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AuthorsTitleDateJournal or book (if applicable)CitationsDiscipline of journal (if applicable)Discipline of journal explicitly related to cognitive science?Discipline of journal explicitly related to AI or computer science?Academic department of lead author or title if department unavailableCountry of institutionFocused on consciousness or sentience debates?Focused on artificial sentience?Concludes that artificial sentience is possible or will occur in practice? (if applicable)Other comments on focusNotes on conclusions
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Harnad, StevanCan a Machine Be Conscious? How?2003Journal of Consciousness Studies103Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoCognition Neuroscience Center, Université du Québec à MontréalCanadaYesYesProbably
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Himma, Kenneth EinarArtificial Agency, Consciousness, and the Criteria for Moral Agency: What Properties Must an Artificial Agent Have to Be a Moral Agent?2009Ethics and Information Technology139Computer Science, EthicsNoYesDepartment of Philosophy, Seattle Pacific UniversityUnited StatesPartlyYesNAMoral agencyMoral agency depends on consciousness
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Chella, Antonio, Marcello Frixione, and Salvatore GaglioA Cognitive Architecture for Robot Self-consciousness2008Artificial Intelligence in Medicine62Computer Science, biologyNoYesDepartment of Computer Engineering, Universit`a di PalermoItalyYesYesNAFocused on giving "a robot the capabilities of self-consciousness"
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Tadashi Kitamura, Tomoko Tahara, and Ken-Ichi AsamiHow Can a Robot Have Consciousness?2000Advanced Robotics21Computer Science, artificial intelligenceNoYesDepartment of Mechanical System Engineering, Kyushu Institute of TechnologyJapanYesYesNA"This paper investigates human consciousness in comparison with a robots’ internal state"
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Thompson, DennisCan a Machine Be Conscious?1965British Journal for the Philosophy of Science11Philosophy of scienceNoNoPhilosophy, HarvardUnited StatesYesYesProbably
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Reggia, James AThe Rise of Machine Consciousness: Studying Consciousness with Computational Models2013Neural Networks105Psychology, neurobiology, computer science, engineering, mathematics, and physicsNoYesDepartment of Computer Science, University of MarylandUnited StatesYesYesUnclear/mixedReview of the "field" of "artificial consciousness": "There have been two main motivations for this controversial work: to develop a better scientific understanding of the nature of human/animal consciousness and to produce machines that genuinely exhibit conscious awareness."
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Holland, OwenMachine Consciousness2009Oxford Companion to Consciousness (book)142Department of Computer Science, University of EssexUnited KingdomYesYes(Inaccessible)
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Gamez, DavidProgress in Machine Consciousness2008Consciousness and Cognition118Cognitive science, neuropathology, neurophysiology,YesNoDepartment of Computer Science, University of EssexUnited KingdomPartlyYesNA"This paper is a review of the work that has been carried out on machine consciousness"
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Chella, Antonio, and Riccardo ManzottiArtificial Consciousness2013NA (book)81Department of Computer Engineering, Universit`a di PalermoItalyYesYesUnclear/mixedSummary of one chapter: "Contrary to the current majority opinion in machine consciousness research, he argues that the biological autonomy of living bodies is likely to be a necessary condition for many forms of self and consciousness."
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Holland, Owen, and Rod GoodmanRobots with Internal Models a Route to Machine Consciousness?2003Journal of Consciousness Studies 150Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoDepartment of Computer Science, University of EssexUnited KingdomYesYesNA"We are engineers, and our view of consciousness is shaped by an engineering ambition: we would like to build a conscious machine"
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Buttazzo, GiorgioArtificial Consciousness: Utopia or Real Possibility?2001Computer 83Computing and ProcessingNoYesProfessor of computer engineering at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna of PisaItalyYesYesProbably
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Squires, Euan J.Can a Machine be Conscious?1990Conscious Mind in the Physical World (book)171Other or unidentifiableOther or unidentifiableYesYesUnclear/mixed
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Haikonen, Pentti O.Consciousness and Robot Sentience2012NA (book)44Department of Philosophy, University of Illinois at SpringfieldUnited StatesYesYesProbablyAlso focused on working out how to develop machine consciousness
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Torrance, SteveEthics and Consciousness in Artificial Agents2008AI and Society79Artificial intelligenceNoYesSchool of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex UniversityUnited KingdomYesYesProbably not
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Franklin, StanA Conscious Artifact?2003Journal of Consciousness Studies168Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoInstitute for Intelligent Systems, The University of MemphisUnited StatesYesYesProbably"we describe a software agent, IDA, that is 'conscious' in the sense of implementing that theory of consciousness... It's tempting to think of her as a conscious artifact. Is such a view in any way justified? The remainder of the paper considers this question."
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Haikonen, Pentti O.The Cognitive Approach to Conscious Machines2003NA (book)173Department of Philosophy, University of Illinois at SpringfieldUnited StatesYesYesUnclear/mixedAlso focused on working out how to develop machine consciousness
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Dennett, Daniel C.Consciousness in Human and Robot Minds1997Cognition, Computation, and Consciousness (book)64Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts UniversityUnited StatesYesYesUnclear/mixed
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Dennett, Daniel C.The Practical Requirements for Making a Conscious Robot1994Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences87Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Engineering, Earth scienceNoNoCenter for Cognitive Studies, Tufts UniversityUnited StatesYesYesUnclear/mixed
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Seth, Anil,The Strength of Weak Artificial Consciousness2009International Journal of Machine Consciousness36Computer Science, artificial intelligence, cognitive scienceYesYesDepartment of Informatics, University of SussexUnited KingdomYesYesProbably"The approach I advocate involves using synthetic models to develop "explanatory correlates" that can causally account for deep, structural properties of conscious experience."
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Rakover, Sam S.Consciousness Explained?: A Commentary on Dennett's Consciousness Explained1994International Studies in Philosophy68PhilosophyNoNoDepartment of Psychology, University of HaifaIsraelYesPartly(Inaccessible)
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Fingelkurts, Andrew A., Alexander A. Fingelkurts, and Carlos F. H. Neves“Machine” Consciousness and “Artificial” Thought: An Operational Architectonics Model Guided Approach2012Brain Research30Neuroscience, cognitive science, biologyPartlyNoBrain and Mind Technologies Research CentreFinlandPartlyYesNA"We hope that the conceptual–theoretical framework described in this paper will stimulate the interest of mathematicians and/or computer scientists to abstract and formalize principles of hierarchy of brain operations which are the building blocks for phenomenal consciousness and thought."
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Chella, Antonio, and Salvatore GaglioA Cognitive Approach to Robot Self-Consciousness2007AAAI Fall Symposium: AI and Consciousness (book)4Department of Computer Engineering, Universit`a di PalermoItalyYesYesUnclear/mixed
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Cardon, AlainArtificial Consciousness, Artificial Emotions, and Autonomous Robots2006Cognitive Processing46Cognitive Science (artificial intelligence, computer science and knowledge engineering, linguistics, mathematics, neuroscience, philosophy and cognitive anthropology, psychology, robotics)YesYesComputer Science Laboratory in ParisFrancePartlyYesNA"We propose to develop a computable transposition of the consciousness concepts into artificial brains, able to express emotions and consciousness facts."
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Clowes, Robert, Steve Torrance, and Ron ChrisleyMachine Consciousness: Embodiment and Imagination2007Journal of Consciousness Studies 42Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoSchool of Engineering and Informatics, University of SussexUnited KingdomYesYesNA"The work from several laboratories on the modeling of consciousness is reviewed.""The upshot of this chapter is that studying consciousness through the design of machines is likely to have two major outcomes. The first is to provide a wide-ranging computational language to express the concept of consciousness. The second is to suggest a wide-ranging set of computational methods for building competent machinery that benefits from the flexibility of conscious representations."
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Papacharissi, ZiziA Networked Self and Human Augmentics, Artificial Intelligence, Sentience2018NA (book)6Communication Department, University of Illinois-ChicagoUnited StatesPartlyPartlyNA
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Haikonen, Pentti O.Robot Brains: Circuits and Systems for Conscious Machines2007NA (book)101Department of Philosophy, University of Illinois at SpringfieldUnited StatesYesYes(Inaccessible)
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Bringsjord, Selmer, John Licato, Naveen Sundar Govindarajulu, Rikhiya Ghosh, and Atriya SenReal Robots that Pass Human Tests of Self-Consciousness2015IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) (book)53Department of Computer Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic InstituteUnited StatesPartlyPartlyProbably"In this paper we explain and demonstrate the engineering that now makes this [robots passing various tests of self-consciousness] theoretical possibility actual, both in the simulator known as ‘PAGI World’ (used for testing AIs), and in real (= physical) robots interacting with a human tester."
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McDermott, DrewArtificial Intelligence and Consciousness2007The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness (book)45Department of Computer Science, Yale UniversityUnited StatesYesYesUnclear/mixed
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Starzyk, Janusz A., and Dilip K. PrasadA Computational Model of Machine Consciousness2011International Journal of Machine Consciousness50Computer Science, artificial intelligence, cognitive scienceYesYesSchool of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ohio UniversityUnited StatesYesYesNAReviewing and developing computational models of consciousness.
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Goertzel, BenCreating Internet Intelligence: Wild Computing, Distributed Digital Consciousness, and the Emerging Global Brain2012NA (book)77Other or unidentifiableOther or unidentifiablePartlyPartlyUnclear/mixed
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Junichi TakenoCreation of a Conscious Robot: Mirror Image Cognition and Self-awareness2012NA (book)41School of Science and Technology, Meiji UniversityJapanPartlyYesNA
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Holland, OwenA Strongly Embodied Approach to Machine Consciousness2007Journal of Consciousness Studies44Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoDepartment of Computer Science, University of EssexUnited KingdomPartlyYesProbably
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Chrisley, RonPhilosophical Foundations of Artificial Consciousness2008Artificial Intelligence in Medicine37Computer Science, biologyNoYesCentre for Research in Cognitive Science and Department of Informatics, University of SussexUnited KingdomYesYesProbably"[P]essimism concerning the theoretical possibility of artificial consciousness is unfounded, based as it is on misunderstandings of AI, and a lack of awareness of the possible roles AI might play in accounting for or reproducing consciousness"
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Angel, LeonardHow to Build a Conscious Machine2019NA (book)40 Humanities and Social Sciences, Douglas CollegeUnited StatesYesYesProbably
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Chella, Antonio, and Riccardo ManzottiMachine Consciousness: A Manifesto for Robotics2009International Journal of Machine Consciousness40Computer Science, artificial intelligence, cognitive scienceYesYesDepartment of Computer Engineering, University of PalermoItalyPartlyYesNA
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Aleksander, IgorImpossible Minds: My Neurons, My Consciousness1996NA (book)124Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Imperial College LondonUnited KingdomPartlyYesProbably
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Floridi, LucianoConsciousness, Agents and the Knowledge Game2005Minds and Machines41YesYesYesNo
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Blackmore, SusanConsciousness in Meme Machines2003Journal of Consciousness Studies55Cognitive science, Neurophysiology, PhilosophyYesNoSchool of Psychology, Plymouth UniversityUnited KingdomYesYesProbably
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