First Author's last name (If organization is the publisher, with no individual authors, list the organization)

Year published

Link (If not publicly available, type Paywall)

What mental health conditions are covered? (Pick all categories that apply and if you are unsure, check other and paste the description directly from the article.)

What type of study? (numbers are approximate)

Quality of Research (Initial Impression)

Corroborates other patterns

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5247620/

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Includes a survey of research in the area up to 2017. Check out those resources

few navigation areas, topic areas, columns, few themes, few display distractions,
easy to moderate reading ease

(Added by Rashmi) Few navigation areas- reduce the cognitive effort required particularly for persons with SMI and potentially others, including those with cognitive impairments and limited skills or experience with technology and improve simplicty

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-07635-5_3.pdf

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Difficulty with navigation was the most common issue and other findings are also documented. ...The issues that tended to cause the most anxiety related to problems
with: locating information; poor navigation; malfunctioning search bars and a
complex purchasing process.

https://www.jmir.org/2016/6/e157/PDF

Literature Review or Study of Studies

One of the barrier reported by studies was difficulties with fine motor coordination (eg, clicking small
radio buttons, operating computer mouse, scrolling)

Corroborates a number of patterns "[People]with mental disorders encounter a wide range of barriers when using the Web that makes it difficult for them to perceive, understand, and operate this tool along with content contained therein. Most barriers result from distracting and confusing design, complicated content and website functions, an overabundance of information, and a high-demand for good fine-motor skills and rapid information processing. Persons affected by other conditions associated with cognitive dysfunction have also been known to experience many of these barriers as indicated by Web design guidelines. "

https://mhealth.jmir.org/2017/6/e83/

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

This was an initial study with gaps in its research methodology. The findings need to be supported elsewhere.

https://mental.jmir.org/2016/1/e7/

Literature Review or Study of Studies

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232468206_Designing_Websites_for_Persons_With_Cognitive_Deficits_Design_and_Usability_of_a_Psychoeducational_Intervention_for_Persons_With_Severe_Mental_Illness

Bipolar, Depression, Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, smi and schizophrenia spectrum disorder

Large qualitative (50+ participants)

flat hierarchy, explicit labeling, lower-level modules, familiar phrasing, and presenting text at a low reading level.

Access to and use of the internet by veterans with serious mental illness. E. Record, D. Medoff, L. Dixon, E. Klingaman, S. Park, S. Hack et al. Community Mental Health Journal 52:2, 2016. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-015-9868-2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5909962/

Bipolar, Depression, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Large qualitative (50+ participants)

Supporting choice, recovery, and participation: Clear and easy to understand information is the key to NDIS access for those with psychosocial disability. V. Stewart, K. Visser, & M. Slattery. Journal of Social Inclusion 11:2, 2020. URL:

https://josi.org.au/articles/172/galley/185/download/

Key relevant point: Desired number of participants not achieved. No statistical analysis done on data. Two people indicated plain language was important to their interaction with online content.

Users' experiences of an online intervention for bipolar disorder: important lessons for design and evaluation. A. Dodd, S. Mallinson, M. Griffiths, R. Morriss, S. Jones, F Lobban. Evidence Based Mental Health 20:4, 2017.

https://ebmh.bmj.com/content/20/4/133

Relations Among Loneliness, Social Anxiety, and Problematic Internet Use. S. Caplan. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2007. URL: https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9963

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Caplan/publication/6355025_Relations_Among_Loneliness_Social_Anxiety_and_Problematic_Internet_Use/links/5dfb8a0aa6fdcc28372d6dc2/Relations-Among-Loneliness-Social-Anxiety-and-Problematic-Internet-Use.pdf

preference for online social interaction (POSI) linked to social anxiety, loneliness.. good quality reserch

Predictors of overall and mental health-related internet use in adults with psychosis. K. Villagonzalo, C. Arnold, J. Farhall, S. Rossell, F. Foley, N. Thomas. Psychiatry research, 278, 2019. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.05.034

https://e-tarjome.com/storage/panel/fileuploads/2019-08-22/1566467146_E12720-e-tarjome.pdf

Bipolar, Depression, Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, a nonorganic psychotic disorder (schizophrenia-related disorder or bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder with psychotic features present within the past 2 years

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Suggests in-person support might be needed for people that do not have experience using the internet
Calls for user friendly, uncomplicated design and understandable content

Searching online to buy commonly prescribed psychiatric drugs. S. Monteith, T. Glenn. Psychiatry research 260, 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.037

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Scott-Monteith/publication/321076459_Searching_online_to_buy_commonly_prescribed_psychiatric_drugs/links/5a3ebf93aca272d2944ea329/Searching-online-to-buy-commonly-prescribed-psychiatric-drugs.pdf

Digital Technology Use Among Individuals with Schizophrenia: Results of an Online Survey. Katrina Gay, John Torous, Adam Joseph, Anand Pandya, Ken Duckworth https://mental.jmir.org/2016/2/e15?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=JMIR_TrendMD_0

https://mental.jmir.org/2016/2/e15?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=JMIR_TrendMD_0

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

Respondents also indicated that they were more likely to use technology when feeling well (58%, 265/457, reported “often” or “very often”) as compared to when they were experiencing many symptoms (30%, 137/457). " Future work will need to examine the causes and effects of digital device overuse in populations with schizophrenia; exploring how they use the Internet has the potential to reveal important insights. While we often consider those who are not connected and not using technology, ensuring that we also understand those who may be overconnected is also important, especially given how little we know about the impact of excessive digital device use on the symptoms and course of schizophrenia."

The lack of any strong signal regarding negative experiences with technology is also in line with a recent systematic review of the literature on mobile phone interventions in those with schizophrenia, which also found no evidence of adverse events such as increased paranoia, fear, or anger [13]. However, some who are afraid of technology may not have taken this Web-based survey, so it is difficult to generalize these results.

https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/appi.ps.201300432

Bipolar, Depression, Personality Disorders (Paranoid, Schozoid, Schitzotypical, Antisocial, borderline, historic, narcissitic, avoidant), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, "severe mental illness"

f 210 veterans with severe mental illness and in two other samples—a nationally representative 564 PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES ' ps.psychiatryonline.org ' April 2014 Vol. 65 No. 4 LETTERS sample of 8,710 veterans who participated in the 2010 National Survey of Veterans (NSV) (2) and a subset of 705 veterans in the 2010 NSV who were users of general mental health services.

Exploring Innovative Approaches. In The Intersection of Behavioral Health, Mental Health, and Health Literacy: Proceedings of a Workshop. Wojtowicz, A., Alper, J., & National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019, April).. National Academies Press (US).
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25278/the-intersection-of-behavioral-health-mental-health-and-health-literacy

https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25278/the-intersection-of-behavioral-health-mental-health-and-health-literacy

Literature Review or Study of Studies

Should we talk about r communicating and making decisions about health care has four dimensions?
1. understanding the nature as well as the risks and benefits of treatments and alternatives;
2. appreciating and applying the relevant information to one’s self and one’s own situation;
3. engaging in consequential and comparative reasoning and manipulating information rationally; and
4. expressing a clear and consistent decision.

Also it has some evidence pro flat design, for schizophrenia for short paths

Uniqueness of abrupt visual onset in capturing attention. J. Jonides, S. Yantis. Perception and Psychophysics 43(4), 1988. URL: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03208805.pdf

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03208805.pdf

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Rashmi (Comment-??It does not address a mental health condition should we add it to Analysis)

The Influences of Emotion on Learning and Memory. C. M. Tyng, H. U. Amin, M. N. M. Saad, A. S. Malik. Frontiers in Psychology, 24 August 2017. URL: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Corroborates all other patterns.

Rashmi (Comment-??It does not address a mental health condition should we add it to Analysis)

Smartphones in mental health: a critical review of background issues, current status and future concerns. M. Bauer, T. Glenn, J. Geddes, et al. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders 8:2, 2020. URL: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-019-0164-x

https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-019-0164-x

Literature Review or Study of Studies

The bibliography was useful. I've cross checked it against the mental health list and added promising articles that we didn't have.

Alavi SS, Maracy MR, Jannatifard F, Eslami M. The effect of psychiatric symptoms on the internet addiction disorder in Isfahan's University students. J Res Med Sci. 2011 Jun;16(6):793-800. PMID: 22091309; PMCID: PMC3214398.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3214398/

There was an association between psychiatric symptoms such as somatization, sensitivity, depression, anxiety, aggression, phobias, and psychosis with exception of paranoia; and diagnosis of Internet addiction controlling for age, sex, education level, marital status, and type of universities.

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Naslund, J.A., Bondre, A., Torous, J. et al. Social Media and Mental Health: Benefits, Risks, and Opportunities for Research and Practice. J. technol. behav. sci. 5, 245–257 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41347-020-00134-x

Literature Review or Study of Studies

https://www.mcleanhospital.org/essential/it-or-not-social-medias-affecting-your-mental-health

care needs to be inplace with social media, screen time and kids

Hökby S, Hadlaczky G, Westerlund J, et al. Are Mental Health Effects of Internet Use Attributable to the Web-Based Content or Perceived Consequences of Usage? A Longitudinal Study of European Adolescents. JMIR Ment Health. 2016;3(3):e31. Published 2016 Jul 13. doi:10.2196/mental.5925

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4963606/

Large quantitative (1,000+ participants)

Activities also differ regarding which negative consequences they produce, and those consequences (especially sleep loss and withdrawal) seem to predict mental health outcomes to a greater extent than the activities themselves. Therefore, it seems that time spent on the Internet and Web-based content are predictive of mental health mainly because they predict such negative consequences. These results underscore the importance of differentiating between generalized and specific forms of problematic Internet use. It also confirms that Internet use is not intrinsically harmful, but it depends on the activity that one engages in, and how it affects the individual. Change in mental health over time appears to be best predicted by changes in Internet-related sleep loss and withdrawal, and interventions to reduce harmful Internet use should therefore target such consequences. Positive consequences of Internet use may not predict mental health directly but might predict the propensity to engage in certain Web-based activities excessively or problematically. However, the causality between Internet use and mental health morbidity is complex and likely to be reciprocal, which means interventions or treatments of problematic Internet use might have to be multifaceted to be effective.

From envy to social anxiety and rumination: How social media site addiction triggers task distraction amongst nurses
Abdul Majid PhD,Muhammad Yasir PhD,Asad Javed MS,Parveen Ali PhD
First published: 31 December 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12948

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Bruce W. Hardy, Jessica Castonguay,
The moderating role of age in the relationship between social media use and mental well-being: An analysis of the 2016 General Social Survey,
Computers in Human Behavior,
Volume 85,
2018,
Pages 282-290,
ISSN 0747-5632,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.04.005.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563218301675)

https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271802/1-s2.0-S0747563218X00053/1-s2.0-S0747563218301675/am_s0.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEFcaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCIF9k5xKhbZzYLRDUUCc9TgmjkpCLrK280rvE6FJ4XpGdAiA2aZgl9OxjE3J0EDL5h5CVnEKiwKbCL3gBs5u7t5ZAZSr6AwgQEAQaDDA1OTAwMzU0Njg2NSIMIYpvwnj8gMGq6WTxKtcDsGsKwiVXATzcOm9k%2BwHo7s%2FKVnZ7VETe%2FkMQ%2FBW1JMFUj3mNMzUs3BD7PPtDFgN5lVSDV9b7VSpHwxkJLt3yC7vHxmr0Vk8%2B%2FDVVyR5mVvaa9sOnUb9i9fkJwLgspu%2BN4fgAFQCw9ynN5LLD9py4YrxdL%2BBlVWloFSZ2pB7yzuFeJn0F%2BrttOj3EXZ8TjngvztPbq1nAxJTSA8SxcB4rpM3E6AFKLJkItLHRFo0VI0DdtYSKvKhdetQGDQE7%2B73mdRHcT7vVKTvGfEieAskfoZ4Qit1WhCBvfYjkmdQlRXDYJL2%2BvY0QBRb%2F1xrtfODgkp11L%2BgNavl%2FV3RKVH%2FF2Jq35av0EB3eVnkXIG9yEVJSHtcVCAbXCkvxK0WPYPmhQ5AYADFJzNET4jojcxG7w%2B3G2h1u0eqcbRrQ5kVwWKgbRJp2fdxTmQZqFLGzKjga85Mi7HeBl45aUwYd%2FU22HckeUtbpzDC71q9XSJa2hwNdD1mys%2BkmbLKbV1aCHR6EqV4O3dsNqkihpRtbJErf3aQ7IKSnmno1JE6WHk%2FctF0E3SRk%2FK4WC%2FXEouD%2BmMGJ3tlyh3BfHb6xFE3s4om6MN%2BhqynaqnVKnDyHtmrr3pim%2BNah8JshMOj4sowGOqYBtsrjim9UZjgLEbbk2prU%2BtkJHsMYmwF8Kq0ealI2NJ9%2FhA9VEZUQMvh%2FPorL7kbviqPrxO7PTIsE6AMf5HYzLNuvvxW6kWUcCZx6ERaNfO2Y7jVCQohZkdqyAminGgtZNsfmOqa9Mde7Dimb%2FJB15zKHQjjo8OjKAmM4vM%2BUTGWIRBWErq7r0wHpd6mh%2BScDzObBoZugX3fIm6mZ1t8wYwoe1DawGg%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20211111T075929Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY2ZYNTR4W%2F20211111%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=7d44e3dfe8119b6b849e7e18919a798666353a5a5646b154d812d1ce80bd749a&hash=686c066d2127277768e1602f59f8d8693b84115876d250e2cdde26f521002c33&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0747563218301675&tid=pdf-0872a75e-dcc3-4a6f-811a-f82c8e82b5d2&sid=7dce07c128bec44b2b3a7429d71618e2c580gxrqb&type=client

Anxiety Disorders, Depression, keyed ionto "feeling like you are having a nervous breakdown

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

The relationship between social media and mental well-being is moderated by age.
For adults over 30, social media use increases anxiety.
For adults aged 18–29, social media use decreases anxiety.

Ziyad Abu Rahal, Limor Vadas, Iris Manor, Boaz Bloch, Avi Avital,
Use of information and communication technologies among individuals with and without serious mental illness,
Psychiatry Research,
Volume 266,
2018,
Pages 160-167,
ISSN 0165-1781,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.026.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016517811732348X)

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

https://ebmh.bmj.com/content/20/3/65

1154 social anxiety apps were reviewed

Kalckreuth, S., Trefflich, F. & Rummel-Kluge, C. Mental health related Internet use among psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Psychiatry 14, 368 (2014).

https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12888-014-0368-7.pdf

Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Automated Decision-Making and Big Data: Concerns for People With Mental Illness, S. Monteith & T. Glenn (2016),URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11920-016-0746-6

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11920-016-0746-6

Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar, Depression, Eating Disorders, Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, ADHD

People with mental illness may be most vulnerable to the risks related to errors and biases in algorithms and big data.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Helping or Harming? The Effect of Trigger Warnings on Individuals With Trauma Histories, Payton J. Jones, Benjamin W. Bellet, Richard J. McNally,2020,URL:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2167702620921341

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2167702620921341

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.9kf9kxvs2ak

Trigger warnings suggest that they are functionally inert or cause small adverse side effects.Trigger warnings counter therapeutically reinforce survivors’ view of their trauma as central to their identity.

Trigger warnings suggest that they are functionally inert or cause small adverse side effects.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Lipschitz J, Miller C, Hogan T, Burdick K, Lippin-Foster R, Simon S, Burgess J
Adoption of Mobile Apps for Depression and Anxiety: Cross-Sectional Survey Study on Patient Interest and Barriers to Engagement
JMIR Ment Health 2019;6(1):e11334
URL: https://mental.jmir.org/2019/1/e11334

https://mental.jmir.org/2019/1/e11334/

Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.5ly2qfik4kd0

One of the highest-rated reasons for not using apps for mental health is concerns about whether these apps could keep mental health information adequately private

Privacy concern of mobile health(mHealth) app( apps could keep mental health information of user adequately private)

Can social media cause PTSD? BBC Trending. 2015. URL: https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32852043

https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32852043

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

We understand easily that the consumption of unhealthy foods leads to illness. Users and content creators today need to understand that violent, disturbing, and negative content if overconsumed can have a similarly detrimental effect on the mind. User's need to be able to limit their consumption to stay mentally healthy.

When it comes to the possibility of developing something as serious at PTSD like symptoms online "There is a level of resilience that may be very high in some people and very low in others, and social media may actually affect particularly vulnerable people". This mentally vulnerable population may be worth considering within the category of cognitive disabilities, and it may be worth noting that in this case online content can CAUSE disabilities in this category.

Relating to images, audio and video: The responsibility of creators to avoid the infliction of secondary trauma on users. This goes beyond content warnings to the question of should something be shared at all.

Trigger Warnings, non-specific (ea. The following content could be disturbing)

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Going Online to Stay Connected: Online Social Participation Buffers the Relationship Between Pain and Depression, Shannon Ang, MA, Tuo-Yu Chen, PhD, September 2019, https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby109

https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby109 and https://news.umich.edu/social-media-buffers-depression-among-older-adults-with-pain/

Literature Review or Study of Studies

online social participation can alleviate the negative effects of pain on mental well-being.Online social networking sites should take care of cognitive impairment and the presence of computer anxiety so that old age people can use them easily.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.j1e2lpy69yi2

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Social Media Use and Its Connection to Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Fazida Karim, Azeezat A Oyewande, Lamis F Abdalla, Reem Chaudhry Ehsanullah, Safeera Khan .Cureus. 2020 Jun; 12(6): e8627. Published online 2020 Jun 15 URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364393/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7364393/

Literature Review or Study of Studies

This systematic review has found that social media envy can affect the level of anxiety and depression in individuals. In addition, other potential causes of anxiety and depression have been identified, which require further exploration.

jmcsorleya11y@gmail.com

O’Neil, Cathy. Weapons of Math Destruction. 2016; Chapter 6 Personality Tests; Chapter 10 Facebook experiments. https://www.amazon.com/Weapons-Math-Destruction-Increases-Inequality/dp/0553418815.

https://www.amazon.com/Weapons-Math-Destruction-Increases-Inequality/dp/0553418815

Literature Review or Study of Studies

The use of personality tests in job applications can be very harmful to and discriminatory against people with mental health conditions. Also, predatory advertising or news feeds that are designed to invoke an emotional response can also have a negative impact. Facebook conducted experiments that showed it is possible to influence emotional states and political opinions based on what is directed to a person's news feed.

The misuse of algorithms has the potential to cause financial harm to people with cognitive and/or mental health conditions. For example, in 2015 Facebook filed for a patent and part of that patent was for an algorithm that could help financial institutions run credit scores of the people in a person's social network and use that data to determine whether or not to approve that person's loan application.

Any data collected should be clearly communicated and how that data is going to be used should be transparent. It should be simple for users to see their data and make corrections when they discover errors.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

With over exposure of social media pretweens girls are highly likely to be exposed to material that they neither fully understand nor evaluate sufficiently critically.
Time spent on these social networking sites produced stronger correlations with body image concern than did overall Internet exposure.This may lead to reduced self esteem,dieting and eating disorder.
It was concluded that the Internet represents a potent sociocultural force among preteenage girls.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0272431613501083?journalCode=jeaa&

Body image,Body surveillance,Reduced body esteem

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

With over exposure of social media pretweens girls are highly likely to be exposed to material that they neither fully understand nor evaluate sufficiently critically.
Time spent on these social networking sites produced stronger correlations with body image concern than did overall Internet exposure.
It was concluded that the Internet represents a potent sociocultural force among preteenage girls.

Negative effect of social media on mental health

added concerns about reduced self esteem and eating disorders

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Shakya HB, Christakis NA. Association of Facebook Use With Compromised Well-Being: A Longitudinal Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2017 Feb URL:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093386/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093386/

Large quantitative (1,000+ participants)

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University

https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/08/16/excessive-use-facebook-could-trigger-depression-study-finds (New article)

https://www.thedrum.com/news/2021/08/16/excessive-use-facebook-could-trigger-depression-study-finds

Not specified in the news article

Study says excessive use of Facebook could induce higher levels of envy, which led to feelings of depression. Also people with signs of depression linked to Facebook spend even more time on social networking sites, leading to a vicious circle of depression.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Hu, Ruimin; Feng, Jinjuan Heidi (2015). Investigating Information Search by People with Cognitive Disabilities. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing,2015
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigating-Information-Search-by-People-with-URL : Hu-Feng/3d3585ad66f8f7ba2d5386ba2a6ebb90ba8d0bcf

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Investigating-Information-Search-by-People-with-Hu-Feng/3d3585ad66f8f7ba2d5386ba2a6ebb90ba8d0bcf

Down syndrome, Autism, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Dementia, Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), Cerebral Palsy, and Fragile X Syndrome.

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.stt6s3yum2oo

Easy customization function that allows people with cognitive disabilities to set the number of links on each page and modify the way those links are presented

1. Suggested pattern uses deep structure instead of broad structure for the sites
( 4.3.2 Make the Site Hierarchy Easy to Understand and Navigate )

2. Spell check should be provided for search functionality(Provide Search 4.3.6)

3. Provide Breadcrumbs as it gives users a clear path of the navigation history.(4.3)

4. “Home” button highly visible using larger sizes, bright colors, and appealing icons. (4.2.2.5)

Example:https://abilitynet.org.uk/free-tech-support-and-info/webinars?sort_by=field_webinar_date_value&sort_order=DESC&items_per_page=20&change-focus=true here user can set number of items(links) per page

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Rotondi A, Grady J, Hanusa B, Haas G, Spring M, Abebe K, Luther J, Gurklis J
Key Variables for Effective eHealth Designs for Individuals With and Without Mental Health Disorders: 2^12-4 Fractional Factorial Experiment
J Med Internet Res 2021
URL: https://www.jmir.org/2021/3/e23137

https://www.jmir.org/2021/3/e23137

Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Severe Mental Illness(SMI)

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Seven of the key variables that influence how effective eHealth
intervention designs are for those with and without mental health
disorders are- navigational depth, number of hyperlinks per page,
presence of a pop-up menu, reading level, page length, the
number of words per page, and a participant’s skills with the
technologies. Other key point the study suggests- users prefer paging over scrolling but adding more pages may be more inconvenient as user may lost in deep hierarchy

Easy customization function that allows people with Mental health disorders to set the number of links on each page

The depth of navigation, that is, the number
of screens one needs to navigate through to reach the desired
contents is the most important variable for usability. ( 4.3.2 Make the Site Hierarchy Easy to Understand and Navigate )

New Addition to original review:The design lesson may be that the best designs,
in terms of quantitative effectiveness and user preferences, will
minimize the need to scroll and will, at the same time, use a
shallow navigational structure that relies on paging.

Specific features of current and emerging mobile health apps: user views among people with and without mental health problems. L. Thornton and F. Kay-Lambkin. MHealth Vol 4 December 2018. URL: https://mhealth.amegroups.com/article/view/22771/html.

https://mhealth.amegroups.com/article/view/22771/html

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

This measured user reaction to features of health related applications in particular. No statistically notable connection was found between the user having a history of mental illness and their experience of these features. However there was a notable correlation between being unemployed or home employed and citing more difficulties and concerns with features. As under employment and home employment are more common for people with mental health and other cognitive differences this may be something worth exploring.

Study noted that all users has concerns about privacy and their data being inappropriately shared.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Armando J. Rotondi, Shaun M. Eack, Barbara H. Hanusa, Michael B. Spring, Gretchen L. Haas, Title: Critical Design Elements of E-Health Applications for Users With Severe Mental Illness: Singular Focus, Simple Architecture, Prominent Contents, Explicit Navigation, and Inclusive Hyperlinks, 2015, URL-https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt194

https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/41/2/440/2526083?login=true

Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Severe Mental Illness(SMI)

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

It provides evidence based guidelines that to design e-health applications for persons with SMI (Severe mental illness) the most important features are
1)Minimize application's layer or hierarchy
2) Use explicit text
3)Employ navigational memory aids(like pop-up menus)
4)Group hyperlinks in one area, and
5)Minimize the number of different subjects an application addresses

the text of hyperlinks should be as explicit as possible

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Hasson, D., Anderberg, U.M., Theorell, T. et al. Psychophysiological effects of a web-based stress management system: A prospective, randomized controlled intervention study of IT and media workers ,2005
URL:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-78

https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-5-7

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Web-based interventions for stress management offers promising advantages like 24-hour accessibility, possibility for interaction, instant feedback and support, scalability .One major disadvantage and risk, however, is the lack of quality assurance of web-based health sites and interventions. There are no international agreed upon guidelines for assessment, and users of these services may receive misleading or incorrect information that may potentially be harmful to health and wellbeing.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Eric D. Achtyes, Dror Ben-Zeev, Zhehui Luo, Heather Mayle, Brandi Burke, Armando J. Rotondi, Jennifer D. Gottlieb, Mary F. Brunette, Kim T. Mueser, Susan Gingerich, Piper S. Meyer-Kalos, Patricia Marcy, Nina R. Schooler, Delbert G. Robinson, John M. Kane,
Off-hours use of a smartphone intervention to extend support for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders recently discharged from a psychiatric hospital,
Schizophrenia Research,Year:2019 URL:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996418306777?via%3Dihub

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996418306777?via%3Dihub

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Smartphone applications(Technology-delivered healthcare interventions) may function as a useful adjunctive support for patients with schizophrenia during both on- and off-hours

G Mark. Gudith. U Klocke. CHI '08: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsApril 2008 Pages 107–110 https://doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357072

Paywall https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.1145/1357054.1357072

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Interruptions degrade quality of work, whether the interruptions are similar to current task or not. Users who are less open to experiences and need more rigid processes and boundaries are more affected.

G Mark, S T Iqbal, M Czerwinski, P Johns, A Sano, Email Duration, Batching and Self-interruption: Patterns of Email Use on Productivity and Stress, 2016 URL: https://www.ics.uci.edu/~gmark/Home_page/Publications_files/CHI%2016%20Email%20Duration.pdf

https://www.ics.uci.edu/~gmark/Home_page/Publications_files/CHI%2016%20Email%20Duration.pdf

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

Interruptions, internal or external, are detrimental to stress, particularly email. This can be from the tone, content, etc. of the email.

M Kuniecki, J Pilarczyk, S Pilarczyk. The color red attracts attention in an emotional context. An ERP study. April 2015. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212/full

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00212/full

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

T Thielsch, C Thielsch. Depressive symptoms and web user experience. 2018 URL: https://peerj.com/articles/4439/

https://peerj.com/articles/4439/

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

Y Muranaka; M Al-Sada; T Nakajima. Unobtrusive notification based on auditory changes in ambient music. 2021 IEEE 3rd Global Conference on Life Sciences and Technologies (LifeTech). URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9391913

Paywall https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9391913

Small qualitative (10 or less participants)

Customizations that lightly notify without pulling a user off of their current task are less distracting and still informative enough.

zhangjenniferx@gmail.com

J Gallud; R Tesoriero. Smartphone Notifications: A Study on the Sound to Soundless Tendency. Mobile HCI 2015. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.1145/2786567.2793706

Paywall https://dl.acm.org/doi/epdf/10.1145/2786567.2793706

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

Over time users prefer to have softer/calmer notifications (example teens vs. adults, or new tech users vs. experienced tech users). Related to distractions and actionability (adults and experienced preferred to take action more often and set less noisy notification settings.

zhangjenniferx@gmail.com

K Lukasik; O Waris; A Soveri; M Lehtonen; M Laine. The Relationship of Anxiety and Stress With Working Memory Performance in a Large Non-depressed Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, Jan 2019. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00004/full

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00004/full

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

A. K. Przybylski, K. Murayama, C. R. DeHaan, V. Gladwell. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out Jan 01 2013 URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563213000800#ab005

Paywall https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0747563213000800#ab005

Various studies, various sizes

Granular notification settings to reduce FOMO (and reduce effects of lower moods from FOMO)

This study does not seem relevant from the brief

N Cowan. The magical number 4 in short-term
memory: A reconsideration
of mental storage capacity, 2000. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/div-classtitlethe-magical-number-4-in-short-term-memory-a-reconsideration-of-mental-storage-capacitydiv/44023F1147D4A1D44BDC0AD226838496

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/behavioral-and-brain-sciences/article/div-classtitlethe-magical-number-4-in-short-term-memory-a-reconsideration-of-mental-storage-capacitydiv/44023F1147D4A1D44BDC0AD226838496

Various articles combined under one topic

Users can only keep about 4 chunks of memory in their heads. If they have to keep more, they start losing previously stored information or it becomes jumbled.

This has implications for mental health as spoon theory would suggest that these chunks decrease as stress or ability to function decreases.

S T Iqbal, B P Bailey. Oasis: A framework for linking notification delivery to the perceptual structure of goal-directed tasks 2010. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI). URL: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=oCQdMjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=oCQdMjoAAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=oCQdMjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=oCQdMjoAAAAJ:Se3iqnhoufwC

Other related papers that contribute to the pattern suggested: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=oCQdMjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=oCQdMjoAAAAJ:IjCSPb-OGe4C https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=oCQdMjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=oCQdMjoAAAAJ:2osOgNQ5qMEC https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=oCQdMjoAAAAJ&citation_for_view=oCQdMjoAAAAJ:qjMakFHDy7sC

Actionable directed notifications only, and allow users to choose when and how to get notifications.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01587919.2017.1369348

Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Mental health disability

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.gbsn1p7sts9v

Due to the cognitive limitations people with mental health disabilities process the information slowly .This along with fear of not having enough time increase anxiety and stress which in turn reduces their efficiency further.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Monteith, S., Glenn, T., Geddes, J. et al. Internet of things issues related to psychiatry. Int J Bipolar Disord 9, 11 (2021)
URL:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-020-00216-y

//doi.org/10.1186/s40345-020-00216-y

Literature Review or Study of Studies

The use of IoT devices assist in providing medical care to patients including for bipolar disorder and other mental illness. IoT devices are eroding the boundaries between public and private.
Massive amounts of data from all possible digital activities through IoT are collected.
People with mental illness may be especially at risk of harm from
errors and biases in data and algorithms associated with automated decision making
Privacy is a particularly important concern for individuals with psychiatric disorders, especially due to the stigma.

There should be ways for providing Privacy and security of data and information shared through IoT (Internet of Things)

Facebook Knows Instagram Is Toxic for Teen Girls, Company Documents Show. G. Wells, J. Horwitz, D Seetharaman. Wall Street Journal, September 14th, 2021. https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-knows-instagram-is-toxic-for-teen-girls-company-documents-show-11631620739

Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Eating Disorders, body dysmorphia

Small qualitative (10 or less participants)

Difficulties Encountered by People With Depression and Anxiety on the Web: Qualitative Study and Web-Based Expert Survey. R. Bernard, C. Sabariego, & A. Cieza. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(10), e12514, 2019. URL: https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e12514/

https://www.jmir.org/2019/10/e12514/

Medium qualitative (11-50 participants)

User would like more control over their personal data and the kind of content they are shown on social media.

some difficulties identified for the study is vague. For example one MHP (invited experts) describes an unintuitive website as "using too many shapes" and "unnecessarily using bright colors." The definitions for "too many" and "unnecessary" was not elaborated in the research and are open to interpretation and subjectivity.

anxiety, body dysmorphia or other mental conditions triggered by social media content.

zhangjenniferx@gmail.com

J. L Szalma, P.A. Hancock. Human Computer Interaction Fundamentals. 2009. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.7291&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=110

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.458.7291&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=110

Literature Review or Study of Studies

High level ideas like "user interfaces need to be designed to be less stressful," "users like to feel like they are being successful," and "users need to be able to customize their technology environment." (My paraphrasing.) Some of the papers referenced could be interesting to follow up on if we can access them.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdgth.2021.742196/full

Literature Review or Study of Studies

Physical, sensory, and cognitive disabilities often co-occur with mental health conditions adding layers of digital accessibility concerns for individuals
None of the existing evaluations framework evolved for mental health apps consider accessibility. Assessing user experience may not identify accessibility issues.

3.3.1 Clear Language
Failing to apply accessibility guidelines to privacy policies may result in overwhelmingly complex policies written at college-level reading levels requiring additional time and effort to understand .This is especially critical for those using a mental health app, who might
need clear assurances that sensitive personal data such as what is
shared in a mental health app will be treated with respect.

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Design Council 2018 ,Designing good mental health into the way we bank Our insights with Monzo Bank,URL: https://medium.com/design-council/designing-good-mental-health-into-the-way-we-bank-5082257beb8b

https://medium.com/design-council/designing-good-mental-health-into-the-way-we-bank-5082257beb8b

Mental health conditions, stress,anxiety,gambling addiction

Article about designing features based on user research with bank customers

Research has found that mental health conditions can have an impact on spending, something which banks and financial institutions often neglect.
This research has resulted in Monzo designing product features to help those with mental health conditions, including real-time balance updates to increase financial visibility and an option to block transactions relating to gambling.
Positive Friction in processes like financial transactions can give users more protection, a safety net when things can go wrong, whether big or small

Simple copywriting throughout the product(3.3.1 Clear language), avoiding confusing jargon(4.4.1(Use clear words),having customer support 3.7.1 (Help) all these help in combat stress and anxiety

Banking for All: Why Financial Institutions Need to Offer Supportive Banking Features
Brittany Farr, phd, Brian Cash, Annie Harper, phd. The Ludwig Center for Community and Economic, Development at Yale Law School, Program for Recovery and Community Health (PRCH), Yale, Department of Psychiatry, Connecticut Mental Health Center Foundation April 2019, https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/clinic/document/banking_for_all_cedc.report.final.pdf

https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/clinic/document/banking_for_all_cedc.report.final.pdf

Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar, Depression, Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders, Personality Disorders (Paranoid, Schozoid, Schitzotypical, Antisocial, borderline, historic, narcissitic, avoidant), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Psychosis, Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder

Literature Review or Study of Studies

1. supported desion making: such as n Increased impulsivity, which can
make it harder to resist the temptation to spend. or make other desions for themselves
positive friction, such as

-Self-Imposed Spending limit (per website or shop?)
-cooling off period
-double conformation
-notifing someone maybe with View-Only Account Access
Mobile Banking Notifications
algeritmic support to identify dark patterns and explotation (such as tichets bought in someone elses name
Customizable

2. allow for customizable supported design making (helper)
up to the user:
-consent required
-view only (to give support) with notifications
-view and cancelation only

the second and third options works well with a cooling off period were the care taker can give advice and the user can have the time needed to cancel. an option may be to allow helper to cancel, but not do transactions.

note user needs change with time, for example a user with bi-poler can need support duering manic phases. when the condition is under control it may not be needed, or the settings can be readjusted to be less obtrusive . algerims could renstate notification for a diffrent level of risk.

note some items need forms and some should not be included:
fetures (page 22) included: Customizable Mobile Spending Limit , Duplicate Accoun,t Online Monitoring,
Notifications on Debit Cards Statements

not all actions shoulc be subject to all of the above. for example change of address is only online monetering.

View-Only Consent, Revocation, Third-Party Monitoring information may be Online Monitoring and Notifications

---
note legal and privacy requirements may be in play.State privacy laws may impact the form
of consent that financial institutions use for implementing supportive-banking features.
. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (GLBA) permits disclosure of nonpublic
personal information so long as the financial institution acquires advance
consent from the consumer.
Financial institutions should acquire customers’ consent prior to sending
any text message notifications.


The Electronic Fund Transfer Act (EFTA) and Regulation E protects consumers
against unauthorized transactions. The Consumer Financial Protection
Bureau (CFPB) encourages financial institutions to report activity that
signals financial exploitation, and many states have mandatory reporting
requirements.

details of conversation difficult can be difficult

An affected ability to process complex information, such as comparing different offers
-A reduced motivation to complete routine tasks,
which could include managing bills
- A shortened attention span, which
can make concentrating on complicated financial decisions difficult
- Increased difficulty in communicating with financial services providers, which includes asking for help
during unanticipated events
- Increased impulsivity, which can
make it harder to resist the temptation to spend
- Short-term memory problems,
which can make remembering passwords, due dates for bills, or details
of conversation difficult

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Yu R. Stress potentiates decision biases: A stress induced deliberation-to-intuition (SIDI) model. Neurobiol Stress. 2016 Feb URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146206/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146206/

Anxiety Disorders, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Stress

Literature Review or Study of Studies

When under stress, fast and effortless heuristics may dominate over slow and demanding deliberation in making decisions under uncertainty. The author reviewed evidence from behavioral studies and neuroimaging research on decision making under stress and propose that stress elicits a switch from an analytic reasoning system to intuitive processes.
Stress may interfere in this competition between emotion and cognitive functioning and thereby impair decision-making.
The review provides a relatively comprehensive summary of stress and economic decision-making and proposes that stress may potentiate decision biases.
The stress induced deliberation-to-intuition model (SIDI) provides testable hypotheses and can guide future research in this direction

kirkwood@citymouse.com

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6579/ab2057

Bipolar, Depression, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Stress

Literature Review or Study of Studies

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1XWmikm5Ein5CQ02knEJ5iGzO1YJMilTMBJ_aLVCTzs0/edit#heading=h.u4f8q7bsn6yt

This is a good overview of the ongoing research aiming at monitoring individuals suffering from mental health and neurological disorders. But shows still in early stages and there is a lack of formalized consensus and remarks that “the revolutions in technology and information science is expected to have an important impact on global mental health and neurological disorders”
Proactive measurement would be a good for medical model of care for mental health
“Instead of the current model of care, which is largely reactive (i.e. administered when symptoms are presented), improved measurements which are more objective, continuous and passive can move the health system toward being more proactive and to preventive interventions”

Designing for stressed out users: Part 1. H. Locke. Medium. 2021, December 23. URL: https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-1-4489793dbe41

https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-1-4489793dbe41

Avoid design patterns that are complicated, time-consuming, difficult to use, unfamiliar to the user or make the user feel out of control.

Objectives 1, 2, 3 and 7 in Content Usable address the patterns gleaned from this article.

added Stress for mental health conditions covered

Designing for stressed out users: Part 2. H. Locke. Medium. 2021, December 23. URL: https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-2-efc00857ad3e

https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-2-efc00857ad3e

4.5.4 Design Forms to Prevent Mistakes (Pattern) in Content Usable

Designing for stressed out users: Part 3. H. Locke. 2020, May 2. Medium. URL: https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-3-4c076c1955fc

https://medium.com/@h_locke/designing-for-stressed-out-users-part-3-4c076c1955fc

rashmirkatakwar@gmail.com

Bridgland, Victoria & Jones, Payton & Bellet, Benjamin. (2022). A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Trigger Warnings, Content Warnings, and Content Notes. URL: 10.31219/osf.io/qav9m.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362875663_A_Meta-Analysis_of_the_Efficacy_of_Trigger_Warnings_Content_Warnings_and_Content_Notes

Anxiety Disorders, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Literature Review or Study of Studies

The study found that trigger warnings have no effect on emotional reactions to warned-of material
• Trigger warnings(TW) do not mitigate distress.
• Trigger warnings do not seem to increase the avoidance of warned-of material.
• Trigger warnings foster a “forbidden fruit effect” where warnings actually increase rather than decrease attraction to potentially negative material.
• Findings likely reflect the “Pandora effect,” which suggests that people have a general tendency to approach rather than avoid stimuli that has been marked as aversive and uncertain
• Trigger warnings appear to reliably increase anticipatory anxiety about upcoming content.
• According to the current literature, the extra negative emotions induced by trigger warnings serve no productive purpose.
• At best, warnings have no effect on the comprehension of material for students. At worst – because trigger warnings seem to reliably increase anticipatory anxiety responses – trigger warnings have the potential to increase apprehension and anxiousness about student attending class.

According to the study -Existing research on content warnings, content notes, and trigger warnings suggests that they are fruitless, though they do reliably induce a period of uncomfortable anticipation.
Although many questions warrant further investigation, trigger warnings should not be used as a mental health tool.

Personalization settings to remove or hide trigger warnings

sueliaparecidadealmeidasillva@gmail.com

Que devo fazer?

O que eu faço?

Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar, Depression, Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders, Eating Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive, Personality Disorders (Paranoid, Schozoid, Schitzotypical, Antisocial, borderline, historic, narcissitic, avoidant), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, Enem

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

Boysen, G. A., Isaacs, R. A., Tretter, L., & Markowski, S. (2021). Trigger warning efficacy: The impact of warnings on affect, attitudes, and learning. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 7(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/stl0000150

Although PTSD, phobias, panic disorders, and OCD are mentioned as being possible beneficiaries of trigger warnings, the study specifically doesn't test such groups.

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

Three straightforward studies (2 with a general population, 1 with college students) examining the effects of trigger warnings on affect, learning, and attitudes (specifically in the context of psychology education).

Overall, trigger warnings appear to have little impact on affect or learning, but they do increase people’s belief that warnings are necessary for sensitive topics.

Like many educational trends, the importance of trigger warnings appears to have been overstated, and empirical evidence supports, at best, their judicious application rather than wholesale adoption.

The paper suggests it is possible that trigger warnings are ineffective among the general population but effective among clinical populations.

Something Distressing This Way Comes: The Effects of Trigger Warnings on Avoidance Behaviors in an Analogue Trauma Task. V.M.E. Bridgland, M.K.T. Takarangi. Behavior Therapy 53, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2021.10.005

Anxiety Disorders, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Small quantitative (100-399 participants)

* A trauma analogue design to assess people’s avoidance behavior in response to stimuli directly related to an analogue trauma event.
* University undergraduates (n = 199) watched a traumatic film and then viewed film image stills preceded by either a trigger warning or a neutral task instruction. Participants had the option to “cover” and avoid each image.
* Apart from a minor increase in avoidance when a warning appeared in the first few trials, participants did not overall avoid negative stimuli prefaced with a trigger warning any more than stimuli without a warning.
* Study contributes to the growing body of literature demonstrating that warnings seem trivially effective in achieving their purported goals.

Trigger warnings as an interpersonal emotion-regulation tool: Avoidance,attention, and affect depend on beliefs. I. Gainsburg, A. Earl. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 79, 2018. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.006

Anxiety Disorders, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Although PTSD, phobias, panic disorders, and OCD are mentioned as being possible beneficiaries of trigger warnings, the study specifically doesn't test such groups.

Medium quantitative (400-1099 participants)

Three studies (with Mechanical Turk participants) examining the effects of trigger warnings on anticipated affect, emotion-regulation behavior, and experienced affect.

* Study 1 demonstrated that anticipated anxiety for warned-of content predicts intentions to avoid information.
* Study 2 participants showed higher anticipated negative affect for videos with trigger warnings, compared to those without, and this mediated increased avoidance for warned-of videos.
* Study 3 showed that trigger warnings preceding essays increased anticipated negative affect and attentional-regulation strategies, but reduced experiences of negative affect.

Across the studies, believing that trigger warnings are protective (versus coddling) increased their effect on anticipated negative affect, but weakened their effect on experienced negative affect.

Trigger warnings can reduce negative emotions but can also increase avoidance. Thus, trigger warnings introduce difficult-to-weigh tradeoffs: the avoidance of warned-of content
might have short-term emotion-regulation benefits, but also could hypothetically
result in decreased memory for important material or prevent people from learning to cope with distressing content. On the other hand, by reducing negative emotional experiences or signaling
supportive environments, trigger warnings might promote engagement with otherwise distressing material in the long run.

Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, Hudders L, Ponnet K.

How Adolescents Use Social Media to Cope with Feelings of Loneliness and Anxiety During COVID-19 Lockdown. Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, Hudders L, Ponnet K. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2021 Apr;24(4):250-257. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2020.0478. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PMID: 33185488.

. Annual Research Review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: facts, fears, and future directions. Odgers CL, Jensen MR. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2020 Mar;61(3):336-348. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13190. Epub 2020 Jan 17. PMID: 31951670; PMCID: PMC8221420.