| A | B | C | D | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Parameter | Indonesian Wild Forest Honey (Ternate) | Manuka Honey (UMF 15+) | Significance |
2 | Total Phenolic Content | 2,488.89 mg GAE/kg | 300–800 mg GAE/kg | Indonesian honey demonstrates 3–8x higher phenolic density |
3 | Total Flavonoid Content | 726.22 mg AEAC/kg | 150–400 mg AEAC/kg | Flavonoid concentration 2–5x higher |
4 | DPPH Scavenging Activity | High (concentration-dependent) | Moderate to High | Comparable antioxidant free-radical neutralization |
5 | Methylglyoxal (MGO) | Present (variable) | 514+ mg/kg (UMF 15+) | Manuka maintains MGO advantage; Indonesian honey offers broader compound diversity |
6 | Botanical Diversity | 100+ nectar sources | Single source (Leptospermum scoparium) | Indonesian honey offers terroir complexity impossible to replicate |
7 | Harvest Method | Wild, sustainable, no human intervention in colony | Managed hives, commercial beekeeping | Wild harvesting preserves natural enzyme and pollen integrity |