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1 | Title | Year | Author (surname, first name) | Institution of Author | Publication Type | Publication | Volume/Issue/Page Numbers/Publisher | Abstract | Link to Publication | Open Access (Yes/No) | ||||||||||||||||
2 | Dangerous Ground The Inside Story of Britain's Leading Investigative Journalist | 1999 | Cook, Roger | Journalist | Book | Dangerous Ground The Inside Story of Britain's Leading Investigative Journalist | Harper Collins | The hard-hitting autobiography of the renowned, high profile TV investigator. In twenty-five years of investigative reporting Roger Cook has been knocked unconscious a dozen times, hospitalized on almost thirty occasions, and has had twenty-three bones broken by those who have resented his ruthless persistence – or just objected to the fact that he exists at all. He was born 6 April 1943 in New Zealand. His father – a timid man afraid of attack from Japanese submarines rumoured to have been sighted in Auckland harbour – soon found refuge and a new start for his family in Sydney, Australia. If anything was going to prepare Roger Cook for what he was to become, it was growing up in the Australia of the 1950s – a melting-pot of different nationalities, scarred by the war, and with an unsophisticated and sometimes brutal education system. After school and college he found his broadcasting feet at a Sydney commercial radion station, moving on to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He then emigrated to Britain to tackle BBC radio, where he prospered at ‘The World At One’. His brainchild, however, was ‘Checkpoint’, which became the most popular programme on Radio 4 after ‘Today’. During its twelve-year run, Cook and his team exposed a breadth of institutional incompetencies, bad law, injustices and naked criminality. The result was a series of awards for good journalism, significant changes in legislation, and the arrest and conviction of countless fraudsters and strong-arm villains. For his pains, Cook earned the sobriquet of ‘The Most Beaten-up Journalist in Britain’. Eventually he transferred the idea to television, where for twelve years ‘The Cook Report’ flourished. Organised crime, drug-smuggling, pornography, animal cruelty, the IRA. Cook has attacked them all in search of justice – and won. Published to coinincide with ‘Cook Report’ TV specials in June, August, October and December, Dangerous Ground is his breathtaking story. | https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Dangerous_Ground.html?id=W5wsAAAACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y | No | ||||||||||||||||
3 | Preparing for Battle: American news organizations lag behind some of their European counterparts when it comes to providing survival training and drafting safety guidelines for war correspondents. A group of journalists is pushing to narrow the gap | 2002 | Ricchiardi, Sherry | Indiana University | Commentary | American Journalism Review | 24(6) pp. 39-43 | The notion of survival skills and safety guidelines has been slow to catch on with top media managers in the United States. In Europe, the BBC, ITN and Reuters mandate training for foreign correspondents. It has taken an era of international terrorism to spark a stronger push on the home front. | https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA88571532&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10678654&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E38166f9 | No | ||||||||||||||||
4 | Dangerous assignment: Iraq has proven to be a particularly hazardous posting for journalists. More media workers have been killed there than during the two-decades-long war in Vietnam. And 15 have died at the hands of American forces | 2005 | Ricchiardi, Sherry | Indiana University | Commentary | American Journalism Review | 27(6) pp. 44-51 | N/A | https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA140443320&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=10678654&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E1d78cc89 | No | ||||||||||||||||
5 | Staying alive in the killing fields | 2009 | Pollard, Nick | Journalist | Commentary | British Journalism Review | 20(1) pp. 27-32 | Reporting on wars has always been a risky business for journalists. But news organisations have transformed their approach to safety in recent years by ensuring that all their staff sent to the front line have as much training as possible to minimise their chances of becoming victims of the conflict they are covering. Despite that, and the virtual industry that has grown up around risk assessment, individual journalists on the ground will go on taking decisions that place them in danger, writes Nick Pollard, the former head of Sky News. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0956474809104215?casa_token=p4LMwhwVQNQAAAAA:fW-kx9GAfngCRALTdWSr2CwIZ5PfxwbJa4wZsqvIyxp1B4Nw6ajPw6nL7S1_PhS40B7fMvaVHV0 | No | ||||||||||||||||
6 | Responsible Media: Learning to Survive the World's Difficult, Remote and Hostile Environments | 2010 | Filer, Shaun | Researcher | Article | Pacific Journalism Review | 16(1) pp. 125-132 | What should be considered 'adequate' preparation and support for journalists and media workers in difficult, remote and hostile environments? One would assume there would be numerous sources of feedback and contributions measuring the suitability of the training, as well as providing information regarding what improvements are necessary to ensure journalists are provided the best possible pre-deployment preparation. However, after working and observing developments in this area over several years, three main issues have presented themselves.First, there is little investigation or analysis being conducted into these training programmes. Second, there are few independent organisations working to standardise the training and support provided to journalists. Finally, the extent of training and support to the local correspondents, fixers and stringers in developing countries, that most international media organisation depend on in these locations, has become an unfortunate casualty of shrinking international news budgets. | https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.410820731914814 | No | ||||||||||||||||
7 | Witnessing Trauma in the Newsroom: posttraumatic symptoms in television journalists exposed to violent news clips | 2010 | Weidmann, Anke PhD and Papsdorf, Jenny MA | Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin | Article | The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease | 198(4) pp. 264-271 | Employees working in television newsrooms are exposed to video footage of violent events on a daily basis. It is yet unknown whether they subsequently develop symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder as has been shown for other populations exposed to trauma through television. We conducted an internet-based survey with 81 employees. Nearly 80% of the sample reported being familiar with recurring intrusive memories. However, the sample's overall posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were low, although participants with a prior trauma, more general work stress, and a greater exposure to footage had a tendency to show more severe symptoms. Regarding general mental health, there were no differences compared with a journalistic control group. Results suggest that the population as such is not at a particular risk of developing mental problems. | https://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Abstract/2010/04000/Witnessing_Trauma_in_the_Newsroom__Posttraumatic.4.aspx | No | ||||||||||||||||
8 | Adoptability and acceptability of peace journalism among Afghan photojournalists: Lessons for peace journalism training in conflict-affected countries | 2017 | Mitra, Saumava | University of Western Ontarion, Canada | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 17-27 | In this article, I seek to inform Peace Journalism (PJ) education and training in conflict-affected countries in particular. Based on a case study of the professional experiences of Afghan photojournalists, I offer insights into the acceptability and adoptability of PJ practice by journalists from conflict-affected countries. I present six key findings of a larger study on Afghan photojournalists in this article and discuss the lessons they hold for PJ training in conflict-affected countries. In sections 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, I provide some important theoretical, contextual and methodological background. In section 6, I discuss three professional adversities faced by Afghan photojournalists and evaluate the obstacles that implementation of PJ faces as a result of them. In section 7, I describe one professional motivator for Afghan photojournalists and discuss the opportunity it presents for PJ adoption. In section 8, I describe two other constraints faced by Afghan photojournalists related specifically to donor-funded media development in post-2001 Afghanistan and discuss their implications for PJ training. Finally in section 9, while noting the limitations of the current study, I offer two ways forward for PJ training in conflict-affected countries like Afghanistan. | https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/129547301.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
9 | Australian News Photographers, Safety and Trauma | 2017 | Anderson, Fay | Monash University | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 231-234 | This chapter illuminates new understanding about the dangers experienced by Australian news photographers on international and domestic assignments. Using oral history methodology, the interviews with 60 present and former Australian newspaper photographers revealed a litany of psychologically and physically hazardous aspects of their work, and the safety training available. Despite the implementation of trauma counselling and hostile environment courses, press photography continues to be a highly dangerous and precarious vocation | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
10 | A Study on Indian Journalists and their Stressful Working Conditions | 2017 | Sharma, Trishu | Chandigarh University | Article | International Journal of Research in Informative Science Application & Techniques | 1(1) pp. 35-39 | Journalism is considered as fourth pillar of any democratic society and it is only a Journalist who can take many challenges to bring truth in front of society. But sometimes journalist has to face difficult and stressful conditions while working in field where they have serious threat for their life even. In this paper researcher is trying to explore various challenging and stressful conditions of Indian Journalists along with the data which reveals that why India is considered a dangerous country for Journalists. Mostly Secondary data is taken to analyze various aspects of working Conditions of Journalist. Through this paper the actual dangerous conditions for Indian Journalist will be analyzed and explored. | http://www.grpublication.com/index.php/ijrisat/article/view/21/23 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
11 | Internal Threats and Safety of Journalists: A study from India | 2017 | Arulchelvan, Sriram | Anna University | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 227-230 | Journalists face numerous threats from different stakeholders. In developing countries, internal threats coming from inside media organizations – threats that have a serious impact on the professional, economic and psychological lives of journalists – are less researched. This research is an attempt to identify the various internal threats faced by journalists and the implications of these threats on their daily lives. It was conducted among Indian journalists during March and April of 2015. Results revealed that sudden suspension, dismissal from the service, de-promotion, non-allocation of work, transfer of department and place of work are some of the internal threats faced by the journalists. | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
12 | Training journalists in times of transition: The case of Kosovo | 2017 | Hoxha, Abit and Andreesen, Keneth | LMU Munich; University of Agder, Norway | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 37-47 | With Kosovo as its case, this article explores the con-text and challenges of journalism education in transitionsocieties. Journalists in Kosovo have lived through con-stant changes from authoritarian to democracy. In thisstruggle, journalism education has never been stable and steady. The past conict events of the destruction of Yugoslavia haunts present day journalism in challenging hu-man rights, ethics and even business model of Kosovar media. The traumatic past, conict and ethic animosity is still present in the public discourse among Kosovar jour-nalists due to political resistance of the leadership of the entire region to take steps towards recognizing conflicting past and the atrocities that happened. Over the lastdecade, new journalism schools have been founded both in public and private sector which reflects significant in -crease in quality reporting. By utilizing previous research,including data from the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS)in Kosovo, the article discusses the aspect of transitionaljournalism in Kosovo, which focuses on transitional jus-tice and looks at the problems from a human rights ap- proach, including the education of journalists in the field of human rights but instead of learning from top downapproach. The data in the article show journalistic roles shifting from traditional watchdog to activist role whichchallenges journalistic professionalism at a time whenjournalism education in higher education is in its infancy.The article exposes the need for practical, tailored train-ing about the realities of political pressure, history and the transition. As one of the significant gaps in the teach -ing journalism in Kosovo is in relation to dealing with thepast, a lack of taught courses for journalists entering themedia market is seen as a weakness of the education sys-tem in Kosovo along with other structural problems inthe media. Technology, globalization, rapid developmentof social media leave much to be desired in the journal-ism education in Kosovo. | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320323062_Training_journalists_in_times_of_transition_the_case_of_Kosovo | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
13 | Expanding Influences Research to Insecure Democracies: How violence, public insecurity, economic inequality and uneven democratic performance shape journalists' perceived work environments | 2017 | Hughes, Sallie; Mellado, Claudia; Arroyave, Jesús; Luis Benitez, José; de Beer, Arnold; Garcés, Miguel; Lang, Katharina and Márquez-Ramírez, Mireya | Stellenbosch University; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso; Universidad Iberoamericana; University of Miami; Universidad Tecnológica de Bolívar | Article | Journalism Studies | Democracies with sharp violence and public insecurity have proliferated in recent decades, with many also featuring extreme economic inequality. These conditions have not been explicitly considered in comparative research on journalists' work environments, an omission that may obscure important realities of contemporary journalism. We address this gap through analysis of journalist surveys in 62 countries. We confirm the existence of insecure democracies as an empirical phenomenon and begin to unravel their meaning for journalists. We find democracies with uneven democratic performance tend to have more journalist assassinations, which is the most extreme form of influence on work, and that levels of democratic performance, violence, public insecurity and economic inequality significantly shape how journalists perceive various influences in their work environment. Case studies of insecure democracies in Africa and Latin America address why these conditions sometimes (but not always) lead to journalist assassinations and other anti-press violence. They suggest anti-press violence is higher when sub-national state actors intensify criminal violence and when insecurity is geographically and topically proximate to journalists. How journalists' perceive influences on work are therefore more complex and multidimensional than previous research has suggested. The study concludes by identifying areas for improvement in data collection. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1266278 | No | |||||||||||||||||
14 | Foreign Correspondents and Local Journalists: A key newsgathering partnership, for safety and for the global public good | 2017 | Dell’Orto, Giovanna | University of Minnesota | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 319-322 | Both long-standing and innovative partnership models suggest that collaborative newsgathering by international and local journalists has been an invaluable practice to get the news in unsafe environments and out to global audiences. As violence, often deadly and nearly always unpunished, multiplies against all journalists, and foreign correspondence is cut back while many news media struggle financially, this safety mechanism is at risk precisely when it is most necessary. | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
15 | Journalism Schools Must Include Safety Courses in Curricula | 2017 | Abu-Fadil, Magda | Media Unlimited | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 113-118 | Too many journalists are victims of violence and impunity, and more should be done in academia to prepare media students for the perils they are likely to face. I urge all faculty members at this conference to incorporate a course on safety for journalists in their curricula. It’s not a luxury; it’s an urgent necessity. According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), one journalist is killed every five days in the line of duty and the impunity of such acts is unabated. | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
16 | Canaries in a coal-mine? What the killings of journalists tell us about future repression | 2017 | Gohdes, Anita R. and Carey, Sabine C. | University of Zurich and University of Mannheim | Article | Journal of Peace Research | 54(2) pp. 157-174 | An independent press that is free from government censorship is regarded as instrumental to ensuring human rights protection. Yet governments across the globe often target journalists when their reports seem to offend them or contradict their policies. Can the government’s infringements of the rights of journalists tell us anything about its wider human rights agenda? The killing of a journalist is a sign of deteriorating respect for human rights. If a government orders the killing of a journalist, it is willing to use extreme measures to eliminate the threat posed by the uncontrolled flow of information. If non-state actors murder journalists, it reflects insecurity, which can lead to a backlash by the government, again triggering state-sponsored repression. To test the argument whether the killing of journalists is a precursor to increasing repression, we introduce a new global dataset on killings of journalists between 2002 and 2013 that uses three different sources that track such events across the world. The new data show that mostly local journalists are targeted and that in most cases the perpetrators remain unconfirmed. Particularly in countries with limited repression, human rights conditions are likely to deteriorate in the two years following the killing of a journalist. When journalists are killed, human rights conditions are unlikely to improve where standard models of human rights would expect an improvement. Our research underlines the importance of taking the treatment of journalists seriously, not only because failure to do so endangers their lives and limits our understanding of events on the ground, but also because their physical safety is an important precursor of more repression in the future. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022343316680859 | No | ||||||||||||||||
17 | Learning safety education from journalism educations in the global south. | 2017 | Krøvel, Roy | Oslo Met | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 65-75 | The article recaps the main findings of the investigations presented in this special issue and seeks to answer the question “What can Northern journalism educators do to improve safety during fieldwork in the Global South?” The article builds mainly on qualitative interviews with former journalism students who have done journalism fieldwork in dangerous situations as part of journalism education in Norway. It concludes by recommending the building of networks of mutual aid across countries and continents to research journalism safety and enlist the help of educators around the world in the training of journalism students. | https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/handle/10642/5869 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
18 | Freedom of expression and threats to journalists’ safety: an analysis of conflict reporting and peace journalism education in Pakistan | 2017 | Jamil, Sadia | Khalifa University of Science & Technolgy | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 7-16 | The threat of violence against journalists in Pakistan is very real. Pakistan is a front line state in the war on terror and media workers and news reporters reporting from the front line therefore face huge risks. According to a United Nation’s estimate, at least 71 journalists and media workers have lost their lives since 2001 while pursuing their duties in Pakistan. Consequently, the country has been named as one of the deadliest places for working journalists in the world, suggesting the necessity of regular evaluation of threats to journalists’ safety in the country (www.IFJ.org). Ironically, it is not just journalists’ lives that are at risk in Pakistan. The country’s educational institutions are also the target of terrorist attacks. In spite of increasing threats to journalists’ safety and educational institutions, the role of academia in promoting journalists’ safety education is not well-investigated and distinct in Pakistan. Therefore, drawing on the new institutionalism theory, this study explores the diverse threats that affect journalists’ routine work and their freedom of expression focussing on Pakistan. The study aims to investigate whether Pakistani journalists receive safety training and education to carry out their routine work. | https://orbicom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Journal-6.2.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
19 | Safety training for journalists: a case study with the Spanish military | 2017 | Mardaras, Leire Iturregui; González, María José Cantalapiedra and Peñín, Leire Moure | Basque Country UPV/EHU | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 56-64 | This paper studies how the training of journalists has been approached in Spain. Since 2003, the Army War College has held annual Training Courses for War Correspondents. Over three hundred journalists have been trained on these courses. This study analyses and reflects on how the Spanish Army carries out the training of journalists; how this training has evolved; and how it is assessed by Spanish journalists. It also examines the role of Spanish universities in this regard. In order to do so, our research required an analysis of curriculums for both undergraduate and graduate studies of the Communication Faculties at Spanish universities. In-depth interviews were conducted with journalists who had taken part in the courses and army members who had designed and taught them. One of our main findings is that the Spanish army is the leading institution in safety training for journalists; neither the media nor Spanish universities play a role in it. The army designs, runs and provides the financing for this training, which is very positively assessed by journalists, to the point where they consider it has determined their safety at work. | https://journalism-education.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Journal-6.2.pdf#page=56 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
20 | Status Of Training And Research In Reporting Conflict, Peace Journalism And Safety Education In English Speaking West Africa: The Cases Of Ghana, Nigeria And Sierra Leone | 2018 | Pate, Umaru A.; Oso, Lai and Jibril, Abubakar | Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria; Lagos State University, Lagos, Nigeria; Taraba, University, Jalingo, Nigeria | Article | Journalism Education | 6(2) pp. 28-36 | This paper examines the teaching of conflict-sensitive reporting, safety education and peace journalism in the curricula of institutions offering mass communication/journalism programmes in three English speaking countries of West Africa: Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone. It assesses the status of research and teaching of reporting of conflicts, peace journalism and professional safety in institutions of theselected countries. | https://www.academia.edu/35088848/Status_of_training_and_research_in_reporting_conflict_peace_journalism_and_safety_education_in_English_speaking_West_Africa_the_cases_of_Ghana_Nigeria_and_Sierra_Leone | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
21 | Safety and Security of Journalists: Yet Awaiting Intervention from Indian Academy and Industry | 2018 | Murthy, C.S.H.N. | Paradigm Institute of Business and Media Studies | Article | Asia Pacific Media Educator | 28(1) pp. 131-149 | The article is an overview of the growing concerns about escalating violence against journalists in India and a matching lack of interest in Indian academy to understand the various implications of such violence both pedagogically and sociologically. The fact that about six journalists were killed in a span of two to three months September-November 2017speaks volume about the magnitude of the problem in Indiathe world's largest democracy that has the largest volume of media presence. By far, the safety and security of journalists was never part of a serious debate among Indian media houses or Indian journalism education except by way of expressing a symbolic condolence whenever a journalist was killed in action. Although Indian academy has displayed abject ignorance of this important component of journalists' training despite the UNESCO proposing a model curriculum for safety of journalists at University level in 2007, the media industry which runs its own media schools in India to train its recruits is never concerned about the safety and security of the journalists. Using the methodology adopted by the Freedom House in its report on Freedom of Press (2016) for determining the varied ways in which the pressure was laid on the objective flow of information, the present study throws light on several dimensions involved in evolving a pedagogy for the safety and security of journalists' from sociological perspectives. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1326365X18772359 | No | ||||||||||||||||
22 | Journalist safety trainings: Effective for all? | 2018 | Slaughter, Autumn; Newman, Elana; Brummel, Bradley J and Drevo, Susan | Columbia Journalism School | Article | Australian Journalism Review | 40(2) pp. 53-65 | Safety trainings (STs), also known as hazardous or hostile environment trainings, are evolving as a worldwide industry practice designed to keep journalists safe. However, little is known about the effectiveness of STs, particularly how men and women journalists respond to them. In order to better understand differences in ST needs and satisfaction among men and women journalists, 247 journalists completed a survey about their most recent experience with STs. Overall, all journalists reported high satisfaction with trainings. Nevertheless, statistically significant gender differences were found on measures of overall satisfaction (general rating and whether to recommend ST to a colleague), satisfaction with trainer knowledge and STs' sensitive and accurate coverage of gender and diversity related threats. Men reported higher satisfaction than women on all four measures. However, gender differences varied based on the regions in which journalists worked and the type of stories covered. Recommendations for future research and design of safety trainings are discussed. | https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/ielapa.222259785984396 | No | ||||||||||||||||
23 | The Role of Ghanaian News Media Organisations in Countering Threats to Media Freedom and Journalists' Safety | 2020 | Appiah-Adjei, Gifty | University of Education, Winneba, Ghana | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety | IGI Global, pp. 186-213 | Journalist safety is vital to media freedom as it shows stakeholders' duties to protect the media from crime and to guard media freedom. The media have the power to combat problems via coverage, yet evidence submits that journalist insecurity persists in Ghana. So, the study aims to examine how the Ghanaian media are tackling journalist insecurity through coverage. Using agenda-setting and framing theories, content analyses of 66 news stories from newspapers, and five interviews are used to gather data to study the coverage and framing of journalist insecurity in the media and how they tackle threats to media freedom. Thematic analysis of data gathered showed that the newspapers were unable to give prominence to the problem because only 30.60% of total editions gave attention to the issue. Also, the media failed to present journalist insecurity as an issue that needs national attention because only 10.6% of the news stories used thematic frames. This undermines media freedom as it allows journalist insecurity to thrive, hence, failure to advocate journalist safety. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/the-role-of-ghanaian-news-media-organisations-in-countering-threats-to-media-freedom-and-journalists-safety/246435 | No | ||||||||||||||||
24 | Work-related sexual harassment and coping techniques: the case of Indonesian female journalists | 2020 | Simorangkir, Deborah N. | Swiss German University | Article | Media Asia | 47(1-2) pp. 23-33 | Female journalists make up only between five to 10 percent of the total journalists in Indonesia. Consequently, this often gives women little bargaining power in the workplace. This research analyzes the prevalence and nature of sexual harassment experienced by Indonesian female journalists, as well as their coping techniques. In doing so, in-depth interviews with 10 Indonesian female journalists were conducted. Results show that the majority of respondents have encountered some type of sexual harassment, ranging from unwelcome sexual advances, sexual jokes, offensive flirtations, or actual sexual assaults. Based on the in-depth interviews, there were six main coping techniques used by the respondents: 1. Denial; 2. Ignoring the harassment; 3. Relying on the protection of male coworkers; 4. Appearing more masculine; 5. Being friendly and approachable to others; and, 6. Confronting and reporting. Data is analyzed using a feminist perspective, specifically the sociocultural theory. Though the participants in this study have learned to cope with such treatment, the overall persistence of sexual harassment may lead to such negative implications as further decrease of the number of female journalists, lack of diversity in the media, and the inability for journalists to be watchdogs. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/shooting-the-messenger-slowly-but-surely/246425 | No | ||||||||||||||||
25 | A New Pedagogy to Enhance the Safety and Resilience of Journalists in Dangerous Environments Globally | 2020 | Murphy, Colm; Deeny, Pat and Taylor, Nigel | Ulster University | Article | Education Sciences | 10(11), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110310 | Risks to journalists are rising with disasters, epidemics, physical, mental and digital harassment all increasing globally. Some 1382 journalists have been killed since 1992 and 246 are imprisoned. However, the threat type has been changing, with the majority of journalists killed annually being ones working in their own country, often who are targeted for assassination. In response, UNESCO and others have called for research into best practice for safety education to halt this and the consequential decline in global media freedom. This five-year award winning project, A Holistic Humanitarian Approach to Enhance the Safety and Resilience of Journalists Globally, tested the hypothesis that a new pedagogy based on a 'holistic humanitarian' philosophy would be more effective in protecting journalists working in dangerous domains globally than existing provisions. The little-changed 30-year-old dominant international provision, the 'military battlefield' pedagogy, is used by the world's major news organizations like BBC, CNN and the New York Times. This new pedagogy adapted and customized best practice from other professions and used Taylor's 2020 Competencies for Disaster Healthcare professionals. A new program was devised and the two international cohorts who took it in 2018 and 2019 judged that it 'very significantly' enhanced their resilience and safety skills. Its concentration on group and individual physical and mental resilience building, risk mitigation, psychology, communication, self-defence, and digital security skill acquisition was a paradigm shift in training internationally for news professionals in dangerous environments. The research, thus, proved the study's hypotheses. | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/10/11/310 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
26 | Reconsidering Journalist Safety Training | 2020 | Høiby, Marte and Garrido, Mariateresa, V | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Media and Communication | 8(1) pp. 68-77 | Safety training courses and manuals are designed to provide journalists with guidance to assess and mitigate risk. In this article, we ask whether content of such training and guidance is informed by actual threats and risks relevant to journalists working in the field. Departing from our own previous research about threats and dangers faced by journalists working in conflict zones or covering dangerous beats, and a review of the literature addressing the issue of safety manuals for journalists, we evaluate the content of five safety-training documents. Of these, two are descriptions of internationally-focused safety courses, two are safety manuals produced for a national audience, and one is a handbook focusing specifically on safety for women reporters in the Arab region. The purpose is to identify various aspects of safety addressed in training and manuals offered to locally and internationally-deployed journalists-and illuminate how they may differ in focus and approach. Through a comparison of the content of the selected manuals and course descriptions, we conclude that these trainings and manuals to some extent address specific variations in context, but that detailed attention towards gender differences in risk and other personal characteristics are not given equivalent weight. The international training focuses excessively on physical environment issues (such as those of a 'hostile environment'), while the manuals with national or regional focus are practice-oriented and largely take a journalistic point of departure. We argue that training and manuals can benefit from considering both these aspects for risk assessment, but recommend that addressing journalistic practice and personal resources is fundamental to all journalist safety training since it is at the personal, practical, and media organisational levels that the mitigation encouraged by these trainings can happen. | https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2525 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
27 | #MeToo, Sexual Harassment and Coping Strategies in Norwegian Newsrooms | 2020 | Idås, Trond; Orgeret, Kristin Skare and Backholm, Klas | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Media and Communication | 8(1) pp. 57-67 | This article, through conducting a study of the sexual harassment (SH) of media workers, investigates the extent and types of SH experienced by the editorial staff of Norwegian newsrooms at the time the #MeToo campaign arrived in Norway, and what effects such experiences have on journalists’ professional lives. We are also interested in what Norwegian media houses are doing to address these challenges. The leading research question consists of three interrelated parts: To what extent are journalists exposed to SH? What coping strategies do they use? How can newsrooms be better prepared to fight SH, from the perspective of the safety of journalists? A mixed methods approach, which combines findings from a quantitative questionnaire with qualitative in-depth interviews, was used to answer these questions. The findings show that female, young, and temporary media workers are significantly more frequently targeted than others and that those who had experienced SH handled the situation using avoiding strategies to a significantly greater extent than those who had only been exposed to unwanted attention experiences. The findings feed into a discussion of what strategies media houses can use to be better prepared in the fight against SH. | https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2529 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
28 | ‘A modern-day equivalent of the Wild West’: preparing journalism students to be safe online | 2020 | Kean, Jenny and Maclure, Abbey | Leeds Trinity University/Journalists | Article | Journalism Education | 10(1) pp. 69-82 | Journalists are increasingly becoming the target of online abuse; the backlash over the death of TV presenter Caroline Flack and coverage of the Black Lives Matter protests are just two recent examples. Yorkshire Evening Post editor Laura Collins has highlighted how female journalists face the brunt of this abuse, describing social media as ‘a modern-day equivalent of the Wild West’. The fact that journalists are exposed to this kind of attack is becoming an increasing focus; but how are we – as educators – to prepare our journalism students for entering this world? What guidance should we be giving them – to respond or not to respond, to block or not to block? And at what point should they report their experience via more formal channels? The authors of this paper set out to identify strategies and tools for students to help protect themselves and remain resilient in the face of online abuse. Through qualitative interviews, we asked how practising journalists are coping with social media attacks, and what steps they and their employers are taking to protect and support them. The result is a set of guidelines offering practical and emotional advice from journalists to directly inform journalism educators and their students. | https://journalism-education.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/A-modern-day-equivalent-of-the-wild-west.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
29 | Risk, Victimization and Coping Strategies of Journalists in Mexico and Brazil | 2021 | Iesue, Laura; Hughes, Sallie; Moreira, Sonia Virginia; Sousa, Monica; | University of Miami / University of Miami /Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Veiga de Almeida | Article | Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo | 10(1) pp. 62-81 | There is a growing recognition that journalists are exposed to dangerous or hazardous working conditions in many places worldwide. These conditions are suggested to be linked to greater macro-related structural risks, including changes to the political economy of news that increase labor precarity, cultural and identity-based risks from oppressive normative systems, aggressive partisans and extremists, and risks originating from weak or changing enforcement of the rule of law that increases journalists' vulnerability to corrupt officials, security forces and criminal groups. While previous research has linked these structural risks to acts of workplace victimization of journalists, it has not considered how structural risks are connected to the subjective experience of victimization, which includes emotional upheaval and varying coping strategies. Anchoring this study in the sociology of risk literature with general strain theory, this study considers how greater, macro-level structures are tied to journalist’s victimization, emotions and coping using open and closed survey response data from 21 Mexican and 33 Brazilian journalists. Survey data was collected through matched subnational context designs and snowball sampling strategies. Findings show that journalists recalled victimization experiences that were linked to labor market and workplace risks, risks associated with the rule of law, culturally based risks, and identity-based risks. As a result, journalists engaged in short and long-term coping strategies. Coping strategies were also either individualistic or collectivist in nature, with coping strategies ultimately being influenced by country and regional contexts. | https://revue.surlejournalisme.com/slj/article/view/454 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
30 | External Interference in a Hybrid Media Environment | 2021 | Hiltunen, Ilmari | Tampere University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1905539 | Contemporary journalists face a multitude of external pressures and threats, ranging from political and commercial interference to online harassment and increasing anti-press hostility. This empirical article examines how the hybridization of the media environment is reflected in journalists’ experiences of external interference. The article also explores the factors in journalists’ working environment that support their ability to maintain their external autonomy against interference. The article is based on an applied thematic analysis of 31 semi-structured interviews with Finnish journalists supplemented by 4 background interviews with organizational stakeholders. Four major developments were identified in the analysis: (1) a proliferation of publicity control, (2) an increasingly contested public sphere, (3) societal and political polarization, and (4) the personalization of journalism. The autonomy of journalism was supported by a combination of (1) journalistic professionalism, (2) internal confidence within journalistic organizations, and (3) communication and support measures. The findings suggest that the hybridization of the media environment has intensified the external interference and pressure journalists encounter in their work. These, in turn, increase the workload and mental strain related to journalistic work, having the potential to cause fatigue, chilling effects, and self-censorship in the long run. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1905539 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
31 | The Voice of Women and Challenges of Gender Equality in Georgian Media | 2021 | Gersamia, Mariam; Toradze, Maia and Markariani, Liana | Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia/Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia/Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 232-250 | This research analyzes the media landscape in Georgia from a gender equality perspective to identify the existing stereotypes dominant in Georgian media organizations. Georgia (country) faces the challenges related to femicide, domestic violence, employment of women, early or forced marriages, sexual harassment, blackmailing of female journalists, and there is a lack of awareness regarding gender equality. The study answers research questions: What sociocultural context and basic psychological motivators drive females to choose journalism as a profession? Is there any gender inequality regarding the workplace and positions in Georgian media (TV, print, radio, and online media) and if ‘yes' how does it present? Are there any predefined topics/themes covered specifically by the male or female journalists? What gender-related stereotypes (if any) dominate/take over in Georgian media? | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/the-voice-of-women-and-challenges-of-gender-equality-in-georgian-media/267637 | No | ||||||||||||||||
32 | Newsroom Representation and Discrimination Against Female Journalists in Ghana | 2021 | Sackey, Rainbow; Asiamah, Abraham Atobrah and Aboagye, Lisa Agyinor Forson | University of Education, Winneba, Ghana/University of Education, Winneba, Ghana/University of Education, Winneba, Ghana | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 297-318 | In journalism, there are still growing concerns about the ratio of men to women, even though women's presence in the newsroom have increased progressively. The issues of gender stereotyping and discrimination against women have emerged over time and still remain an issue of great concern. In view of this, using the gender theory, this chapter aims to interrogate the issues of female representation in the practice of journalism in Ghana, in terms of numbers, portrayals, and discriminations. To achieve the aim, the study employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews. The study reveal that men still dominate the journalism profession in Ghana. Also women in the newsroom are portrayed on one hand as capable and hardworking and on the other hand as emotional and immoral. Furthermore, women in journalism in Ghana are discriminated against in terms of salary structure and job roles. It was also revealed that female journalists in Ghana are employing strategies like apathy and rebelliousness to deal with the negative portrayals and discrimination against them. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/newsroom-representation-and-discrimination-against-female-journalists-in-ghana/267641 | |||||||||||||||||
33 | Reckoning With #MeToo and the Aftermath: Perception of Workplace Harassment, Sexism, and the #MeToo Movement Among Journalists in India | 2021 | Sohal, Prabhjot Kaur | Panjab University, India | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 104-118 | In 2017, following the #MeToo movement stirred by the public outing of Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein, the safety of women at the workplace became a prime agenda for international news media. Although far from being truly inclusive, the #MeToo movement rapidly spread to other parts of the world. Women of different nationalities, backgrounds, and race shared their stories of abuse and survival using the #MeToo hashtag and its variants. In 2018, women within the news media industry in India joined the movement and called out prominent editors, filmmakers, and artists on social media for perpetrating and abetting acts of sexual harassment and abuse against them. As an immediate result, several accused were made to resign from their organizations and dropped from prestigious public posts. However, a backlash to the movement followed soon after, most evidently in the form of victim-shaming and defamation lawsuits against women. Based on the theory of epistemic advantage, the study explores the perception of sexual harassment among journalists in India using in-depth interviews. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/reckoning-with-metoo-and-the-aftermath/267630 | No | ||||||||||||||||
34 | Mexican Journalism Under Siege. The Impact of Anti-press Violence on Reporters, Newsrooms, and Society | 2021 | Gonzalez, Ruben Arnoldo | Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla | Article | Journalism Practice | 15(3) pp. 308-328 | As a consequence of the endemic anti-press violence, Mexican journalists work under dangerous conditions. The constant assaults have eroded the practice of free journalism and thus, the people's right to know. Drawing on a set of semi-structured interviews with news workers from the most violent states across the country, this study emphasises that this phenomenon has a threefold impact at the individual, organisational, and societal levels. That is, those attacks affect the victims, the newsrooms they work for, and society. The findings also point that journalists throughout the nation share similar perceptions regarding these implications, because there is a generalised risk that they have to constantly face. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2020.1729225?journalCode=rjop20 | No | ||||||||||||||||
35 | “She’s just another pretty face:” sexual harassment of female photographers | 2021 | Somerstein, Rachel | SUNY New Paltz | Article | Feminist Media Studies | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1984274 | This article examines sexual and gendered harassment among professional female editorial photographers, whose experiences have largely been under-researched. It draws on semi-structured interviews conducted between 2017–2019 with 17 female professional editorial photographers, aged 23–82, who work in a variety of beats. Sixteen of 17 interviewees encountered sexual harassment, with gendered harassment the most common. Harassers included professors, other photographers, colleagues, salespeople, subjects, and the general public, whom photographers encountered at school, work, while networking, and when using and buying gear. Largely, participants addressed the sexual and gendered harassment on an individual level, rather than reporting it to editors or other authorities. These findings add qualitative nuance to quantitative research that suggests physical risks and economic precarity may drive women from the profession. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1984274 | No | ||||||||||||||||
36 | Female Investigative Journalists: Overcoming Threats, Intimidation, and Violence with Gendered Strategies | 2021 | Konow-Lund, Maria and Høiby, Marte | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.2008810 | During the past two decades, numerous investigative journalist networks have emerged globally, through which journalists from different places and cultures collaborate. In this article, we focus specifically on the experiences of female investigative journalists and the ways in which they navigate challenges of intimidation, threats, and violence and adapt to stay safe and prosper in their practice. Our research is based on interviews with experienced and renowned investigative reporters, or so-called elite interviewees (Figenschou 2010), who have worked on transnational collaborations such as the Panama Papers, the Organized Crime and Corruption Project (OCCRP), and the Forbidden Stories. We interviewed eleven female and four male investigative reporters within these networks, some of them twice, over a two-year period. The study findings show that while the cross-cultural environments of these networks can open doors and be beneficial to female journalists in cultures where women otherwise have limited professional leeway, these journalists must still manage a range of detrimental local conditions on the ground. When confronting globalized structures of crime and power through their collaborative and cross-cultural work, female journalists can face social and professional slander and physical and verbal attacks in return. The exchange of coping strategies within professional networks and collaborations will help to mitigate local challenges on the ground and sustain women's participation in professional journalism. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2021.2008810 | No | ||||||||||||||||
37 | Using Facebook to Discuss Aspects of Industry Safety: How Women Journalists Enact Ethics of Care in Online Professional Space | 2021 | Mesmer, Kelsey and Jahng, M. Rosie | Wayne State University | Article | Journalism Studies | 8, pp. 1083-1102 | This survey-based case study explored members' motives for using a closed Facebook group specifically for women journalists. Particularly, we explored a motivation based on the feminist ethics of care and members' experiences of harassment, job satisfaction, and confidence in discussing safety issues with supervisors. Results indicated that gender-specific professional support and the ethics of care were primary motives for group use, and the ethics of care motive positively predicted job satisfaction. Additionally, those who experienced in-person harassment were more likely to be motivated by ethics of care, and the gender-specific professional support motive was related to confidence in discussing safety threats. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1920452 | No | ||||||||||||||||
38 | Dealing With Sexual Harassment: Are Women Journalists Silenced at Work? | 2021 | Ellao, Janess Ann J.; Roxas, Evelyn F. and Torres, Therese Patricia S. | International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines/ Alipato Media Center Inc., Philippines & International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines/Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, Philippines & International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 24-42 | In the Philippines, sexual harassment is among the threats and attacks women in media face. While Filipino women journalists experience being sexually harassed by colleagues and sources, several have opted not to report such incidents for fear of being blamed and fear of retaliation from the accused. This case study research documents six Filipino women journalists' experiences. Findings were analyzed using thematic analysis, guided by the framework of the spiral of silence theory by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The findings show that interviewees did not report sexual harassment and related issues because they perceived these cases as part of the reality of working in the news industry. Other factors for staying silent were uncertainties about how their employer will respond, the fear of losing sources, and the fear of being isolated from colleagues. The interviewees proposed strategies, however, on how cases of sexual harassment against women journalists should be addressed in the future. Suggested practices and policy recommendations are presented. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/dealing-with-sexual-harassment/267626 | No | ||||||||||||||||
39 | “Not Their Fault, but Their Problem”: Organizational Responses to the Online Harassment of Journalists | 2021 | Holton, Avery E.; Bélair-Gagnon, Valérie; Bossio, Diana and Molyneux, Logan | University of Utah, University of Minnesota Twin Cities,Swineburne University, Temple University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417 | Journalists are increasingly reporting that online harassment has become a common feature of their working lives, contributing to experiences of fatigue, anxiety and disconnection from social media as well as their profession. Drawing on interviews with American newsworkers, this study finds at least three distinct forms of harassment: acute harassment such as generalized verbal abuse, chronic harassment occurring over time and often from the same social media users and escalatory harassment that is more personalized and directly threatening. Women journalists said they especially are experiencing chronic and escalatory forms of harassment. Journalists also discussed a perceived lack of systemic efforts on the part of news organizations to address such harassment, leaving journalists to search for preventative and palliative coping mechanisms on their own. Such labor may be driving journalists’ disconnection from social media as well as the profession of journalism and highlights a growing need for news organizations to address harassment as a systemic, rather than individual, issue. The mental health and well-being of journalists may depend on such action, especially at a time when more journalists are reporting fatigue, burnout, and a desire to exit the profession. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1946417?src=recsys | No | ||||||||||||||||
40 | PTSD in the Newsroom: A Grounded Theory View of Organizational Leaders and Trauma | 2021 | Hill, Desiree | University of Central Oklahoma | Article | International Journal on Media Management | 23(3-4) pp. 238-263 | A number of studies have demonstrated that journalists will experience traumatic events during the course of their careers. Yet a gap in the research exists regarding newsroom organizational leaders and the impact of trauma on their work and emotional health. This study used a grounded theory approach to learn how newsroom leaders experience trauma and how they learn from events such as disasters and terror attacks to translate that knowledge into the work of management. The study also analyzes peer-reviewed research on journalism, trauma, and PTSD to understand how the newsroom organizational leaders in the study can contribute and amplify the recommended trauma responses for newsroom leaders. The data reveal that news organizational leaders can experience symptoms of PTSD and other negative emotional impacts and that news organizational leaders experience an emotional double bind, where staff is encouraged to openly show emotion and be supported, but the organizational leaders believe they will be perceived as weak if they show emotion. Findings from the study are valuable, because they lead to practical guidelines regarding counseling, supervisor support, and training and extend our understanding of how trauma can impact the entire newsroom ecosystem. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14241277.2022.2028792?journalCode=hijm20 | No | ||||||||||||||||
41 | Live From My Living Room: Perceived Organizational Support Among TV News Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic | 2021 | Coates Nee, Rebecca and Cueva Chacón, Lourdes M. | San Diego State University | Article | Electronic News | 15(3–4) pp. 75–94. | As members of the media, TV news workers were considered essential employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many employees went into the field to cover stories related to the pandemic, which included anti-mask and lock-down protests. This mixed-methods study explored the extent to which TV news workers perceived organizational support from their news organizations during the crisis. Findings of a national survey of TV news employees (N = 173) show market size (larger), membership in professional organizations, access to counseling services, and resources on best practices of covering COVID-19 correlated with positive perceptions of employers during the pandemic. In turn, these positive perceptions, as well as manageable job demands and high decision authority each correlated with overall job satisfaction. Qualitative findings further illustrated the varying steps TV news managers took to support and protect their employees’ health and safety during the crisis. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/19312431211035129 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
42 | Columbia Journalism School | 2017 | Journalists and Safety Training: Experiences and Opinions | Dart Research Center | Report | Columbia Journalism School, Journalists and Safety Training: Experiences and Opinions | N/A | Over the last generation, safety trainings (sometimes known as Hostile Environment and First Aid Training or HEFAT) have been widely embraced by the news industry as a means of preparing journalists to cover conflict, crisis and other potentially dangerous assignments. Yet the effectiveness, relevance and usefulness of such trainings – both generally and in terms of specific content and approaches – have not been independently assessed. For this reason, the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, a project of the Graduate School of Journalism at Columbia University, surveyed a wide range of journalists around the world about the safety trainings they attended, the skills they acquired and the gaps between these trainings and their professional needs on the ground. From October 2016 to February 2017, 247 journalists completed the survey, which was conducted by the Dart Center’s research lab housed at The University of Tulsa Department of Psychology. This report, prepared by an interdisciplinary team of researchers in psychology, occupational safety and journalism practice, details the survey results. We make no attempt to evaluate particular commercial or nonprofit safety training providers. Instead, this report examines the various approaches to journalism safety training; how journalists assess their training experiences; and the systematic gaps and other issues suggested by their assessments. | https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-q5s2-r614 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
43 | Safety training deficiency, threats and adaptive measures among journalists reporting violent conflict in North East Nigeria | 2023 | Pate, Umaru A. and Jibril, Abubakar | Federal University, Kashere; Federal University, Kashere | Article | African Security Review | DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2023.2179412 | This study appraises the mainstreaming and teaching of safety in journalism training institutions in Nigeria and interrogates the effectiveness of the safety measures available to safeguard the lives of journalists reporting from conflict areas in the North East geopolitical zone. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 journalists representing a range of media organisations who had been reporting from the areas with the most volatile and prolonged conflicts. Mass communication curricula in universities and polytechnics across the region were also reviewed. The findings revealed that journalists in North East Nigeria are at high risk due to the absence of protective mechanisms and professional skills relating to safety. Journalists rely on their instincts and experience to manage risk, rendering them highly vulnerable in dangerous situations. These journalists endure multiple physical and psychological attacks from the security forces, insurgents and even community members that they cover. Recommendations reflective of best practice are offered regarding the mainstreaming of safety education in journalism training and the provision of safety mechanisms in order to reduce journalists’ physical harm and psychological trauma, increase their actual and perceived safety and security, boost their morale and improve the quality of their reporting. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10246029.2023.2179412 | No | ||||||||||||||||
44 | Better Safe Than Sorry | 2023 | Murphy, Jaron | Bournemouth University | Book Chapter | Challenges and New Directions in Journalism Education | Chapter 11 | Firstly, this chapter provides an overview of the generally dreadful state of press freedom worldwide, with online and physical attacks on journalists commonplace. In doing so, it surveys research data from leading international organisations advocating for journalism safety, which collectively illustrate a range of clear and present dangers to reporters such as murders with impunity, imprisonment and – disproportionately for women – online violence that could easily spill offline. Secondly, in order to assist journalism educators internationally to better prepare their students for the realities of this extremely dangerous world, it provides a platform for some of the foremost experts in the field of journalism safety to share their advice and recommended resources. The international mix of these experts is reflected in the combination of institutional or organisational affiliations: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the Global Investigative Journalism Network (GIJN); iWatch Africa and Reach plc in the UK. Finally, in the context of their knowledgeable input, it turns its attention to recent developments in journalism education in the UK. It suggests that new opportunities to formulate and deliver safety and resilience training on courses accredited by the NCTJ could help to inspire and spread such training internationally. | https://www.routledge.com/Challenges-and-New-Directions-in-Journalism-Education/Fowler-Watt/p/book/9781032293189 | No | ||||||||||||||||
45 | Journalists’ Workplace Safety Protection during Demonstrations | 2023 | Lie, Valensia; Stella Maris Losak Kelen, Natasya and Alita Zafira, Zefanya | Surabaya State University and Universitas Negeri Surabaya | Article | Integration Proceeding | 1(1) pp. 183-187 | In terms of connecting his life every human being needs a job. Human life is considered more prosperous when getting a decent job. Workers in carrying out their work in addition to getting wages, of course, need to get legal protection and work safety protection. There are many workers who work in dangerous areas, one of them is a journalist. Journalists in reporting for the sake of news that will be broadcast to the public or the audience, sometimes the coverage area is included in dangerous areas such as demonstrations or rallies. Demonstrations or rallies often end in chaos, in this case it is certain that many journalists from various media come to cover the demonstration. It is not uncommon for journalists to also get bad effects from such demonstrations such as accidents during demonstrations against journalists. In demonstrations the safety of journalists needs to be accounted for, because it is the journalists bet their lives for the sake of covering the news about the demonstration. Workers have the right to safety in their work area from the above problems in this study, the formulation of the problem can be raised, namely how is the form of occupational safety protection for journalists at the time of the demonstration?. This study uses normative legal methods in which there is a lack of clarity on the regulation of occupational safety protection for journalists, especially when covering demonstrations. The purpose of this study is to know the form of occupational safety protection for journalists and of course provide full protection of Occupational Safety for journalists, especially when covering demonstrations. The solution that can be given is to clarify the regulations about who is responsible if journalists have an accident, especially when covering demonstrations. | https://ocs.unism.ac.id/index.php/integration/article/view/994 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
46 | Teaching Safety of Journalists: Student Responses and Solutions to Occupational Risks and Hostility | 2024 | Ivask, Signe | University of Tartu | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Educator | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10776958241248731 | This study explores journalism students’ responses to hazards and hostility in the profession within a Safety of Journalists course. The research uses focus group interviews, field notes, study diaries, written tasks, and Teams’ chat logs of 11 students. Students’ reactions to the hazards highlight the importance of awareness for finding solutions and developing resilience. Proposed solutions include fostering self-assurance, enhancing interpersonal communication, setting boundaries to prevent burnout, and recognizing the significance of workers’ rights. However, finding some solutions was hindered by students’ experiences of media organizations neglecting worker well-being. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776958241248731 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||
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