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Organisation/UniversityTitleYearAuthor (surname, first name)Publication TypeVolume/Issue/Page Numbers/PublisherAbstractLink to Publication
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Columbia Journalism SchoolJournalists and Safety Training:
Experiences and Opinions		2017Dart Research CenterReportColumbia Journalism School, Journalists and Safety Training:
Experiences and Opinions		Over the last generation, safety trainings (sometimes known as Hostile Environment and
First Aid Training or HEFAT) have been widely embraced by the news industry as a means of
preparing journalists to cover conflict, crisis and other potentially dangerous assignments. Yet
the effectiveness, relevance and usefulness of such trainings – both generally and in terms of
specific content and approaches – have not been independently assessed.
For this reason, the Dart Center for Journalism and Trauma, a project of the Graduate
School of Journalism at Columbia University, surveyed a wide range of journalists around the
world about the safety trainings they attended, the skills they acquired and the gaps between
these trainings and their professional needs on the ground. From October 2016 to February
2017, 247 journalists completed the survey, which was conducted by the Dart Center’s research
lab housed at The University of Tulsa Department of Psychology.
This report, prepared by an interdisciplinary team of researchers in psychology,
occupational safety and journalism practice, details the survey results. We make no attempt to
evaluate particular commercial or nonprofit safety training providers. Instead, this report
examines the various approaches to journalism safety training; how journalists assess their
training experiences; and the systematic gaps and other issues suggested by their assessments.		https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-q5s2-r614
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Commonwealth Press UnionThe Independence of the
Commonwealth Media and Those
Working Within It 		1999Commonwealth Press Union ReportCommonwealth Press Union This report aims to examine the current status of the media, particularly
the print media, in the member states
of the Commonwealth. It will look
both at the issues facing individual
countries, and also at the many common questions and problems that
face member states, at whatever stage
of development they find themselves. 		http://cpu.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/The-Independence-of-the-Commonwealth-Press.pdf
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European ParliamentStrengthening media freedom in the EU
2020Sgueo, GianlucaAt a glance plenaryEuropean ParliamentThe EU is actively engaged in protecting the independence and safety of journalists as crucial components of
the proper democratic functioning of its institutions and Member States. Media freedom, however, has been
deteriorating in recent years. Threats, harassment, public shaming and even assassinations of media actors are
on the rise. At its November II plenary session, the European Parliament is due to vote on an own-initiative report
concerned with strengthening media freedom. The report emphasises that combating media capture, hate
speech and misinformation is fundamental when it comes to defending the rule of law and democracy in the EU.		https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2020/659358/EPRS_ATA(2020)659358_EN.pdf
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European UnionEU Statement in response to the presentation of the OSCE
Rapporteur’s Report under the Moscow Mechanism on alleged
Human Rights Violations and Impunity in the Chechen Republic of
the Russian Federation		2018European UnionStatementEuropean UnionN/Ahttps://www.osce.org/files/pcdel1596%20eu%20on%20moscow%20mechanism.pdf
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Ghent UniversityReport: 3rd International Press Freedom Seminar : off/online intimidation of journalists
2019Ingrida Milkaite and Argyro ChatzinikolaouReportGhent University Report: 3rd International Press Freedom Seminar : off/online intimidation of journalists
The annual International Press Freedom was, for the third time, organised by the Faculty of Law and Criminology and the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of Ghent University, Belgium. The seminar gathered speakers from different backgrounds: journalists, academics, and civil society organisations supporting and monitoring the protection of journalists, who shared their insights into practices of intimidation of journalists and mechanisms that offer (legal) protection against such practices.
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8635675
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MeCoDEMStructural working conditions of journalism in
Egypt, Kenya, Serbia and South Africa:
Empirical findings from interviews with journalists reporting on
democratisation conflicts		2017Lohner, Judith; Neverla, Irene and Banjac, SandraWorking PaperMedia, Conflict and Democratisation (MeCoDEM), Structural working conditions of journalism in
Egypt, Kenya, Serbia and South Africa:
Empirical findings from interviews with journalists reporting on
democratisation conflicts		This report provides an overview of core comparative findings from MeCoDEM interviews with
journalists in Egypt, Kenya, Serbia and South Africa. It investigates the structural working
conditions of journalistic actors in transitional societies across a set of comparable
democratisation conflicts. Empirically, the study builds on qualitative semi-structured face-to
face in-depth interviews with 100 professional journalists working for local news organisations
in the four countries. Interviews employed the reconstruction method.		http://www.mecodem.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Lohner-Neverla-Banjac-2017_Structural-working-conditions-of-journalism-in-Egypt-Kenya-Serbia-and-South-Africa.pdf
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MeCoDEMSupporting Journalism in Conflict Societies 2016Drefs, Ines and Thomass, BarbaraPolicy BriefMeConDemThis policy brief puts forward suggestions for improved journalism support in the context of
democratisation conflicts. It draws conclusions from interviews with journalists and media
development actors. 		http://www.mecodem.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Drefs-Thomass-2016_Policy-Brief_Supporting-Journalism-in-Conflict-Societies.pdf
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Policy CommonsSafety of Journalists and the Fighting of Corruption in the EU2020McGonagle, TarlachThink Tank Publication ReportPolicy Commons, EPRSJournalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable environment for journalists to perform their public watchdog function. This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee, examines the overall chilling effect of crimes and threats against journalists and explores various regulatory and other measures to counter them.https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1336844/safety-of-journalists-and-the-fighting-of-corruption-in-the-eu/1944359/
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced StudiesSafety of journalists in Europe: Threats and best practices to tackle them2021Žuffová, Mária and Carlini, RobertaEUI Working Paper Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2021/43Journalists around the world face immense threats for doing their job. Although compared to other regions, the situation in Europe is considerably better; many challenges need to be addressed here as well to ensure conducive conditions for the conduct of journalistic work. The present working paper identifies the main issues that prevent journalists from doing their job freely and safely, in particular, physical attacks, online hate speech, surveillance, smear campaigns, strategic lawsuits against public participation (SLAPPs), insufficient protection of journalistic sources and whistle-blowers, impunity and precarious economic conditions. It discusses the impact of these issues on journalists, but also their repercussions for media freedom and pluralism more broadly. By providing a snapshot of the situation in Europe and more detailed country case studies (Austria, France, Germany), the working paper aids our understanding of the scope and nature of the most pressing problems. It also collects evidence-based best practices and policies from the newsrooms and the state, which could help to formulate further recommendations for key stakeholders.https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3829514
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced StudiesSafety of journalists in Germany2021Holznagel, Bernd and Kalbhenn, Jan Christopher EUI Working Paper Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2021/43The physical and digital safety of journalists is an important parameter to assess basic conditions for a
plural media environment.
If one examines the situation in Germany based on the given categories, it
becomes clear that there are problems in various areas. At the same time, however, ideas already exist
that could help to tackle the identified issues.		https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70637/RSC%202021_43.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced StudiesSafety of Journalists in France2021Sklower, Jedediah and Rebillard, Franck EUI Working Paper Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Research Paper No. RSCAS 2021/43The 2020 law for “global security” and the National law enforcement plan (Schéma national du
maintien de l’ordre), presented by the Minister of the Interior, meant to address, among other questions,
the issue of the safety of journalists during demonstrations. Considering growing defiance and recent
cases of violence against journalists during several Yellow-vest demonstrations, this is an important
issue. Various organisations criticised the law for not addressing the question of police violence. The latest
version of this regulation took into consideration some of Reporters without borders’ recommendations
on the protection of journalists during demonstrations. Worrying declarations by the Minister of the
Interior that journalists covering demonstrations had to be accredited by prefectorial authorities created
an outcry. Such provisions do not appear in the law.		https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70637/RSC%202021_43.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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The Center for International Media AssistanceChallenges for Independent
News Media in Pakistan 		2012Ricchiardi, SherryReportThe Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), Challenges for Independent
News Media in Pakistan 		For two years running, Pakistan has been ranked by international media monitors as the most
dangerous place on earth for journalists. Media workers have been kidnapped, tortured, and
beaten to death for delving into the nation’s potent military apparatus and spy agencies. Bodies
have been found with throats slit and flesh punctured with electric drills by Islamic militants,
political extremists, and gangsters who take umbrage at what they write.		https://www.centerforinternationalmediaassistance.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Challenges-for-Independent-News-Media-in-Pakistan_Ricchiardi-updated.pdf
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The Foreign Policy Centre‘Reset required? Evaluating the first two years of the Media Freedom Coalition’2022Myers,Mary; Scott,Martin; Bunce, Mel; Yassin, Lina; Carmen, Maria; (Ica) Fernandez, Khan, Rachel

ReportThe Foreign Policy Centre, ‘Reset required? Evaluating the first two years of the Media Freedom Coalition’The purpose of this report is to evaluate the Media Freedom Coalition (MFC) in its first two years of operation, from 2019 to 2021. The MFC is a partnership of 50 countries working together to advocate for media freedom and the safety of journalists. Our independent report is based on over 100 interviews with relevant stakeholders; analyses of news coverage, social media commentary and public statements; and a survey of media freedom campaigners – as well as detailed case studies in Sudan and the Philippines. We find that, after two years, the Media Freedom Coalition is only partially achieving its objectives. It has taken some positive steps towards its ambitious goals including attracting a relatively large membership and establishing collegiate ways of working. However, partly because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the actions of the MFC have not been as rapid, bold, or visible as was initially promised. So far, its working methods have been slow and lacking transparency, its communications poor, its financial commitments small, and its political impacts have been minimal. Overall, the MFC requires a re-set and re-injection of energy and funds in the next two to three years if it is to achieve its original aims.
https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/reset-required-evaluating-the-media-freedom-coalition-after-its-f
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University of CambridgeThreats to the Right to Life of Journalists
2012Elliott, Sarah; Elbahtimy, Mona and Srinivasan, SharathWorking PaperUniversity of Cambridge, Centre of Governance and Human Rights Working Papers and ReportsThis material was presented at a Meeting of Experts convened at CGHR by the UN Special
Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Prof. Christof Heyns, to study the question of
the Safety of Journalists from 1-2 March 2012		https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/245114/CGHR_WP_4_2012_Journalists-Report.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
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International Resource for Impact and Storytelling and Ford FoundationStrengthening safety and security resources for visual storytellers and journalists2021Noorlander, Peter (Lead author); Raczynska, Agnieszka; Mariño, Camila and
Lopes, Juliana		ReportInternational Resource for Impact and StorytellingWith attacks against storytellers increasing year-on-year, concern has grown about the lack of safety and security resources available to them. This is the focus of our study. Through a series of 120 interviews with artists, filmmakers, journalists, funders, activists, academics and others, along with desk research, we have sought to identify how storytellers can be better resourced to continue to confront and speak truth to power. The study is global in its overview, with a spotlight on Central and South America where in-depth research and interviews were conducted.

https://saferstorytellers.org/
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USAID. PR2MediaVIOLENCE AGAINST
FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN INDONESIA
2022Wendratama, Engelbertus; Rahayu, Kurnia, Novi;
Rianto, Puji; Aprilia, Monika Pretty 		ReportUSAID. PR2MediaThis research was conducted through a survey (involving
1,256 respondents) and interviews (six informants) of female
journalists in 191 cities, representing western, central, and eastern
parts of Indonesia.
This survey included 25 questions about the respondents’
violence experiences related to their work in the digital and physical
world. The forms of violence asked in the questionnaire cover all
forms of violence that we could find in literature and case records
in Indonesia and abroad, including various policies and practices
of discrimination for female journalists in the workplace related to
salaries, reporting assignments, and so on, which we included in
the categories of violence in the physical domain		https://pr2media.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Violence-Against-Female-Journalists-In-Indonesia.pdf
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The Center for International Media
Assistance (CIMA), at the National
Endowment for Democracy		Fighting SLAPPs: What Can Media, Lawyers, and Funders Do?
2022Noorlander, PeterReportFighting SLAPPs: What Can Media,
Lawyers, and Funders Do?		Strategic lawsuits against public participation, or SLAPPs, are lawsuits taken against media organizations or activists with the sole purpose of silencing them. They typically involve a huge disparity in resources and the claimant’s tactic is to use the lawsuit, or threat of a lawsuit, to divert a journalist or media organization’s resources. Cases are reported in increasing numbers across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The damage done by SLAPPs is far-reaching and curbing it is an imperative for media freedom.

In many countries, law reform is critical but not the only response. This report discusses tactics that journalists, activists, and defense lawyers can use to defang SLAPPs, including setting up mutual insurance mechanisms, pooling resources, and advocating for changes to court rules. These measures strengthen the resilience of independent media outlets and, as a carefully targeted package, they can do much to alleviate the burden of defending SLAPPs.		https://www.cima.ned.org/publication/fighting-slapps-what-can-media-lawyers-and-funders-do/
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Article 19/Media Freedom Rapid ResponseSLAPPs against journalists across
Europe		2022Article 19/Media Freedom Rapid ResponseReportArticle 19This report provides a Europe-wide overview of lawsuits that are taken to stifle scrutiny
and public debate on issues such as corruption, mismanagement of public resources, and
human rights violations. Such lawsuits, known as strategic lawsuits against public
participation (SLAPPs) are taken by powerful individuals in society not necessarily to win
cases, but to drag their critics through legal processes that drain them financially and
psychologically and ultimately prevent them from exercising their fundamental rights
(including freedom of expression or freedom of assembly and association).		https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/A19-SLAPPs-against-journalists-across-Europe-Regional-Report.pdf
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ARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationTackling Impunity: Lessons from the Public Inquiry into the assassination of Daphne Caruana Galizia2022ARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationReportARTICLE 19/Daphne Caruana Galizia FoundationThis report analyses the model of a Public Inquiry – or a similarly independent
process such as a parliamentary inquiry – that can run in parallel with a criminal
investigation, but has the broader remit of investigating the circumstances that
led to murder, and the political climate within which it happened. To this end, it
will explore the efficacy of the Maltese Public Inquiry model as a good practice.
It will highlight how it – or elements of it – can be followed by other countries
in order to combat impunity for other cases of violence against journalists
and, ultimately, prevent such cases. In particular, this report will identify the
elements that allowed the Inquiry to function independently from the State,
and from the ongoing criminal investigation. This report will also look at the
recommendations made by the Public Inquiry and some of the steps required to
implement them. 		https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Tackling-Impunity_Public-Inquiry-into-the-assassination-of-Daphne-Caruana-Galizia.pdf
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GRC with the Committee to Protect Journalists, PEN Canada, and the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser UniversityNot just words
How reputational attacks harm
journalists and undermine
press freedom
2023Tenove, Chris; Al-Rawi, Ahmed; Merchan, Juan; Sharma,Manimugdha and Villela, Gustavo ReportGRC with the Committee to Protect Journalists, PEN Canada, and the Disinformation Project at Simon Fraser UniversityDemocracy is in decline worldwide and a free and independent press is often one of
the first casualties of that decline. This is evident in the growing trend among those in
positions of power to cast aspersions on the media. More and more we see leaders in
supposedly democratic countries denigrating the media, casting journalists as “enemies of the people,” as untrustworthy. It is hardly surprising that the corrupt, the abusers of power, would seed such a narrative. Sadly, however, such a narrative is seeping
increasingly into the general population, who increasingly grow to distrust all journalists. That undermines the credibility of journalism, and contributes to an increasing
lack of safety for journalists worldwide. But it is not just journalists who suffer when
the media comes under attack: we all do. Journalism is essential for holding the powerful to account, for exposing abuses of our human rights, and for ensuring we all have
access to the information to which we are entitled.
This report from the Global Reporting Centre compellingly illustrates the ubiquity of
credibility attacks against journalists and the scope and severity of the effects they
have on media workers and journalism more broadly. I hope it provokes reflection and
action.		https://globalreportingcentre.org/reputational-attacks/report-full.pdf
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Dublin University/Irish Research CouncilSocial media and
online hostility:
Experiences of women in Irish journalism		2023Wheatley, DawnReportSocial media and
online hostility:
Experiences of women in Irish journalism		The public’s increased access to journalists via social networks is arguably the defining shift in
audience-media relations over the past two decades. While some laud this potential for dialogue,
the reality is that many journalists face targeted hostility, with women often subjected to particularly
challenging content. Underpinning this project is the question of how contemporary social media
dynamics, and particularly negative or hostile interactions, affect journalists in Ireland. Drawing on
interviews with 36 national-level female journalists, this project documents their experiences in their
own words, analyses how they handle negativity, and explores how they think those with power
should respond. The project also includes focus groups with 40 student journalists who are
grappling with the expectations around social media use moving forward in their careers.		https://doras.dcu.ie/28323/7/Wheatley%202023_Experiences%20of%20women%20in%20Irish%20journalism.pdf
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Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI)The Peril and Promise of AI for Journalism2024Gupta, Nishtha; Ibañez, Jenina and Tenove, ChrisReportCentre for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI)This report draws on insights from the workshop, along with recent academic and journalistic publishing. It highlights three major issues:
How generative AI can make disinformation campaigns faster, more targeted, and more persuasive.
How newsrooms’ adoption of AI tools can lead to inaccuracies and other risks.
How AI may threaten the viability of professional journalism, including through automation and content generation that replaces human journalists.
In response, journalists are developing investigative practices to expose disinformation campaigns, experimenting with AI tools to make their own work more efficient, and developing ethical guidelines and labour protections to defend professional journalism.
Likewise, the news industry, policymakers, and platforms are considering responses that range from workforce training to newsroom innovation to new professional guidelines to AI regulation.

Through this report, CSDI hopes to contribute to important public conversations about the impact of new technologies on journalism and our information environments. Ultimately, the responses developed by journalists, policymakers, technologists, and citizens will shape our efforts to understand the world and act as democratic citizens.		https://democracy.ubc.ca/platforms/journalism-and-ai/Yes
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