| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | |
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1 | Author | Date | Animal | N | Brain Region | Peak Intensity (W/cm^2) | Acoustic frequency (MHz) | Pulse Repetition Frequency (kHz) | Duty Cycle | Duration | Activates or inhibits neural activity specifically in targeted region? | Increases or Decreases EEG or Functional Response to Stimuli | Neurological Effects | Functional Effects | Device(s) | Lab | Citation | Notes | ||||||||||||
2 | Legon et al | 2014 | human | 12 | left central sulcus (S1) of somatosensory cortex | 23.87 | 0.5 | 1 | 36% | 500 ms | decreases | reduced amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential | increased tactile sensory discrimination | single-element ultrasound transducer | Tyler lab, Virginia Tech | Legon, Wynn, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the activity of primary somatosensory cortex in humans." Nature neuroscience 17.2 (2014): 322-329. | William J. Tyler is the founder of Neurotrek | |||||||||||||
3 | Lee et al | 2015 | human | 12 | human hand region of the somatosensory cortex (S1) | 3 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 50% | 300 ms bursts, 3 sec apart | decreases | reduced amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential | tingling, twitching, or other sensations in the hands, in 11/12 "responders" | single-element ultrasound transducer (Channel Industries), signal generators (33210A, Agilent Technologies), power amplifier (Electronics and Innovations) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Lee, Wonhye, et al. "Image-guided transcranial focused ultrasound stimulates human primary somatosensory cortex." Scientific reports 5.1 (2015): 8743. | ||||||||||||||
4 | Lee et al | 2016 | human | 10 | primary and secondary somatosensory cortices (S1, S2) | 0.21 | 0.5 | 50% | n/a | tingling in 7/9 "responders", warmth/cooling/numbness etc in other areas | two sets of single-element transducers (Ultran) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Lee, Wonhye, et al. "Simultaneous acoustic stimulation of human primary and secondary somatosensory cortices using transcranial focused ultrasound." BMC neuroscience 17.1 (2016): 1-11. | |||||||||||||||||
5 | Lee et al | 2016 | human | 19 | visual cortex (V1) | 16.6 | 0.27 | 0.5 | 50% | 300 ms | activates | activated V1 in 11/19 "responders" as well as other brain areas in the visual pathway | phosphenes (brightening or luminous patterns in the visual field) in 11/19 "responders" | single-element ultrasound transducer (Channel Industries), signal generators (33210A, Agilent Technologies), power amplifier (Electronics and Innovations) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Lee, Wonhye, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of human primary visual cortex." Scientific reports 6.1 (2016): 34026. | ||||||||||||||
6 | Ai et al | 2018 | human | 5 | primary motor cortex (M1) | 0.5 | 1 | 36% | activates | increases | increased fMRI activity volume in the finger representation region of M1 during a finger tapping task | Legon Lab, UVirginia | Ai, Leo, et al. "Effects of transcranial focused ultrasound on human primary motor cortex using 7T fMRI: a pilot study." BMC neuroscience 19.1 (2018): 1-10. | |||||||||||||||||
7 | Legon et al | 2018 | human | 28 | primary motor cortex (M1) | 17.12 | 0.5 | 1 | 36% | 5-10 min of 500 ms bursts, 3-6 seconds apart | decreases | reduced motor evoked potential amplitude | reduced reaction time (by ~4%) | custom single element transducer, waveform generator (BK Precision Instruments) | Tyler lab, Virginia Tech | Legon, Wynn, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of the human primary motor cortex." Scientific reports 8.1 (2018): 10007. | ||||||||||||||
8 | Legon et al | 2018 | human | 40 | thalamus | 14.56 | 0.5 | 1 | 36% | 20 min of 400 ms bursts, 4 seconds apart | decreases | reduced amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential | no significant effect on tactile discrimination | waveform generator (BK Precision Instruments), RF amplifier (Electronics & Innovation), custom ultrasound transducer (Ultran Group Inc) | Tyler lab, Virginia Tech | Legon, Wynn, et al. "Neuromodulation with single‐element transcranial focused ultrasound in human thalamus." Human brain mapping 39.5 (2018): 1995-2006. | ||||||||||||||
9 | Gibson et al | 2018 | human | 43 | motor cortex | 34.96 | 2.32 | continuous | <1% | 2 min | increases | increased motor evoked potential | Phillips Diagnostic Ultrasound system | Sanguinetti lab, University of New Mexico | Gibson, Benjamin C., et al. "Increased excitability induced in the primary motor cortex by transcranial ultrasound stimulation." Frontiers in neurology 9 (2018): 1007. | |||||||||||||||
10 | Sanguinetti et al | 2020 | human | 48 | right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) | 54 | 0.5 | 40 | 26% | 30 s | decreased connectivity in the default mode network | improved mood scores 20 min after stimulation | focused ultrasound system (Neurotrek Inc) and single-element transducer (Blatek Inc) | Sanguinetti lab, University of Arizona | Sanguinetti, Joseph L., et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound to the right prefrontal cortex improves mood and alters functional connectivity in humans." Frontiers in human neuroscience (2020): 52. | https://www.jaysanguinetti.com/neuroenhancement | ||||||||||||||
11 | Yu et al | 2020 | human | 15 | motor cortex (M1) | 5.9 | 0.5 | 0.3-3 | 6%-60% | 300 ms, 3-5 seconds apart | activates | increases | increased movement-related cortical potential in the primary motor area | n/a | single-element focused ultrasound transducer (Blatek Inc), function generator (Keysight), power amplifier (Electronics & Innovation) | He lab, Carnegie Mellon | Yu, Kai, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of voluntary movement-related cortical activity in humans." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 68.6 (2020): 1923-1931. | |||||||||||||
12 | Badran et al | 2020 | human | 19 | right anterior thalamus | 0.1 | 0.65 | 0.01 | 5% | 10 minutes 30s on, 30s off | decreases | n/a | reduced pain sensitivity to heat, but no change in sensory or tolerance thresholds | tFUS system (BrainSonix) | George lab, Medical University of South Carolina | Badran, Bashar W., et al. "Sonication of the anterior thalamus with MRI-Guided transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) alters pain thresholds in healthy adults: A double-blind, sham-controlled study." Brain stimulation 13.6 (2020): 1805-1812. | also a paper author from BrainSonix | |||||||||||||
13 | Liu et al | 2021 | human | 9 | finger representation area of sensory cortex S1 | 5.64 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 6% | 500 ms pulses, 2-3 s apart | increases | increased sensory evoked potential | improved performance on sensory discrimination task | single element focused ultrasound transducer (Blatek Inc), function generators (Keysight), power amplifier (E&I) | He lab, Carnegie Mellon | Liu, Chang, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound enhances sensory discrimination capability through somatosensory cortical excitation." Ultrasound in medicine & biology 47.5 (2021): 1356-1366. | ||||||||||||||
14 | Butler et al | 2022 | human | 16 | human visual motion processing cortex (hMT+) | 0.5 | 1 | 50% | 1 s | decreases | reduced evoked potential amplitude from visually observing motion | improved accuracy and reaction time on a visual motion detection task | single-element transducer (Sonic Concepts), waveform generator (TiePie), amplifier (E&I) | Butler lab, University College London | Butler, Christopher R., et al. "Transcranial ultrasound stimulation to human middle temporal complex improves visual motion detection and modulates electrophysiological responses." Brain Stimulation 15.5 (2022): 1236-1245. | |||||||||||||||
15 | Forster et al | 2022 | human | 55 | right lateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC) | reduced theta waves at Pz | reduced learned helplessness after an impossible chess task??? | Sanguinetti lab, University of Arizona | Forster, André, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates the emergence of learned helplessness via midline theta modification." Journal of Affective Disorders 329 (2023): 273-284. | no article access | ||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Kim et al | 2022 | human | 7 | bilateral medial prefrontal cortex | 3 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 70% | 20 min | increased delta and beta EEG power 1 week later, reduced alpha power 1 week later | n/a | ultrasound system (Neurosona) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Kim, Young Goo, et al. "Neuromodulation using transcranial focused ultrasound on the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11.13 (2022): 3809. | |||||||||||||||
17 | Kim et al | 2022 | human | 7 | bilateral medial prefrontal cortex | 3 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 5% | 20 min | reduced delta EEG power 1 week later, increased alpha power | n/a | ultrasound system (Neurosona) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Kim, Young Goo, et al. "Neuromodulation using transcranial focused ultrasound on the bilateral medial prefrontal cortex." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11.13 (2022): 3809. | |||||||||||||||
18 | Park et al | 2022 | human | 2 | dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) | 13.7 | 0.36 | 36% | 500 ms per trial | N/a | increased accuracy at an eye movement task | single-element bowl-shaped transducer (Ultran Group), two function generators (Agilent, Keysight), class-A power amplifier (ENI Inc) | Kim lab, KIST | Park, Tae Young, et al. "Application of subject-specific helmets for the study of human visuomotor behavior using transcranial focused ultrasound: a pilot study." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 226 (2022): 107127. | ||||||||||||||||
19 | Kim et al | 2023 | human | 8 | primary somatosensory cortex (S1), thalamic VPL | 14.7 | 0.25 | 0.35-1.4 | 70% | 21 min | creates an evoked potential similar to the somatosensory evoked potential; not present in sham stimulation or auditory stimulation | tactile sensations (4/8), auditory tones (6/8) | custom transducer (ultran) , two sets of waveform generators (Keysight), power amplifier (Electronics & Innovation, Inc) | Yoo lab, Harvard | Kim, Hyun-Chul, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of cortical and thalamic somatosensory areas in human." Plos one 18.7 (2023): e0288654. | |||||||||||||||
20 | Samuel et al | 2022 | human | 15 | left motor cortex (M1) | 2.26 | 0.5 | 0.005 | 10% | 80 s | increases | increased motor evoked potential; increased short-latency intracortical inhibition; decreases in alpha and beta power in movement-related regions | n/a | two-element ultrasound transducer (Sonic Concepts) | Lozano lab, UToronto | Samuel, Nardin, et al. "Multi-modal investigation of transcranial ultrasound-induced neuroplasticity of the human motor cortex." Brain Stimulation 15.6 (2022): 1337-1347. | ||||||||||||||
21 | Ren et al | 2023 | human | 20 | motor cortex (M1) | both | increased motor evoked potential on the ipsilateral side and decreased on the contralateral side | ; improvement on some cognitive tests | Sun lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China | Ren, Liyuan, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound stimulation modulates the interhemispheric balance of excitability in human motor cortex." Journal of Neural Engineering 20.1 (2023): 016043. | ||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Ziebell et al | 2023 | human | 152 | right PFC | 40 | 0.5 | 0.04 | 1% | 2 min | reduced theta waves at FCz | more approach and fewer withdrawal behaviors in a virtual maze game; no mood change | Neurotrek TUS device | Sanguinetti lab, University of Arizona | Ziebell, Philipp, et al. "Inhibition of midfrontal theta with transcranial ultrasound explains greater approach versus withdrawal behavior in humans." Brain Stimulation 16.5 (2023): 1278-1288. | midfrontal theta waves at FCz are highest for ambiguous events, followed by positive events, and lowest for negative events. It may be a measure of "motivational conflict." | ||||||||||||||
23 | Zhang et al | 2023 | human | 10 | motor cortex (M1) | 2.5 | 0.5 | 2 | 40% | increases | increased motor evoked potential induced by TMS; decreased GABA, increased glutamate | ultrasound neurostimulation system (GreenValley BrainTech) | Wang lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China | Zhang, Tingting, et al. "Excitatory‐inhibitory modulation of transcranial focus ultrasound stimulation on human motor cortex." CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (2023). | ||||||||||||||||
24 | Zhang et al | 2023 | human | 10 | motor cortex (M1) | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0.05 | 2% | decreases | decreased motor evoked potential induced by TMS; increased GABA, decreased glutamate | ultrasound neurostimulation system (GreenValley BrainTech) | Wang lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China | Zhang, Tingting, et al. "Excitatory‐inhibitory modulation of transcranial focus ultrasound stimulation on human motor cortex." CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (2023). | ||||||||||||||||
25 | Reznik et al | 2020 | human (with depression) | 24 | right frontotemporal cortex | 14 | 0.5 | 30 s | no overall improvement in BDI score; improved depression scores in the high-anxiety and high-rumination subgroups | Neurotrek TUS device | Sanguinetti lab, University of Arizona | Reznik, Samantha J., et al. "A double-blind pilot study of transcranial ultrasound (TUS) as a five-day intervention: TUS mitigates worry among depressed participants." Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research 37 (2020): 60-66. | ||||||||||||||||||
26 | Jeong et al | 2021 | human (with Alzheimer's disease) | 4 | hippocampus | 0.5-3 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 4% | 3 min | increased activity in superior frontal gyrus, middle cingulate gyrus, and fusiform gyrus | mild before/after improvements in cognitive tests | ultrasound system (Neurosona) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea | Jeong, Hyeonseok, et al. "A pilot clinical study of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound in Alzheimer’s disease." Ultrasonography 40.4 (2021): 512. | |||||||||||||||
27 | Stern et al | 2022 | human (with epilepsy) | 8 | temporal lobe | 1 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 50% | 0.5 s | n/a | no significant effect on cognitive tests | tFUS system (BrainSonix) | Bystritsky lab, Brainsonix and UCLA | Stern, John M., et al. "Safety of focused ultrasound neuromodulation in humans with temporal lobe epilepsy." Brain Stimulation 14.4 (2021): 1022-1031. | excitatory & inhibitory are labeled modes, not measured by this experiment | ||||||||||||||
28 | Stern et al | 2022 | human (with epilepsy) | 8 | temporal lobe | 19 | 0.65 | 0.1 | 5% | 30 s | n/a | no significant effect on cognitive tests | tFUS system (BrainSonix) | Bystritsky lab, Brainsonix and UCLA | Stern, John M., et al. "Safety of focused ultrasound neuromodulation in humans with temporal lobe epilepsy." Brain Stimulation 14.4 (2021): 1022-1031. | excitatory & inhibitory are labeled modes, not measured by this experiment | ||||||||||||||
29 | Jeong et al | 2022 | human (with Alzheimer's disease) | 10 | hippocampus | 0.25 | 0.02 | 4% | 3 min | activates | increased glucose uptake in target region | significant (p < 0.05) improvements in 2/10 tests | ultrasound system (Neurosona) | Yoo lab, Catholic university of Korea | Jeong, Hyeonseok, et al. "Short-Term Efficacy of Transcranial Focused Ultrasound to the Hippocampus in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12.2 (2022): 250. | |||||||||||||||
30 | Samuel et al | 2023 | human (with Parkinson's disease) | 20 | Motor cortex (M1) | 2.26 | 0.5 | 0.005 | 10% | 80s | increases | increased evoked potentials | no significant functional improvement | Transducer and amplifier (Sonic Concepts) | Lozano lab, UToronto | Samuel, Nardin, et al. "Accelerated Transcranial Ultrasound Neuromodulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study." Movement Disorders(2023). | TMS also used before & after ultrasound | |||||||||||||
31 | Stuart et al | 2023 | human (with chronic pain) | 14 | frontal-temporal cortex | 8 | continuous | significant (p < 0.05) improvement in affect | ultrasound probe (General Electric) | Hameroff lab, University of Arizona | Hameroff, Stuart, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound (TUS) effects on mental states: a pilot study." Brain stimulation 6.3 (2013): 409-415. | |||||||||||||||||||
32 | Cain et al | 2022 | human (in coma) | 11 | thalamus | 14.39 | 0.65 | 0.1 | 5% | 30 s on ,30 s off | neither | reduced fMRI activity in the subcallosal prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and striatum | significant increase in responsiveness | Monti lab, UCLA | Cain, Josh A., et al. "Ultrasonic deep brain neuromodulation in acute disorders of consciousness: a proof-of-concept." Brain Sciences 12.4 (2022): 428. | |||||||||||||||
33 | Defieux et al | 2013 | macaque | 2 | frontal eye field | 0.25 | 100 ms with 30s pauses | increased saccade latencies in an eye tracking task | single element transducer (Sonic Concept), coupling cone (Sonic Concept), | Aubry lab, ESPCI-ParisTech | Deffieux, Thomas, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation of the contralateral visual field in awake monkey." 2013 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). IEEE, 2013. | |||||||||||||||||||
34 | Yang et al | 2018 | macaque | 2 | primary somatosensory cortex | 29.5 | 0.33 | 2 | 50% | 30s on, 30 s off | activates | fMRI activation of the target (3a/b) area as well as other areas matching those stimulated by touch | FUS transducer (Sonic Concepts), custom cone,, waveform generator (Agilent), power amplifier (E&I), | Chen lab, Vanderbilt | Yang, Pai-Feng, et al. "Neuromodulation of sensory networks in monkey brain by focused ultrasound with MRI guidance and detection." Scientific reports 8.1 (2018): 7993. | |||||||||||||||
35 | Folloni et al | 2019 | macaque | amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) | 64.9 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 30% | 40 s | ACC stimulation reduces ACC fMRI coupling with its usual associated areas; amygdala stimulation reduces amygdala fMRI coupling with its usual associated areas. | single-element ultrasound transducer (Sonic Concept), amplifier (Amplifier Research) | Folloni Lab, Wellcome Center, Oxford | Folloni, Davide, et al. "Manipulation of subcortical and deep cortical activity in the primate brain using transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation." Neuron 101.6 (2019): 1109-1116. | |||||||||||||||||
36 | Verhagen et al | 2019 | macaque | 6 | supplementary motor area (SMA) and frontopolar cortex (FPC) | 24.1 | 0.25 | 0.01 | 30% | 40 s | stimulation to each region reduces its fMRI coupling to distant brain regions, up to 2 hours later | single-element transducer (Sonic Concept), digital function generator (TiePie), amplifier (Amplifier Research) | Verhagen lab, Wellcome Center, Oxford | Verhagen, Lennart, et al. "Offline impact of transcranial focused ultrasound on cortical activation in primates." Elife 8 (2019): e40541. | ||||||||||||||||
37 | Pouget et al | 2020 | macaque | 3 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 30% | 20 s | reduced latencies (better speed) in an eye movement task for 30 min after ultrasound | single element focused transducer (Sonic Concepts), amplifier (Amplifier Research), TiePie generator (Handyscope) | Arcizet lab, Sorbonne, France | Pouget, Pierre, et al. "Neuronavigated repetitive transcranial ultrasound stimulation induces long-lasting and reversible effects on oculomotor performance in non-human primates." Frontiers in Physiology 11 (2020): 1042. | ||||||||||||||||||
38 | Yang et al | 2021 | macaque | 2 | primary somatosensory cortex (3a/3b) | 2 | 0.25 | 2 | 50% | 10 300 ms pulses | activates | decreases | activates target neurons but reduces touch-induced fMRI responses | n/a | spherical ultrasound transducer (Sonic Concepts) and waveform generator (Agilent) and power amplifier (E&I) | Chen lab, Vanderbilt | Yang, Pai-Feng, et al. "Bidirectional and state-dependent modulation of brain activity by transcranial focused ultrasound in non-human primates." Brain stimulation 14.2 (2021): 261-272. | |||||||||||||
39 | Munoz et al | 2022 | macaque | 4 | caudate nucleus and putamen | 7.8 | 0.5 | 0.002 | 2% | 2 min | No MRI damage | no impairment on a cognitive task. Ultrasound-treated monkeys were quicker than control monkeys to initiate a task for a large reward, but slower to initiate the task for a small reward. Accuracy was slightly improved. | function generator (Agilent), amplifier (E&I), ultrasound transducer (Sonic Concepts) | Konofagou lab, Columbia | Munoz, F., et al. "Long term study of motivational and cognitive effects of low-intensity focused ultrasound neuromodulation in the dorsal striatum of nonhuman primates." Brain Stimulation 15.2 (2022): 360-372. | |||||||||||||||
40 | Mishra et al | 2023 | macaque | 4 | thalamus (VPL) | 0.65 | 1 | 25% | 16 sec on, 46 sec off | decreases | increased fMRI activity in the VPL and 9 other brain regions in response to heat stimulation | 128-element transducer array (Imasonic) | Chen lab, Vanderbilt | Mishra, Arabinda, et al. "Disrupting nociceptive information processing flow through transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation of thalamic nuclei." Brain Stimulation 16.5 (2023): 1430-1444. | ||||||||||||||||
41 | Dallapiazza et al | 2017 | pig | 10 | lemniscal sensory thalamus | 25-30 | 1.14 | 0.01 | 44% | 40 s | decreases | decreased somatosensory evoked potential,at multiple fundamental frequencies | n/a | transducer (FUS Instruments) and function generator (Agilent) | Elias lab, U Virginia | Dallapiazza, Robert F., et al. "Noninvasive neuromodulation and thalamic mapping with low-intensity focused ultrasound." Journal of neurosurgery 128.3 (2017): 875-884. | no heating of >1 degree c | |||||||||||||
42 | Yoon et al | 2019 | sheep | 10 | thalamus | 15.8 | 0.25 | 14 | 70% | 200 ms | increases | increased EMG response rates from stimulated hindlimbs | n/a | FUS single-element transducer (Ultran Group), | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yoon, Kyungho, et al. "Effects of sonication parameters on transcranial focused ultrasound brain stimulation in an ovine model." PloS one 14.10 (2019): e0224311. | Many parameters were considered; listed ones were most effective | |||||||||||||
43 | Yoon et al | 2019 | sheep | 10 | thalamus | 5.4 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 3% | 200 ms | decreases | decreased amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential | n/a | FUS single-element transducer (Ultran Group), | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yoon, Kyungho, et al. "Effects of sonication parameters on transcranial focused ultrasound brain stimulation in an ovine model." PloS one 14.10 (2019): e0224311. | Many parameters were considered; listed ones were most effective | |||||||||||||
44 | Yoon et al | 2019 | sheep | 7 | right parietal lobe | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0% | 2 min | blood brain barrier opening at targeted area | normal behavior | FUS single-element transducer (Ultran Group) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yoon, Kyungho, et al. "Localized blood–brain barrier opening in ovine model using image-guided transcranial focused ultrasound." Ultrasound in medicine & biology 45.9 (2019): 2391-2404. | ||||||||||||||||
45 | Kim et al | 2021 | sheep | 6 | thalamus, motor cortex (M1) | 5.2 | 0.25 | 2 | 70% | 5 bursts, each 200 ms | increases | increased EMG response rates from stimulated hindlimbs, from both thalamus and M1 stimulation | no visible movements in the limbs of stationary awake sheep | FUS single-element transducer (Ultran Group), | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Kim, Hyun-Chul, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates cortical and thalamic motor activity in awake sheep." Scientific reports 11.1 (2021): 19274. | ||||||||||||||
46 | Kim et al | 2021 | sheep | 4 | thalamus, motor cortex (M1) | 1.5 | 0.25 | 2 | 5% | 10 s | decreases | reduced EMG amplitudes from the contralateral hindlimb, from both thalamus and M1 stimulation (greater reduction from M1) | no change in the movement of sheep walking on a treadmill | FUS single-element transducer (Ultran Group), | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Kim, Hyun-Chul, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates cortical and thalamic motor activity in awake sheep." Scientific reports 11.1 (2021): 19274. | ||||||||||||||
47 | Mohammadjavadi et al | 2022 | sheep | 9 | lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | 19.3-63.8 | 0.55 | 0.5 | 50% | decreases | suppresses visual evoked potential; increases beta and gamma power | n/a | 1024-element focused ultrasound transducer | Pauly lab, Stanford | Mohammadjavadi, Morteza, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation of the thalamic visual pathway in a large animal model and the dose-response relationship with MR-ARFI." Scientific Reports 12.1 (2022): 19588. | there's an artifact -- electrodes in a block of tofu stimulated with ultrasound also show an increase in high-frequency power | ||||||||||||||
48 | Choi et al | 2007 | mouse | 3 | hippocampus | 1.5 | 0.01 | 20% | 5 shots lasting 30 s each | localized blood-brain barrier opening | FUS transducer, water cone, function generator (Agilent), amplifier (EGI Inc) | Konofagou lab, Columbia | Choi, James J., et al. "Noninvasive, transcranial and localized opening of the blood-brain barrier using focused ultrasound in mice." Ultrasound in medicine & biology 33.1 (2007): 95-104. | |||||||||||||||||
49 | Yufail et al | 2010 | mouse | 192 | motor cortex | 0.228 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 30% | 53 ms | activates | increased (electrode measured) neuronal activation in motor cortex; increased cFos | limb twitches acutely; no impairment in motor function the next day | Tufail, Yusuf, et al. "Transcranial pulsed ultrasound stimulates intact brain circuits." Neuron 66.5 (2010): 681-694. | higher acoustic frequencies and stimulation rates associated with less EMG stimulation; temperature rises less than 0.1 degree, no blood brain barrier opening | |||||||||||||||
50 | Yufail et al | 2010 | mouse | 7 | hippocampus | 0.25 | 2 | 30 min | activates | increased (electrode measured) neuronal activation in hippocampus; increased BDNF | Tufail, Yusuf, et al. "Transcranial pulsed ultrasound stimulates intact brain circuits." Neuron 66.5 (2010): 681-694. | |||||||||||||||||||
51 | Starcelli et al | 2014 | mouse | hippocampus | 1.68 | 0.001 | 0% | 2 min daily for 4 days | significantly increased neuronal proliferation | n/a | custom transducer | Aubert lab, UToronto | Scarcelli, Tiffany, et al. "Stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis by transcranial focused ultrasound and microbubbles in adult mice." Brain stimulation 7.2 (2014): 304-307. | |||||||||||||||||
52 | Olumolade et al | 2016 | mouse | 17 | striatum | 1.5 | 0.01 | 60 s, biweekly for 5 months | increased blood brain barrier opening at the target site | no behavioral change in open-field or rotarod test | transducer , function generator (Agilent), power amplifier (E&I) | Konofagou lab, Columbia | Olumolade, Oluyemi O., et al. "Longitudinal motor and behavioral assessment of blood–brain barrier opening with transcranial focused ultrasound." Ultrasound in medicine & biology 42.9 (2016): 2270-2282. | |||||||||||||||||
53 | Kamimura et al | 2016 | mouse | sensorimotor cortex | 1.9 | 1 | 50% | 1 s on, 1 s off, for 20 s | induces limb twitches (via EMG) | transducer, function generator (Agilent), amplifier (ENI Inc) | Konofagou lab, Columbia | Kamimura, Hermes AS, et al. "Focused ultrasound neuromodulation of cortical and subcortical brain structures using 1.9 MHz." Medical physics 43.10 (2016): 5730-5735. | ||||||||||||||||||
54 | Kamimura et al | 2016 | mouse | superior colliculus | 1.9 | 1 | 50% | 1 s on, 1 s off, for 20 s | lower threshold for pupil dilation, | transducer, function generator (Agilent), amplifier (ENI Inc) | Konofagou lab, Columbia | Kamimura, Hermes AS, et al. "Focused ultrasound neuromodulation of cortical and subcortical brain structures using 1.9 MHz." Medical physics 43.10 (2016): 5730-5735. | ||||||||||||||||||
55 | Xie et al | 2018 | mouse | 9 | motor cortex | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1 | 100-300 bursts, 3.6 s apart | activates | motor cortex firing rate rises (measured with electrode) | tail twitch | unfocused ultrasound transducer (olympus), custom collimator, two function generators (Tektronix), power amplifier (ENI Inc) | Yuan lab, Yanshan University, China | Xie, Ping, et al. "Effect of pulsed transcranial ultrasound stimulation at different number of tone-burst on cortico-muscular coupling." BMC neuroscience 19.1 (2018): 1-10. | |||||||||||||||
56 | Cui et al | 2019 | mouse | 6 | motor cortex | 0.48, 2.11 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 50% | 400 ms | activates | cFos (neural activation) increase at target site, blood brain barrier opening at target site | motor response evoked about 50% of the time for high dose, 5% for low dose | custom transducer, function generator (Rigol Inc), power amplifier (Bothell) | Zhang lab, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China | Cui, Zhiwei, et al. "Enhanced neuronal activity in mouse motor cortex with microbubbles’ oscillations by transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 59 (2019): 104745. | ||||||||||||||
57 | Wang et al | 2019 | mouse | 33 | motor cortex | 0.2-1.1 | 0.5 | 1 | 10%-40% | 100-400 ms | activates | increased amplitude of local field potential oscillations; increase in relative power of gamma (40-80 Hz) and decrease in relative power of theta (4-8 Hz), more with higher intensities and longer durations | tail twitch | custom transducer, 2 function generators (Tektronix), power amplifier (ENI inc), conical collimator filled with gel | Li lab, Beijing Normal University, China | Wang, Xingran, et al. "Neuromodulation effects of ultrasound stimulation under different parameters on mouse motor cortex." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 67.1 (2019): 291-297. | still get tail twitch and effect on local field potentials in a dead mouse (!) | |||||||||||||
58 | Pang et al | 2020 | mouse | 44 | hypothalamus | 5.4 | 1 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 s, 5 s apart | reduced Bax expression in brain tissue | no significant change in performance on motor tests | transducer (NdtXDucer), waveform generator (Tektronix), amplifier (ENI Inc) | Niu lab, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, China | Pang, Na, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound stimulation of hypothalamus in aging mice." IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 68.1 (2020): 29-37. | |||||||||||||||
59 | Wang et al | 2020 | mouse | 78 | hippocampus (CA1) | 0.75-18.75 | 2.25 | 1 | 50% | 160 s | activates | firing rate goes up during TUS, more during anaesthesia and awake than running; more intensity = more firing rate | transducer, 2 function generators (Tetronix), power amplifier (ENI inc) | Yuan lab, Yanshan University, China | Wang, Xingran, et al. "Influence of behavioral state on the neuromodulatory effect of low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation on hippocampal CA1 in mouse." NeuroImage 241 (2021): 118441. | |||||||||||||||
60 | He et al | 2023 | mouse | dorsal raphe nucleus | 1.1 | 1 | 50% | 40 min | elevated local serotonin levels; faster anaesthesia recovery; better post-anaesthesia performance on cognitive tests | He, Jiaru, et al. "Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation facilitates isoflurane-induced general anesthesia recovery and improves cognition in mice." Ultrasonics 135 (2023): 107132. | ||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Zhu et al | 2023 | mouse | motor cortex | 0.5 | 1 | 50% | 300 ms | activates | increased calcium signal changes and cFos expression, but less in Piezo1 knockout mice | contralateral limb movement and EMG signal, but less in mice with the Piezo1 gene knocked out | Sun lab, Hong Kong Polytechnic University | Zhu, Jiejun, et al. "The mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 contributes to ultrasound neuromodulation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120.18 (2023): e2300291120. | ex vivo ultrasound stimulation of brain slices also activates them in a Piezo1 dependent fashion | ||||||||||||||||
62 | Yang et al | 2020 | mouse (model of epilepsy) | 11 | hippocampus (CA1) | 1.75 | 0.5 | 1 | 40% | Increased theta amplitude | N/a | Focused ultrasound transducer (Olympus) | Li lab, Yanshan University, China | Yang, Huifang, et al. "Closed-loop transcranial ultrasound stimulation for real-time non-invasive neuromodulation in vivo." Frontiers in Neuroscience 14 (2020): 445. | Closed loop; effect on theta amplitude was independent of the phase at which stimulation began | |||||||||||||||
63 | Jordao et al | 2013 | mouse (model of Alzheimer's) | 4 | right cortex | 0.5 | 0.001 | 2 min | reduced placque, increased blood-brain-barrier permeability, increased microglia activation 4 days after treatment | n/a | single element ultrasound transducer | Aubert lab, UToronto | Jordão, Jessica F., et al. "Amyloid-β plaque reduction, endogenous antibody delivery and glial activation by brain-targeted, transcranial focused ultrasound." Experimental neurology 248 (2013): 16-29. | |||||||||||||||||
64 | Bobola et al | 2020 | mouse (model of Alzheimer's) | 5 | hippocampus | 3 | 2 | 0.04 | 2% | 5 sec on, 5 sec off, for 1 hour | increased activated microglia co-located with plaque; 50% average reduction in amyloid beta after chronic treatment | n/a | transducer (Sonic Concepts) | Murad Lab, University of Washington | Bobola, M. S., et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound, pulsed at 40 Hz, activates microglia acutely and reduces Aβ load chronically, as demonstrated in vivo." Brain stimulation 13.4 (2020): 1014-1023. | |||||||||||||||
65 | Wang et al | 2021 | mouse (cerebral artery occluded) | 42 | 0.12 | 0.5 | 1 | 50% | 300 ms, 2.7 s apart, for 10 minutes a day over 7 days | ~30% less brain atrophy, increased M2 microglia | better performance on motor tests (but not as good as uninjured mice) | Yang lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China | Wang, Jixian, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation improves neurorehabilitation after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice." Aging and disease 12.1 (2021): 50. | |||||||||||||||||
66 | Deng et al | 2022 | mouse (cerebral artery occluded) | 76 | left hemisphere | 0.39 | 0.5 | 1 | 50% | 300 ms, 3s apart, for 2-8 hours | less edema (for 8 hours), less TNF-alpha (for 8 hours) | lower neurological severity score (for 4 and 8 hours) | single-element ultrasound transducer | Yang lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China | Deng, Li-Dong, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation reduces vasogenic edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice." Neural Regeneration Research 17.9 (2022): 2058. | |||||||||||||||
67 | Tufail et al | 2010 | mouse | 192 | Tyler lab, Arizona State University | Tufail, Yusuf, et al. "Transcranial pulsed ultrasound stimulates intact brain circuits." Neuron 66.5 (2010): 681-694. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Yoo et al | 2011 | rat | 17 | thalamus | 3.3 | 0.65 | 0.1 | 5% | 20 min | not measured | faster emergence from anaesthesia | single-element ultrasound transducer | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yoo, Seung-Schik, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound to the thalamus alters anesthesia time in rats." Neuroreport 22.15 (2011): 783-787. | |||||||||||||||
69 | Yang et al | 2012 | rat | 22 | thalamus | 3.5 | 0.65 | 0.1 | 5% | reduced extracellular GABA, but not glutamate, measured from the frontal lobe | n/a | Sensmed Sonomo sonication apparatus | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yang, Po Song, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound to the thalamus is associated with reduced extracellular GABA levels in rats." Neuropsychobiology 65.3 (2012): 153-160. | GABA is used by inhibitory neurons while glutamate is used by excitatory neurons | |||||||||||||||
70 | Kim et al | 2014 | rat | 7 | thalamus | 0.35 | 1 | 50% | 40 min, 300 ms stimulus, 2 s apart | activates | neural activation in target area (measured by glucose uptake in PET scan) | tail twitch | waveform generators (Agilent), power amplifier (ENI), single-element FUS transducer (custom) | Yoo lab, Harvard | Kim, Hyungmin, et al. "Estimation of the spatial profile of neuromodulation and the temporal latency in motor responses induced by focused ultrasound brain stimulation." Neuroreport 25.7 (2014): 475. | |||||||||||||||
71 | Chu et al | 2018 | rat | 118 | primary somatosensory cortex (S1) | 0.4 | 0.001 | 0% | inhibits | reduced | reduced somatosensory evoked potential amplitude and increased latency for 7 days after stimulation; blood brain barrier opening | function generator (Agilent), amplifier (Amplifier Research), ultrasound transducer (IMASONIC) | Chu lab, Chang Gung University, Taiwan | Chu, Po-Chun, et al. "Neuromodulation accompanying focused ultrasound-induced blood-brain barrier opening." Scientific reports 5.1 (2015): 15477. | FUS + intravenous microbubbles vs microbubbles alone | |||||||||||||||
72 | Lee et al | 2018 | rat | 7 | motor cortex | 8.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 50% | 10 bursts of 0.3s each, 5-10 s apart | n/a | movements elicited (whiskers, limbs, head, neck, chewing) 50-90% of the time | wearable miniature FUS transducer. function generator (Agilent) | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Lee, Wonhye, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of motor cortical areas in freely-moving awake rats." BMC neuroscience 19 (2018): 1-14. | |||||||||||||||
73 | Darrow et al | 2019 | rat | 15 | thalamus | 3.2 | 0.5 | 50% | decreases | suppresses somatosensory evoked potential | 64-element DMUA transducer, 32-channel linear amplifier + waveform generator | Darrow Lab, University of Minnesota | Darrow, David P., et al. "Reversible neuroinhibition by focused ultrasound is mediated by a thermal mechanism." Brain stimulation 12.6 (2019): 1439-1447. | inhibition was proportional to intensity and also produced by laser heating; authors say it's a thermal mechanism | ||||||||||||||||
74 | Lu et al | 2020 | rat (control and blind) | 17 | visual cortex (V1) | 0.5 | continuous | 100% | 15 s | activates | light-like visual cortex responses | n/a | function generator (Tektronix), custom ultrasound transducer. power amplifier (Amplifier Research) | Lu lab, UCLA | Lu, Gengxi, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound for noninvasive neuromodulation of the visual cortex." IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 68.1 (2020): 21-28. | |||||||||||||||
75 | Lu et al | 2020 | rat (control and blind) | 17 | visual cortex (V1) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 50% | 15 s | activates | light-like visual cortex responses | n/a | function generator (Tektronix), custom ultrasound transducer. power amplifier (Amplifier Research) | Lu lab, UCLA | Lu, Gengxi, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound for noninvasive neuromodulation of the visual cortex." IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control 68.1 (2020): 21-28. | stronger responses in blind than sighted rats | ||||||||||||||
76 | Chen et al | 2020 | rat | 76 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 30% | 600s | inhibited EEG spiking | blocks PTZ-induced epilepsy | Hsieh lab, Chang Gung University in Taiwan | Chen, Sin-Guang, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound pulsation suppresses pentylenetetrazol induced epilepsy in vivo." Brain Stimulation 13.1 (2020): 35-46. | |||||||||||||||||
77 | Yu et al | 2021 | rat | 9 | left primary somatosensory cortex (S1) | 0.001-0.15 | 0.5 | 0.03-4.5 | 0.6%-90% | 67 ms, 2.5 s apart | activates | increased firing during stimulation, of excitatory neurons only | n/a | Single element focused transducer (Olympus Scientific), 3D-printed collimator, waveform generator (Keysight), Rf power amplifier (Empower RF) | He lab, Carnegie Mellon | Yu, Kai, et al. "Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation." Nature communications 12.1 (2021): 2519. | "regular spiking units" or excitatory neurons showed transient increases in firing; "fast spiking units" or inhibitory neurons showed no change | |||||||||||||
78 | Zhang et al | 2022 | rat | 12 | periaqueductal gray | 0.691 | 0.65 | 0.1 | 10% | 5 min, 5 s on and 5 s off | activates | decreases | increased PAG activity (and power spectrum) during ultrasound stimulation period; decreased dorsal horn (pain-sensing) activity after injection with (painful) formalin solution during ultrasound stimulation period | n/a | function generator (Tektronix), custom ultrasound transducer. power amplifier (US T&C) | Zhu lab, Huazhong University, Wuhan, China | Zhang, Tao, et al. "Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation of periaqueductal gray for analgesia." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 69.10 (2022): 3155-3162. | no more than 0.2 degrees of heating | ||||||||||||
79 | Niu et al | 2022 | rat | 16 | hippocampus | 0.425 | 0.5 | 3 | 25% | 5 min | activates | increased post-synaptic potential immediately after stimulation, but not long-term potentiation | n/a | single-element focused transducer (Olympus), 3 waveform generators (Keysight), power amplifier (Empower RF) | He lab, Carnegie Mellon | Niu, Xiaodan, Kai Yu, and Bin He. "Transcranial focused ultrasound induces sustained synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus." Brain stimulation 15.2 (2022): 352-359. | ||||||||||||||
80 | Yoo et al | 2023 | rat | 28 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.001 | 10% | 30 min | greater cortical solute clearance & drainage to cervical lymph nodes; no effect on EEG | Yoo lab, Catholic University of Korea (and Harvard) | Yoo, Seung-Schik, et al. "Non-invasive enhancement of intracortical solute clearance using transcranial focused ultrasound." Scientific Reports 13.1 (2023): 12339. | ||||||||||||||||||
81 | 10.88617391 | 0.7542666667 | 1.398632353 | 31% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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