ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS
1
Masseter musclezygomatic arch and maxilla => coronoid process and ramus of mandible0.4705650971
2
Ligament of TreitzPeritoneal fold containing muscle fibres, surrounding the duodenojejunal flexure. Maintains angulation between distal duodenum and jejunum0.2061992477
3
Surface projection of fundusUpper edge of 5th rib @ mid-inguinal line0.2193487413
4
Accessory pancreatic ductAKA Duct of Santorini. Present in some people; connects straight to the duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla0.1927546107
5
Renal papilla'Nipple' opening into minor calyx0.3397273185
6
Branches of SMAMiddle colic artery, Jejunal and ileal arteries, Ileocolic artery, Right colic artery0.8248089926
7
Plicae circulares / Circular folds Large valvular flaps projecting into the lumen of the bowel. Composed of reduplications of the mucous membrane, the two layers of the fold being bound together by submucous tissue; unlike the folds in the stomach, they are permanent, and are not obliterated when the intestine is distended.0.9641351455
8
Relation of kidneys to ribsTip of kidney touches 11th rib (left), 12th rib (right)0.4782336274
9
Richter herniaOnly the antimesenteric border of the bowel herniates through the fascial defect. i.e. Involves only a portion of the circumference of the bowel. (Bowel may not be obstructed, even if the hernia is incarcerated or strangulated, and the patient may not present with vomiting.)0.3903343431
10
Location of exit of femoral herniaFemoral canal0.4502265681
11
Prostatic utricleSmall indentation located in the prostatic urethra, at the apex of the urethral crest, on the seminal colliculus (verumontanum), laterally flanked by openings of the ejaculatory ducts.0.06607229105
12
Lymphatic drainage of the pancreasPancreaticosplenic lymph nodes0.6396637563
13
Peyer's patchesOval or round lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propria layer of the mucosa and extending into the submucosa of the ileum. Differentiate the ileum from the duodenum and jejunum. Approx. 30 in total. Observable as elongated thickenings of the intestinal epithelium measuring a few centimeters in length0.4022242764
14
Caput medusaesign of severe portal hypertension that has decompressed by portal-systemic shunting through the paraumbilical veins0.7344323051
15
NephroptosisDrooping kidney0.03730836473
16
Differences between upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of anal canalUpper 2/3: longitudinal folds/elevations of tunica mucosa; simple columnar epithelium; supplied by superior rectal artery (from inferior mesenteric). Lower 1/3: stratified squamous epithelium (blends with skin). Supplied by inferior rectal artery (from internal pudendal artery)0.3993239361
17
Angular incisureSeparates stomach => R and L portions. Well-marked notch, nearer the pyloric end of the stomach than its cardiac end0.4392635252
18
TURPTransurethral resection of the prostate0.8645349092
19
Intrabulbar fossaThe dilated commencement of the spongy part of the male urethra lying within the bulb of the penis.0.4661040924
20
Site for implantation of transplanted kidneyLeft iliac fossa. For protection from pelvis, and to avoid appendix0.01284959192
21
Desination of inferior mesenteric veinUsually => splenic vein (which then joins SMV => HPV). May join SMV, or form a 3-way confluence. 0.7633533774
22
Differences in ileum compared to jejunumPaler, More mesenteric fat, Smaller caliber, Has Peyer's patches, Thinner wall, More layers of arcades before the vasa recta are given off0.07759780969
23
Pancreas and peritoneumRetroperitoneal, apart from tail0.2164958146
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Surface projection of oesophageal-gastric junctionL side, 2-4 cm lat to midline, @ 7th costal cart anteriorly, @ T10-11 posteriorly0.05850421345
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Demarcations of the omental bursa anteriorly: caudate lobe of the liver, the stomach and greater omentum. Posteriorly: pancreas. Its left lateral margin: left kidney and adrenal gland. Right: epiploic foramen and lesser omentum0.4301695412
26
Ileal papillaConical projection formed by the terminal ileum at its junction with the caecum. In life it appears as a truncated cone with a star-shaped orifice0.9942606625
27
Renal sinusCavity within the kidney which is occupied by the renal pelvis, renal calyces, blood vessels, nerves and fat.0.7171773526
28
Arcuate arteries of the kidneyLocated at the border of the renal cortex and renal medulla. Named after the fact that they are shaped in arcs due to the nature of the shape of the renal medulla.0.9953342881
29
Location of Meckel's DiverticulumDistal ileum, usually within about 40-100 cm (2 feet) of the ileocecal valve. Always on antimesenteric border. May be attached by a cord to the umbilicus (26% of cases)0.9599760486
30
Rule of 2's for Meckel's Diverticulum (7)2% (of the population), 2 feet (from the ileocecal valve), 2 inches (in length), 2% are symptomatic, 2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic), 2 years is the most common age at clinical presentation, 2 times more boys are affected.0.02509284269
31
Temporal muscletemporal lines on the parietal bone of the skull => coronoid process of the mandible0.08108686532
32
How to distinguish the transverse colon on colonoscopyLooks triangular in shape, not circular (due to the mesentery pulling down)0.5493207323
33
Inferior epigastric artery - relation to herniasHernia arising lateral to inferior epigastric vessel = indirect = passing thru inginal canal. Hernia arising medial to inferior epigastric vessel = direct = bulging thru posterior wall0.6184559086
34
Why are horseshoe kidneys lower down?Can ascend past inferior mesenteric due to the isthmus0.4717798453
35
TrigoneSmooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice. Very sensitive to expansion => micturation signal0.9544103931
36
Caudate / Quadrate lobes?Q for the bottom0.9954280817
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Five major facial branchesTemporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular, Cervical0.2653527022
38
Vertebral levels of the left kidneyT11 - L20.844657112
39
Left gastric arteryCeliac artery => superior portion of lesser curvature of the stomach => lower esophagus. Anastomoses with the right gastric artery0.9321910337
40
Vertebral level of tail of pancreasT120.4434921941
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Portal systemic anastomosesOesophageal, Rectal, Paraumbilical, Retroperitoneal, Patent ductus venosus0.4328190901
42
Brances of IMALeft colic artery, Sigmoidal arteries, Superior rectal artery, Marginal artery0.3487708339
43
Level at which anal canal begins5 cm below coccyx0.09745892595
44
ligamentum venosumFibrous remnant of the ductus venosus. Usually attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the porta hepatis0.3071763724
45
Constrictions of the oesophagus and distancesInlet, where the pharynx joins the esophagus, behind the cricoid cartilage (14-16 cm); Where anterior surface is crossed by the aortic arch and the left bronchus (25-27 cm); Diaphragm (36-38 cm)0.2807192413
46
Nerve supply of internal anal sphincterS 2,3,40.4525582333
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Roots of teeth1 for anterior; 4 for posterior0.741773932
48
Ramstedt's pyloromyotomyTo correct pyloric stenosis. Slit muscle layers around pyloric sphincter, on one side only. => Relaxation0.2377643394
49
Course of the uretersRun posteroinferiorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis and then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimetres. In females, the ureters pass through the mesometrium and under the uterine arteries on the way to the urinary bladder.0.342734372
50
3 constrictions of the ureterWhere the renal pelvis joins the ureter; Where it is kinked as it crosses the pelvic brim; Where it pierces the bladder wall 0.9464045504
51
Prostatic sinusSlightly depressed fossa on either side of the urethral crest, the floor of which is perforated by numerous apertures, the orifices of the prostatic ducts from the lateral lobes of the prostate.0.6072994597
52
Anal columnsVertical folds, produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane and some of the muscular tissue in the upper half of the lumen of the anal canal0.9383483768
53
division between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynxepiglottis0.5249715859
54
Ureterovesical valvesSphincter, located where the ureter enters the bladder, that prevents backflow of urine. 0.9227480963
55
Omental appendicesSmall pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. Function unknown0.05400234543
56
Innervation of muscles of masticationMandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)0.4390091478
57
Differentiating anal canal from rectumTransition of the internal surface from endodermal to skinlike ectodermal tissue0.6478780484
58
Surface location of cecumintersection between transtubercular and midinguinal line0.6650682506
59
Opening of prostatic ducts into urethraLots of them0.4003003954
60
Normal postural descent of kidneys3 cm0.6098734841
61
Order of arteries within the kidneyRenal, Segmental, Interlobar, Arcuate, Interlobular0.9326143081
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Branches of common hepatic arteryhepatic artery proper, gastroduodenal artery0.5200058616
63
Crura of diaphragmTendinous structures that extend inferiorly from the diaphragm to attach to the vertebral column. Leg-shaped appearance. Form a tether for muscular contraction. Strengthen lower oesophageal sphincter. Independent control via phrenic nerve0.3114554252
64
Epiploic appendicesSmall pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat, situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum. Function unknown0.9164749616
65
Boundaries of the omental bursaHepatoduodenal ligament, IVC, Duodenum, Caudate lobe of liver0.224641561
66
Location of ligamentum venosumBetween left and caudate lobes0.4450293767
67
porta hepatis(transverse fissure). Transmits HPV, hepatic artery proper, common hepatic duct. Separates the quadrate lobe in front from the caudate lobe and process behind.0.5172369767
68
Gastroduodenal arteryBranch of common hepatic artery. Supplies blood directly to the pylorus and proximal part of the duodenum, and indirectly to the pancreatic head (via the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries).0.6806316124
69
Ampulla of VaterFormed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, at the major duodenal papilla. Marks the anatomical transition from foregut to midgut (celiac trunk/superior mesenteric artery transition)0.4201297227
70
Origin of HPVsuperior mesenteric and splenic veins; sometimes also inferior mesenteric0.07347402928
71
Cause of testicular pain in ureteric inflammationIrritates genitofemoral nerve0.3288573804
72
Surface projection of gastro-duodenal junctionL1-2 at slight R, 9th costal cart, 1-2 cm lat to midline, can shift down to L3-4 when stomach is full0.4000936751
73
Somatic nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall7th - 11th intercostal nerves (T7-T11). Subcostal nerve (T12). Iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves (L1)0.5148945461
74
Greater omentumextends from the greater curvature of the stomach, passing in front of the small intestines and reflects on itself to ascend to the transverse colon before reaching to the posterior abdominal wall0.8194455552
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Seminal colliculusLandmark near the entrance of the seminal vesicles. Characterised by a distinctive median elevation of urothelium 0.3949062888
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Branches of gastroduodenal arteryright gastro-omental artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery0.001503894488
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Rectum and peritoneumTop 1/3 is intraperitoneal, Middle 1/3 is retroperitoneal, Bottom 1/3 is subperitoneal0.9309235755
78
Manifestations of portal hypertensionThe butt, the gut, and caput0.7569939546
79
Cause of cleft pallateFailure of palatine bone fusion0.8869888722
80
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery Branch of the superior mesenteric artery. Runs between the head of the pancreas and duodenum. Anastomoses with the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.0.2537513896
81
Marginal artery of the colonAnastomosis between inferior and superior mesenteric arteries. Usually sufficiently large to supply the oxygenated blood to the large intestine covered by the inferior mesenteric artery. Not alway present: check in colectomy/AAA repair0.2921523451
82
Referred pain from kidneys and uretersThoracic/lumbar splanchnics + vagus => T11/12. => Small of back, lumbar quadrant of flank, Groin (inguinal region), Genitals0.7511269589
83
Borders of the femoral canalAnteriorly by the inguinal ligament; Posteriorly by the pectineal ligament lying anterior to the superior pubic ramus; Medially by the lacunar ligament; Laterally by the femoral vein0.8379986864
84
Route of urine drainagePapillae => Minor calyx => Major calyx => Pelvis => Ureter => Bladder => Urethra0.9525897607
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Vasa rectaStraight arteries coming off from arcades in the mesentery of the jejunum and ileum, and heading toward the intestines. Anastomoses of the jejunal and ileal arteries, branches of superior mesenteric artery. Relatively short and many in the ileum0.6190036517
86
Treatment for oesophageal strictureBaloon dilatation0.5926467229
87
Spermatic cord: CANT acronym3 each of Coverings (external, cremasteric, internal), Arteries (testicular, artery to vas deferens, cremasteric), Nerves (symp, parasym, genitofemoral), Tubes (vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, lymphatics)0.6694325448
88
Right kidney - vertebral levelsT12 - L30.9024285941
89
Transverse mesocolonBroad, meso-fold of peritoneum, which connects the transverse colon to the posterior wall of the abdomen.0.9903046667
90
Opening of ejaculatory duct in prostate2 openings on posterior wall, lateral to the prostatic utricle0.6944574923
91
Structures emerging from inguinal ringIlioinguinal nerve. Plus: Male: Spermatic cord; Female: Round ligament0.03888167447
92
Internal obliquesIntermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just superficial to the transverse abdominal muscle. Fibres run upwards and forwards from iliac crest.0.1674969058
93
Origin of anal fistulaBlockage of anal gland (located between 2 layers of anal sphincters)0.08154757326
94
Plica horizontalisMucosal hood over the major duodenal papilla0.2439060792
95
Quadratus lumborumLies lateral to psoas major. Common source of lower back pain, as a result of (over-)compensating for weak erector spinae muscles. Runs from iliac crest/iliolumbar ligament => 12th rib and transverse processes of L1-L4.0.01480941271
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Frequency of horseshoe kidney1/6000.54211634
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Funciton of the prostatic utricleNo known function0.6300617102
98
Length of jejunum6-7 metres. 2/5 of the small intestine.0.5738808327
99
Nerve supply of external anal sphincterPudendal (somatic)0.2429528531
100
Branches of splenic arteryPancreatic branches, Pancreatica magna, Left gastro-omental, Short gastric, Trabecular arteries, Posterior Gastric0.6986101545