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1 | Name | Market Size | Research Stage | Applications | Energy Density (Wh/kg) | Charging Speed (hours) | Cost ($/kWh) | Rechargeable? | Charge-Discharge Cycles | Other Advantages | Other Disadvantages | Leading Companies | Leading Research Labs | Links | |||||||||||||||
2 | iron-air | cells in development | grid storage | 40 | $20 | Yes | 10,000 | no lithium | Form Energy | https://www.popsci.com/science/metal-air-batteries/, https://www.umsicht.fraunhofer.de/en/projects/iron-air-battery.html | |||||||||||||||||||
3 | molten salt | $629,969,000 | cells in development | grid storage | 224 | 1 | $23 | Yes | 400 | not explosive, no lithium | high temperature | Ambri, Malta Inc | Small lab at Sandia, Li lab at PNNL, Sadoway lab at MIT | https://newatlas.com/energy/molten-salt-battery-grid-scale-storage-low-temp/, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/04/06/aluminum-nickel-molten-salt-battery-for-seasonal-renewables-storage/, https://news.mit.edu/2016/battery-molten-metals-0112, https://www.smart-energy.com/storage/molten-salt-energy-storage-market-to-grow-15-by-2026/ | |||||||||||||||
4 | sodium-ion | $923,000,000 | commercialized | grid storage | 160 | 0.25 | $40 | Yes | 1500 | no lithium | CATL, Reliance Industries, Natron Energy | https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sodium-ion-battery-market-size-worth--2503-million-globally-by-2028-at-11-07-cagr-verified-market-research-301507902.html, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/26/the-weekend-read-sodium-ion-batteries-go-mainstream/, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/03/26/the-weekend-read-sodium-ion-batteries-go-mainstream/ | |||||||||||||||||
5 | zinc-air | $112,000,000 | commercialized (non-rechargeable) | hearing aids; grid storage | 470 | 20 | $60 | Yes | 1700 | no lithium | non-rechargeable button cells are hard to make big; rechargeable cells are early in development | Zinc8, Eos Energy Storage, AZA Battery | Sun lab at University of Munster | https://www.sciencenews.org/article/zinc-air-batteries-single-use-new-design-rechargeable, https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/lose-the-alkaline-keep-the-zinc-for-a-new-battery-chemistry/, https://www.rechargenews.com/transition/new-zinc-air-battery-is-cheaper-safer-and-far-longer-lasting-than-lithium-ion/2-1-812068, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06328#:~:text=A%20successful%20fabrication%20and%20operation,even%20after%201700%20recharge%20cycles. | |||||||||||||||
6 | lithium nickel cobalt aluminum | $8,450,000,000 | commercialized | electric vehicles | 220 | 0.67 | $100 | Yes | 2000 | Panasonic/Tesla | https://www.statista.com/statistics/1248519/distribution-of-different-electric-vehicle-batteries-on-the-global-market/ | ||||||||||||||||||
7 | lithium nickel manganese cobalt | $31,600,000,000 | commercialized | electric vehicles | 205 | 1 | $141 | Yes | 3000-5000 | CATL | https://www.statista.com/statistics/964355/ev-batteries-elements-market-share-in-china-vs-rest-of-world/, https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-fall-to-an-average-of-132-kwh-but-rising-commodity-prices-start-to-bite/#:~:text=We%20estimate%20that%20on%20average,closing%20in%20on%20%24110%2FkWh. | ||||||||||||||||||
8 | lithium iron phosphate | $10,120,000,000 | commercialized | electric vehicles | 160 | 1.5 | $288 | Yes | 2750-12000 | no cobalt | heavier than other lithium-ion | CATL, SK ON | https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/lithium-ion-li-ion-phosphate-batteries-market-102152, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20211114000037, https://industrytoday.com/1c-charging-rate-of-li-ion-batteries-a-need-or-a-fad/ | ||||||||||||||||
9 | lithium-ion maganese-oxide | commercialized | electric vehicles | 150 | 1 | $375 | Yes | 300-700 | no cobalt | AESC, Saft | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ese3.47#:~:text=The%20cell%20costs%20indicated%20in,1%20for%20the%20LFP%20cell. | ||||||||||||||||||
10 | lithium cobalt oxide | $14,600,000,000 | commercialized | portable electronics | 200 | 1.25 | $385 | Yes | Samsung | https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210406005647/en/2021-Lithium-Ion-Battery-Market-Size-Share-COVID-Impact-Analysis-and-Forecast-to-2027---ResearchAndMarkets.com, https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/electronic_components/battery-technology/li-ion-lithium-ion-charging.php#:~:text=For%20consumer%20based%20LCO%20cells,an%20hour%20for%20this%20stage. | |||||||||||||||||||
11 | vanadium redox flow batteries | $194,200,000 | commercialized | grid storage | 20 | $1,300 | Yes | 20,000 | non-flammable | Sumitomo Electric, Invinity, StorEnTechnologies | https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220224005874/en/Global-Vanadium-Redox-Battery-Market-Trajectory-Analytics-to-2026-Strong-Smart-City-Investments-to-Fuel-Large-Scale-Adoption---ResearchAndMarkets.com, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405829719308657#:~:text=The%20battery%20shows%20an%20energy,at%20600%20mA%20cm%E2%88%922.&text=The%20battery%20exhibits%20a%20peak,cm%E2%88%922%20at%20room%20temperature.&text=The%20battery%20is%20stably%20cycled,at%20600%20mA%20cm%E2%88%922. , https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405829719308657#:~:text=The%20battery%20shows%20an%20energy,at%20600%20mA%20cm%E2%88%922.&text=The%20battery%20exhibits%20a%20peak,cm%E2%88%922%20at%20room%20temperature.&text=The%20battery%20is%20stably%20cycled,at%20600%20mA%20cm%E2%88%922. | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | zinc-bromine redox flow | $60,000,000 | commercialized | grid storage | 85 | $1,730 | Yes | 11,000 | non-flammable | Redflow, Primus Power | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004220305356, https://electrek.co/2017/11/06/zinc-bromine-batteries-coming-for-lithium/ | ||||||||||||||||||
13 | lithium-titanate | commercialized | electric vehicles | 110 | 0.1 | $600-700 | Yes | 3000-7000 | Toshiba, Samsung, AltairNano, Microvast, Seiko, Yabo, Leclanche | https://solartechadvisor.com/lithium-titanate-batteries/ | |||||||||||||||||||
14 | lithium metal | cells in development | electric vehicles | 560 | 2 | Yes | 600 | XNRGI, Cuberg | Battery500 Consortium at PNNL; Li lab at Harvard; Passerini lab at KIT | https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/longer-lived-lithium-metal-battery-marks-step-forward-electric-vehicles, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/30/why-lithium-metal-batteries-could-replace-lithium-ion-batteries-in-evs.html, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/05/researchers-design-long-lasting-solid-state-lithium-battery/, https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-return-of-the-lithiummetal-battery, https://newatlas.com/science/lithium-metal-ev-battery-benchmark-density-stability/ | |||||||||||||||||||
15 | lithium-air | cells in development | electric vehicles | 500 | Yes | 1200 | lightweight | Poly Plus | Asadi lab at IIT, Uosaki lab at NIMS | https://www.iit.edu/news/breakthrough-lithium-air-batteries-could-help-put-more-electric-vehicles-road, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/01/11/japanese-consortium-builds-lithium-air-battery-with-energy-density-of-500-wh-kg/ | |||||||||||||||||||
16 | lithium-silicon | $37,500,000 | cells in development | portable electronics, electric aircraft | 450 | 0.25 | Yes | 5 | Sila Nanotechnologies, Amprius Technologies | Meng Lab UCSD | https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/11/23/2339803/0/en/Global-Lithium-Silicon-Battery-Market-Share-Rise-at-36-5-CAGR-Will-Reach-USD-241-6-Million-by-2026-Facts-Factors.html, https://interestingengineering.com/silicon-battery-energy-density, https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/12/lose-the-alkaline-keep-the-zinc-for-a-new-battery-chemistry/, https://www.wired.com/story/welcome-to-the-era-of-supercharged-lithium-silicon-batteries/, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59913-4, https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/pressrelease/meng_science_2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
17 | lithium-sulfur | $696,100,000 | cells in development | electric aircraft | 450 | 0.5 | Yes | 60-100 | no cobalt | Lyten, Sion Power, Brighsun | Kalra Lab at Drexel | https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/07/21/2064758/0/en/Lithium-Sulfur-Li-S-Battery-Market-To-Reach-USD-6-686-2-Million-By-2028-Quince-Market-Insights.html, https://insideevs.com/news/411567/lithium-sulphur-li-s-batteries-tech/, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2022/02/11/a-4000-cycle-lithium-sulfur-battery/ | |||||||||||||||||
18 | lithium-ceramic | cells in development | electric vehicles | 300 | 0.5 | Yes | 1000 | less flammable | Ion Storage Systems, Prologium, QuantumScape, Solid Power | https://spectrum.ieee.org/ion-storage-systems-ceramic-electrolyte-news-solid-state-batteries, https://hackaday.com/2018/09/15/testing-lithium-ceramic-batteries-lcbs/, https://www.wired.com/story/quantumscape-solid-state-battery/, https://www.quantumscape.com/resources/blog/a-discussion-of-quantumscapes-battery-technology-performance-results/ | |||||||||||||||||||
19 | calcium-ion | research on anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials | grid storage | 250 | Yes | 500 | no lithium | Argonne National Lab | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00593, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00593, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23703-x | ||||||||||||||||||||
20 | lithium-ion polymer battery | commercialized | portable electronics, electric vehicles | 250 | 1 | Yes | 300-500 | lightweight | TDK, ATL, Samsung, Sony, LG, Lishen, BYD, Panasonic | ||||||||||||||||||||
21 | potassium-ion | research on cathode materials | grid storage | 235 | Yes | 200 | no lithium | Goodenough lab at UT Austin | https://spectrum.ieee.org/its-still-early-but-potassium-batteries-are-showing-promise-for-grid-storage, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-15044-y#:~:text=Further%2C%20pairing%20this%20KFeC2,capacity%20decay%20within%20200%20cycles. | ||||||||||||||||||||
22 | aluminum-ion | 0 | cells in development | electric vehicles | 150 | 0.08 | Yes | 20,000 | does not use lithium or rare minerals; does not overheat | Graphene Manufacturing Group, Saturnose | Dai lab at Stanford | https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltaylor/2021/05/13/ev-range-breakthrough-as-new-aluminum-ion-battery-charges-60-times-faster-than-lithium-ion/?sh=62601d1e6d28, https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltaylor/2021/11/30/asias-saturnose-could-be-first-to-commercialise-aluminum-ion-batteries/?sh=139644f912eb, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21108-4 | |||||||||||||||||
23 | zinc-ion | cells in development | grid storage | 135 | Yes | 20,000 | no lithium, not explosive | Salient Energy | https://cen.acs.org/materials/energy-storage/Zinc-ion-batteries-reach-higher/99/i5, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax4279 | ||||||||||||||||||||
24 | hydrogen-bromine redox flow | $6,000,000 | cells in development | grid storage | Yes | 10,000 | non-flammable | Elestor | Bazant Lab at MIT | https://energy.mit.edu/news/novel-bromine-battery-small-scale-demo-large-scale-promise/, https://innovationorigins.com/en/multi-million-investment-for-elestors-revolutionary-hydrogen-bromine-flow-battery/ | |||||||||||||||||||
25 | magnesium ion | research on cathode materials | Yes | no lithium | Sagoff lab at Argonne | https://www.anl.gov/article/qa-could-magnesium-be-a-battery-future-argonne-chemist-brian-ingram-weighs-in | |||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | aluminum-air | cells in development | electric vehicles | No | high theoretical energy density, no lithium | silver catalyst is expensive | Phinergy, Metalelectrique | https://insideevs.com/news/518753/aluminum-air-battery-benefits-swapping/, https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/12/naval-veteran-aluminum-air-metalectrique/ | |||||||||||||||||||||
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