement; need to improve disaster risk reduction planning.
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State of Palestine (2016)NoNoYesNoNoNoYesNo 2,348,237 46.56 12,000 N/AMigration addressed as an adverse impact. Mentions: displacement due to extreme weather events; increased urban risk due to rural-urban migration. Notes that refugees are less likely than non-refugees to be able to work in the Gaza Strip, and are therefore more vulnerable to climate shocks.
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Sudan (2016)YesYesYesYesYesNoYesNo 1,132,639 2.42 3,780,000 179Migration addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Mentions: pastoralist migration due to water decline; rural-urban migration due to increased climate variability; conflicts resulting from mobility; risk of infectious disease spread due to new migration flows; displacement due to flooding and droughts. Notes that the arrival of refugees can cause local environmental stress and burden service provision capacities. Notes the Cancun Framework's inclusion of preparation for planned relocation, but does not commit to specific initiatives. Commits to: numerous geographically and sectorally targeted adaptation measures, predominantly intended to reduce migration from rural areas. Little focus is given to preparations of urban reception areas, although some related initiatives in Khartoum are mentioned.
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Suriname (2020)YesNoNoNoNoNoNoNo 2,576 0.42 - 103Mobility addressed as an adverse impact, but little addressed. Notes that farmers may need to relocate due to flooding and salinisation.
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Timor-Leste (2021)YesNoYesNoYesNoNoNo - 0.00 - 122Migration addressed as an adverse impact. Notes that rural-urban migration cab reduce resilience in communities of origin. Displacement only mentioned briefly, in the foreword. Recommends, but does not commit, to: conducting research on the climate-displacement/-relocation relationship.
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Togo (2018)NoNoYesNoNoNoNoNo 9,876 0.11 7,000 128Mobility little addressed. Refers to displacement due to coastal erosion. Mentions: overcrowding in host communities as a result; proliferation of informal settlements in flood-risk zones; conflicts regarding land rights after displacement.
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Tonga (2021)YesNoYesNoYesYesNoNo - 0.00 260 140Migration addressed as an adverse impact and an adaptation strategy. Mentions: increased habitation of flood-prone land after migration. Commits to preparing a study of relocation options, aiming to create a coherent national approach; and improving community-level climate literacy.
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Uruguay (2019)NoNoNoNoYesYesNoNo 40,622 1.19 - 51Uruguay maintains sectoral adaptation plans, and has so far prepared NAPs for agriculture, infrastructure, cities, and coastal areas. Its NAP-Cities paper [https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Executive-Summary%20-%20NAP-Cities.pdf] notes the need to support relocation, and commits to improving the implementation of relocation plans into safe urban land for those whose areas of origin become uninhabitable. Its NAP-Coastal paper [https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/NAP-Coastal-Uruguay.pdf] also notes the need for evacuation and relocation protocols for flood-affected coastal populations.
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