#FridaysforFuture is a global climate campaign that began after the then 15-year-old Greta Thunberg sat in front of the Swedish parliament for three consecutive Fridays in August 2018, holding up the sign ‘Skolstrejk för Klimatet’ (School Strike for Climate), sharing her motivations for doing so on the social media. In September, Greta decided to continue striking on Fridays until the Swedish parliament provides guarantees for policies that will keep global warming well under the 2˚C set in the Paris Agreement to prevent irreversible damage caused by climate change. Her example inspired similar protests by students and their parents worldwide, later leading to a series of global climate strikes, of which the one in September 2019 that attracted 7.6 million people in 185 countries was the largest climate strike in history to date.(1,2)

A pathway of emissions of greenhouse gases and other climate forcers that provides an approximately one-in-two to two-in-three chance, given current knowledge of the climate response, of global warming either remaining below 1.5°C or returning to 1.5°C by around 2100 following an overshoot. See also Temperature overshoot.

The term referring to all living square feet in a home that is above the ground. It does not include basements even if the basement is a finished walkout or daylight basement. Lower level rooms are counted in appraisals and BPOs as below grade square feet, and are usually valued at a lower price per square foot. In BPOs, only above grade square feet is counted in the living square feet.

All living biomass above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage as well as herbaceous vegetation

Refers to the micron rating of water filter cartridges. It’s the exact size of particles that will be trapped on or within the water filter cartridge. For example, a one micron absolute filter will trap all particles larger than one micron.

The process in which one substance absorbs or is absorbed by another. An example of absorption in water treatment is when undesirable contaminants are removed by absorption into or on the filter medium.

A process by which light is taken-up by another material. Examples include soot consisting of tiny black particles, which absorb all visible light; and nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant mostly from diesel and gasoline engines, that absorbs blue light resulting in air with a brown tint.

A summary of the conveyance, transfers, and other facts appearing of record and relied upon as evidence of title to real property.

Valley side against which a dam is constructed. Right or left abutments are as viewed when looking downstream.

The extent to which a policy or system change is evaluated unfavorably or favorably, or rejected or supported, by members of the general public (public acceptability) or politicians or governments (political acceptability). Acceptability may vary from totally unacceptable/fully rejected to totally acceptable/fully supported; individuals may differ in how acceptable policies or system changes are believed to be.

A deed issued by the Project Proponent and an acceding entity, made in respect of an acceding entity joining a project as Project Proponent and which is prepared using the VCS Deed of Accession Template.

The deed issued by the project proponent, and an acceding entity, made in respect of an acceding entity joining a project as project proponent, and which is prepared using the VCS Deed of Accession in Respect of Registration Deed of Representation Template; or

The deed issued by the jurisdictional proponent, and an acceding entity, made in respect of an acceding entity joining a jurisdictional baseline or program as jurisdictional proponent, and which is prepared using the VCS Deed of Accession in Respect of JNR Baseline Registration Deed of Representation Template or the VCS Deed of Accession in Respect of JNR Program Registration Deed of Representation Template, respectively

The Person named in the Capturiant online application as the Account holder and shall include a Person making use of the Platform on its own behalf and Persons who obtain the express authority of another Person to make use of the Platform and to manage Assets on behalf of such other Person.

Accountability is an aspect of governance which requires that public and private organizations as well as individuals assume the responsibility for their actions and impact. In the context of the fashion industry, accountability means that companies must identify, assess, and measure the impact of all their activities on people and the environment worldwide. The principles of accountability extend well beyond compliance with minimum legal requirements. Accountability relies on companies' voluntary commitment to deliver on high social and environmental standards in their operations, especially with regards to human rights and sustainable development. The relatability of fashion makes it particularly well placed to lead by example in its accountability.

Quantitative assessment used for measurement, comparison and to track performance or production, in parallel with recording and reporting transactions.

The purpose of accounting is to provide economic information about a household, organization, or government. Accounts are generally divided into "income accounts," which record receipts and outlays during a given period such as a year, and "asset accounts," which provide a snapshot of the assets, liabilities, and net worth of an entity at a given date. People are most familiar with the income accounts and balance sheets of businesses, but the same concepts apply equally well to individuals, governments, and nations.

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 1999. Nature's Numbers Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment. Washington, DC The National Academies Press. https//doi.org/10.17226/6374.

Third-party attestation related to a validation or Verification Body conveying formal demonstration of its competence to carry out specific validation or verification tasks.

Under ISO 14065, this is the authoritative body that assesses a confirmation body’s competence to perform GHG confirmation activities.

The symbol issued by an Accreditation Body, to be used by the accredited Verification Body to indicate its accredited status. For example, an ANSI accredited Verification Body may use an ANSI logo with the name of the appropriate standard and a unique accreditation number to demonstrate that they have been accredited.

A confirmation firm approved by the Climate Action Reserve to provide confirmation services for Project Proponents.

A substance which releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, has a pH rating lower than 7.0 (it will turn litmus paper red, and tastes sour), and is the opposite of an alkali.

A substance that has a pH of less than 7 (7 = neutral) which can lower the pH value of water or soils to be harmful to growth of crops.

Water that falls to or condenses on the Earth's surface as rain, drizzle, snow, sleet, hail, dew, frost, or fog with a pH of less than 5.6.

The transfer of acidic or acidifying substances from the atmosphere to the surface of the Earth or to objects on its surface. Transfer can be either by wet-deposition processes (rain, snow, dew, fog, frost, hail) or by dry deposition (gases, aerosols, or fine to coarse particles).

The amount of money spent to obtain title to a property. This includes the purchase price plus additional costs such as appraisal fees, closing costs, loan origination fees, etc.

An area of land measuring about 43,560 square feet. A square 1-acre plot measures about 209 feet by 209 feet; a circular acre has a radius of 117.75 feet.

The volume of water needed to cover an acre of land to a depth of one foot; equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons.

The best available technology (according to the EPA) to remove tastes, odor, chlorine, chloramines and some organics from water. Activated carbon can be in block, granulated, or powdered form. It’s a highly porous, adsorbent material so is commonly used to filter harmful contaminants from contaminated water.

Adsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained by heating carbon (such as wood). These particles or granules have a high capacity to selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials, including many contaminants, from water.

The five areas in the state – Prescott, Phoenix, Pinal, Tucson and Santa Cruz – where the 1980 Arizona Groundwater Code, administered by the Arizona Department of Water Resources, recognized the need to aggressively manage finite groundwater resources.

Measure of a level of activity that results in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g., gallons of fuel or kWh of electricity consumed).

A methodological approach that determines additionality for a given class of project activity in accordance with the VCS Program rules

The basis for determining a producer's guarantee under either crop yield or crop revenue insurance policies. The APH yield is calculated as a 4- to 10-year simple average of the producer's actual yield on the insured parcel of land. If a producer does not have records of actual yields, the series is filled in with a "transitional yield" based on county average yields.

An insurance term describing a situation where indemnities paid, on average, are equal to total premiums collected.

Occurring over a short period of time; used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure.

A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death. Acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day, as compared to longer, continuing exposure over a period of time.

The ability of a substance to cause poisonous effects resulting in severe biological harm or death soon after a single exposure or dose. Also, any severe poisonous effect resulting from a single short-term exposure to a toxic substance.

Adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts.

In human systems, the process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, the process of adjustment to actual climate and its effects; human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.

The point at which an actor’s objectives (or system needs) cannot be secured from intolerable risks through adaptive actions.

The array of strategies and measures that are available and appropriate for addressing adaptation. They include a wide range of actions that can be categorized as structural, institutional, ecological or behavioral. See also Adaptation, Adaptive capacity and Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation).

A series of adaptation choices involving trade-offs between short-term and long-term goals and values. These are processes of deliberation to identify solutions that are meaningful to people in the context of their daily lives and to avoid potential maladaptation.

The ability of systems, institutions, humans and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences. This glossary entry builds from definitions used in previous IPCC reports and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). See also Adaptation, Adaptation options and Maladaptive actions (Maladaptation).

An emerging term in the literature for the evolution of formal and informal institutions of governance that prioritize social learning in planning, implementation and evaluation of policy through iterative social learning to steer the use and protection of natural resources, ecosystem services and common pool natural resources, particularly in situations of complexity and uncertainty.

Carbon offsets that would not have occurred if the offset project had not been implemented. (This is one of four factors to consider when acquiring carbon offsets.)

For a CDM project activity (non-A/R) or CPA (non-A/R), the effect of the CDM project activity or CPA to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions below the level that would have occurred in the absence of the CDM project activity or CPA; or

For an A/R or SSC A/R CDM project activity or CPA (A/R), the effect of the A/R or SSC A/R CDM project activity or CPA (A/R) to increase actual net GHG removals by sinks above the sum of the changes in carbon stocks in the carbon pools within the project boundary that would have occurred in the absence of the A/R or SSC A/R CDM project activity or CPA (A/R). Whether or not a CDM project activity or CPA is additional is determined in accordance with the CDM rules and requirements

To avoid giving credits to projects that would have happened anyway, rules have been specified to ensure additionality of the project i.e. to ensure the project reduces emissions more than would have occurred in the absence of the project. A project is additional if its proponents can document that realistic alternative scenarios to the proposed project would be more economically attractive or that the project faces barriers that carbon finance helps it overcome.

Project activities that are above and beyond “business as usual” operation, exceed the baseline characterization, and are not mandated by regulation.

Additionality tests generally have two components that must be confirmed by the verification body: a legal requirement test and a performance standard test. The legal requirement test ensures that eligible projects (and/or the GHG reductions/removals they achieve) would not have occurred anyway in order to comply with federal, state or local regulations, or other legally binding mandates. Projects that are not legally required may still be non-additional if they would have been implemented for reasons other than generating revenue from the sale of carbon offsets or simply to reduce GHG emissions.

Adjoint algorithmic differentiation is a mathematical technique used to significantly speed up the calculation of sensitivities of derivatives prices to underlying factors, called Greeks. It is widely used in the risk management of complex derivatives and valuation adjustments. Greeks have traditionally been calculated by making small adjustments to the values of the inputs in the pricing of a derivative and calculating the output value each time – a process known as bumping. This can be time-consuming for a portfolio of thousands of trades because the valuation of each trade will involve many steps, each requiring the output from the previous step in order to proceed. AAD breaks this valuation process into a number of steps that can be carried out simultaneously instead of sequentially. This is made possible by exploiting a key mathematical property that applies to sensitivities called the chain rule of differentiation, which links the derivatives of parts of a function to the derivative of the whole. This allows the backward propagation of sensitivities of the output with respect to the variables in the intermediate steps, until the sensitivities with respect to the inputs are achieved. The technique has been shown to compute Greeks up to 1,000 times faster compared with the bumping method. Disadvantages of AAD include lengthy development time and the need for highly skilled quantitative programmers.

A court determination of water rights for a groundwater basin or a stream; adjudication sets priorities during shortages.

A loan with rates and terms that can change based off market condition. There are set limits as to how much the rates can change.

An addition or subtraction to the sales price of a comparable property to account for an item or feature that the property has or doesn’t have in comparison to the subject property. Adjustments are used in appraisals and some BPOs to show how a similar property compares to the subject property monetarily.

The material (activated carbon) that is responsible for removing the undesirable substance in the adsorption process.

A addition or subtraction to the sales price of a comparable property to account for an item or feature that the property has or doesn’t have in comparison to the subject property. Adjustments are used in appraisals and some BPOs to show how a similar property compares to the subject property monetarily.

To provide notice, usually by publication of a legal notice in one of more newspapers, of a proposed appropriation of water, change of use of water, or an extension of time in which to submit proof of appropriation.

The process of adding air (or oxygen) to a water supply for the purpose of oxidation. Aeration is frequently used to remove iron, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide from water.

The process of adding air to water. Air can be added to water by either passing air through water or passing water through air.

Photos taken from the air at regular, spatial intervals and used in photo interpretation to provide information about forests and landforms.

A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometers and 10 μm that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. The term aerosol, which includes both the particles and the suspending gas, is often used in this report in its plural form to mean aerosol particles. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: through both interactions that scatter and/or absorb radiation and through interactions with cloud microphysics and other cloud properties, or upon deposition on snow- or ice-covered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback. Atmospheric aerosols, whether natural or anthropogenic, originate from two different pathways: emissions of primary particulate matter (PM), and formation of secondary PM from gaseous precursors. The bulk of aerosols are of natural origin. Some scientists use group labels that refer to the chemical composition, namely: sea salt, organic carbon, black carbon (BC), mineral species (mainly desert dust), sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium. These labels are, however, imperfect as aerosols combine particles to create complex mixtures. See also Short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) and Black carbon (BC).

(a) Sensitivity to or appreciation of the forest’s beauty through recognition of its unique and varied components. (b) Beauty through an orderly appearance.

Any stakeholder affected physically, socially or economically by the implementation of the Project. Note that affected stakeholders may be outside the Project Area and in some cases be a distance beyond the Project Boundary.

General term for establishing trees through planting or seeding, whether or not trees were on the site before. Reforestation establishes trees on formerly forested areas.

Activities that increase carbon stocks in woody biomass (and in some cases soils) by establishing, increasing and/or restoring vegetative cover through planting, sowing and/or the human-assisted natural regeneration of woody vegetation

A person with expertise and experience in AFOLU methodologies, tools, modules and/or projects, and who is approved by Verra for methodology element assessments within a given AFOLU project category

The account in the Verra Registry containing non-tradable AFOLU buffer credits for covering the risk of unforeseen losses in carbon stocks across the AFOLU project portfolio

Any User of the Verra Registry who does so in the capacity as a broker, agent or representative of any kind on behalf of a Principal for the purposes of utilizing the Verra Registry services

Process by which stream beds, flood plains and the bottoms of other water bodies are raised in elevation by the deposition of material eroded and transported from other areas.

Water containing acid or oxygen which speeds up corrosion (rusting). It is recommended to use a water filter with corrosion and scale inhibitor product such as Siliphos (Premiere Sales is the only water treatment company to provide this triple-style method of water filtration for preventing corrosion).

In this report, the degree of agreement within the scientific body of knowledge on a particular finding is assessed based on multiple lines of evidence (e.g., mechanistic understanding, theory, data, models, expert judgement) and expressed qualitatively (Mastandrea et al., 2010). See also Evidence, Confidence, Likelihood and Uncertainty.

Non-fossil biological material, either from plant or animal origin, both living and dead, found above or below ground vegetation, including agricultural products and waste by-products, manure, soil fauna or microbial biomass used as food, feed and fuel or for soil amendment.

Activities that increase carbon stocks in soils and woody biomass and/or decrease CO2, N2O and/or CH4 emissions from soils on croplands and/or grasslands

This law provided $8.2 billion for insurance premium subsidies and $5.2 billion for market loss assistance payments. Among its other effects, ARPA modified the crop insurance premium subsidy structure, authorized pilot programs for new forms of insurance, expanded insurance fraud detection and enforcement, and dropped the area yield loss trigger in the NAP program

Corresponds to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions that include forestry, hunting, fishing, cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value-added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources.

The sectoral scope that covers GHG emissions and emission reductions and/or removals from project or program activities in the agriculture, forestry, and other land use/land use change sectors and for which the VCS Program has established rules and requirements with respect to specific project categories

Provides payments to farmers who subscribe, on a voluntary basis, to environmental commitments related to the preservation of the environment and maintaining the countryside.

Refers to what people know about their natural environment, based primarily on their own experience and observation. It also refers to farmers' knowledge of ecological interactions within the farming system.

Restoration of the relationship between farming and nature by following an ecosystem approach, welcoming greater biodiversity and use of free ecological services.