ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
1
PublicationTitleDateDesignN CasesSymptomsRisk FactorsPreventionsTreatmentOutcome
2
USA -- Yan Xie
-- Nature Medicine		Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-192/10/2022Observation -- VA health records, pre-Omicron150,000 infected vs non-infecterd; milllions in control groups (who were not testedd for COVID)Cardiovascular'It doesn’t matter if you are young or old, it doesn’t matter if you smoked, or you didn’t,' says study co-author Ziyad Al-AlyN/AStandard treatments for cardiovsdiovascular disordeersSubstantial rise in risk of cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke, even with a mild case
3
USA -- Yan Xie
-- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology		Risks and burdens of incident diabetes in long COVID: a cohort study3/22/2022Obervation -- VA health records -- cohort -- March 1, 2020, and Sept 30, 2021, pre Omicron182,000 vs millions in control groupsDiabetesAge, race, sex, amoking, comorbities. severity of COVID infectionN/AStandard treatments for diabetes1, COVID-19 survivorswere about 40% more likely to develop diabetes up to a year later than were veterans in the control groups.

2. The chance of developing diabetes rose with increasing severity of COVID-19. People who were hospitalized or admitted to intensive care had roughly triple the risk compared with control individuals who did not have COVID-19.
4
USA -- Bull-Otterson
--- CDC		Post–COVID Conditions Among Adult COVID-19 Survivors Aged 18–64 and ≥65 Years5/24/22Observation -- health records from Cerner Real-World Data -- Two cohorts (18 to 64, and 65+) -- with matched control groups - from March 2020–November 2021 -- pre Omicron353,164 vs 1,640,776 in control groupsClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratoryAgeN/AN/A1. COVID-19 survivors have twice the risk for developing pulmonary embolism or respiratory conditions;

2. One in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one in four survivors aged ≥65 years experienced at least one incident condition that might be attributable to previous COVID-19
5
USA -- Ziyad Al-Aly
-- Nature Medicine		Long COVID after breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection5/25/2022Observation -- VA health records of cohort of vaccinated infections (breakthroughs) surveyed 6 months after infection, vs. matched control groups without infection ... pre Omicron33,940 breakthrough cases vs millions in vsrious control groupsClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratorySeverity of infectionVaccineN/A1. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 lowers the risk of long COVID after infection by only about 15%

2. As for symptoms such as brain fog and fatigue for up to six months after they tested positive, no difference in type or severity of symptoms was found between those who had been vaccinated and those who had not
6
UK -- Benjamin A Krishna
-- Clinical Infectious Diseases		Reduced Incidence of Long Coronavirus Disease Referrals8/1/2022Observation -- Referrals to Long COVID ClinicN/AClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratoryN/AVaccineN/AReferrals to long COVID clinic fell by 79% after rollout of vaccines
7
World --- Global Burden ... Collaborators
-- JAMA		Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters 10/10/22Observation -- meta analysis of 54 studies1.2 million from 22 countriesClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratorySex, ageN/AN/A6.2% of COVID survivors developed long COVID, including 3.7% for ongoing respiratory problems, 3.2% for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, and 2.2% for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19
8
Scotland -- Claire E. Hastie
-- Nature Communications		Outcomes among confirmed cases and a matched comparison group in the Long-COVID in Scotland study10/12/2022Observation -- Cohort surveyed at 6, 12, and 18 monthsCohort = 33,281 cases vs. matched with 62,957 never infectedClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratoryLack of complete recovery was associated with more severe (hospitalized) initial infection, older age, female sex, deprivation, white ethnicity, and pre-existing health conditionsVaccineN/A1. Of the 31,486 people who had had symptomatic infections, 1,856 (6%) reported that they had not recovered at all on their most recent follow-up questionnaire, and 13,350 (42%) that they had only partially recovered

2. Preinfection vaccination was associated with reduced risk of some persistent symptoms. We found no evidence of sequelae following asymptomatic infection
9
World - Stephanie Soucheray
-- ECDC		Prevalence of post COVID-19 condition symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort study data, stratified by recruitment setting10/31/22Observation -- meta-analysis of 7,125 peer-revied studies, pre-Omicron74,213 casesClusters = fatigue, shortness of breath, depression, headache and dizzinessSeverity of infection -- Used source (community, hospital, ICU) as proxy for severity of COVID infectionN/AN/A1. Long COVID-19 condition may be higher among individuals who experience more severe COVID-19 disease.

2. 51 percent of COVID survivors not hospitalized or in ICUs developed long COVID. However symptom prevalence estimates must be interpreted with cautionits because many of the studies i\in this reviewe did not have control groups that provided estimates of the prevalence of the same symptoms among non-infected persons
10
USA - Yan Xie
-- medRxiv		Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-1911/5/22Obervation -- VA health records -- March 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, cohort 9,217 cases vs 47,123 control who received no antiviral or antibody treatmentClusters = fatigue, cognitive, respiratoryOld age and/or comorbidities for COVIDNirmatrelvir (Paxlovid)N/ARecipients who took drug shortly after infection were 26 percent less likely to have symptoms 90 days later.
11
USA- - Benjamin Bowe
-- Nature Medicine		Acute and postacute sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection11/10/22Observation -- VA health records, March 1, 2020 through April 6, 2022, cohort 443,588 infected, 40,947 reinfected, and .3 million nonninfectedReinfectionVaccines and boostersN/AReinfected patients had a more than doubled risk of death and a more than tripled risk of hospitalization compared with those who were infected with COVID just once. "Even if one had prior infection and was vaccinated - meaning they had double immunity from prior infection plus vaccines - they are still susceptible to adverse outcomes upon reinfection," Al-Aly, the study leader, said.
12
USA - Roy H. Perlis,
-- JAMA Network Open		Prevalence and Correlates of Long COVID Symptoms Among US Adults10/27/22Observation via Internet survey every six weeks from February 5, 2021 to July 6, 2022, all 50 states and DC16,091 cases vs 35,742 matched controlFatigue, loss of smell, "brain fog", shortness of breath, poor memory, "brain fog", fatigueGender, AgeVaccinationN/A1. Gender
Frequencies of individual symptoms differed significantly by gender: women were significantly more likely than men to report loss of smell (832 of 1795 [46.4%] vs 199 of 564 [35.3%]; P < .001), cognitive symptoms (874 of 1795 [48.7%] vs 205 of 564 [36.3%]; P < .001), anxiety (552 of 1795 [30.8%] vs 126 of 564 [22.3%]; P < .001), and sleep disruption (581 of 1795 [32.4%] vs 127 of 564 [22.5%]; P < .001)

2. Age
Older age was associated with greater risk of persistent symptoms

3. Vaccination
Completion of the primary vaccine series prior to acute illness was associated with diminished risk for long COVID

4. Prevalence
Study estimates that 15 percent of infected U.S. adults develop long COVID
13
UK -- Zahra Raisi- Estabragh
-- BMJ		Cardiovascular
disease and mortality sequelae of COVID- 19 in the UK Biobank		8/8/22Observation -- UK Biobank March 2020 to March 202117,871 cases vs 35,742 matched controlMild clots, heart failure, stroke, deathSeverity of infectionStudy comducted before vaccinesN/A1. Mild cass (not hospitalized) 2.7 times mre likely to develop blood clots and 10 times more likely to die than uninfected
2. Patients hospitalized with Covid were 28 times more likely to develop blood clots, 22 times more likely to suffer heart failure and17 times more likely to have a stroke, according to the study. Overall, they were over 100 times more likely to die than people who didn’t have Covid.
14
Israel -- Barak Mizrahi -- BMJLong covid outcomes at one year after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection1/11/23Observation -- Electronic records from Israeli nationwide healthcare org, .1 March 2020 and 1 October 2021.Survey of 1,913,234 members of organization divided into two study groups.
1. Unvaccinated patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 matched to uninfected people, adjusted for age and sex and stratified by SARS-CoV-2 variants
2. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with unvaccinated infected controls		70 long Covid categoriesMild infectionVaccineN/AThis nationwide study suggests that patients with mild covid-19 are at risk for a small number of health outcomes, most of which are resolved within a year from diagnosis.
15
World -- Global Burden ...Collaborators -- JAMA Network OpenPersistent COVID-19 Symptoms at 6 Months After Onset and the Role of Vaccination Before or After SARS-CoV-2 Infection1/18/23Observation -- Survey data and medical records from U.S. military personnel from February 28, 2020, through December 31, 2021Cohort = 1832 U.S. adultsPersistent symptoms 28 dAYS after infection (CDC def)Severity of infectionVaccineN/AThe risk of reporting symptoms for 28 or more days after
COVID-19 onset was significantly higher in participants who were unvaccinated at the time of infection and those who reported moderate or severe acute illness symptoms. At 6 months after onset, participants had significantly higher risk of pulmonary, diabetes, neurological, and mental health encounters vs preinfection baseline.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100