Database policy comparison table 24.11.2025.xlsx

	A	B	D	E	G	H	I
1		Database Policy Comparison for the Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) Annex to the WHO Pandemic Agreement
2		Adam Strobeyko, Legal Advisor, Governing Pandemics initiative, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute
3		This comparison table synthesizes publicly available database policies and compares them thematically. Databases were selected to reflect the range of policy approaches discussed in connection with the WHO Intergovernmental Working Group (IGWG) on the PABS Annex to the Pandemic Agreement. For the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), we use GenBank as a representative node to illustrate policies in practice; the INSDC partners mirror data daily, and NCBI also provides pathogen-oriented access portals. The WHO report "Attributes and principles of genomic data-sharing platforms supporting surveillance of pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential" (Column B) is a recently released, normative guidance intended to establish new good-practice standards for genomic data-sharing platforms. It is included here to indicate aspirational benchmarks, not to imply that any database presently satisfies all items. Please consult the original database websites via the hyperlinks in the “Database policy” field and within specific cells. Hyperlinks are provided as supportive sources and do not imply that the entire cell derives from a single linked source. This table is for information purposes only; all errors are the author’s alone. We thank colleagues from the Governing Pandemics initiative at the Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute: Suerie Moon, Anna Bezruki, and Daniela Morich for thorough review and comments on earlier drafts and Ava Greenup for pre-upload checks. We welcome any feedback and future updates at <adam.strobejko@graduateinstitute.ch>
4		Last updated: 26.11.2025
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6			International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC)
7	Database policy	WHO, "Attributes and principles of genomic data-sharing platforms supporting surveillance of pathogens with epidemic and pandemic potential" (2025)	INSDC baseline	GenBank example	GISAID	Pathoplexus	Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
8	Description and governance	2.1.1 "A governance structure is described, including how membership of any advisory group is decided." 2.1.2 "A mechanism for obtaining scientific and ethical advice (such as boards or committees) that incorporates input from the public health community is described." 2.1.3 "Potential conflicts of interest are declared by those with governance or advisory responsibilities, as well as by organizations hosting the PGDSP infrastructure." 2.1.4 "The physical location and therefore the legal instruments applying to the PGDSP [Pathogen genomic data-sharing platform] are named, including when data are hosted in remote/multiple locations (for example, in cloud servers)." 2.2.1 "Funding sources are declared." 2.2.2 "Governance team members and their affiliations are listed." 2.2.3 "The minutes of the meetings of the governance team are public." 2.2.4 "Data policies are publicly available and cover at a minimum what data are accepted or rejected, how data are curated and analysed (including disclosures on use of artificial intelligence (AI)), and who can access the data." 2.2.5 "Scientific advice to the PGDSP (such as minutes of the scientific advisory group) is public."	"INSDC is a global collaboration of independent governmental or non-profit organisations that manage nucleotide sequence databases." INSDC is an international collaboration between three public databases: GenBank in the United States, the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) in the United Kingdom, and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ). These three databases exchange data on a daily basis. "INSDC is establishing and implementing a plan that incorporates new Members" (https://www.insdc.org/global-participation/).	"GenBank® is the NIH [National Institutes of Health] genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences..." at "the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a division of the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health…" The NLM Board of Regents “serves as the advisory body to the Secretary, HHS; … Director, NIH; and the Director, NLM, on all important aspects of policy,” and meets three times a year; minutes and videocasts are posted. (https://www.nlm.nih.gov/od/bor/bor.html) The Board is “governed by the provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA),” and “meetings will be open to the public except as provided by law.” NLM located at 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD; funding disclosed in NLM Congressional Justifications; NCBI data-use policy states “no restrictions on the use or distribution” and rejects submitter-imposed restrictions. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies)	Operated by the non-profit association Freunde von GISAID e.V. "GISAID is governed by non-profits" and "receives administrative support from two registered non-profit organizations, one based in Germany and the other in the United States." ; "GISAID also receives scientific, technical, and legal support from the individuals serving on its various oversight bodies” (Scientific Advisory Council, Database Technical Group, and Compliance Board) ; “The Initiative’s non-profit status are regulated by the German Tax Authority FA Munich, and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.”	"Under the name ‘Pathoplexus’ there exists an Association pursuant to Article 60 et seqq. of the Swiss Civil Code headquartered in Basel-Stadt, Switzerland." ; "The Association is exclusively non-profit and does not pursue any commercial purpose and does not seek to make a profit." ; "The bodies that make up the Association are: the General Assembly; the Executive Board; the Scientific Advisory Board; the Treasurer; the Auditors; and optionally a Secretariat."	"GBIF—the Global Biodiversity Information Facility—is an international network and data infrastructure funded by the world's governments and aimed at providing anyone, anywhere, open access to data about all types of life on Earth... working through the participant nodes, provides data-holding institutions around the world with common standards, best practices and open-source tools enabling them to share information about where and when species have been recorded." ; "The Governing Board is the means by which GBIF Participants make collective decisions. Currently meeting once a year, it consists of one representative from each Participant country and organization... As required under its rules of procedure, the GBIF Governing Board has set up three standing committees to act as advisory bodies, each with its own terms of reference and with its officers and membership elected by the Governing Board. They are: Science Committee, Budget Committee, and Participant Node Managers Committee...The Executive Committee operates on behalf of the Governing Board when the Board is not in session and within the areas of responsibility delegated to it by the Governing Board. Among its functions are monitoring of the performance of the Secretariat in carrying out the decisions taken by the Governing Board including implementation of the Strategic Plan and the Work Programme, and management of the budget." (https://www.gbif.org/governance)
9	User base	2.2 "...Quantitative usage data (such as monthly unique visitors and their geographic distribution, volume of data uploaded and downloaded)… also contribute to transparency." 2.2.9 "PGDSP quantitative usage data are provided."	No official user count published.	No official user count published. A 2020 CBD-commissioned study cites "5.8 million users of GenBank alone and they are located in every country in the world" and extrapolates to "to 8-12 million users of the INSDC databases worldwide and growing."	No official user count published. A recent policy analysis cites an estimate of "70,000 active registered users on GISAID"	No official user count published.	No official user count published. Usage is tracked via downloads and literature (e.g. download DOIs). E.g., UK users made 256,546 download requests (29.6% of all downloads) during 2024;. GBIF also tracks an average of >six peer-reviewed papers/day using GBIF-mediated data.
10	Pathogen data	2.2.6 "A complete description of the scope of the data (pathogens, data types) and metadata (minimum and additional fields) is public." 2.4.1 "For GSDPs with a focus on epidemic and pandemic pathogens, the pathogen scope is mapped to an agreed priority list (at minimum), with the flexibility to rapidly take on new pathogens." 2.4.2 "The genomic data include consensus pathogen genome data and information on the generation method (e.g. sequencing platform)." 2.4.3 "It is possible to submit raw read data." 2.4.4 "It is possible to include pathogen metagenomes from human, animal and environmental samples."	INSDC does not issue single consolidated data releases. INSDC databases mirror daily: "each site has the full complement of data submitted to INSDC."	> 14.6 million viral nucleotide sequence (excluding bacteria and fungi).	~21,550,000 genetic sequence submissions (counter on the website)	>200,000 sequences (counter on the website)	Not a pathogen sequence repository. It "connects biodiversity to human health" by providing context data—e.g., where and when a host, vector, or reservoir species was recorded. GBIF guidance: pathogen data may be published as attributes of vector/host records (no human data)
11	Scope & non-pathogen data	1.2 "...Genomic data should be analysed together with rich contextual information, especially epidemiological and clinical metadata, to derive actionable evidence…" 2.4.8 "It is possible to associate analytic (e.g. lineage, mutations) and biological metadata to the genomic data, and to link to publications."	INSDC does not issue single consolidated data releases. INSDC databases mirror daily: "each site has the full complement of data submitted to INSDC."	258 million sequence records in GenBank release 268.0 (8/18/2025) (pathogen and non-pathogen)	Scope limited to "rapid access to data of priority pathogens," not a general-purpose nucleotide archive.	Consensus genomes (single assembled sequence per sample inferred from underlying reads) of viral pathogen genomic data. Supported organisms include CCHFV, Ebola (Sudan/Zaire), HMPV, measles, mpox, RSV-A/RSV-B, West Nile. Raw reads are not hosted by Pathoplexus: submitters place read-level data in INSDC repositories, which Pathoplexus links to. Pathoplexus also ingests public INSDC consensus records. Users may browse data from INSDC or submitted solely to Pathoplexus.	Primary content is species "occurrence" data: "Resources which present evidence of the occurrence of a species at a particular place and normally on a specified date.These datasets expand on most Checklist Data because they contribute to mapping the historical or current distribution of a species. At the most basic, such datasets may provide only general locality information (even limited to a country identifier). Ideally they also include coordinates and a coordinate precision to support fine scale mapping."
12	Access model	2.8 "... Access options for users include anonymous access (users do not need to provide information on their identity to access the data), access linked to user accounts (users provide information on their identity), or accessible only to vetted or verified individuals (restricted or closed access). Alternatively, access restrictions could apply to specific types of data or to specific PGDSP functionalities instead of to users. Access could also be withheld for defined periods of time to provide specific protections to data submitters."	"Provision of free and unrestricted access to INSDC data resources and services to members of the public"	Public, free access to records via the website, the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP); no paywalls. The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) states it "places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GenBank data." "NCBI makes the GenBank data available at no cost over the Internet, via FTP and a wide range of web-based services."	"open access… free-of-charge to individuals that identify themselves and agree to the Database Access Agreement (DAA)."	"The Data are made available to all Users, at no cost, on condition of acceptance of the Data Use Terms (upon accessing the Data in any form, Users agree to Data Use Terms. The Data Use Terms are further explicitly linked to within the metadata." Submitters choose between Open Data and Restricted-Use Data. "Restricted-Use Data can only be used within the conditions of the Data Use Terms (see below).Open Data is not subject to these terms, but should still be used ethically: data generators should be acknowledged and collaborations should be sought in some circumstances (see Open Data below). Users are required to read the Data Use Terms in detail and note applicable restrictions and expectations of notification, offers of collaboration, and acknowledgement that should be followed."	Open access to data and site: GBIF aims at "providing anyone, anywhere, open access to data about all types of life on Earth." Reuse is governed by dataset Creative Commons licenses.
13	Registration	2.8.1 "Access is free of charge and unrestricted wherever possible. Any charges and restrictions on access are documented on a policy that is public and describes how charges are applied, how users are granted access, what level of access they receive, the processes by which access might be restricted or taken away, the criteria under which this might occur, and the process for contesting or appealing." 2.8.2 "Both GUI and API access are available, including access options for users with limiting internet connectivity." 2.8.3 "PGDSPs with restricted or closed access provide estimated turnaround times for processing user accounts requests or access applications."	Not required.	User registration is not required to browse or download GenBank data or to use the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST): "You do not have to give us personal information to visit the... website." (https://wwwnlm.nih.gov/web_policies.) A National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) account is optional for personalization features, and Application Programming Interface (API) keys are optional: "For most casual use, you won’t need an API key at all—only if you exceed three requests per second." (https://ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2017/11/02/new-api-keys-for-the-e-utilities/)	Mandatory individual registration with affiliation (no fees). Users receive "personal access credentials" after agreeing to the DAA; registration is "open to the public and free (no-cost)." Institutional email is encouraged to expedite approval.	Browsing is public;"The term ‘User’ shall mean everyone who accesses the web service in any form."; "You can only upload sequences if you have created an account and are part of a group."; "You will need to agree to the Data Use Terms to create an account."; "You are responsible for maintaining the confidentiality of your account, and are responsible for all activities that occur using your account."; API use requires authentication: "Some of our endpoints require authentication in order to use them. In order to use these endpoints you need to get a JSON web token... If you only use ORCiD for authentication and do not have a password, you need to add a password" (https://pathoplexus.org/docs/how-to/authentication-api)	Browsing and API are open, but to get a packaged download you must be logged in: "To download you need to login or register first."
14	Access provisions	2.8.1 "Access is free of charge and unrestricted wherever possible. Any charges and restrictions on access are documented on a policy that is public and describes how charges are applied, how users are granted access, what level of access they receive, the processes by which access might be restricted or taken away, the criteria under which this might occur, and the process for contesting or appealing."	"The INSDC has a uniform policy of free and unrestricted access to all of the data records their databases contain."	"NCBI places no restrictions on the use or distribution of the GenBank data." "Nor do we accept data when the submitter has requested restrictions on reuse or redistribution." Misuse can result in a legal action: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/home/about/policies/#disclaimer	GISAID EpiFlu™ Database Access Agreement (DAA): "...You agree not to distribute Data to any third party other than Authorized Users"; "you may not access and use the GISAID EpiFlu™ Database or collect, store, reproduce, access, modify, display, distribute, coordinate, arrange, and otherwise use the Data in connection with any other database... except for operators duly authorized by GISAID"; "You agree to make best efforts to collaborate with representatives of the Originating Laboratory responsible for obtaining the specimen(s) and involve them in such analyses and further research using such Data"; "You may use Data to author, co-author or publish results obtained from your analyses of relevant Data, provided that any such published results acknowledge, as the original source of the Data, the laboratory where the clinical specimen(s) and/or virus isolate(s) were first obtained ("Originating Laboratory") and if applicable, the laboratory where Data have been generated from the isolate(s) and/or specimen(s) received and submitted to the GISAID EpiFlu™ Database. ("Submitting Laboratory")"; "Without limitation of any other term or condition of this Agreement, You acknowledge and agree that GISAID may, subject to any applicable laws, suspend access to all or any part of the GISAID EpiFlu™ Database and/or Data without any prior notice or liability to You."	Open Data: "Data from Pathoplexus that is Open can be shared onward."; "Pathoplexus expects correct acknowledgement and crediting of Open Data, via SeqSets and DOIs at a minimum …" ; "Publications and preprints using any form of data from Pathoplexus must provide the accession numbers … It is also recommended to additionally list the INSDC accessions …" ; "If displayed on a website or in another database, we encourage users to link each sequence to the original sequence page … or link to an INSDC database and display the INSDC accession …" ; Open data "should still be used ethically: data generators should be acknowledged and collaborations should be sought …") . Restricted-Use Data: "Restricted-Use Data can only be used under the Data Use Terms … Data can remain ‘Restricted-Use’ for up to one year after submission." ; "One or more Submitters must be included as an author… (‘Authorship’) or… explicit written permission … turning down Authorship (‘Authorship Waiver’)." ; "Restricted-Use Data… can be shared onward but the Data Use Terms must be clearly communicated, and any data distributed must include the Data Use Terms columns (dataUseTerms, dataUseTermsRestrictedUntil and dataUseTermsUrl) intact in the metadata." ; "If displayed on a website or in another database, each sequence must have a direct link to the original sequence page on Pathoplexus and display the Pathoplexus accession." ; "If Users wish to use Pathoplexus data in an access-restricted database with more than 200 users, Users must contact Pathoplexus to request permission."	"In accordance with the GBIF licensing policy, a dataset should be made available… under CC0, CC-BY, or CC-BY-NC."; GBIF encourages the most open option. (BY-NC restricts commercial use.) ; "Data accessed through the GBIF network is free for all—but not free of obligations. Under the terms of the GBIF data user agreement, users who download individual datasets or search results and use them in research or policy agree to cite them using a DOI"
15	Exchange/mirroring	2.9.1 "The PGDSP is interoperable with other systems, thus enabling the exchange of data and sharing of information." 2.9.2 "There is a fully documented API for the exchange of information with other systems." 2.9.2 "Data and API standards are in place to facilitate the exchange and are documented and maintained over time."	The INSDC databases mirror one another: "The Feature Table documentation represents the shared rules that allow the three databases to exchange data on a daily basis."	"Data exchange between DDBJ, ENA and GenBank occurs daily so it is only necessary to submit the sequence to one database."	No public mirroring: "GISAID does not offer a mechanism to release data to any other database."	"We share open sequences with the INSDC databases (ENA, DDBJ, NCBI) and ingest public sequences from the INSDC."; "Open Data submitted to Pathoplexus is immediately submitted to INSDC on behalf of the original Submitters … Restricted-Use Data … is held under embargo at INSDC so that it is not accessible through the INSDC databases until the expiration of the Restricted-Use period of up to one year."	GBIF harvests and reindexes publisher-hosted datasets; publishers "retain full control… correct and update datasets at any time." GBIF indexes those datasets so users can search them together. When providers republish an updated dataset, GBIF refreshes its index; occurrence identifiers help match the same record when "indexing is refreshed."
16	Use of persistent identifiers	1.3.1 "...Include the acknowledgement of the primary sources of data through original identifiers." 2.7 "...Portable and persistent individual identifiers similar to ORCID" may be included for stewardship. 2.9 "...The user can directly provide the PGDSP’s unique identifier for that sequence as input to the software tool."		"The accession number is a unique identifier assigned to a record in sequence databases such as GenBank." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470040/) ; "GenBank will provide accession numbers for submitted sequences, usually within two working days." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/submit/) ; "Accession numbers do not change, even if information in the record is changed at the author’s request." (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/samplerecord/)	GISAID "mints… a globally unique and persistent identifier known as an EPI_ISL ID" for records. It also mints EPI_SET IDs for collections, issued with a DOI for data-availability statements and reproducibility. Individual records keep GISAID’s own accession format (EPI_ISL, EPI_FLU, etc.); the DOI applies to the EPI_SET that groups those records.	“Pathoplexus accessions are generated for every sequence present in Pathoplexus. If a sequence is uploaded directly to Pathoplexus, it will receive a Pathoplexus accession before having an INSDC accession. If it is added to Pathoplexus from INSDC, it will have a Pathoplexus accession as well its original INSDC accession. Pathoplexus accessions are generated for every sequence that is added to Pathoplexus. The format of Pathoplexus accessions has the prefix “PP_” to show the accession is from Pathoplexus, and then a number generated for the sequence." ; A SeqSet is "Pathoplexus’s“collections of sequences indicated by their accession numbers, which provide unique identifiers that can be used to reference that set of sequences.” Users "can add a DOI in order to reference the SeqSet more easily."	GBIF assigns DOIs to downloads (and supports dataset DOIs). "users who download individual datasets or search results and use them in research or policy agree to cite them using a DOI" ; Individual occurrence records carry an occurrenceID (ideally a persistent global ID) and a GBIF key.
17	Place-of-origin metadata	2.4.5 "Minimum metadata are defined and include sample information (e.g., time, place, host, source), high-level sampling strategy (e.g. baseline surveillance, targeted), sequencing strategy (e.g. amplicon-based, shotgun), bioinformatics methods, and attribution data (see section 2.7)." 2.4.6 "There are optional but pre-set metadata fields for those submitters able to provide additional metadata relevant to epidemic analysis (e.g. travel, hospitalisation or death information) or One Health (host, food chain or environmental information)." 2.4.7 "The data and metadata scopes are compliant with applicable legal instruments and ethical regulations on personal information. 2.4.8 It is possible to associate analytic (e.g. lineage, mutations) and biological metadata to the genomic data, and to link to publications." 2.7 "Data provenance refers to the auditable trail back to the generator of the sequence data and, where appropriate, the sampling framework"	"The /geo_loc_name qualifier is used to indicate the geographic location of the collected sample." "Definition locality of isolation of the sequenced sample indicated in terms of political names for nations, oceans or seas, followed by regions and localities." Country of origin information has been mandatory metadata since 2023 (https://www.insdc.org/news/insdc-spatiotemporal-metadata-minimum-standards-update-03-03-2023/).	"The /geo_loc_name qualifier indicates the country of origin of a DNA sample. This qualifier uses a controlled vocabulary and format."	Data described with "rich metadata… employing… controlled vocabulary." Public EPI_SET pages show the typical per-record ("virus detail") metadata: Virus name, Collection date, Originating laboratory, and Submitting laboratory alongside the EPI_ISL accession. Curation/statement pages and examples reference collection date and related fields in EpiCoV records and trackers.	Metadata fields "like dates, countries and authors, will be standardized… and mapped to ENA (e.g., country → geoLocCountry; region → geoLocAdmin1; collection date → sampleCollectionDate).”	"The country code is the proposed minimum standard to supply this information. The format for this field follows the ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 standard for country codes." ; Records ideally include coordinates and collection date to support mapping and time-series analyses.
18	Submission availability and embargo/hold	2.5.4 "Estimates are publicly available of the turnaround time from submission to the data being made available (according to the data licence)." 2.8 "Access could also be withheld for defined periods of time to provide specific protections to data submitters."		"GenBank will, upon request, withhold release of new submissions for a specified period of time. A date must be specified; we can not hold a sequence indefinitely pending publication. However, if the accession number or sequence data appears in print or online prior to the specified date, the sequence will be released." "Sequence data submitted in advance of publication can be kept confidential if requested."	Release is immediate after curation: "the release… must not be postponed … but must instead be made accessible… without delay."	Submitters choose Open or Restricted-Use at upload. They "can specify the time period for which data is ‘Restricted-Use Data’, up to a maximum of one year, and also manually release data from Restricted Use before the time period expires. When the Restricted Use period has ended, Restricted-Use Data becomes Open Data within this database, and is released from embargo on INSDC (making it visible on INSDC platforms)." ; "Restricted-Use Data may also be submitted to INSDC soon after submission to Pathoplexus, but is held under Embargo … until it becomes Open Data; this means it is not visible on any INSDC platform until it becomes Open Data."	Publication timing is controlled by publishers; GBIF does not impose a central embargo policy. Datasets are published via IPT/Registry and then indexed; some publishers apply their own embargo windows before records become public. "A private resource is visible only to those who created it… This is primarily meant to preserve the resource from public visibility until it has been completely and properly configured." ; "You can make the resource public right away or at a set date.” ; “The resource is not globally discoverable through the GBIF website until it has been registered with the GBIF Registry.” ; “A resource that has been registered with the GBIF network is discoverable through the GBIF website and the data from the resource can be indexed by and accessed from the GBIF portal.”
19	Citation acknowledgment	2.7.1 "The PGDSP accepts both primary data (submitted by sequencing laboratories) and data imported from other sources through a policy deliberately aiming for maximum coverage." 2.7.2 "There is an auditable trail all along the sequence and metadata generation continuum: sample collector, metadata collectors, isolating lab, lab performing initial processing or characterization, sequencing lab, bioinformatics unit, submitting lab (which may be a broker for the data generator), as well as publications and their author(s)." 2.7.3 "There is a record of the method by which the data enter the PGDSP, including identifiers that link to records of the same data in other resources and publications."	"Appropriate credit is given by citing the original submission…following the practices of scientists utilising published …literature." "Appropriate credit is given by citing the original submission, following the practices of scientists utilising published scientific literature."	GenBank does not impose a legal citation requirement. However: "If you use the GenBank database in your published research, we ask that this article be cited."	Use of GISAID data requires acknowledging all data contributors (Authors, Originating and Submitting laboratories) and following the Citation & Acknowledgement Guide; DAA also calls for "best efforts to collaborate" with the Originating lab. GISAID supplies EPI_SET + DOI and supplemental tables to standardize acknowledgements.	"Publications and preprints using any form of data from Pathoplexus must provide the accession numbers for the sequences used."; "“Pathoplexus strongly encourages using SeqSets (see section 4.4). It is also recommended to additionally list the INSDC accessions …" ; "Pathoplexus expects correct acknowledgement and crediting of Open Data, via SeqSets and DOIs at a minimum, and through collaboration and co-authorship with sequence Submitters where appropriate." "For Restricted-Use Data, it must be acknowledged by providing a list of accession numbers used (or using a SeqSet...) and linking back to Pathoplexus so that users can view the original data and submitters;" ; ""In scientific publications and preprints, Restricted-Use data can often only be used with explicit permission of the Submitting Group." ; One or more Submitters must be included as an author or a written waiver from the authors and a DOI liking to data (SeqSet) from Pathoplexus, and add an acknowledgement stating adherence to Pathoplexus Data Use Terms.	"users… agree to cite them using a DOI." GBIF provides auto-generated citation strings.
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